OpeningPage/Copyright.

qxd 1/9/04 3:47 PM Page 1

1998 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship

Parsons Brinckerhoff
Monograph 14

Drop Structure
Design for
Wastewater and
Stormwater
Collection Systems

Scott Williamson, P.E.

Lead Engineer
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.
August 2001

OpeningPage/Copyright.qxd 1/9/04 3:47 PM Page 2

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WilliamsonMonoTOC.qxd 1/9/04 4:13 PM Page i

CONTENTS

FOREWORD
1.0

INTRODUCTION

4YVTSWISJXLMW1SRSKVETL

1SRSKVETL3VKERM^EXMSR

2.0

DROP STRUCTURE BASIC FUNCTIONS AND TYPES


&EWMG*YRGXMSRW

+IRIVEP(VST7XVYGXYVI8]TIWERH'SQTSRIRXW

3XLIV8]TIWSJ(VST7XVYGXYVIW

'SQTEVMWSRSJ(VST7XVYGXYVI8]TIW







3.0

PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


*PS[:EVMEFMPMX]ERH'SPPIGXMSR7]WXIQ8]TI

)RIVK](MWWMTEXMSR

(VST7XVYGXYVI0SGEXMSR

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3TIVEXMSRWERH1EMRXIRERGI










4.0

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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:SVXI\(VST7XVYGXYVIW

4PYRKI(VST7XVYGXYVIW






5.0

DROP STRUCTURE APPURTENANCES


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7]WXIQ1SRMXSVMRKERH'SRXVSPW

(IFVMW7GVIIRMRK






APPENDIX A: REVIEW OF DROP STRUCTURE/TUNNEL SYSTEMS







APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF DROP STRUCTURES BY GEOGRAPHICAL

LOCATION AND INLET TYPE

REFERENCES



WilliamsonMonoTOC.qxd 1/9/04 4:13 PM Page ii

MM

WilliamsonMonoTOC.qxd 1/9/04 4:13 PM Page iii

LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 2

8]TMGEP(VST7XVYGXYVI'SQTSRIRXW

:SVXI\8]TI-RPIXW

4PYRKI8]TI-RPIXW

8]TMGEP(VST1ERLSPI7ERMXEV]7I[IV

'SQTEVMWSRSJ%MV)RXVEMRQIRXJSV:EVMSYW-RPIX8]TIW

'SQTEVMWSRSJ(MQIRWMSRWJSV:EVMSYW(VST7XVYGXYVI8]TIW
CHAPTER 3

)RIVK](MWWMTEXSVWMR4PYRKI-RPIX(VST7XVYGXYVIW

%PXIVREXMZI7MXIWJSV(VST7XVYGXYVI0SGEXMSR

(VST7XVYGXYVI*SSXTVMRXERH(MQIRWMSRW

,SVM^SRXEP'SRRIGXMSRXS1EMR8YRRIP

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,]HVEYPMG+VEHIPMRIMR,8]TI:SVXI\(VST7XVYGXYVIEX(IWMKR*PS[

)\EQTPIWSJ4VSGIWWIW9WIHJSV3HSV'SRXVSP

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(VST7XVYGXYVIW

4MTI.EGOMRK7IUYIRGI

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CHAPTER 4

7GLIQEXMG(IWMKRSJ,8]TI(VST7XVYGXYVI

(MQIRWMSRWSJXLI0EVKI7GEPI1SHIPSJXLI,8]TI(VST7XVYGXYVI

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:SVXI\(VST

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4IEO%MV'SRGIRXVEXMSR[MXL:EV]MRK8EMP[EXIV0IZIPW,IPMGEP(VST7XVYGXYVI

(MQIRWMSREP6IPEXMSRWLMTWJSV7GVSPPERH7TMVEP-RPIX8]TIW

(MQIRWMSRWJSVXLI'LMGEKS8]TI)(VST7XVYGXYVI

(MQIRWMSRWJSVXLI'LMGEKS8]TI((VST7XVYGXYVI








CHAPTER 5

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7GLIQEXMG(MEKVEQSJ1SRMXSVMRKERH'SRXVSP7]WXIQ





APPENDIX A
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MMM

WilliamsonMonoTOC.qxd 1/9/04 4:13 PM Page iv

LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 2

(VST7XVYGXYVI)ZEPYEXMSR&EWIHSR-RPIX8]TI
CHAPTER 3

8]TMGEP'SRGIRXVEXMSRWSJ'SQTSRIRXWMR9RXVIEXIH;EWXI[EXIV

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CHAPTER 4

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WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 2

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1

PURPOSE OF THIS MONOGRAPH

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HS[RWXVIEQSJEHVSTWXVYGXYVIEVIGSRWMHIVIHMRTEVEPPIP[MXLHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRJSVTYV
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VIWTIGXXSZIRXMPEXMSRERHQEMRXIRERGIGSRGIVRW8LIQSRSKVETLTVSZMHIWMRJSVQEXMSRJSV
IRKMRIIVWTPERRIVWERHQEREKIVW[LSEVIMRZSPZIHMRXLIHIWMKRGSRWXVYGXMSRSTIVEXMSR
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XMSRMWTVSZMHIHJSVXLIHIWMKRIRKMRIIV[MXLEORS[PIHKISJL]HVEYPMGW
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ERHIRKMRIIVWFIWIRWMXMZIXSXLITYFPMGFIMRKWIVZIH(VSTWXVYGXYVIWERHXYRRIPW]WXIQW
VITVIWIRXEPEVKIMRJVEWXVYGXYVIMRZIWXQIRXERHXLIWYGGIWWJYPMQTPIQIRXEXMSRSJXLIWIW]W
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IGSRSQMGEPERHIJJIGXMZIHIWMKR
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XMSRWERHGSRWMHIVEXMSRW%HZERXEKIWERHHMWEHZERXEKIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLZEVMSYWHIWMKRJIE
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MRHMZMHYEPHVSTWXVYGXYVI7YTTSVXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQQSHIPWXYHMIW[MXLI\TIVMQIRXEPVIWYPXW
EVITVSZMHIHMREHHMXMSRXSMPPYWXVEXMSRWERHHMQIRWMSRIHHVSTWXVYGXYVIHVE[MRKW

1.2

MONOGRAPH ORGANIZATION

*SPPS[MRKMWEHIWGVMTXMSRSJIEGLGLETXIVSJXLMWQSRSKVETL

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RIRXWEW[IPPEWRSQIRGPEXYVIYWIHMRWYFWIUYIRXGLETXIVW%WLSVXLMWXSVMGEPTIVWTIG
XMZISRXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRMWMRGPYHIH

'LETXIVVIZMI[WXLITPERRMRKERHHIWMKRGSRWMHIVEXMSRWXLEXQE]FIYWIHXSKYMHIXLI
HIWMKRTVSGIWW(MWGYWWMSRSRGSPPIGXMSRW]WXIQX]TIJPS[ZEVMEFMPMX]ZIRXMPEXMSRSHSV

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 4

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HVSTWXVYGXYVIX]TIWEVIHMWGYWWIHERHXLIVSPISJL]HVEYPMGQSHIPWERHWTIGMEPGSRWMH
IVEXMSRWMRIZEPYEXMRKHVSTWXVYGXYVIL]HVEYPMGWMWVIZMI[IH(IWMKRQIXLSHSPSK]YWIHXS
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ERHWYTTSVXMRKMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQQSHIPMRKWXYHMIW

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XIQWWYGLEWEGGIWWERHZIRXWXVYGXYVIWERHJPS[GSRXVSPIUYMTQIRX

%TTIRHM\%TVSZMHIWWYQQEV]MRJSVQEXMSRSJI\MWXMRKXYRRIPERHHVSTWXVYGXYVIW]WXIQW

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KVETLMGEPPSGEXMSR

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 5

2.0 DROP STRUCTURE BASIC FUNCTIONS

AND TYPES

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 6

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 7

2.0 DROP STRUCTURE BASIC FUNCTIONS

AND TYPES
8LMWGLETXIVTVSZMHIWERSZIVZMI[SJHVSTWXVYGXYVIWERHHIWGVMFIWXLIFEWMGJYRGXMSRW
ERHGSQTSRIRXWXSFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIMVHIWMKR+IRIVEPHIWGVMTXMSRWEVITVSZMHIHSJHVST
WXVYGXYVIWGYVVIRXP]MRYWI[MXLFEGOKVSYRHMRJSVQEXMSREWXSXLIWTIGMJMGTYVTSWIERHX]TISJ
W]WXIQFIMRKWIVZIH2SQIRGPEXYVIERHHIJMRMXMSRWSJXIVQWYWIHMRXLMWQSRSKVETLEVITVS
ZMHIHXSIWXEFPMWLXLIJVEQI[SVOJSVQSVIHIXEMPIHHMWGYWWMSRWMRWYFWIUYIRXGLETXIVW

2.1

BASIC FUNCTIONS

(VSTWXVYGXYVIWERHXLIGSPPIGXMSRW]WXIQW GSRRIGXIHXSXLIQGSQFMRIXSQEOIEGSQ
TPI\L]HVEYPMGW]WXIQEPXLSYKLXLIGSRGITXMWFEWMGHMVIGXJPS[JVSQWLEPPS[WYVJEGIWI[IVW
XS[EVHWEZIVXMGEPWLEJX[LIVIMXJEPPWF]KVEZMX]XSXLIHIITIVXYRRIP[LMGLXLIRGEVVMIWXLI
JPS[HS[RWXVIEQXSXLIXVIEXQIRXSVHMWGLEVKIJEGMPMX]:SVXI\ERHTPYRKIJPS[X]TIHVSTWXVYG
XYVIWLEZIFIIR[MHIP]YWIHMR[EWXI[EXIVERHWXSVQ[EXIVETTPMGEXMSRWERHEVIXLITVMRGMTEP
X]TIWGSRWMHIVIHMRXLMWQSRSKVETL8LITVMQEV]JYRGXMSRSJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMWXSGEVV]XLI
JPS[JVSQXLIWYVJEGIWI[IVW]WXIQXSXLIHIITIVXYRRIPW]WXIQ %WXLIJPS[JEPPWEMVQM\IW
[MXLXLIJPS[ERHXVIQIRHSYWJSVGIWGERFIKIRIVEXIHVIWYPXMRKMREZEVMIX]SJL]HVEYPMGERH
WXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRMWWYIW8LITVMQEV]SFNIGXMZISJHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRMWXSQMRMQM^IXLI
IJJIGXWSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[F]

(MWWMTEXMRKIRIVK]JVSQXLIJEPPMRKJPS[

1MRMQM^MRKXLIEQSYRXWSJEMVXLEXEVIIRXVEMRIHJVSQXLIJEPPMRKJPS[ERHXVERWTSVXIHMRXS
XLIQEMRXYRRIP

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RERGI4SSVTIVJSVQERGIQE]VIWYPXMRWIVMSYWGSRWIUYIRGIWXSWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXWERH
L]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVIERHXLIQEMRXYRRIP(IWMKRIVWQYWXGSRWMHIVXLISTIVE
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WXVYGXYVI(IWXVYGXMZITVIWWYVIWYVKIWERHMRGVIEWIH[IEVERHXIEVSRWXVYGXYVIWERHPMRMRK
W]WXIQWQE]VIWYPXJVSQMREHIUYEXIHIWMKR7TIGMEPJIEXYVIWLEZIFIIRXIWXIHERHHIWMKRIH
JSVHVSTWXVYGXYVIWXSIRLERGIXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLIWIJYRGXMSRW:SVXI\KIRIVEXMRKMRPIXW
LEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHXSQMRMQM^IEMVIRXVEMRQIRXERHTSXIRXMEPSHSVWERHXSHMWWMTEXIIRIVK]
JVSQXLIJEPPMRKJPS[4PYRKITSSPWSVMQTEGXGYTWQE]FIYXMPM^IHXSHMWWMTEXIIRIVK]
%WXLIMRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRXLIWYVJEGIWI[IVERHXYRRIPW]WXIQXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMWSJXIR
EGSRZIRMIRXERHIGSRSQMGEPPSGEXMSRXSTIVJSVQSXLIVGSPPIGXMSRW]WXIQJYRGXMSRW*PS[QSR
MXSVMRKERHJPS[GSRXVSPIUYMTQIRXMWSJXIRMRWXEPPIHEXHVSTWXVYGXYVIW3HSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMXMIW
QE]FIGSRRIGXIHERHPSGEXIHEHNEGIRXXSXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMJRIGIWWEV]8LIMQTSVXERGISJ
XLIWIWIGSRHEV]JYRGXMSRW[MPPZEV]JVSQW]WXIQXSW]WXIQEWPSGEPJEGXSVWZEV][MXLIEGLGSP
PIGXMSRW]WXIQ
'SPPIGXMSRW]WXIQWERHHVSTWXVYGXYVIWHIWMKRIHJSVXVERWTSVXMRKMRXIVQMXXIRXJPS[WMI
WXSVQ[EXIVSVGSQFMRIH [MPPLEZIEHMJJIVIRXWIXSJHIWMKRGVMXIVMEJVSQW]WXIQWHIWMKRIHXS
1
The term "collection system" as used in this monograph generally refers to the wastewater or stormwater collection system providing flow to the drop structure. "Collection system" may also be used to describe
the system as a whole.
2
The terms "tunnel" or "tunnel system" refer to the system downstream of the drop structure.

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 8

GEVV]GSRXMRYSYWWERMXEV]JPS[-RIMXLIVGEWIMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSMRXIKVEXIXLIHIWMKRSJXLI
HVSTWXVYGXYVIERHXYRRIPXSVIWYPXMREVIPMEFPIERHIJJMGMIRXW]WXIQYRHIVEVERKISJJPS[GSR
HMXMSRW8LIHIWMKRSJXLIWIGSQTSRIRXWQE]LEZIEHMVIGXMQTEGXSRSXLIVMWWYIWWYGLEW
SHSVGSRXVSPZIRXMPEXMSRL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMSRSJXLIXYRRIPGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRSJXLIXYRRIP
ERHHVSTWLEJXWGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]EGGIWWVIUYMVIQIRXWERHGSWXWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLGSRWXVYGXMSR
ERHQEMRXIRERGI
-RXIKVEXMSRSJXYRRIPERHHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRMWEWYFNIGXXLEXLEWSJXIRFIIRSQMXXIH
JVSQPEFSVEXSV]ERHQSHIPWXYHMIWSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIW1EXLIQEXMGEPQSHIPWEXXIQTXXSIZEPY
EXIXLIGSQTPI\L]HVEYPMGMRXIVEGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIERHXYRRIPW]WXIQERHMXMW
KIRIVEPP]EGORS[PIHKIHMRXLIPMXIVEXYVIXLEXTLIRSQIREVIPEXIHXSEMVIRXVEMRQIRXERH
L]HVEYPMGXVERWMIRXWEVIHMJJMGYPXERHSJXIRMQTSWWMFPIXSTVIHMGXKMZIRXLIPMQMXEXMSRWSJTL]WMGEP
ERHGSQTYXIVQSHIPW8YRRIPZIRXMPEXMSREMVIRXVEMRQIRXERHHIEIVEXMSREVIOI]GSRWMHIVE
XMSRWXLEXRIIHGEVIJYPVIZMI[-REHIUYEXIHIWMKRQE]I\EGIVFEXIGSVVSWMSRVIWXVMGXL]HVEYPMG
GETEGMX]ERHMRGVIEWISHSVWKIRIVEXIHEXXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIERHXYRRIP

2.2

GENERAL DROP STRUCTURE TYPES AND

COMPONENTS

%PXLSYKLXLIVIEVIRYQIVSYWZEVMEXMSRWMRXLIHIWMKRWSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIWGYVVIRXP]MRYWI
HVSTWXVYGXYVIWYWIHJSV[EWXI[EXIVERHWXSVQ[EXIVGERFIGPEWWMJMIHMRXSX[SKIRIVEPX]TIW
SVGEXIKSVMIWEGGSVHMRKXSXLIMRPIXGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWEXXLIXSTSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX

:SVXI\X]TIW

4PYRKIX]TIW

:SVXI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWGEYWIXLIJPS[XSWTMVEPHS[RERHGPMRKXSXLI[EPPWSJXLIZIV
XMGEPWLEJX-RTPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWJPS[MWWMQTP]HMVIGXIHXSTPYRKIHS[RXLIZIVXMGEP
WLEJXERHQE]SGGYT]XLIJYPPGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIZIVXMGEPTMTI8LIHVSTWXVYGXYVIGSRJMKYVE
XMSRKIRIVEPP]VIJIVWXSXLIEWWIQFPIHGSQTSRIRXWSJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIEWE[LSPI*MKYVI
WLS[WXLIFEWMGGSQTSRIRXWSJEHVSTWXVYGXYVI*MKYVIWERHWLS[XLIZEVMSYW
MRPIXWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLZSVXI\ERHTPYRKIX]TIWHVSTWXVYGXYVIWVIWTIGXMZIP]*SPPS[MRKEVI
HIWGVMTXMSRWSJXLIIWWIRXMEPGSQTSRIRXWSJXLIWIX]TIWSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIW

Diversion Chamber. 8LIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVHMVIGXWJPS[JVSQXLIWYVJEGIWI[IVXSXLI

MRPIXWXVYGXYVI8LIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVQE]MRGPYHIJPS[HMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVIWWYGLEWWXST
PSKWERHWPYMGIKEXIW4VSZMWMSRWJSVKVMXWITEVEXMSRERHJPS[QSRMXSVMRKETTEVEXYWQE]
FIMRGPYHIH%RETTVSEGLGLERRIPMWSJXIRTVSZMHIHFIX[IIRXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIV
ERHMRPIXWXVYGXYVI[LIRMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSWXIEH]XLIJPS[JSVWQSSXLIRXV]MRXSXLIMRPIX
WXVYGXYVI

Inlet Structure. 8LIMRPIXWXVYGXYVIVIGIMZIWJPS[JVSQXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVERHMW

PSGEXIHEXXLIXSTSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX8LIHIWMKRSJXLIMRPIXWXVYGXYVIEJJIGXWXLIEQSYRX
SJEMVIRXVEMRIHXLVSYKLXLIHVSTWLEJXFIPS[-RPIXWQE]FIHIWMKRIHXSEPPS[XLIJPS[XS
TPYRKIHS[RXLIHVSTWLEJXSVEVIHIWMKRIHXSKIRIVEXIEW[MVPMRKSVZSVXI\EGXMSR
(MQIRWMSRWEVIX]TMGEPP]WIPIGXIHXSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIHIWMKRJPS[

Dropshaft. 8LIHVSTWLEJXMWXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXSVTMTIXLEXGSRZI]WJPS[JVSQXLIMRPIX
WXVYGXYVIXSXLIWI[IVXYRRIPERHMWYWYEPP]SJGSRWXERXHMEQIXIV

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 9

Deaeration Chamber. 8LIJEPPMRKJPS[I\MXWXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXERHIRXIVWELSVM^SRXEP

GSRRIGXSVSVHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVEXXLIFEWISJXLIHVSTWLEJX8LIJYRGXMSRSJXLIHIEIV
EXMSRGLEQFIVMWXSTVIZIRXIRXVEMRIHEMVJVSQFIMRKXVERWTSVXIHMRXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP8LI
HIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVTVSZMHIWWTEGIJSVIRXVEMRIHEMVXSGSQISYXSJWSPYXMSRERHXLIRI\MX
JVSQSVVIGMVGYPEXIMRXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI)RIVK]HMWWMTEXMRKHIZMGIWQE]FIPSGEXIHEX
XLIFEWISJXLIWLEJXMRXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVXSQMRMQM^I[IEVERHXIEV8LIWIEVI
YWYEPP]QEHISJLMKLWXVIRKXLGSRGVIXIERHPMRMRKQEXIVMEPW&IGEYWISJXLIWM^IERH
VIPEXIHGSWXSJGSRWXVYGXMRKXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVEKSEPSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIQSHIPMRK
I\TIVMQIRXWLEWFIIRXSHIZIPSTHIWMKRWXLEXQMRMQM^IXLIWM^ISVIPMQMREXIXLIRIIHJSV
XLIGLEQFIV(IEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVWLEZIFIIRHIWMKRIHMREZEVMIX]SJWLETIW8LI
RIIHJSVERHXLIHIWMKRSJEHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVHITIRHWSRERYQFIVSJJEGXSVWXLEX
EJJIGXEMVIRXVEMRQIRXMRGPYHMRKXLIMRPIXX]TIERHSTIVEXMRKGSRHMXMSRWMRXLIQEMRXYRRIP

Vent Pipe. %ZIRXTMTIMWGSRRIGXIHXSXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVXSTIVQMXXLII\MXERH

VIGMVGYPEXMSRSJGETXYVIHEMV[MXLMRXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIERHXLII\MXSJXLIGETXYVIHEMVMJ
TVIWWYVIWFIGSQIXSSKVIEX8LITMTIMWSJXIRGSRRIGXIHXSXLIMRPIXWXVYGXYVIXSTIVQMX
VIGMVGYPEXMSR[MXLEREHHIHGSRRIGXMSRXSXLIWYVJEGISVSHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMXMIW8LIZIRX
TMTIQE]FIMRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSXLIHVSTWLEJXHMVIGXP]YXMPM^MRKEZIVXMGEP[EPPXSWITEVEXI
XLITEXLWGEVV]MRK[EXIVERHEMV

Adit. 8LIEHMXEPWSVIJIVVIHXSEWXLIGSRRIGXMRKXYRRIPMWPSGEXIHHS[RWXVIEQSJXLI
HIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVERHGSRRIGXWXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP,SVM^SRXEPP]EHMXWQE]GSRRIGXEX
ERERKPISVTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP7]WXIQL]HVEYPMGWGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]ERH
QEMRXIRERGIMWWYIWQYWXFIGSRWMHIVIHMRWIPIGXMRKXLIERKPISJIRXV]ERHXLITL]WMGEP
WLETISJXLIGSRRIGXMSRXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP8LIPSGEXMSRSJXLIZIVXMGEPGSRRIGXMSRXSXLI
QEMRXYRRIPMIEXGVS[RWTVMRKPMRISVMRZIVX QYWXFIGEVIJYPP]GSRWMHIVIHFIGEYWIXLI
PSGEXMSRWIPIGXIH[MPPMQTEGXXYRRIPZIRXMPEXMSR0EXIVGLETXIVWHMWGYWWXLITSXIRXMEPTVSF
PIQWVIPEXIHXSLMKLTVIWWYVIEMVTSGOIXWXLEXGERJSVQERHVIPIEWIZMSPIRXP]MJEHIUYEXI
ZIRXMPEXMSRMWRSXTVSZMHIH

Appurtenant Structures%TTYVXIRERGIWWYGLEWEGGIWWERHZIRXWXVYGXYVIWQE]FI
MRGPYHIHXSIRLERGIW]WXIQQEMRXIRERGIERHSTIVEXMSR-RMRXIVQMXXIRXJPS[W]WXIQW
EGGIWWQE]FIQEHIXLVSYKLXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI-RGSRXMRYSYWJPS[W]WXIQWWITEVEXI
WXVYGXYVIWEVIRIIHIHXSKEMRXYRRIPEGGIWW0EVKIZIRXWXVYGXYVIWQE]FIRIIHIHXS
TVSXIGXEKEMRWXWYVKIWERHXSEWWMWXMRQEMRXEMRMRKEXQSWTLIVMGGSRHMXMSRWMRXLIW]WXIQ
7ITEVEXIWXVYGXYVIWQE]FIRIIHIHXSMRWXEPPJPS[GSRXVSPERHQSRMXSVMRKIUYMTQIRXERH
SHSVGSRXVSPGSQTSRIRXW

WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 10

Figure 2.1 Typical Drop Structure Components

Surface
Approach
Channel
Inlet
Structure

Junction
Chamber

Vent
Surface
Sewers

Vertical Shaft

Adit

Deaeration Chamber
Main Tunnel

8LISFNIGXMZISJXLIZSVXI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRMWXSKIRIVEXIEZSVXI\SVWTMVEPJPS[
EXXLIXSTSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX8LIZSVXI\EGXMSRVIHYGIWXLIEQSYRXSJEMVHVE[RMRXSXLIW]W
XIQERHEPPS[WIRIVK]XSHMWWMTEXIFIJSVIXLIJPS[VIEGLIWXLIFEWISJXLIWLEJX8LIHMWWMTE
XMSRVIWYPXWJVSQ[EPPJVMGXMSREWXLIJPS[HIWGIRHWXLIWLEJX[LMPIGPMRKMRKXSXLI[EPPW



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 11

Figure 2.2 Types Of Vortex Inlets

'MVGYPEV

7TMVEP

7GVSPP

,IPMGEP

8ERKIRXMEP

-RETPYRKIJPS[X]TIWXVYGXYVIJPS[IRXIVWVEHMEPP]ERHMWHVSTTIHHMVIGXP]HS[RXLIZIVXM
GEPWLEJX:EVMSYWHIWMKRWJSVTPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIFIIRHIZIPSTIHEXXLI
9RMZIVWMX]SJ1MRRIWSXEW7X%RXLSR]*EPPW,]HVEYPMGW6IWIEVGL0EFSVEXSV]QSWXRSXEFP]JSV
XLI'LMGEKS8YRRIPERH6IWIVZSMV4PER8%64 8LIWIX]TIWSJWXVYGXYVIWQE]MRGPYHIER
IRIVK]EFWSVFMRKHIZMGIMITPYRKITSSPMQTEGXGYT EXXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPHVST
*MKYVIWLS[WXLIX]TIWSJMRPIXWYWIHJSVTPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 12

Figure 2.3 Types of Plunge Flow Inlets

7XVEMKLX(VST-RPIX

&IPPQSYXL

)PFS[

:SVXI\ERHTPYRKIMRPIXX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIFIIRMRGPYHIHMRQENSVGSPPIGXMSRW]W
XIQWEVSYRHXLI[SVPH%TTIRHM\%MRGPYHIWWYQQEV]HIWGVMTXMSRWSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIWERH
GSPPIGXMSRW]WXIQWMRQENSVGMXMIW

Historical Perspective on the Development of Drop Structures

-RXLITEWXGIRXYV]RYQIVSYWHIWMKRGSRJMKYVEXMSRWLEZIFIIRXIWXIHI\TIVMQIRXEPP][MXL
EWQEPPIVRYQFIVSJXLIWIEGXYEPP]GSRWXVYGXIHERHTYXMRXSYWI(VSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRW
IWWIRXMEPP]HIZIPSTIHJVSQHIWMKRWMRMXMEPP]HIZIPSTIHJSVVIWIVZSMVW[EXIVHMWXVMFYXMSRERH
L]HVSIPIGXVMGTS[IVW]WXIQW%WYVFEREVIEWERH[EXIVYWII\TERHIHMQTVSZIQIRXWMR
WXSVQ[EXIVERH[EWXI[EXIVGSRZI]ERGIQIXLSHW[IVIRIIHIH(VSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRWRIIH
IHXSFIHIZIPSTIHERHGYWXSQM^IHXSWYMXXLIETTPMGEXMSR'SRWXVYGXMFMPMX]VIPMEFMPMX]ERHGSWX
LEZIEP[E]WFIIRQENSVGSRGIVRWERHHIWMKRW[IVIHIZIPSTIHEGGSVHMRKP]
(VSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRWLEZIWXIEHMP]MQTVSZIH[MXLXLIMRGVIEWMRKRIIHJSVQSVIIJJMGMIRX
ERHIGSRSQMGEPWXVYGXYVIW1ENSVTVSNIGXWQSWXRSXEFP]'LMGEKSW8%64MRXLIWERH
1MP[EYOIIW-RPMRI7XSVEKI7]WXIQTVSNIGXMRXLIWERHWMRGPYHIHI\XIRWMZIQSHIP
WXYHMIWXSHIXIVQMRIXLIQSWXIJJMGMIRXERHIGSRSQMGEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRWJSVXLIWIETTPM
GEXMSRW2YQIVSYWWQEPPIVWXYHMIWLEZIFIIRGSRHYGXIHWMRGIMRXIRHMRKXSFYMPHSRXLITVI
ZMSYWP]EGUYMVIHORS[PIHKI
8LI8%64TVSNIGXETTPMIHZEVMEXMSRWSRXLITPYRKIMRPIXX]TISJHVSTWXVYGXYVIFYMPHMRK
QSVIXLERHVSTWXVYGXYVIWXLVSYKLSYXXLI'LMGEKSQIXVSTSPMXEREVIE%WEVIWYPXSJXLI
TL]WMGEPQSHIPWXYH]GSRHYGXIHEXXLI9RMZIVWMX]SJ1MRRIWSXEW7X%RXLSR]*EPPW,]HVEYPMGW
0EFSVEXSV]XLITPYRKIX]TIHVST[EWNYHKIHXSFIXLIQSWXWYMXEFPIHIWMKRKMZIRXLIZEVMIX]
SJJEGXSVWGSRWMHIVIHWYGLEWHITXLWSJHVSTYTXSJIIX JPS[GLEVEGXIVMWXMGWERHWYF
WYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRWVSGO MR[LMGLXLI][SYPHFIGSRWXVYGXIH8LITPYRKIX]TIHIWMKRWEVI



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 13

WMQTPIERHLEZIGIVXEMREHZERXEKIWVIKEVHMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRFYXI\GIWWMZIXYVFYPIRGIQE]
GEYWII\GIWWMZISHSVWERHEMVIRXVEMRQIRXEW[IPPEWWGSYVTVSFPIQWYRPIWWWYJJMGMIRXTVI
ZIRXMZIQIEWYVIWEVIXEOIR
8LI1MP[EYOII-RPMRI7XSVEKI8YRRIPWLEZIFIIRMRSTIVEXMSRWMRGI8LMWTVSNIGX
MRGPYHIHXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIWYWMRKEZSVXI\JSVQMRKXERKIRXMEPMRPIX 
:SVXI\MRPIXWYWMRKGMVGYPEVXEROMRPIXW[IVIJMVWXYWIHSRE[MHIWGEPIMRXLIWMR
4MXXWFYVKL4IRRW]PZERME 8LI4MXXWFYVKLX]TIHIWMKRMRGPYHIHPEVKIXEROMRPIXWXLEX[IVI
VIPEXMZIP]I\TIRWMZIERHVIUYMVIHELMKLLIEHXSTEWWHIWMKRJPS[W8LIXERKIRXMEPMRPIXYWIH
PEXIVMR1MP[EYOII[EWHIZIPSTIHEWERMQTVSZIQIRXMRXLIZSVXI\X]TIHIWMKR8LIHVST
HITXLSJXLI1MP[EYOIIWXVYGXYVIWVERKIWJVSQXSJIIX8LI9RMZIVWMX]SJ-S[EW
-RWXMXYXISJ,]HVEYPMG6IWIEVGLGSRHYGXIHEHIXEMPIHQSHIPWXYH]JSVXLI1MP[EYOII7I[IVEKI
(MWXVMGXERHGSRGPYHIHXLEXXLIZSVXI\JSVQMRKXERKIRXMEPMRPIX[EWXLITVIJIVVIHHIWMKR
7MQMPEVXS'LMGEKSWW]WXIQQSWXSJXLI1MP[EYOIIW]WXIQMWMRWXEPPIHMRVSGO-REHHMXMSRXS
XLIIRIVK]HMWWMTEXMRKUYEPMX]SJXLIZSVXI\JSVQMRKMRPIXXLMWHIWMKR[EWTVIJIVVIHJSVMXWWMQ
TPIGSRWXVYGXMSRERHVIHYGIHEMVIRXVEMRQIRX[LIRGSQTEVIHXSXLI'LMGEKSTPYRKIX]TI
HIWMKRLS[IZIVXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLIPEVKIMRPIXWXVYGXYVIERHHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVQE]FI
TVSFPIQEXMGHITIRHMRKSRWYFWYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRW
7IIOMRKXSMQTVSZIYTSRXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRWYWIHMR'LMGEKSERH1MP[EYOIIXLI
LIPMGEPX]TIZSVXI\HVSTWXVYGXYVI[EWHIZIPSTIHMRXLIWERHWERH[EWGSRWXVYGX
IHJSVXLIWXSVQ[EXIVW]WXIQMR4LSIRM\%VM^SRE1SHIPWXYHMIWMRHMGEXIXLEXXLILIPMGEPX]TI
HIWMKRMWI\XVIQIP]IJJMGMIRXMRVIHYGMRKXLIUYERXMX]SJEMVTEWWIHXLVSYKLXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP
*SVXLMWVIEWSRHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVWQE]FIGSRWMHIVIHXSFIYRRIGIWWEV][MXLXLILIPMGEP
HIWMKR'SRWXVYGXMSRSJXLILIPMGEPHIWMKRMRWSJXKVSYRHWYFWYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRWLEWSFZMSYW
EHZERXEKIW8LIVEHMEPMRPIXMWWMQTPIXSGSRWXVYGXERHXLIGYQFIVWSQIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV
MWIPMQMREXIHWMKRMJMGERXP]VIHYGMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRGSWX
1SVIHIXEMPIHFEGOKVSYRHMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHMRPEXIVWIGXMSRWSJXLMWQSRSKVETLXS
KEMRERYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIJEGXSVWXLEXQE]LEZIMRJPYIRGIHXLIWIPIGXMSRSJETEVXMGYPEV
HIWMKR-QTVSZIQIRXWMRHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRLEZIFIIRQEHIERH[MPPPMOIP]GSRXMRYIXSFI
QEHIEWKVIEXIVYRHIVWXERHMRKMWHIZIPSTIHVIKEVHMRKL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMSRMRGSQFMREXMSR
[MXLMQTVSZIQIRXWMRGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWERHQIXLSHW2I[XIGLRSPSK]TIVQMXWXLIGPSWIV
WXYH]SJXLIMVSTIVEXMSRERHJYRGXMSRMRXLIW]WXIQXLVSYKLXLIYWISJWSTLMWXMGEXIHTL]WMGEP
ERHGSQTYXIVQSHIPW

2.3

OTHER TYPES OF DROP STRUCTURES

7XERHEVHHVSTQERLSPIWEVIKIRIVEPP]YWIHMRWQEPPIVWI[IVW[MXLMRGSQMRKHMEQIXIVWRS
KVIEXIVXLERMRGLIW(VSTQERLSPIWEVIFVMIJP]HMWGYWWIHLIVIEWMXMWXLIMREHIUYEXITIV
JSVQERGISJXLIWIWXVYGXYVIWXLEXLEWPIHXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJQSVIIJJMGMIRX[E]WSJHVST
TMRKJPS[3HSVWMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJWERMXEV]HVSTQERLSPIWSJXIRGEYWIETYFPMGRYMWERGIERH
EWEVIWYPXXLIQERLSPIQE]FIWIEPIHXSTVIZIRXXLISHSVSYWKEWIWJVSQIWGETMRK
7IEPMRKXLIQERLSPIQE]IPMQMREXISHSVWEXXLIWYVJEGIFYXGSVVSWMSRSJXLIQERLSPIERH
EHNEGIRXWI[IVWMWEGGIPIVEXIH8LIIRXVETTIHEMVQE]VIHYGIJPS[GETEGMX]ERHGSRXVMFYXI
XSJPSSHMRKMRYTWXVIEQEVIEW(VSTQERLSPIWYWIHMRWXSVQSVGSQFMRIHWI[IVW]WXIQWEVI
KIRIVEPP]PIWWSJERYMWERGIEWSHSVWKIRIVEPP]GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI[EWXI[EXIV
TSVXMSRSJXLIJPS[



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 14

%X]TMGEPHVSTQERLSPIMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI8LIZIVXMGEPWIGXMSRSJTMTIMWKIRIVEPP]SJ
XLIWEQIHMEQIXIVEWXLIMRGSQMRKTMTIEPXLSYKLEPEVKIVHMEQIXIVQE]FIYWIHXSQMRMQM^I
TSXIRXMEPJSVFPSGOEKI7I[IVSTIVEXMRKEYXLSVMXMIWSJXIRLEZIWTIGMJMGVIUYMVIQIRXWVIKEVHMRK
XLIHMQIRWMSREPVIPEXMSRWLMTWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIHJSVHVSTQERLSPIWMREHHM
XMSRXSTVIJIVIRGIWJSVMRXIVMSVSVI\XIVMSVHVSTW

Figure 2.4 Typical Drop Manhole (Sanitary Sewer)

Manhole

Flow

Dam

Exterior
Drop

Concrete
Encasement

1SVRMRKKPSV]ERHWYFEXQSWTLIVMGX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIRSXVIZMI[IHMRXLMWQSRS
KVETL1SVRMRKKPSV]HVSTWLEJXWLEZIFIIRX]TMGEPP]YWIHEWSYXJPS[WJVSQVIWIVZSMVW*PS[
ZEVMEXMSRWMRWERMXEV]WI[IVWVIUYMVIGSWXP]ERHGSQTPI\QIEWYVIWXSGSVVIGXWXEFMPMX]ERH
GETEGMX]TVSFPIQWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLMWX]TISJHVSTWLEJX7YFEXQSWTLIVMGX]TIWSJHVSTWLEJXW
LEZIFIIRQSHIPIHFYXLEZIRSXFIIRYWIHMRWI[EKITVSNIGXW8LILMKLZIPSGMXMIWXLVSYKL
XLIWIWLEJXW[SYPHTIVQMXPEVKIHMWGLEVKIWXSFIGEVVMIHXLVSYKLVIPEXMZIP]WQEPPWLEJXHMEQI
XIVWFYXPEVKIRIKEXMZITVIWWYVIWMRXLIW]WXIQ[SYPHXIRHXSGEYWIGEZMXEXMSRHEQEKIXSXLI
WLEJXFEVVIPW(MWWSPZIHEMVGSQIWSYXSJWSPYXMSRMRXLIEVIEWSJPS[TVIWWYVIERHHSIWRSX
GSQTPIXIP]VIXYVRXSWSPYXMSRFIJSVIIRXIVMRKXLIXYRRIPXLYWGEYWMRKEMVVIQSZEPTVSFPIQW
8LIGEZMXEXMSRMRXLIWLEJXTVSHYGIWZMFVEXMSRWERHGSRWMHIVEFPIRSMWITVSFPIQWXLEX[SYPH
VIWXVMGXXLIYWISJXLIWLEJXXSRSRVIWMHIRXMEPEVIEW

2.4

COMPARISONS OF DROP STRUCTURE TYPES

)EGLHVSTWXVYGXYVIPSGEXMSRLEWEYRMUYIWIXSJGVMXIVMEEKEMRWX[LMGLETEVXMGYPEVHIWMKR
GSRJMKYVEXMSRQYWXFIIZEPYEXIH7YFWYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRWGSRWXVYGXMSRWMXIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW
EHNEGIRXPERHYWIJPS[VIKMQIWL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMSRSZIVEPPW]WXIQGSRJMKYVEXMSRERHIGS



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 15

RSQMGGSRWMHIVEXMSRW[MPPEPPTPE]EVSPIMRXLIIZEPYEXMSR%PXLSYKLEHZERXEKIWSJETEVXMGYPEV
HIWMKRMRSRIW]WXIQQE]RSXETTP]XSEHMJJIVIRXW]WXIQWSQIKIRIVEPSFWIVZEXMSRWGERFI
QEHISJXLIZEVMSYWHIWMKRGSRJMKYVEXMSRWFEWIHSRXLIMRPIXX]TIEWWLS[RMR8EFPISR
XLIJSPPS[MRKTEKIW

Table 2.1 Drop Structure Evaluation Based on Inlet Type

TYPE/INLET
CONFIGURATION
:368)<
8%2+)28-%0
-20)8

ADVANTAGES
7MQTPIHIWMKR
0S[VEXISJEMVIRXVEMRQIRXGSR
ZI]WJPS[IJJMGMIRXP]JVSQWYVJEGIXS
FSXXSQSJWLEJX
;MHIP]YWIHJSVQSJZSVXI\X]TI
MRPIX
4VSZIRTIVJSVQERGI
1E]FIYWIHEWEGGIWWWLEJXXS
QEMRXYRRIPMR[IX[IEXLIVW]W
XIQW

DISADVANTAGES
0EVKIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVQE]
FIHMJJMGYPXXSGSRWXVYGXMRWSJX
KVSYRHGSRHMXMSRW
:SVXI\KIRIVEXSVGERFIPEVKI
ERHI\TIRWMZIXSGSRWXVYGX
3GGYTMIWPEVKIWYVJEGIJSSXTVMRX
1E]VIUYMVIZIRXEXWYVJEGISVXS
SHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMX]

1MRMQM^IWXYVFYPIRGISHSVKIRIVE
XMSR
)EW]QEMRXIRERGI
)JJIGXMZIP]HMWWMTEXIWIRIVK]

:368)<,)0-'%0
6%14

7MQTPIMRPIXHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYG
XMSR

0SRKXIVQTIVJSVQERGIVIGSVHRSX
]IXTVSZIR

)RXVEMRWXLIPIEWXEQSYRXSJEMVERH
QMRMQM^IWXYVFYPIRGI

0MQMXIHETTPMGEXMSRMRWXSVQ[EXIV
W]WXIQSRP]

1E]IPMQMREXIXLIRIIHJSVHIEIVE
XMSRGLEQFIVERHZIRX

,IPMGEPVEQTWI\TIRWMZIERHGYW
XSQJEFVMGEXMSRX]TMGEPP]VIUYMVIH

'SQTEGXJSSXTVMRX

,IPMGEPVEQTWQE]FIWYFNIGXXS
IVSWMSRGSVVSWMSRHITIRHMRKSR
ETTPMGEXMSRERHJPS[GLEVEGXIV
MWXMGWQE]RSXFITVEGXMGEPJSVGSR
XMRYSYWJPS[MIWERMXEV]WI[IV
ETTPMGEXMSRW

7LSVXGSRRIGXMSRXSXYRRIPQE]QMR
MQM^IYRHIVKVSYRH[SVO
3HSVKIRIVEXMSRPIWWSJETVSFPIQ
3ZIVEPPGSWXWQE]FIPS[IVMRGSQ
TEVMWSR[MXLSXLIVHIWMKRWEWZIRX
ERHHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVWQE]FI
IPMQMREXIH
%TTPMIHMRWXSVQ[EXIVW]WXIQ[MXL
KSSHVIWYPXWVITSVXIH

0EVKIVZIVXMGEPWLEJXMRGSQTEVMWSR
[MXLSXLIVHIWMKRW
,MKLLIEHPSWWXLVSYKLWXVYGXYVI
VIUYMVIWEPEVKIVHMEQIXIVZIVXMGEP
WLEJX
1E]VIUYMVIFEVWGVIIRWXSTVIZIRX
SFNIGXWJVSQGPSKKMRKSVPSHKMRKMR
VEQTW
'ERRSXYWIWXVYGXYVIEWEREGGIWW
XSQEMRXYRRIP
2I[IVXIGLRSPSK]PMQMXIHMRWXEPPE
XMSRWWLSVXXIVQXVEGOVIGSVH



WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 16

Table 2.1 Drop Structure Evaluation Based on Inlet Type (Cont.)

TYPE/INLET
CONFIGURATION
:368)<
'-6'90%6-20)8
ERH
:368)<7'6300
-20)8

ADVANTAGES
'MVGYPEVMRPIXHIWMKRLEWPSRKXIVQ
TVSZIRTIVJSVQERGIMRWERMXEV]ERH
'73W]WXIQ
7MQTPIHIWMKR

DISADVANTAGES
,MKLLIEHVIUYMVIHEXMRPIXXS
TEWWHIWMKRJPS[W
4VIWWYVM^IHPMHQE]FIVIUYMVIHXS
VIHYGILMKLLIEHVIUYMVIQIRXW

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WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 18

Figure 2.5 Comparison of Air Entrainment for Various Inlet Types (11)

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120

Q = 1.5 M3/SEC

100

h
80
CM.

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2
40

5
20

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WilliamsonMonooChap1and2.qxd 1/9/04 3:50 PM Page 19

Figure 2.6 Comparison of Dimensions for Various Drop Structure Types*

E-15
Plunge
Inlet Type

Helicoidal
Ramp Type

7'-0" Inlet
Pipe
Diam.

Inlet
Pipe

Elbow
Inlet

7'-0" Shaft Diam.

Guide Wall
Center Column
Inlet Ramp

7'- 4"

8'-2" Shaft Diam.

14'

Outlet Ramp

35
25'

7'-0"
Adit
Diam.

Deaeration
Chamber

Adit

3'- 0"

45'

+1-

Main Tunnel

Main Tunnel

Tangential
Inlet Type
7'-0" Diam.
Inlet
Pipe

D-4 Plunge
Inlet Type
7'0"
2'9" Vent Diam

23'-6

"
18'
7'0" Shaft
Diam

Vortex
Chamber

Vent Pipe

5'-7" Shaft Diam.

16'

16'
48'
6'6"
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68'-

10'-0" Diam.
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Chamber

9'5"

0"

5'-0"
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Main Tunnel

Main Tunnel
*Design Flow = 280 cfs



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WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 21

3.0 PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS



WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 22

WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 23

3.0 PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


      

        

  
       
  
 
 
       
 
  
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3.1 FLOW VARIABILITY AND COLLECTION SYSTEM TYPE

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Table 3.1 Typical Concentrations of Components in Untreated

Wastewater (9)
CONCENTRATION*
PARAMETER

WEAK

MEDIUM

STRONG

Solids, total

350

720

1200

Total Dissolved Solids

250

500

850

Suspended Solids

100

220

350

10

20

BOD (5)

110

220

400

Total Organic Carbon

80

160

290

COD

250

500

1000

Nitrogen (total as N)

20

40

85

Phosphorous (total as P)

15

Chlorides

30

50

100

Sulfate

20

30

50

Alkalinity

50

100

200

Settleable Solid

50

Grease
Total Coliform
Volatile Organic Compounds (micrograms/L)

100
7

10 /100 ml

10 /100 ml

10 /100 ml

<100

100-400

>400

(*) All values are provided in units of milligrams per liter unless otherwise noted.



150
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Figure 3.1 Energy Dissipators in Plunge Inlet Drop Structures

WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 27



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Vortex Inlets

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Figure 3.2 Alternative Sites for Drop Structure Location

ProposedDeepTunnel
Alignment
Commercial/
Residential
Zone
Alternative
AlternativeATunnel
Tunnel
Connector
ExistingPump
Stationand
PotentialDrop
StructureSite

IndustrialZone
Tunnel
Connector

ExistingCollection
System

B
NewSurface
SewerConnection

Alternative"B"
SiteforDrop
Structure

IndustrialZone



WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 32

Figure 3.3 Drop Structure Footprint and Dimensions

100'

Diversion
Chamber

VortexChamber

Deaeration
Chamber
75'
Odor
Control
Facility

75

Flow
MainTunnel

3.4 AIR ENTRAINMENT AND VENTILATION

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Adit Connection with Main Tunnel

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WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 36

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Figure 3.6 Tunnel to Adit Connection from Chicagos TARP

Adit
Main Tunnel

1
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Steps

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Design Flow
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WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 42

3.5 ODOR AND CORROSION CONTROL

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Table 3.2 Odorous Compounds in Untreated Wastewater and

Detectable Limits*
ODOROUS
COMPOUND

THRESHOLD OF
DETECTION (PPM BY
VOLUME)
17

RECOGNITION
(PPM BY
VOLUME)
37

ODOR
DESCRIPTION

Chlorine

.08

.314

home cleaning
products
swimming pools

Dimethyl Sulfide

.001

.001

decayed cabbage

Diphenyl Sulfide

.0001

.0021

decayed cabbage

Methyl Mercaptan

.0005

.001

decayed cabbage

Ethyl Mercaptan

.0003

.001

decayed cabbage

Hydrogen Sulfide

<.00021

.00047

Methyl Amine

4.7

N/A

rotten fish

Skatole

.001

.019

fecal matter

Ammonia

rotten eggs

* From the USEPAs Design Manual: Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment

Plants

 

  

  
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Methods and Alternatives for Odor Control



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Figure 3.8 Examples of Processes Used for Odor Control

Activated Carbon Filter
Clean Air

Activated
Carbon
(Dual Bed)

Fan
Odorous
Air

Soil/Compost Filter
Clean Air

Soil or Compost

Odorous
Air
Air Distribution Pipe

Gravel

Wet Scrubber System

(Countercurrent Packed Tower)
Clean Air

Mist Eliminator

Fan

Spray System
Packing
Media Support Plate

Scrubber Liquid

Odorous Air
Recycled Pump
Drain

Sump

  

  

  
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Table 3.3 Costs for Odor Control*

METHOD

DESIGN AIR FLOW

M3/MIN

Activated Carbon

Wet Scrubber

CAPITAL COSTS

ANNUAL COSTS

28

$43,750

$9,100

280

$189,000

$70,500

28

$57,500

$3,000

280

$113,000

$28,500

*Costs based on values included in the USEPA Manual for Odor Control; dollar values indexed to 1999 from 1984
values based on ENR index of 1.486.

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Table 3.4 Example: Matrix Evaluation of Gas Phase Odor Control

Treatment
TECHNOLOGY

CRITERIA

Efficiency

Activated
Carbon
Chemical
Scrubbers

Biofilters

Reliability

Stability

Land

SCORE

Handling

Capital

O&M

Cost

Cost

10

10

58

48

10

41

Scoring: 10 = Most favorable; 2 = Least favorable

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Figure 3.9 At-Grade Odor Control Facility

Corrosion Protection and Prevention

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Table 3.5 Effect of Sewer Conditions on Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion

STEP IN
HYDROGEN
SULFIDE
CORROSION
PROCESS
Production of
Dissolved
Sulfide in
Wastewater

Release of
Hydrogen
Sulfide to
Sewer
Atmosphere

Oxidation of
Hydrogen
Sulfide to
Sulfuric Acid

CONDITION
VARIABLE

EFFECT OF
INCREASING
VARIABLE ON
CORROSION

COMMENTS

Concentration of organic
material and nutrients

Increases

Rate-controlling factor unless sulfate

concentration is very low

Sulfate concentration

Increases

Not a limiting factor at 20-100 mg/l

Dissolved oxygen

Decreases

Sulfate reduction inhibited above 1.0 mg/l

pH

Varies

Sulfate-reducing bacteria viable at pH 5.5-9.0;

optimal at pH 7.5-8.0

Temperature

Increases

Growth rate of sulfate-reducing bacteria is

temperature-dependent

Stream velocity

Decreases

Velocity affects slime layer and deposition of

organic solids in pipe

Submerged surface area

Increases

Submerged slime layer produces sulfides

Detention time

Increases

Organic matter dissolved and oxygen decreased

with time

Dissolved oxygen

Decreases

Sulfides oxidized at concentrations greater than

1.0 mg/l

pH

Decreases

Ionized and un-ionized hydrogen sulfide nearly

equal at pH 7.0; un-ionized fraction dominates as
pH is further reduced

Metals concentrations

Decreases

Insoluble metallic sulfides formed by iron, zinc,

copper, lead, and cadmium remove dissolved
sulfides from stream

Stream flow velocity

Varies

Turbulence increases release of hydrogen sulfide

to atmosphere, but also increases sulfide
oxidation by improved aeration

Depth of flow

Varies

Water surface area controls hydrogen sulfide gas

transfer rate

Temperature

Increases

Minimal effect due to offsetting aeration and

oxygen solubility changes

Moisture

Increases

Required for bacterial existence; multiple species

of bacteria active depending on pH

Ventilation

Decreases

Removes moisture and increases aeration

Source: USEPA Design Manual: Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants.

WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 50

  

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Table 3.6 Typical Wastewater Characteristics that Promote Hydrogen

Sulfide Generation
PARAMETER

CONCENTRATION
(MG/L UNLESS NOTED)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

280

Temperature, degrees C

> 30

pH

6.8 - 7.0

Sulfate (drinking water supply)

20 - 40

Total alkalinity (drinking water supply), as CaCO3

190

Hydrogen sulfide (average)

0.10 - 0.85

Metals*

0.7 - 12.7

Suspended solids

300

*Sum of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn concentrations for average loading condition

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Table 3.7 Methods to Control Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion

APPROACH

METHOD

OBJECTIVE

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Improve
Oxygen
Balance in
Wastewater

Good operation and

maintenance

Maintain flow
velocity to minimize
solids deposition
and system
ventilation.

No additional costs.

Effectiveness limited by physical

limitations of system and
operating conditions.

Air injection

Increase oxygen in
wastewater using
compressed air or
venturi aspirators.

No chemical
involved or costs for
chemicals.

Low efficiency.
Control limited.
Possible off-gassing of odors.

Oxygen injection

Increase oxygen in
wastewater using
on-site generation or
liquid oxygen.

High efficiency
compared to air
injection.
Less hazardous
handling compared
to other chemicals.

Must be injected via pressurized

pipe (e.g., force main or other
means).

Nitrate addition
(e.g., Bioxide)

Provide chemical
source of oxygen
preferred over
sulfate by bacteria.

Slow-reacting.
Low chemical
hazard.
Simple equipment
requirements.

High chemical cost.

Adds nitrogen.

Chlorine gas
solution addition

Oxidize dissolved
sulfides to sulfate.

Widely available.
Economical in bulk
quantity.

Hazardous chemical.
Efficiency dependent on mixing.

Sodium
hypochlorite
solution injection

Oxidize dissolved
sulfides to sulfate.

Safe vs. chlorine

gas.

Unstable in storage.
More cumbersome and costly in
bulk quantity.

Hydrogen peroxide
solution injection

Oxidize dissolved
sulfides to sulfate.

Rapid reaction rate.

Simple equipment.

High chemical cost.

Unstable in storage.

Potassium
permanganate
addition

Oxidize dissolved
sulfides to sulfate.

Simple equipment.

High chemical cost.

Dosage determined by
experience on specific system.

Precipitation
of Sulfides
from
Wastewater

Iron salts such as

ferrous sulfate or
ferric chloride

Formation of solid
particles of insoluble
metallic sulfide.

Simple equipment.
Usually available.

Increases metal loading

downstream.

Alkaline pH
Shock of
Wastewater

Periodic (weekly)
dosing with sodium
hydroxide solution

Upset slime layer

and temporarily
reduce sulfide
generation.

Minimal capital
investment.
Moderate chemical
cost.

Hazardous chemical handling.

Unpredictable effectiveness.

Chemical
Oxidation of
Sulfides in
Wastewater

Sources: USEPA, 1985; Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems; ASCE, 1989.

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Table 3.8 Lining Materials

MATERIAL

RELATIVE COST

Polymer Concrete

High

Potassium Silicate Concrete

High

Filled Epoxy

Moderate

Fiberglass Reinforced Vinylester

Moderate

Polyester, Vinylester and Epoxy Based Systems

Moderate to High

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Figure 3.10 1.8-m Concrete Pipe with PVC Lining

Table 3.9 Plastic Membranes Used for Corrosion Protection

MATERIAL

RELATIVE COST

Polyvinylchloride

Moderate

High Density Polyethylene

Moderate

Polypropylene

Moderate

Polyvinylidene Fluoride

High

Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer

High

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Table 3.10 Comparison of Linings and Membranes

CHARACTERISTIC

INORGANIC

ORGANIC

Low Maintenance
Resistant to
Hydrogen Sulfide

Resistant to
Microbacterial

Resistant to
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Cracks w/Substrate

Mechanically
Bonded

PVC

HDPE

PVDF

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Table 3.11 Corrosion-Resistant Pipe Materials

GENERIC MATERIAL

RELATIVE COST

Polyvinylchloride

Moderate

High-Density Polyethylene

High

Reinforced Concrete

Low

Reinforced Plastic Mortar

High

Ductile Iron, Cement Mortar Lined

Moderate

Filament-wound Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic

High

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WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 55

3.6 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION

        
     
  

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WilliMonoChapt3.qxd 1/9/04 3:54 PM Page 56

Figure 3.11 Construction Methods and Subsurface Conditions

Encountered at TARP Drop Structures

TopofRock
Rock:
Drill and Blast,
Raise Bore,
Down Drill

20'

DeaerationChamber
Exit
Conduit

Tunnel

81'

low

26'

rF

Rock:
Drill and Blast

Min.
Max.

Ai

Min.170'
Max.335'

 Flow
Sewage

Min.Diam:4'
Max.Diam:19'

Overburden:
Conventional
Excavation or
Slurry Wall

0'

Connecting
Pipe

Overburden:
Conventional
Open-Cut Excavation

80'

AirShaft

60'

Sewage
Flow

80'

Range of
Depths

AirVentChamber

190'

Collecting
Structure

      
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Constructibility Considerations in Soft Ground and Rock

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Figure 3.12 Pipe Jacking Sequence

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Figure 3.13 Cutting Heads on Tunnel Boring Machines

Tunnel Boring Machine with Rock-Cutting Head

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WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 67

4.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY



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WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 69

4.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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HMQIRWMSRWSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIGSQTSRIRXWMWTVSZMHIH[MXLMRJSVQEXMSRJVSQQSHIPMRKWXYHMIW
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ROLE OF HYDRAULIC MODELING IN DROP

STRUCTURE DESIGN

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TL]WMGEPQSHIPMRKLEWFIIRYWIHXSTVIHMGXXLITIVJSVQERGISJTVSXSX]TIWXVYGXYVIW(IXEMPIH
TL]WMGEPQSHIPMRKWXYHMIWLEZIFIIRTIVJSVQIHSZIVXLITEWX]IEVWXSIZEPYEXIXLITIV
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EWMKRMJMGERXMQTEGXSRXLIFILEZMSVSVTIVJSVQERGISJERSXLIV-XMWXLIXEWOSJXLIQSHIPIV
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QE]FIVIUYMVIH%WEHZERGIQIRXWEVIQEHIMRGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWERHTVSXSX]TIKISQI
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Model Theory and Extension of Model Studies To Design of

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4.2

VORTEX DROP STRUCTURES

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EFSZIXLIL]HVEYPMGKVEHIPMRI8LISTIREMVGSVIMRXLIGIRXIVSJXLIZSVXI\TVSZMHIWER
IWGETIVSYXIJSVXLIIRXVEMRIHEMVERHLIPTWTVIZIRXGEZMXEXMSRF]QEMRXEMRMRKRIEVEXQSWTLIV
MGTVIWWYVIXLVSYKLSYXXLIWLEJX&IPS[XLIL]HVEYPMGKVEHIPMRIXLIZSVXI\JPS[LEWETVIWWYVI
KVEHMIRXXLEXJSVGIWFYFFPIWXSQSZIXS[EVHXLIGIRXIVSJXLIHVSTWLEJX[LIVIXLI]GERVMWI
EKEMRWXXLIVIPEXMZIP]WPS[IVQSZMRK[EXIV8LMWEPPS[WQYGLSJXLIEMVXLEXMWMRMXMEPP]IRXVEMRIH
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[IVIHIXEMPIHMREVITSVXIRXMXPIH:SVXI\*PS[(VST7XVYGXYVIWJSVXLI1MP[EYOII1IXVSTSPMXER
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8LIHIWMKRETTVSEGLMWFEWMGEPP]EX[SWXITTVSGIWW8LIMRMXMEPWXITMRZSPZIWKIRIVEXMRK
HMQIRWMSRWJSVEKISQIXVMGEPP]WMQMPEVTVSXSX]TIFEWIHSREXIWXIHTL]WMGEPQSHIPYWMRK
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HVSTWXVYGXYVIX]TIW1SHIPGSRJMKYVEXMSRW[IVIZEVMIHHYVMRKXLIWXYH]XSGSQTEVIL]HVEYPMG
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GSWXSJXLITVSXSX]TI8LI--,6WXYH]GSRGPYHIHXLEXXLI,X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVI[EWXLI
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1MP[EYOIIWGSQFMRIHWI[IVEKIERHMRPMRIWXSVEKIXYRRIPW]WXIQXLIGSRGITXWERHVIWYPXW
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ETTVSTVMEXIWGEPMRKJEGXSVW



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Figure 4.1 Schematic Design of the H4 Type Drop Structure (1)

Odor Control

Vortex Structure
Approach Channel

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b = 27.5
Diversion Chamber
Vertical Shaft
Adit
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Vortex Opening e

Vortex Structure
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Incoming Link
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JMIHXSWSQIHIKVIIXSWYMXGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]GSRGIVRWSVWMXIGSRWXVEMRXWXSEPPS[JSVQSVIIGS
RSQMGEPGSRWXVYGXMSR)RKMRIIVMRKNYHKQIRXMWETTPMIHMRQEOMRKQMRSVQSHMJMGEXMSRWXSXLI
MRMXMEPHMQIRWMSRWJSVXLITVSXSX]TIHIWMKR

-RMXMEP(MQIRWMSRW&EWIHSR7MQMPMXYHI

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WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 73

;LIVI
0V ! +ISQIXVMGWGEPMRKJEGXSV
5Q ! 1SHIPHIWMKRJPS[
5T ! 4VSXSX]TIHIWMKRJPS[
*
! *VSYHIRYQFIV
:
! ZIPSGMX]
K
! EGGIPIVEXMSRHYIXSKVEZMX]
0
! PIRKXL
5 ! JPS[
7YFWGVMTXWTERHQMRHMGEXITVSXSX]TIERHQSHIPVIWTIGXMZIP]
8LIQSHIPHIWMKRJPS[YWIHMWGYFMGQIXIVWTIVWIGSRHGQW GYFMGJIIXTIV
WIGSRHGJW JVSQXLI--,6WXYH]2SXIXLEXGQWGJW [EWXLITIEOJPS[YWIHMR
XLIQSHIP9WMRKGQW[SYPH]MIPHXLIQMRMQYQTIVQMWWMFPIZEPYIJSVXLIKISQIXVMG
WGEPIQSHIPEWHIWGVMFIHMRXLI--,6VITSVX8STVSZMHIJSVEJEGXSVSJWEJIX]EPIWWIV5Q
ZEPYISJGQW[EWYWIHXSEGGSYRXJSVTSXIRXMEPMREGGYVEGMIWXLEXQE]VIWYPXJVSQQSHIP
WGEPMRKIJJIGXW*MKYVIWLS[WXLIHMQIRWMSRWYWIHMRXLIPEVKIWGEPITL]WMGEPQSHIP

Figure 4.2 Dimensions of the Large-Scale Model of the H4-Type Drop

Structure (1)
Inlet Box
16.8

11 1/2"

8 5/8"
20 1/8"

2 7/8"

30"
Vent
7'
27.5
5 1/8"

4' 8"

24'

11 1/2"
Deaeration
Chamber
Adit
20 1/4"
10 1/8"
12' 8"



WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 74

8LIHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIYWIHXSHIZIPSTMRMXMEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIHMQIRWMSRWMWWYQQEVM^IHMR
XLIJSPPS[MRKWXITW
1) Determine minimum value of geometric scale ratio:
0V QMR !5T  
+IRIVEPTVEGXMGIMWXSQEMRXEMRXLIEMVGSVIEVIEEXXLIXLVSEXPEVKIVXLER SJXLIHVST
WLEJXEVIEXLSYKLXLIHVSTWLEJXWLSYPHJYRGXMSRTVSTIVP]EXWQEPPIVZEPYIWSJXLIEVIE
VEXMS%WHIWGVMFIHMRXLI1MP[EYOIIQSHIPWXYH]XIWXWE EMVGSVIEVIEMWEGLMIZIH
EXXLIPEVKIVJPS[SJ5Q !GJW8LIQMRMQYQZEPYIMWHIXIVQMRIHJSVXLITYVTSWISJ
HIZIPSTMRKEPXIVREXMZIHMQIRWMSRWXLEXGSYPHFIYWIHMJVIUYMVIHF]TVSNIGXGSRWXVEMRXW
2) Select model scale ratio:
0V 0V !5T  
8LMW0V ZEPYIFEWIHSR5Q !GJWMWYWIHVEXLIVXLERXLIQMRMQYQTIVQMWWMFPI0V XS
TVSZMHIEREMVGSVIHMEQIXIVSJEFSYX GSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLI1MP[EYOIIQSHIPWXYH]
8LIGJWSVGQWZEPYIQIIXWXLIGSRWXVEMRXXLEXXLIKISQIXVMGWGEPIVEXMSWLSYPH
FIPIWWXLEREZEPYIXLEX]MIPHWXLIQMRMQYQTIVQMWWMFPIEMVGSVIHMEQIXIVSJ EXXLI
XLVSEXMRXLIQSHIP
3) Determine model values for the required deaeration chamber length:
0'Q !\5Q
238)!FEWIJSVREXYVEPPSKW
4) Determine the initial dimensions of prototype drop structure
using the model scale ratio Lr:
8LIQYPXMTPMIVWTVSZMHIHMRXLIJSPPS[MRKXEFPIEVIFEWIHSRXLIPEVKIWGEPIQSHIPERHEVI
YWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIMRMXMEPHMQIRWMSRWSJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW

Table 4.1 Multipliers Used to Determine Initial Dimensions of Drop

Structures
D1=LR X 0.96

D1= Dropshaft Diameter

D2=Lr x 1.69

D2= Deaeration Chamber Diameter

D3=Lr x 0.84

D3= Deaeration Chamber Outlet Diameter

LC=Lr x LCm

LC= Deaeration Chamber Length

LV=Lr x 4.67

LV= Air Vent Location

e=Lr x 0.24

Note: minimum e = 0.45m; e= vortex opening prior to vertical shaft

Lt=(B-e)/Tan

Lt =Approach Channel Transition Length

16.8

Where B = approach channel diameter, and e = constricted opening in

vortex generator

6IJIVXS--,66ITSVX2SJSVEQSVIHIXEMPIHHMWGYWWMSRSRXLIQSHIPVIWYPXWERH
FEGOKVSYRH

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 75

4VSXSX]TI(IWMKR

-RMXMEPHMQIRWMSRWFEWIHWXVMGXP]SRJPS[VEXIWERHKISQIXVMGWMQMPEVMX]QE]FIQSHMJMIHXS
WSQIHIKVIIJSVVIEWSRWSJGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]ERHWMXIGSRHMXMSRW*SVTYVTSWIWSJXLMWHMWGYW
WMSRXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMWWITEVEXIHMRXSXLVIIVIPEXMZIP]MRHITIRHIRXWIGXMSRW

9TTIVWLEJXMRGPYHIWXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVETTVSEGLGLERRIPERHZSVXI\KIRIVEXSV

:IVXMGEPWLEJXXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX

0S[IVWLEJXXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVERHXYRRIPGSRRIGXSVSVEHMX
*MKYVIWLS[WXLIGSQTSRIRXWYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRMRXLIYTTIVHVSTWXVYGXYVI

9TTIV7LEJX

;LIRQSVIXLERSRIMRGSQMRKTMTINYRGXMSRWEXXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIEHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVMW
TVSZMHIHXSHMZIVXJPS[WXSXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIV-RKIRIVEPXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVMWWM^IHXS
EGGSQQSHEXIXLIPEVKIVTMTIHMEQIXIVWSVGSQFMRIHJPS[8LIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVERH
ETTVSEGLGLERRIPWIVZIXSWXEFMPM^IXLIJPS[TVMSVXSXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIV*EGXSVWWYGLEWW]W
XIQX]TIJPS[GLEVEGXIVMWXMGWERHI\TIGXIHJPS[VEXIW[MPPMRJPYIRGIXLIHIWMKR1ER]ZEVME
XMSRWLEZIFIIRYWIHERHQSHIPWXYHMIWQE]FIYWIHXSXIWXXLITVSTSWIHHIWMKRYRHIVXLI
VERKISJERXMGMTEXIHJPS[W;IMVWSVMJMGIWERHSXLIVL]HVEYPMGGSRXVSPWQE]FIYWIHXSHMZIVX
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ERHJPS[QSRMXSVMRKIUYMTQIRXQE]FIMRWXEPPIHMRXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVEWXLIWMXITVSZMHIW
EPSKMGEPPSGEXMSRJSVTPEGMRKXLMWIUYMTQIRX
(IWMKRSJXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVMWQSVIGVMXMGEPJSVW]WXIQWGEVV]MRKWITXMG[EWXI[EXIV
ERHXYVFYPIRGIEXXLIGSRJPYIRGISJJPS[WWLSYPHFIQMRMQM^IH8LMWGERFIEGLMIZIHF]
EZSMHMRKEFVYTXGLERKIWMRKVEHIEXXLIGSRJPYIRGIERHHIWMKRMRKJSVIUYMZEPIRXJPS[ZIPSGM
XMIWFIX[IIRMRGSQMRKERHSYXKSMRKTMTIW8LIERKPISJXLIQIVKMRKJPS[WWLSYPHFIOITXEW
WQEPPEWTSWWMFPI-RQSWXGEWIWMXMWMQTSWWMFPIXSHIWMKRENYRGXMSRXSTVSZMHIMHIEPQIVKMRK
GSRHMXMSRWYRHIVXLIVERKISJERXMGMTEXIHJPS[WFYXEKSSHGSQTVSQMWIGERYWYEPP]FIHIXIV
QMRIH%WMQTPMJMIHZIVWMSRSJEHMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVIMWTVSZMHIHMR*MKYVIJSVXLIGSRHMXMSR
[LIRMRGSQMRKWI[IVWQIVKITIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLISYXKSMRKETTVSEGLGLERRIP1MRMQYQ
HMQIRWMSRWJSVXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVQE]FIWM^IHFEWIHSRXLIMRGSQMRKTMTIWEWWLS[R
;LIRXLIHIWMKREPPS[WXLIERKPISJXLIQIVKMRKJPS[WWLSYPHFIOITXEWWQEPPEWTSWWMFPI
8LISFNIGXMZISJXLIHMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVITEVXMGYPEVP]MREWERMXEV]W]WXIQMWXSWXVIEQPMRIXLI
JPS[EWQYGLEWTSWWMFPIQIVKMRKXLIMRGSQMRKJPS[W[MXLEQMRMQYQSJXYVFYPIRGI

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 76

Figure 4.3 Diversion Structure Dimensions

R1 = D1 x 1.5

To Drop
Inlet

R2 = D2 x 1.5
X = R1 + 0.5 D3 + C
Z = R1 + 0.5 D1 + C
C = Minimum distance required to

accommodate pipe wall thickness

and structural reinforcement

D3
Tapered Radius
for Outgoing
Pipe Diameter

R1
Incoming
Sewer

Z
R2

Flow

D1
Flow

D2

Incoming
Sewer

*PS[JVSQXLIHMZIVWMSRGLEQFIVMWGSRZI]IHXSXLIETTVSEGLGLERRIP[LMGLMWWM^IHXS
EGGSQQSHEXIXLIGSQFMRIHMRGSQMRKJPS[8LIWLETISJXLIETTVSEGLGLERRIPMRXLI
1MP[EYOIIWXYH][EWVIGXERKYPEVFYXSXLIVWLETIWQE]FIEGGITXEFPI8LIETTVSEGLGLER
RIPQE]FIJPEXSVKMZIREQMPHWPSTIXSQEMRXEMRWYFGVMXMGEPJPS[XLVSYKLXLMWTSVXMSRSJXLI
HVSTWXVYGXYVI8LIVIUYMVIHPIRKXLSJXLIETTVSEGLGLERRIP[MPPZEV][MXLW]WXIQVIUYMVI
QIRXW;LIRJPS[QSRMXSVMRKIUYMTQIRXMWXSFIMRWXEPPIHMRXLIETTVSEGLGLERRIPIUYMTQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHQMRMQYQHMWXERGIWJVSQLSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEPFIRHWQE]HMGXEXIXLIQMRM
QYQETTVSEGLGLERRIPPIRKXL%VYPISJXLYQFJSVQER]JPS[QSRMXSVMRKHIZMGIWVIUYMVIWXLEX
IUYMTQIRXFIPSGEXIHEQMRMQYQHMWXERGISJHMEQIXIVWJVSQER]LSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEP
FIRH8LMWQMRMQYQHMWXERGITVSZMHIWEQTPIPIRKXLJSVWQSSXLJPS[WXSFIIWXEFPMWLIH[MXL
WYJJMGMIRXHMWXERGIJVSQER]FEGO[EXIVSVHVE[HS[RIJJIGXW8LIPIRKXLSJXLIETTVSEGLGLER
RIPMRHMGEXIHMRXLITL]WMGEPQSHIPMRXLI1MP[EYOIIWXYH][EWFEWIHSRXLIGSRWMHIVEXMSR
XLEXXLIPIRKXLFIEXPIEWXWM\XMQIWXLIERXMGMTEXIHJPS[HITXLMRXLIETTVSEGLGLERRIPWSXLEX
JPS[EXXLIIRXVERGIXSXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIV[EWYRMJSVQERH[IPPIWXEFPMWLIH
8LIZSVXI\GLEQFIVGSRWMWXWSJEVIGXERKYPEVWPSTMRKGLERRIP[MXLHIGVIEWMRK[MHXL
EGGSVHMRKXSXLILSVM^SRXEPERKPISJXVERWMXMSR[LMGLMWHIKVIIWEWHIXIVQMRIHMRXLI



WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 77

TL]WMGEPQSHIP8LIZIVXMGEPWPSTILEWEWXERHEVHWPSTISJ SVHIKVIIW[LMGLMW
GSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLITL]WMGEPQSHIP
8LIZSVXI\GSRWXVMGXMSRHMQIRWMSRINYWXTVMSVXSXLIZIVXMGEPHVSTMWKIRIVEPP]EFSYX 
QMRMQYQSJXLIHVSTWLEJXHMEQIXIV%QMRMQYQIZEPYIQE]FIEHSTXIHXSQMRMQM^IXLI
TSXIRXMEPJSVSFWXVYGXMSRWEXXLMWPSGEXMSR7YFGVMXMGEPJPS[MWKIRIVEPP]QEMRXEMRIHMRXLI
ETTVSEGLGLERRIPXSTVIZIRXXLISGGYVVIRGISJL]HVEYPMGNYQTWXLVSYKLSYXXLIVERKISJ
I\TIGXIHJPS[W*PS[MRXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIV[MPPFIWYTIVGVMXMGEPJSVWQEPPIVJPS[WERH[MPP
FIGSQIWYFGVMXMGEPEWJPS[WETTVSEGLHIWMKRGSRHMXMSRW

7LEJX

8LIZIVXMGEPWLEJXHMQIRWMSRMRXLITVSXSX]TIMWLIPHGPSWIXSXLIZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHXLVSYKL
KISQIXVMGWGEPMRKXSXLITL]WMGEPQSHIP%W[MXLSXLIVHVSTWXVYGXYVIHMQIRWMSRWQMRSVQSHM
JMGEXMSRWQE]FIQEHIXSXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXHMEQIXIVFEWIHSRVIEWSRWSJGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]ERH
IGSRSQ]
*PS[XVEZIPWHS[RXLIWLEJXMREWTMVEPQSXMSRMIERRYPEVJPS[ GPMRKMRKXSXLI[EPPWEWE
VIWYPXSJXLIGIRXVMJYKEPJSVGIWMQTEVXIHEXXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIV8LIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIZIVXM
GEPWLEJXMRGPYHIWXLIERRYPEVJPS[ERHEGIRXVEPEMVGSVIEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX
8LMWZSVXI\JPS[EGXMSRHMWWMTEXIWIRIVK]SJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[VIHYGMRKMQTEGXEXXLIFEWISJXLI
WXVYGXYVIERHWYFWIUYIRX[IEVERHXIEV-RXLI--,6WXYH]MX[EWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIEVIE
SJXLIGIRXVEPEMVGSVIEXHIWMKRJPS[FIRSXPIWWXLER SJXLIXSXEPEVIE%WTVIZMSYWP]HMW
GYWWIHXLIQMRMQYQKISQIXVMGWGEPIVEXMSMWFEWIHSREJPS[SJGJWEX[LMGLE EMV
GSVIHMEQIXIV[SYPHI\MWXMRXLIPEVKIWGEPIQSHIP8LIKISQIXVMGWGEPIFEWIHSREJPS[SJ
GJWQE]FIWIPIGXIHXSTVSZMHIEQEVKMRSJWEJIX]8LMWVIWYPXWMREZIVXMGEPWLEJX[MXLE
GIRXVEPEMVGSVIEVIESJEFSYX EXXLIHIWMKRJPS[[MXLXLIVIQEMRMRKEVIEGSQTSWIHSJ
[EXIV-XMWGSRWMHIVIHXLEXXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXMXWIPJGSYPHTEWWERIZIRLMKLIVHMWGLEVKIMI
FI]SRHXLI MRGVIEWISZIVXLIHIWMKRJPS[ EWWYQMRKXLEXMRGSQMRKWI[IVWERHHS[R
WXVIEQHVSTWXVYGXYVIGSQTSRIRXWGSYPHHIPMZIVXLIJPS[W[MXLSYXI\GIWWMZIWYVGLEVKMRKSJ
YTWXVIEQEVIEW8LIZIVXMGEPWLEJXGSYPHJPS[JYPPMI[MXLRSEMVGSVI ERHXLIQE\MQYQHMW
GLEVKI[SYPHHITIRHSRXLILIEHSVPSGEXMSRSJXLIL]HVEYPMGKVEHIPMRISZIVXLIXSTSJXLI
WLEJX
8LIZIRXTMTIGSRRIGXMSRXSXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIVJVSQXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVTIVQMXWHMW
TPEGIHXYRRIPEMVERHIRXVEMRIHEMVJVSQXLIJEPPMRKJPS[XSFIVIGMVGYPEXIHXLVSYKLXLIW]WXIQ
ZMEXLIEMVGSVI8LMWVIGMVGYPEXMSR[MPPVIHYGIXLIPSEHMQTSWIHSRXLISHSVGSRXVSPW]WXIQW
%RSXLIVZIRXGSRRIGXMRKXLIZSVXI\GLEQFIVXSXLISHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMX]QE]FIGSRWMHIVIH
[LIRSHSVWEVIERXMGMTEXIHXSFIERYMWERGI

0S[IV7LEJX

'MVGYPEVHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVW[IVIYWIHMRXLI1MP[EYOIIWXYH]FYXEZEVMIX]SJWLETIW
QE]FIGSRWMHIVIHIKVIGXERKYPEVSVLSVWIWLSIWLETIW %ZIRXTMTIMWGSRRIGXIHXSXLI
HIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVEXEGIVXEMRHMWXERGIJVSQXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXFEWIHSRKISQIXVMGWMQMPEVMX]
[MXLXLITL]WMGEPQSHIP,MKLWXVIRKXLGSRGVIXIQE]FITPEGIHEXXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEP
WLEJXXSVIWMWX[IEVERHXIEV
8LIPIRKXLSJXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVMWX]TMGEPP]HIXIVQMRIHXLVSYKLWMQMPMXYHI[MXLXLI
1MP[EYOIIQSHIPEPXLSYKLWMXIGSRWXVEMRXWQE]LEZIWSQIMQTEGXSRXLIPIRKXL8LI
VIUYMVIHPIRKXLEPPS[WJSVWXEFMPM^EXMSRSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[ERHZIRXMPEXMSRXSSGGYVFIJSVIXLIJPS[
VIEGLIWXLIEHMX





Air Flow

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

200

400

1000

1200

1400

Air Flow Rate to Tunnel (CFM)

Design Discharge (CFS)

800

Air Flow Rate in Vent (CFS)

600

1600

1800

2000

Figure 4.4 Air Flow in Vent and Adit at Design Discharge for the Tangential Inlet
Type Vortex Drop (H-4 Type) (1)

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 78

&EWIHSRQSHIPXIWXMRKSJXLI,X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVI*MKYVIMRHMGEXIWXLIUYERXMXMIW
SJEMVXLEXGERFII\TIGXIHMRXLIEMVZIRXERHEHMXJSVEVERKISJHIWMKRHMWGLEVKIWXLVSYKL
XLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 79

*SVVIEWSRWSJFSXLGSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]ERHL]HVEYPMGWERMHIEPERKPISJHIKVIIWWLSYPHFI
YWIHJSVXLILSVM^SRXEPGSRRIGXMSRSJXLIEHMXXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP7MXIGSRWXVEMRXWPEVKIP]HMG
XEXIXLIGSRRIGXMSRERKPIVIUYMVIHERHXLIERKPIYWIHWLSYPHFIRSQSVIXLERHIKVIIW
ERHRSXPIWWXLERHIKVIIW7YFWYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRWQE]QEOIGSRRIGXMSRWPIWWXLER
HIKVIIWMQTVEGXMGEPEWXLI[IHKISJWTEGIFIX[IIRXLIQEMRXYRRIPERHEHMXEXXLIGSR
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EXXLIPSGEXMSR

%TTPMGEXMSRSJXLI,(IWMKRXS7ERMXEV]7]WXIQW

8LI,X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIERHHIWMKRQIXLSHEWSYXPMRIHMR--,66ITSVX2S[IVI
HIZIPSTIHWTIGMJMGEPP]JSV1MP[EYOIIWMRPMRIWXSVQ[EXIVWXSVEKIW]WXIQ)RKMRIIVMRKNYHK
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JIVIRXIKWERMXEV]W]WXIQW JVSQXLI1MP[EYOIIW]WXIQ4VSNIGXWTIGMJMGGVMXIVMEQYWXFI
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HMQIRWMSRWHIVMZIHXLVSYKLKISQIXVMGWMQMPEVMX]QE]FIQSHMJMIHJSVXLITVSXSX]TIHMQIRWMSRW
FEWIHSRTVSNIGXWTIGMJMGGVMXIVME
-RWERMXEV]W]WXIQWJPS[WEVIPMOIP]XSMRGVIEWISZIVXMQI[MXLHIWMKRJPS[WERXMGMTEXIH
PEXIMRXLIHIWMKRPMJISJXLIW]WXIQ(EMP]JPS[WGERFII\TIGXIHXSJSPPS[EHMYVREPTEXXIVR
[MXLWQEPPTIEOWVIPEXMZIXSXLIEZIVEKIJPS[8YRRIPJMPPMRKVEXIW[MPPRSXSGGYVEWVETMHP]EW
QE]FII\TIGXIHMREWXSVQ[EXIVW]WXIQ-RKIRIVEPHMWTPEGIHEMVJVSQXLIQEMRXYRRIPQE]
FIZIRXMPEXIHEXVIPEXMZIP]WXIEH]VEXIWERHSHSVGSRXVSPIUYMTQIRXQE]FIHIWMVEFPIEXIEGL
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KEXIWERHSXLIVHIZMGIWWYGLEWWXSTPSKWEVIHMJJMGYPXERHGSWXP]XSTIVJSVQYRHIVGSRXMRYSYW
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HYGIEWXVSRKZSVXI\MRXLIZIVXMGEPHVST8LITVMQEV]GSRGIVRMWXLEXSHSVWGSYPHFIKIRIVEX
IHEXLMKLIVPIZIPW[MXLSYXZSVXI\JSVQEXMSR7IGSRHP]LMKLIVMQTEGXWEXXLIFEWISJXLIHVST
GSYPHFIERXMGMTEXIHMRGVIEWMRK[IEVERHXIEVSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8SEHHVIWWXLIWIGSRGIVRWE
VIZMI[SJXLI,TL]WMGEPQSHIPWSTIVEXMSR[EWQEHIXSHIXIVQMRIXLIPS[JPS[EX[LMGLXLI
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HVSTWXVYGXYVIJVSQGJWXSXLIHIWMKRJPS[SJGJW;LMPIZSVXI\WXVIRKXL[EWRSX
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EXPIWWIVJPS[W3RGIXLMWZSVXI\EGXMSRMWTVSHYGIHXLISRP]JSVGIWEGXMRKSRXLIJPS[EVIXLI
GIRXVMJYKEPJSVGIERHKVEZMX]ERHXLIJPS[GERFII\TIGXIHXSGPMRKXSXLI[EPPWSJXLIZIVXMGEP
WLEJXYRXMPFIMRKHMWGLEVKIHXSXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV



WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 80

Drop Structure with Helical Inlet and Ramps

(IWMKRSJXLILIPMGEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWGVMFIHMRXLMWWIGXMSRMWFEWIHSRQSHIPWXYHMIW
TIVJSVQIHEXXLI-S[E-RWXMXYXISJ,]HVEYPMG6IWIEVGLEXXLI9RMZIVWMX]SJ-S[E 7IZIVEP
LIPMGEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIFIIRMRYWIWMRGIMR4LSIRM\%VM^SREW)EWX:EPPI]8YRRIP
WXSVQ[EXIVTVSNIGXWII7YQQEV]MR%TTIRHM\% ,]HVEYPMGTIVJSVQERGISJELIPMGEPHVST
WLEJX[MXLXLIGSRJMKYVEXMSRWLS[RMR*MKYVIMWGSRXVSPPIHF]XLIMRPIXTMTIHMEQIXIVERH
MRPIXERHSYXPIXGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW1SHIPXIWXWLEZIFIIRWYGGIWWJYPP]VYRYWMRKX[SMRPIXVEQTW
GSQMRKMRXSXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXEXHMJJIVIRXIPIZEXMSRW8LIMRPIXGSRWMWXWSJERMRPIXTMTIGSR
RIGXMRKVEHMEPP]XSXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXEKYMHI[EPPXLEXWIVZIWXSHIJPIGXXLIMRGSQMRKJPS[SRXS
XLILIPMGEPVEQTERHELSPPS[GSPYQRXLEXTIVQMXWEMVQSZIQIRXMRXLIWLEJX-RXLIPS[IVWIG
XMSRSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXSVSYXPIXQSVIVEQTWEVITVSZMHIHERHHITIRHMRKSRXLIHITXLSJ
XLIHVSTVIUYMVIHXLILIPMGEPVEQTQE]FIXVYRGEXIHSVGSRXMRYSYWXLVSYKLSYXXLIPIRKXLSJ
XLIZIVXMGEPHVST8LI[MHXLERHTMXGLSJXLIMRPIXERHSYXPIXVEQTW[MPPGSRXVSPHMWGLEVKI
XLVSYKLXLIWXVYGXYVI8LISYXPIXGSRWMWXWSJELIPMGEPVEQTEXXLIFEWISJXLIWLEJX,IPMGEP
MRPIXWLEZIFIIRWLS[RXSFIQSWXIJJIGXMZIMRQMRMQM^MRKIRXVEMRIHEMV[LIRYWIHMRGSQFMRE
XMSR[MXLEREHHMXMSREPVEQTPSGEXIHRIEVXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX&IGEYWIEWQEPP
EQSYRXSJEMVMWIRXVEMRIH[MXLXLMWHIWMKRHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVWERHZIRXTMTIWQE]FIIPMQM
REXIHEWWYQMRKXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI[MPPRSXJYRGXMSREWEZIRXJSVXLIQEMRXYRRIP

Figure 4.5 Drop Structure with Helical Inlet and Ramps (13)
Guide
Wall
Inflow
Pipe

Center
Column

Center
Column

Guide
Wall

Inflow
Pipe

Bi
A

Di

Zi

Pi
Section A-A
Helical
Ramp
D1
D1

Dropshaft

Po

d
Helical
Ramp

Ramp
Outlet

Po
B

Section C-C
B
Adit

Z l (Tailwater
Depth)



Bo

Bo
D3

Conveyance
Tunnel

Section B-B

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 81

,IPMGEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZILMKLIVLIEHPSWWIWERHWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH[LIRXEMP[EXIV
PIZIPWMRXLIXYRRIPEVILMKLIRSYKLXSGEYWIJPSSHMRK4PYRKIERHXERKIRXMEPMRPIXX]TIZSVXI\
HVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIQYGLWQEPPIVLIEHPSWWIWERHEVITVIJIVVIH[LIVII\MWXMRKW]WXIQGSR
JMKYVEXMSRWMRHMGEXIXLEXJPSSHMRKQE]FIETVSFPIQ;LIRXLILIPMGEPVEQTX]TIMWYWIHXLI
ZSVXI\QSXMSRMWEWWMWXIHF]XLIZERIWMRWXEPPIHMRXLIWLEJXERHXLIHS[R[EVHZIPSGMX]MW
VIHYGIHXLIVIF]VIHYGMRKXLIEQSYRXSJIRXVEMRIHEMV(S[R[EVHZIPSGMX]MWVIHYGIHF]E
WXVSRKIVZSVXI\ERHIRXVEMRIHEMVMWEPWSQMRMQM^IHMRXLMW[E]
%PEVKIEQSYRXSJXSVUYIERHWXVIWWMWTPEGIHSRXLILIPMGEPZERIWEWJPS[TEWWIW
XLVSYKL8LILIPMGEPZERIWQE]WYWXEMRWMKRMJMGERX[IEVERHXIEVSZIVXMQI7IZIVEPSJXLIWI
WXVYGXYVIWEVIGYVVIRXP]MRTPEGIMRGSQFMRIHWI[IVW]WXIQW%TTPMGEXMSRSJXLILIPMGEPHIWMKR
MRGSRWXERXJPS[ETTPMGEXMSRWQE]FITVSFPIQEXMGLS[IZIVEWXLIVI[SYPHFIPMXXPISTTSVXYRMX]
XSVITPEGIXLILIPMGEPZERIW[MXLSYXF]TEWWMRKJPS[WHYVMRKVITEMV%PXLSYKLIJJIGXMZIMRQMRM
QM^MRKEMVIRXVEMRQIRXERHHMWWMTEXMRKIRIVK]XLILIPMGEPHIWMKRQE]RSXEP[E]WFIXLIQSWX
TVEGXMGEPMRQER]ETTPMGEXMSRW-QTVSZIQIRXWMRGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWERHQIXLSHWQE]
QEOIXLMWHIWMKRQSVITVEGXMGEPJSVJYXYVIETTPMGEXMSRW
,]HVEYPMGTIVJSVQERGISJXLILIPMGEPHVSTWLEJXMWGSRXVSPPIHF]XLIMRPIXERHSYXPIXGLEVEG
XIVMWXMGW8LIMRPIXGSRJMKYVEXMSRKIRIVEXIWXLIZSVXI\QSXMSRERHGSRXVSPWXLIJPS[PIZIPMRXLI
MRPIXTMTI-JXLILIPMGEPVEQTWEVIRSXGSRXMRYSYWXLVSYKLSYXXLIPIRKXLSJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX
XLIZIVXMGEPZIPSGMX]GSQTSRIRXSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[MRGVIEWIW[MXLHITXLYRXMPXLIJPS[WXVMOIWXLI
SYXPIXVEQT[LIVIWXVSRKIVZSVXI\JPS[WEVIVIIWXEFPMWLIH8LIZSVXI\JPS[TVSHYGIWER
MR[EVHTVIWWYVIKVEHMIRXXLEXEPPS[WXLIIRXVEMRIHEMVXSFIVIPIEWIHMRXSXLIGIRXVEPEMVGSVI
8LIEQSYRXSJEMVXVERWTSVXIHXLVSYKLXLIWXVYGXYVIXSXLIXYRRIP[MPPHIGVIEWIEWXLIJPS[VEXI
MRGVIEWIW8LIEHMX[MPPKIRIVEPP]GSRXVSPXLIHITXLSJXLIJPS[EXXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX
%WXLIJPS[PIZIPEXXLIFEWIMRGVIEWIWMRHITXLPIWWEMVTEWWIWXLVSYKLXSXLIXYRRIP%XXLI
TIEOSVHIWMKRJPS[VEXIXLIMRPIXTMTIERHEHMX[MPPJPS[JYPP[MXLRIKPMKMFPIUYERXMXMIWSJEMV
TEWWMRKXLVSYKLXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP

Helical Drop Structure Dimensions

(IWMKRTVSGIHYVIWJSVXLIHIWMKRSJXLILIPMGEPX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIFEWIHSRKIS
QIXVMGWMQMPEVMX]XSXLIQSHIPWHIZIPSTIHEXXLI--,6;LIRXLIZIVXMGEPHVSTMWWMKRMJMGERX
IGSRSQ]MWEGLMIZIHF]TVSZMHMRKWITEVEXIHIWMKRWEXXLIMRPIXERHXLISYXPIX8LILIPM\QE]
FIXVYRGEXIH[MXLWITEVEXIHIWMKRWJSVXLIMRPIXVEQTERHXLISYXPIXVEQT-RWLEPPS[IV
HVSTWEWMRKPILIPM\[MXLEGSRWXERX[MHXLERHTMXGLQE]FIYWIHJSVXLIIRXMVIHITXL
+IRIVEPHIWMKRGVMXIVMEEHSTXIHMRXLI--,6WXYH] JSVLIPMGEPHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVI

%MVGSVIEVIEWER][LIVIMRXLIWLEJXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER SJXLIXSXEPHVST
WLEJXEVIEJSVMQTVSZIHL]HVEYPMGWERHXSOIITEMVJPS[ZIPSGMXMIWMRXLIWLEJXXSPIWW
XLERQIXIVWWIGSRHXSEZSMHPSYH[LMWXPMRKWSYRHW%GGSVHMRKXSPEFSVEXSV]XIWXW
XLI KYMHIPMRIIRWYVIWXLEX[LMWXPMRKWSYRHW[MPPRSXSGGYV

8LIWPSTISJXLISYXPIXVEQTWLSYPHFIIUYEPSVRIEVP]IUYEPXS4S( !SXLIV
WPSTIWQE]FIYWIHFYXEHHMXMSREPXIWXMRKMWVIGSQQIRHIHXSHIXIVQMRIIJJIGXWSR
L]HVEYPMGTIVJSVQERGI

8STVIZIRXFPS[FEGOWJVSQXLIXYRRIPXLVSYKLXLIHVSTWLEJXXLIEMVXVERWTSVXVEXI
XLVSYKLXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIXSXLIQEMRXYRRIPWLSYPHFIPIWWXLER SJXLIHIWMKR
HMWGLEVKI[LIRXLIXYRRIPMWQSVIXLERXLVIIUYEVXIVWJYPP

8LIJPS[HITXLEXXLIMRPIXWLSYPHFIPIWWXLERXLIYRMJSVQJPS[HITXLMRXLIMRPIXTMTI
XSTVIZIRXWYVGLEVKMRK



WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 82

8EFPITVSZMHIWHMQIRWMSRWJSVLIPMGEPGSQTSRIRXWJSVXLIVERKISJHIWMKRJPS[W
WLS[R

Table 4.2 Helical Dimensions for Design Flows from 25 to 280 CFS (1)
Dropshaft
Peak Flow
CFS

Inlet
Inflow
Ramp
Drop
Pipe
Diameter Diameter Pitch
D1
Pi
Di

Inlet
Ramp
Width
Bi

Inlet
Ramp
Dist
Zi

Outlet
Ramp
Pitch
Po

Outlet
Ramp
Width
Bo

Outflow Pipe
Diameter
D3

25

3.500

3.167

2.135

1.225

3.115

1.610

1.197

1.833

60

4.667

4.167

2.847

1.633

4.154

2.147

1.596

2.167

115

5.833

5.250

3.558

2.042

5.191

2.683

1.994

2.500

280

8.167

7.333

4.982

2.858

7.269

3.757

2.792

3.000

%HMX(MEQIXIV

8LIEHMXHMEQIXIVMWWM^IHXSWEXMWJ]XLIHIWMKRGVMXIVMSRJSVQMRMQYQEMVXVERWTSVXIHXSXLI
QEMRXYRRIP8LIEHMXHMEQIXIVMWWM^IHRSXSRP]XSXVERWTSVXJPS[XSXLIQEMRXYRRIPFYXEPWSXS
QMRMQM^IXLIUYERXMX]SJEMVTEWWMRKXLVSYKLERHXLITSXIRXMEPJSVFPS[FEGOWJVSQXLIQEMR
XYRRIPXLVSYKLXLIHVSTWLEJX&EWIHSRXLIQSHIPMRKI\TIVMQIRXWXLIGLERGISJEMVHMW
GLEVKIFPS[FEGOWEVIQMRMQM^IH[LIRXLIVEXISJEMVXVERWTSVXMWPIWWXLER SJXLIHIWMKR
HMWGLEVKI[LIRXLIQEMRXYRRIPMWJPS[MRKXLVIIUYEVXIVWJYPP
*MKYVIMPPYWXVEXIWXLIVIPEXMSRWLMTSJTIEOEMVGSRGIRXVEXMSRTEWWMRKXLVSYKLXSXLIXYR
RIPVIPEXMZIXSXLIXEMP[EXIVPIZIPERHEHMXHMQIRWMSR

Figure 4.6 Peak Air Concentration with Varying Tailwater Levels

(helical drop structure) (13)
0.14

Peak Air Concentration Cp

0.12

Z1/D3 = 1.0

0.10

0.08

0.06

Z1/D3 = 1.5
0.04

Z1/D3 = 2.0

0.02

0.00

-0.02
0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

D3/D1



0.50

0.55

0.60

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 83

6EQT-RPIX

&EWIHSRXLII\TIVMQIRXEPVIWYPXWSJXLITL]WMGEPQSHIPXLIMRPIXTMTIHMEQIXIV(M MW
HIWMKRIHXSTVIZIRXWYVGLEVKMRKSJXLIMRJPS[TMTI8LIJPS[HITXLEXXLIMRPIXWLSYPHFIPIWW
XLERXLIYRMJSVQJPS[HITXLMRXLIMRPIXTMTI1SHIPMRKI\TIVMQIRXWYWIHVEXMSWSJHVSTWLEJX
HMEQIXIVXSXLIMRJPS[TMTI((- !ERH

Scroll and Spiral Inlet Type

(VSTWXVYGXYVIWYWMRKWGVSPPERHWTMVEPMRPIXWLEZIFIIRYWIHMRHVSTWXVYGXYVIW[LIVI
IRIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRMWVIUYMVIHMREHHMXMSRXSSHSVVIHYGXMSR%WRSXIHIEVPMIVXLIWIX]TIWSJ
MRPIXWTIVJSVQ[IPPL]HVEYPMGEPP]FYXEVIQSVIHMJJMGYPXERHGSWXP]XSGSRWXVYGX[LIRGSQTEVIH
XSSXLIVMRPIXW1SHIPXIWXMRKLEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXXLIL]HVEYPMGTIVJSVQERGISJXLIWGVSPP
ERHWTMVEPMRPIXWMWRSXWMKRMJMGERXP]HMJJIVIRXJVSQXLIXERKIRXMEPMRPIXSV,HIWMKR*SVXLMW
VIEWSRXLIWIX]TIWSJMRPIXWEVIFVMIJP]VIZMI[IHLIVI6IJIVXS*MKYVIJSVEGSQTEVMWSRSJ
EMVIRXVEMRQIRXVEXIWJSVWGVSPPERHWTMVEPMRPIXW[MXLSXLIVMRPIXX]TIW*MKYVIWLS[WXLI
HMQIRWMSREPVIPEXMSRWLMTWXLEXLEZIFIIRYWIHMRXLIHIWMKRSJXLIWIMRPIXW

Figure 4.7 Dimensional Relationships for Scroll and

Spiral Inlet Types (1)
ee

Inlet

r3

vr

r2

vz

e
e

r1

d8
r4

a
b
v0

r
3

rm
r1

1
(b+s)
7
1
=
d + 6e + r + c
2 s

r2

= r1 - 2e

r3

= r1 - 4e

r4

= r1 - 5e

= r1 + e -

r3

e e
r2

r6

r4

b
2

r5

b
h
yo

e
e

r1

vr

v
do

vz

r1

r2

r3

r4

r5

r6

2
7
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

b
D + 6e
D + 4e
D+2
D+e
5
2
1
D+
2
D+

Dropshaft
D
Scroll (1)

Spiral (Plan)

b
Jz

Jk

hk

hk

Spiral (14)

Section A-A



WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 84

4.3

PLUNGE DROP STRUCTURES

-RXLIWIWXVYGXYVIWJPS[IRXIVWXLIHVSTWLEJXWVEHMEPP]0EVKIUYERXMXMIWSJEMVEVIWYGOIH
MRXSXLIWLEJXEWXLI[EXIVJEPPW8LIQM\XYVISJEMVERH[EXIVI\XIRHWSZIVXLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJ
XLIWLEJXERHXLIWLEJXHMEQIXIVMWHIWMKRIHXSJPS[JYPP-RXLMW[E]XLIQE\MQYQEQSYRXSJ
IRIVK]MWHMWWMTEXIHF][EPPJVMGXMSRVIHYGMRKXLIMQTEGXSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[EXXLIFEWISJXLI
WLEJX%HIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV[MXLEMVZIRXMWVIUYMVIHXSVIQSZIIRXVEMRIHEMVEXXLIFEWISJ
XLIWLEJXERHTVIZIRXMXJVSQIRXIVMRKXLIQEMRXYRRIP
8LIVIEVIEHZERXEKIWERHHMWEHZERXEKIWXSEMVIRXVEMRQIRX[MXLTPYRKIJPS[HVSTWXVYG
XYVIW)RXVEMRIHEMVGEREGXEWEFYJJIVXLEXQMRMQM^IWXLIMQTEGXSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[EXXLI
FEWISJXLIWXVYGXYVIXLIVIF]PMQMXMRKXLI[IEVERHXIEVSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8LIMQTEGXSJXLI
JEPPMRK[EXIVSRXLIHVSTWLEJXJPSSVMWVIHYGIHF]XLIGYWLMSRMRKIJJIGXSJXLIEMVIRXVEMRIHMR
XLI[EXIV8LIEMVQMRMQM^IWXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJWYFEXQSWTLIVMGTVIWWYVIWERHXLYWQMXMKEXIW
XLILEVQJYPIJJIGXWSJGEZMXEXMSR(MWEHZERXEKIWSJEMVIRXVEMRQIRXMRGPYHIXLIFYPOMRKSJJPS[
ZSPYQI[LMGLVIUYMVIWEPEVKIVHVSTWLEJXERHEPEVKIVUYERXMX]SJEMVXLEXQYWXFIZIRXMPEXIH
8STVIZIRXXLIJSVQEXMSRSJHEQEKMRKLMKLTVIWWYVIEMVFYMPHYTWIRXVEMRIHEMVQYWXFI
VIQSZIHFIJSVIIRXIVMRKXLIXYRRIP[LIRXYRRIPZIRXWEVIRSXWYJJMGMIRX(MWGYWWMSRSJERXMGM
TEXIHVEXIWSJEMVIRXVEMRQIRXEVITVSZMHIHMR'LETXIV[MXLXLIVIZMI[SJXLIL]HVEYPMGTIV
JSVQERGIJSVXLIWTIGMJMGHVSTWXVYGXYVIX]TI
4PYRKIJPS[WLEJXWLEZIFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]ERHQER]EVIMRSTIVEXMSRSRPEVKI
WGEPI'73ERHWXSVQ[EXIVTVSNIGXW)\XIRWMZIWXYHMIWTIVJSVQIHF]XLI7X%RXLSR]*EPPW
,]HVEYPMG0EFSVEXSV]MREWWSGMEXMSR[MXLXLIHIWMKRSJXLI1IXVSTSPMXER;EXIV6IGPEQEXMSR
(MWXVMGXSJ+VIEXIV'LMGEKSW8%64GSRGPYHIHXLEXXLMWX]TIWXVYGXYVIMWZIV]IJJIGXMZIMRHMWWM
TEXMRKIRIVK]ERHVIQSZMRKIRXVEMRIHEMV(VSTWXVYGXYVIWYWIHSRXLI8%64TVSNIGXLERHPIE
[MHIVERKISJHMWGLEVKIW[MXLLIEHPSWWIWXLEXEVI SJXLSWIJSVXLIZSVXI\X]TIWLEJXW
8LIWIWLEJXWLEZIQMRMQYQLIEHPSWWIWXLEXGERTVIZIRXFEGOJPS[TVSFPIQW[LIRXYRRIP
L]HVEYPMGKVEHIPMRIWVMWIXSVIEGLXLIPIZIPWSJMRGSQMRKJPS[W1SVIXLERSJXLIWIWLEJXW
LEZIFIIRFYMPXMRXLI'LMGEKSEVIEERHQER]LEZISTIVEXIHWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVQSVIXLER
]IEVW-XMWEPWSRSXIHXLEXQER]SJXLIWIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW[IVIGSRWXVYGXIHMRVSGO,S[IZIV
XLIXYVFYPIRGIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIVEHMEPMRPIXGERGEYWIWMKRMJMGERXSHSVTVSFPIQWMRWI[EKI
W]WXIQW*SVXLMWVIEWSRTPYRKIJPS[X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIFIIRYWIHQSVI[MHIP]MR
'73ERHWXSVQ[EXIVW]WXIQW[LIVISHSVMWRSXEQENSVGSRGIVR*MKYVIMPPYWXVEXIWXLI
MRPIXGSRJMKYVEXMSRWKIRIVEPP]YWIH[MXLTPYRKIJPS[HVSTWXVYGXYVIW

Plunge Inlet Type

*PS[IRXIVWXLIWIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWVEHMEPP]ERHHIWGIRHWXLVSYKLSYXXLIWLEJXWMQTP]
TPYRKMRKXSXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPFEVVIP8LIWLEJXHMEQIXIVMWHIWMKRIHXSJPS[JYPP[MXLEMV
IRXVEMRIHMRXLI[EXIVFYPOMRKMXYTIRSYKLXSJMPPXLIWLEJX8LMWLIPTWXSIRWYVIXLIQE\MQYQ
TSWWMFPIIRIVK]HMWWMTEXMSR[EPPJVMGXMSR8LIIRXVEMRIHEMVEPWSTVSZMHIWEGYWLMSRJSVXLI
[EXIVLIPTMRKXSVIHYGIXLIMQTEGXEXXLIFEWISJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI%PEVKIEMVWITEVEXMSR
GLEQFIVEXXLIFEWISJXLIWLEJXMWYWIHXSQMRMQM^IUYERXMXMIWSJIRXVEMRIHEMVTEWWMRKXSXLI
QEMRXYRRIP

'LMGEKS8%64

8%64MWXLIPEVKIWXYRHIVKVSYRH[EWXI[EXIVWXSVEKIERHGSRZI]ERGIW]WXIQMRXLI
[SVPH8LI8%64W]WXIQGSRWMWXWSJERIX[SVOSJOMPSQIXIVPSRKPEVKIHMEQIXIVQEMRXYR
RIPWEXHITXLWSJYTXSQIXIVW8LIQEMRXYRRIPWVERKIMRHMEQIXIVJVSQXSQIXIVW

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 85

-RJPS[XSXLIXYRRIPWSGGYVWZMETPYRKIX]TIHVSTWLEJXWGSRXVSPPIHF]WPYMGIKEXIWSV[IMVW
-RKIRIVEPXLVIIZEVMEXMSRWXSXLIFEWMGHVSTWXVYGXYVIHIWMKREVIYWIHHITIRHMRKSRJPS[
VEXIWMXIGSRHMXMSRWERHSXLIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRW8LIJMVWXTLEWIXYRRIPW LEWFIIRGSQTPIXIH
ERHXLIWIGSRHTLEWIVIWIVZSMVW MWTVIWIRXP]FIMRKVIEWWIWWIH[MXLVIWTIGXXSZSPYQI
VIUYMVIQIRXWFMPPMSRKEPPSRW 
1SHIPWXYHMIWTIVJSVQIHF]XLI7X%RXLSR]*EPPW,]HVEYPMG0EFSVEXSV]EWWSGMEXIH[MXL
XLIHIWMKRSJ8%64GSRGPYHIHXLEXXLITPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVI[EWIJJIGXMZIMRHMWWMTEXMRK
IRIVK]ERHVIQSZMRKIRXVEMRIHEMV1SHIPWXYHMIWMRGPYHIHXIWXWSRHMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVIWHV]
[IEXLIVJPS[HVSTWXVYGXYVIWERHWXSVQ[EXIVHVSTWXVYGXYVIW8LIJSPPS[MRKWIGXMSRWTVSZMHI
EFVMIJWYQQEV]SJXLIQSHIPWXYHMIWERHXLIZEVMSYWHIWMKRWXIWXIHERHETTPMIHMRXLI8%64
W]WXIQ

(V];IEXLIV*PS[8]TI)

8LIHIWMKRSJXLI8]TI)HVSTWXVYGXYVIEPWSVIJIVVIHXSMRPMXIVEXYVIEW(;*X]TIW+
ERH,[EWHIZIPSTIHJSVHVSTWXVYGXYVIWVIGIMZMRKHV][IEXLIVJPS[WMREHHMXMSRXSGSQFMRIH
JPS[(VSTWXVYGXYVIWJSVHV][IEXLIVJPS[MRGPYHIHEWIVMIWSJHIWMKRWXLEX[IVIQSHIPXIWXIH
-RIEGLX]TIXLIGSRJMKYVEXMSREXXLIXSTSJXLIWXVYGXYVIMWXLIWEQI%JPEXSVQMPHP]WPSTMRK
TMTIHMVIGXWXLIJPS[XSXLIWLEJX[MXLERIPFS[GSRRIGXMRKXLIX[S[MXLEVEHMYWSJETTVS\M
QEXIP]XMQIWXLIHMEQIXIVSJXLIMRGSQMRKTMTI
8LI(;*+SV)X]TIHIWMKRMWGLEVEGXIVM^IHF]EWPSXXIHHMZMHIV[EPPMRXLIWLEJXTVS
ZMHMRKEJPS[WMHIERHEHV]WMHIJSVTYVTSWIWSJZIRXMPEXMSRWII*MKYVI 8LI(;*+
WIVMIWEPWSMRGPYHIWEHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV[MXLEWPSTMRKVSSJXLEXMWIEWMIVXSGSRWXVYGXMRVSGO
JSVQEXMSRW8LI(;*,X]TIHIWMKR[EWHIZIPSTIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSRTYVTSWIWEWXLIJPEX
XSTTIHVSSJMRXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV[EWQSVIWYMXIHXSWXVYGXYVIWFYMPXMRWSMP
-RXLI(;*+WIVMIWXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVEXXLIFEWISJXLIWLEJXTIVQMXWEMVGSPPIG
XMSRERHQSZIQIRXMRXSXLIHV]WMHISJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX8LIWPSXWMRXLIHMZMHIV[EPPEPPS[EMV
XSFIVIGMVGYPEXIHMRXSXLIJEPPMRK[EXIVMRXLIHVSTWLEJXVIWYPXMRKMRXLIVIHYGXMSRSJPEVKIEMV
WPYKWERHTVSZMHMRKEQSVILSQSKIRISYWQM\XYVISJEMVERH[EXIV%WXLIEMVMWVIPIEWIHJVSQ
XLIQM\XYVIMXJSPPS[WXLIWPSTMRK[EPPSJXLIEMVGSPPIGXSVFEGOYTXSXLIEMVZIRXWMHISJXLI
WLEJXVMWIWXSXLIWYVJEGIERHWSQISJMXMWVIGMVGYPEXIHXLVSYKLXLIWPSXWMRXSXLIWLEJX
:EVMEXMSRWSRXLIFEWMGHIWMKR[IVIXIWXIHXSKEYKIXLIIJJIGXWSJ[IMVWERHSVMJMGIWMRWXEPPIH
MRXLIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIV8LIMRWXEPPEXMSRSJ[IMVWSVSVMJMGIW[SYPHGVIEXIEHITXLSJ[EXIVEX
XLIFEWISJXLIWLEJXHIGVIEWMRKXLIMQTEGXSJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[8LIVIWYPXWSJWIZIVEPZEVME
XMSRWSRXLI(;*+HIWMKRGSRGPYHIHXLEX(;*+[MXLSYX[IMV TVSZMHIHEGGITXEFPIEMV
VIQSZEPERHWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH[MXLLMKLWXVIRKXLQEXIVMEPWEXXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPHVST
XS[MXLWXERHLMKLIVMQTEGXJSVGIW%PXIVREXIP]ETPYRKITSSPQE]FITVSZMHIHEXXLIFEWIXS
EFWSVFXLIIRIVK]SJXLIJEPPMRKJPS[
8LI(;*+HIWMKRVIUYMVIWEVEXLIVPEVKIEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIV(YVMRKXLIHIWMKRSJ
XLI8%64W]WXIQMRVSGOMX[EWHIXIVQMRIHXLEXXLMWX]TISJWLEJX[EWIGSRSQMGEPYTXSWLEJX
HMEQIXIVWSJJIIX[MXLEQE\MQYQHMWGLEVKIGETEGMX]SJGJW'SRWXVYGXMSRSJXLIWPSTMRK
VSSJQE]TVSZIXSFITVSFPIQEXMGMRWSMPW*SVXLMWVIEWSREPXIVREXIHIWMKRWYWMRKEXXVMFYXIWSJ
XLI(;*,X]TIHIWGVMFIHFIPS[ QE]FIYWIHMRTPEGISJXLIWPSTMRKVSSJHIWMKR

CL
Adit

3G
Min.

R G
5
1.
1.5 G A
Min.

C
Section A-A

Section B-B

Elevation
L

35

See Detail "A"

F
H

6"

3'-0"

P
B

Section C-C

Detail "A"

30 to 75

Tunnel
Diam.

R.
10'

3'
P

Shaft I.D.
2 x (A)
Slots



D Space Between

2'-6"

20'-3 1/2"

Variable, Equal to Pipe Diameter

5'-0"
600
9'-0"

Design Discharge (cfs)

Head Loss

32'-6"

Q
S (Min.)

1'-6"

P (Max.)
N x P (Min.) (Sq. Ft.)

4'-0"

56'-0"

M
N (Min.)

29'-0"

27'-0"

W (Min.)

81

6'-9"

H (Min.)

H & W (Min.) (Sq. Ft.)

12'-0"
9'-0"

H (Max.)

5'-5"

280

4'-6"

24'-0"

4.4

1'-3"

3'-6"

41'-9"

21'-6"

20'-3"

45

4'-9"

6'-8"

9'-8"

(But Not To Exceed I.D. of Shaft)

15'-0 1/2"

6'-8"

7'-6"

1'-0"

9'-0"

C
10'-0"

7'-2"
3'-7"

2'-9"
1'-0"

D (Max.)

9'-0"
4'-6"

Shaft I.D.

Figure 4.8 Dimensions for the Chicago Type E-15 Drop Structure (2)

5'-8"

4'-7"

140

4'-0"

18'-1"

1'-0"

3'-0"

30'-10"

16'-0"

14'-10"

25

4'-0"

5'-0"

8'-0"

11'-2 1/2"

5'-0"

5'-6"

0'-9"

2'-6"

2'-10"

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 86

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 87

(;*+ERH(;*,X]TIWXVYGXYVIWLERHPIE[MHIZEVMIX]SJHMWGLEVKIWERHLEZISRI
JMJXLSJXLILIEHPSWWIWSJZSVXI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMRPIXW8LIWIWLEJXWGEREHIUYEXIP]LER
HPIZEVMEFPIHMWGLEVKIWEGGITXMQTEGXWSRHVSTWLEJXJPSSVWVIQSZIIRXVEMRIHEMVERHLEZI
PS[LIEHPSWWIWXSTVIZIRXFEGOJPS[TVSFPIQW[LIRXYRRIPKVEHMIRXWVIEGLXLIPIZIPSJMRGSQ
MRKJPS[W1SVIXLERSJXLIWIHIWMKRW[IVIFYMPXMRXLI'LMGEKSEVIEERHLEZIFIIR
STIVEXMRKWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVQSVIXLER]IEVW8LI8%64TVSNIGXMWFEWMGEPP]EGSQFMRIH
WI[IVSZIVJPS[EFEXIQIRXTVSNIGX[MXLJPS[MRXSXLIWLEJXWGSRWMWXMRKQSWXP]SJWXSVQ[EXIV
3HSVGSRXVSPERHTVIZIRXMSR[EWRSXMHIRXMJMIHEWEQENSVGSRGIVR(MQIRWMSRWERHHIWMKR
HMWGLEVKIWJSVWIZIVEPTVSXSX]TIWEVIKMZIRMR*MKYVI8LIPEVKIHMQIRWMSRWSJXLI(;*
ERH7;HVSTWXVYGXYVIWTEVXMGYPEVP]XLIEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIVWVIUYMVIQMRMRKEQENSV
GLEQFIVMRVSGO[MXLEXXIRHERXVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIPMRMRKW-JJSYRHIHMR
IEVXLXLIWIQMRIHWXVYGXYVIWFIGSQIQSVIQEWWMZIERHXLIHIWMKRQYWXFIEFPIXSEGGSQ
QSHEXIXLIJSVGIWERHZMFVEXMSRWGEYWIHF]XLIEMV[EXIVMQTEGXW8LIPEVKIVZIVWMSRWSJ
XLIWIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWGERFISZIVI\GEZEXIHERHYWIHEWGSRWXVYGXMSRWLEJXW

8]TI((VST7XVYGXYVI

*SVPEVKIWXSVQ[EXIVJPS[GETEGMXMIWEWIGSRHX]TISJWXVYGXYVI[EWEREP]^IHERH[EW
VIJIVVIHXSEWXLI(SV7;X]TI8LI(X]TILEWEWITEVEXIWLEJXJSVXLIEMVZIRXXLEXMW
HS[RWXVIEQJVSQXLIFEWISJXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXERHGSRRIGXIHXSXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJXEFSZIXLI
GVS[RSJXLIMRGSQMRKWI[IVWII*MKYVI 8LIEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIVQE]FIGMVGYPEV
[MXLELSVM^SRXEPVSSJ8LMWHIWMKRMWMRXIRHIHXSVIG]GPIZIRXMPEXIHEMVFEGOHS[RXLIWLEJX
8LI(X]TIGERFIYWIHJSVHMEQIXIVWMRI\GIWWSJJIIXERHJSVGETEGMXMIWYTXSGJW
7X%RXLSR]*EPPW,]HVEYPMGW0EFSVEXSV]EPWSTIVJSVQIHI\TIVMQIRXWERHEREP]WMWSJE
PS[LIMKLXEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIVJSVXLIGMX]SJ6SGLIWXIV2I[=SVO8LIWLEJX[SYPHFI
GSRWXVYGXIH[LIVIXLMRPE]IVWSJVSGOTVIZIRXXLIYWISJHIWMKRWWMQMPEVXSXLSWIYWIHJSVXLI
8%64W]WXIQ8LIEMVZIRXMWPSGEXIHMRXLIWLEJXERHMWWITEVEXIHF]EZIVXMGEPWPSXXIH[EPP
8LI6SGLIWXIV(VSTQSHMJMIHXLIEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIVSJXLI(X]TIWLEJXXSHIGVIEWIMXW
LIMKLX8STVSZMHIJSVXLMWEJEPWIGVS[R[MXLEMVTEWWEKIWXLVSYKLMX[EWTSWMXMSRIHGPSWIXS
XLIXSTSJXLIEMVWITEVEXMSRGLEQFIV8LIVIPIEWIHEMVGSPPIGXWEXXLIXSTSJXLIGLEQFIV
TEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIEMVTEWWEKIWMRXLIJEPWIGVS[RXSXLIGLEQFIVEFSZIERHVIXYVRWYTXLI
EMVZIRXMRXLIHVSTWLEJX



A
Water
Conduit

Inlet Conduit

Vent

Section A-A

Top View

Adit

Deaeration Chamber

J
C

Vented Cover

15'-0"

90'-0"
20'-0"
28'-0"

G
H
J

Design
Discharge
(cfs)
4500
Head
Loss

E
Section B-B

2200

55'-0"

20'-0"

21'-0"

25'-0"

15'-0"

67'-0"

42'-0"

19'-0"

30'-0"

40'-0"

36'-0"

6'-0"

48'-0"

8'-0"

15'-0"

20'-0"

D
C


H

5'-8"
2'-0"
12'-0"
10'-0"
6'-3"
13'-9"
22'-6"
5'-8"
7'-0"

140

5'-8"

12'-0"
5'-0"
29'-0"
24'-0"
15'-0"
33'-0"
53'-0"
12'-0"
17'-0"

1250

12'-0"

Figure 4.9 Dimensions for the Chicago Type D-4 Drop Structure (2)

WilliMonoChapt4.qxd 1/9/04 4:05 PM Page 88

WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 89

5.0 DROP STRUCTURE APPURTENANCES



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 90



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 91

5.0 DROP STRUCTURE APPURTENANCES

8LMWWIGXMSRHIWGVMFIWXLIZEVMSYWGSQTSRIRXWERHETTYVXIRERGIWXLEXQE]FIEWWSGMEX
IH[MXLHVSTWXVYGXYVIW%TTYVXIRERGIWEVITVSZMHIHXSIRLERGIW]WXIQTIVJSVQERGIQEMR
XIRERGIERHSTIVEXMSRWERHX]TMGEPP]MRGPYHIJEGMPMXMIWWYGLEWEGGIWWWLEJXWJPS[QSRMXSVMRK
ERHGSRXVSPWERHXVEWLWGVIIRW

5.1

ACCESS SHAFTS

%GGIWWWLEJXWEVIX]TMGEPP]TVSZMHIHXSTIVQMXEGGIWWXSXYRRIPWJSVMRWTIGXMSRTYVTSWIW
-RTVEGXMGIMRWTIGXMSRSJHIITXYRRIPWMWTIVJSVQIHMRJVIUYIRXP]EXFIWX%GGIWWWLEJXWQE]
FIRIIHIHXSMHIRXMJ]TVSFPIQPSGEXMSRWSVYWIHEWEFEWIXSPEYRGLIQIVKIRG]STIVEXMSRWSV
VITEMVW'LETXIVVIZMI[IHXLIGVMXIVMEXLEXQE]FIYWIHXSEWWIWWXLIRIIHJSVEGGIWW
WLEJXW8LITYVTSWIERHHIWMKRSJXLIEGGIWWWLEJX[MPPZEV]EGGSVHMRKXSXLITEVXMGYPEVW]W
XIQ8LMWWIGXMSRMPPYWXVEXIWZEVMSYWHIWMKRWXLEXQE]FIYWIHXSEGGIWWXYRRIPWERHVIPEXIH
WXVYGXYVIW
-RW]WXIQW[MXLMRXIVQMXXIRXJPS[WTVSZMWMSRWJSVEGGIWWXSXLIHIITXYRRIPQE]FIQEHI
XLVSYKLXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI&IGEYWIXLIJPS[MWMRXIVQMXXIRXERSTIRMRKMWTVSZMHIHHMVIGXP]
SZIVXLIZIVXMGEPWLEJX4IVWSRRIPERHIUYMTQIRXGERFIPS[IVIHERHXLIWXEMVWEXXLIGSRJPY
IRGISJXLIQEMRXYRRIPERHGSRRIGXSVXYRRIPEWWMWX[MXLEGGIWWXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP
*MKYVIWLS[WXYRRIPEGGIWWWXVYGXYVIWSJJWIXJVSQXLIQEMRXYRRIPERHXLVSYKLXLIXYR
RIPGVS[R8LIWIWXVYGXYVIWEVITVSZMHIHJSVXLIWSPITYVTSWISJXYRRIPEGGIWW1EMRXYRRIP
EPMKRQIRXWEVISJXIRPSGEXIHFIRIEXLVMKLXWSJ[E][LIVIEGGIWWJVSQHMVIGXP]SZIVXLIXYRRIP
EPMKRQIRXMWMQTSWWMFPIFIGEYWISJGSRJPMGXW[MXLPERHYWIWYGLEWELMKL[E]7MRGIEGGIWW
[MPPVEVIP]FIVIUYMVIHXLIGSZIVERHXSTWPEFQE]FIWIEPIHXSTVIZIRXXLIIWGETISJSHSVWEX
XLIPSGEXMSR&YPOLIEHWQE]FITVSZMHIHEXXLIMRXIVJEGISJXLIXYRRIPERHEGGIWWWLEJXXS
TVIZIRXGSVVSWMSRSJXLIEGGIWWWXVYGXYVI%PXIVREXMZIP]XLIEGGIWWWXVYGXYVIQE]FIHIWMKRIH
XSZIRXXLIXYRRIP(ITIRHMRKSRXLIPSGEXMSRSJXLIEGGIWWEXXLIWYVJEGIXLIGSZIVQE]FI
FYVMIHFIRIEXLWIZIVEPJIIXSJWSMP0MJXMRKLSSOWEVITVSZMHIHMRXLIXSTWPEF
1EMRXIRERGIHITEVXQIRXWQE]LEZIWTIGMJMGVIUYMVIQIRXWGSRGIVRMRKXLIQE\MQYQ
WTEGMRKSJEGGIWWWLEJXWEPSRKXLIXYRRIPPIRKXL-RKIRIVEPEGGIWWPSGEXMSRWWLSYPHFI
WTEGIHRSQSVIXLERJIIXETEVXFEWIHSRWEJIX]QEMRXIRERGIERHMRWTIGXMSRGSR
GIVRW;LIVIQERRIHIRXV]MWTPERRIHZEVMSYWJIEXYVIWQE]FIMRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKR8LI
WLEJXQE]FIWIEPIHEXXLIGVS[RSVMRXIVJEGI[MXLXLIXYRRIPXSOIITXLIEGGIWW[E]HV]ERH
XSQMRMQM^IGSVVSWMSRXSXLIWXVYGXYVI*EPPTVIZIRXMSRW]WXIQWERHPEHHIVWQE]FIMRGPYHIH
EWFEGOYTW]WXIQWXSXLIWXERHEVH[MRGLGEFPIERHLEVRIWWIUYMTQIRXXLEXMWX]TMGEPP]YWIH
JSVGSRJMRIHWTEGIIRXV]*SVFEWMGEGGIWWEJSSXHMEQIXIVGPIEVSTIRMRKJVSQWYVJEGIXS
XYRRIPQE]FIWYJJMGMIRXXSEPPS[IRXV]SJERMRHMZMHYEP[MXLWYTTPIQIRXEPS\]KIR0EVKIV
EGGIWWWLEJXWIKJSSXF]JSSXGPIEVSTIRMRK QE]FITVSZMHIHXSMRWXEPPIUYMTQIRX
ERHZILMGPIWJSVMRWTIGXMSRERHQEMRXIRERGI%GGIWWWLEJXWQE]EPWSMRGPYHIMRWXVYQIRXEXMSR
ERHSXLIVIUYMTQIRXJSVXYRRIPJPS[QSRMXSVMRK



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 92

Figure 5.1 Access Shafts

Access Through Tunnel Crown

Offset Access from Main Tunnel



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 93

5.2

SYSTEM MONITORING AND CONTROLS

)EGLXYRRIPW]WXIQ[MPPHIZIPSTEW]WXIQQSRMXSVMRKERHGSRXVSPWXVEXIK]HIWMKRIHXSJMX
MXWSTIVEXMSREPRIIHW-QTPIQIRXEXMSRSJVIEPXMQIGSRXVSPW]WXIQWEWHMWGYWWIHMR'LETXIV
MRGPYHIWGSQTYXIVM^IHGSRXVSPW]WXIQWMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLJPS[QSRMXSVMRKERHGSRXVSP
HIZMGIWXSSTXMQM^IW]WXIQSTIVEXMSRWERHEPPS[STIVEXMSRWWXEJJXSQSVIGPSWIP]GSRXVSPJPS[W
MRXSERHSYXSJXLIW]WXIQ7]WXIQVIWTSRWIMWFIXXIVTVIHMGXIHXLVSYKLMQTVSZIHSTIVEXMRK
TVSKVEQWFEWIHSRVIEPXMQIMRJSVQEXMSR8LIGSRXVSPSJJPS[XLVSYKLXLIW]WXIQGERQMRMQM^I
SZIVJPS[WTYQTMRKERHVIPEXIHGSWXWERHJPSSHHEQEKIHYVMRKLMKLJPS[TIVMSHW6EMRJEPP
ERHJPS[QSRMXSVMRKHEXEQE]FIYWIHJSVXLIEHZERGIHHI[EXIVMRKSJXLIXYRRIPHYVMRKTIVM
SHWSJLMKLJPS[ERHHSGYQIRXJPS[IZIRXWXLEXQE]FIYWIHXSHIZIPSTTVSGIHYVIWJSVJYVXLIV
STXMQM^EXMSRSJW]WXIQGSQTSRIRXW8YRRIPQSRMXSVMRKERHGSRXVSPW]WXIQWQE]MRGPYHIXLI
JSPPS[MRK

'IRXVEPM^IHGSQTYXIVXSGSPPIGXHEXEERHGSRXVSPJPS[VIKYPEXSVW

*PS[GSRXVSPHIZMGIWWYGLEWWPYMGIKEXIW

*PS[QSRMXSVMRKHIZMGIWXSQIEWYVIPIZIPWERHVEXIW

+EWQSRMXSVMRK

6EMRJEPPQSRMXSVMRK

%WWSGMEXIHXIPIQIXV]JSVVIQSXIERHPSGEPSTIVEXMSR

Flow Control Gates

*PS[GSRXVSPKEXIWIKWPYMGISVWPMHIKEXIW QE]FIPSGEXIHYTWXVIEQSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIW

JSVTYVTSWIWSJJPS[GSRXVSPMRXSXLIXYRRIPW]WXIQ+EXIWERHSXLIVLEVH[EVIXLEXVIUYMVI
TIVMSHMGQEMRXIRERGIEVIYWYEPP]TPEGIHMRPSGEXMSRWYTWXVIEQSJHVSTWXVYGXYVIWJSVQEMRXI
RERGITYVTSWIWVEXLIVXLERMRXLIHIITXYRRIPW+EXIWQE]FIQIGLERMGEPP]SVQERYEPP]
STIVEXIHERHQE]FIYWIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLGEPMFVEXIH[IMVWSVSXLIVJPS[QSRMXSVMRK
IUYMTQIRXXSQEMRXEMRXLIHIWMVIHPIZIPSJMRJPS[XSXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI3TIVEXMSREPVIUYMVI
QIRXWERHTIVJSVQERGIGVMXIVMEEVIX]TMGEPP]HIZIPSTIHJSVIEGLKEXI-RKIRIVEPXLISTIVE
XMSRSJKEXIW EXIEGLPSGEXMSRMWGETEFPISJPSGEPERHVIQSXISTIVEXMSRIKJVSQ;;84 -R
XLIIZIRXSJTS[IVJEMPYVIEJEMPWEJIW]WXIQQE]FIVIGSQQIRHIHXSIMXLIVSTIRSVGPSWIXLI
KEXIWEYXSQEXMGEPP]1IERWXSSTIVEXIXLIKEXIWQERYEPP]EXVIHYGIHWTIIHWWLSYPHEPWSFI
TVSZMHIH2SRGSVVSWMZITEVXWWLSYPHFIYWIH[LIVITSWWMFPIXSQMRMQM^IXLIRIIHJSVQEMR
XIRERGI7EJIX]ERHQEMRXIRERGIMWWYIWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIMRWXEPPEXMSRSJJPS[GSRXVSPKEXIW
VIUYMVIGEVIJYPVIZMI[EWXLIHITXLSJXLIWIWXVYGXYVIWMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLXLILE^EVHSYWIRZM
VSRQIRXMR[LMGLXLI]EVITPEGIHGERVIWYPXMRGSWXP]QEMRXIRERGITVSGIHYVIW
8LIXLVIIX]TIWSJSTIVEXMRKW]WXIQWYWIHJSVGSRXVSPKEXIWEVIQERYEPIPIGXVMGEPERH
L]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMSR&IGEYWISJXLISTIVEXMSREPVIUYMVIQIRXWERHIRZMVSRQIRXMR[LMGLXLI
IUYMTQIRXMWX]TMGEPP]PSGEXIHL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMRKW]WXIQWEVITSTYPEVERHTVSZIRIJJIGXMZI
%HZERXEKISYWJIEXYVIWSJL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMRKW]WXIQWMRGPYHIJPI\MFMPMX]MRSTIVEXMRKWTIIHW
TS[IVJEMPYVISTIVEXMSRGETEFMPMX]I\TPSWMSRTVSSJHIWMKRMRWYFQIVKIHSVLE^EVHSYWGSRHM
XMSRWERHVIQSXISTIVEXMSR(ITIRHMRKSRXLIJYRGXMSRERHPSGEXMSREKEXIQE]VIUYMVIJVI
UYIRXQSHYPEXMSRSVSTIVEXMSR,]HVEYPMGEGXYEXMSRVIHYGIWXLI[IEVERHXIEVEWWSGMEXIH[MXL
XLISTIVEXMSRSJWGVI[WXIQX]TILSMWXW&EWMGEPP]XLIL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXMRKW]WXIQGSQTSRIRXW
MRGPYHIXLIL]HVEYPMGG]PMRHIVYWIHXSPMJXGPSWIXLIKEXIXLIL]HVEYPMGTS[IVYRMX,49 ERHE
GSRXVSPTERIPXLEXGERFIPSGEXIHEXXLIWMXISVEXEVIQSXIPSGEXMSR,]HVEYPMGW]WXIQWGER
EPWSFIYWIHJSVMRWXEPPEXMSRWXLEXVIUYMVIXLEXERYQFIVSJKEXIWFISTIVEXIHJVSQEWMRKPI



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 94

L]HVEYPMGWYTTP]W]WXIQ%R]RYQFIVSJKEXIWGERFISTIVEXIHJVSQEWMRKPIW]WXIQ
EPXLSYKLTVEGXMGEPP]XLIRYQFIV[MPPHITIRHSRXLIWM^IWSJKEXIWXLIETTPMGEXMSRERHWTEGI
EZEMPEFPIJSVXLIW]WXIQERHGSRXVSPW)\TPSWMSRTVSSJERHGSVVSWMZIVIWMWXERXHIWMKRWERH
QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIWTIGMJMIHJSVGSQTSRIRXWPSGEXIHERHTSXIRXMEPP]WYFQIVKIH MRELSWXMPI
WI[IVIRZMVSRQIRX8LI,49ERHGSRXVSPWQE]FIPSGEXIHVIQSXIP]SVEXXLIWMXIMREQSVI
JVMIRHP]ERHHV]RSRLE^EVHSYWIRZMVSRQIRXJSVIEWMIVSTIVEXMSRERHQEMRXIRERGI
-REW]WXIQ[MXLQYPXMTPIKEXIWMXMWVIGSQQIRHIHXLEXXLIIRXMVIW]WXIQFITVSZMHIH
JVSQEWMRKPIWSYVGISVQERYJEGXYVIV'PSWIGSSVHMREXMSRFIX[IIRXLIQERYJEGXYVIVWSJXLI
KEXIL]HVEYPMGW]WXIQERHGSRXVSPWMWIWWIRXMEPXSWYGGIWWJYPMRWXEPPEXMSRERHSTIVEXMSR
7TIGMJMGEXMSRWWLSYPHVIUYMVIXLEXXLIMRWXEPPMRKGSRXVEGXSVTVSZMHIERSTIVEXMSRWERHQEMRXI
RERGIQERYEPMREHHMXMSRXSTYVGLEWMRKXLIWIVZMGIWSJEJEGXSV]FEWIHJMIPHWIVZMGIXIGLRM
GMERJVSQXLIW]WXIQQERYJEGXYVIVXSTVSZMHIMRWXEPPEXMSRMRWTIGXMSRWXEVXYTEWWMWXERGIERH
STIVEXMSREPXVEMRMRKJSVXLIS[RIV
*MKYVIWLS[WXLIGSQTSRIRXWERHPE]SYX%WWLS[RKEXIWERHL]HVEYPMGEGXYEXSVW
QE]FIPSGEXIH[MXLMREVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVI7XEMRPIWWWXIIPWPYMGIKEXIWERHEWWSGM
EXIHL]HVEYPMGEGXYEXSVW[LMGLEVILSYWIHMRWXEMRPIWWWXIIPG]PMRHIVW QE]FITPEGIHMRXLI
WXVYGXYVI7PMHIKEXIWQE]FIYWIHYRHIVPS[LIEHGSRHMXMSRWIKSVQIXIVWEVIEPPS[IH
SRQSWXKEXIW 7PYMGIKEXIWQE]FIYWIH[LIVILMKLIVLIEHGSRHMXMSRWEVIERXMGMTEXIH
'SRHYMXW[MPPGEVV]XLIL]HVEYPMGPMRIWJVSQXLIEGXYEXSVWXSXLI,49XLEXMWPSGEXIHEFSZIMRMXW
S[R[IEXLIVTVSSJIRGPSWYVIIKQSHYPEVTVIJEFVMGEXIHFYMPHMRK [MXLEWWSGMEXIHGSRXVSPW
%RIPIGXVMGEPGSRXVSPTERIPQE]FITVSZMHIHEXXLIWMXIMREHHMXMSRXSEGSRXVSPTERIPPSGEX
IHEXXLIQEMRGSRXVSPJEGMPMX]XSEPPS[STIVEXMSRWERHQEMRXIRERGIWXEJJXSQSRMXSVERHGSRXVSP
JPS[W8LIGSRXVSPTERIPMWMRXIKVEXIH[MXLXLIHIWMKRSJXLI,49ERHGSRXEMRWEPPRIGIWWEV]
IUYMTQIRXXSSTIVEXIXLIIPIGXVMGQSXSVWTYQTWHMVIGXMSREPZEPZIWERHSXLIVGSRXVSPHIZMGIW
4VSKVEQQEFPIGSRXVSPPIVWQE]FIMRGPYHIHXSTVSZMHIEGSQTPIXIERHJPI\MFPITEGOEKIJSVEPP
GSRXVSPPSKMGERHWIXXMRKWQE]FIIEWMP]EHNYWXIHERHGLERKIHEWRIIHIH-JYWIHJPS[
QIEWYVMRKHIZMGIWEVIMRXIKVEXIHMRXSXLIHIWMKRXSEPPS[JSVTSWMXMSRMRKSJXLIKEXIWXSGSVVI
WTSRH[MXLHIWMVIHJPS[VEXIWXLVSYKLIEGLSJXLIKEXIW



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 95

Figure 5.2

Flow Control Structure Schematic

Weatherproof Enclosure

Control Panel
Access Hatch
Hydraulic Power Unit

Power Supply
Hydraulic Supply and Return Lines

SS Hydraulic Cylinder

Sluice Gate

Fiberglass
Grated
Platform

Flow

Guides for
Stop Logs

7XSTPSKWQE]FIYWIHXSGSRXVSPJPS[WERHQE]FITVSZMHIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLWPYMGI
KEXIWJSVQEMRXIRERGIERHJPS[GSRXVSPTYVTSWIW7XSTPSKWQE]FITVSZMHIHXSVIVSYXIJPS[W
MJRIGIWWEV]SVXSWXSTSVVIHYGIJPS[WWSXLEXQEMRXIRERGIGERFITIVJSVQIHHS[RWXVIEQ
7XSTPSKWQE]FIYWIHEWE[IMVMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLERSVMJMGI[LIVIWXSVEKISVGSRXVSPSJJPS[



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 96

MWHIWMVIHMRYTWXVIEQTMTIW(ITIRHMRKSRXLIWM^ISJXLIWXSTPSKWERHJPS[WQIGLERMGEP
QIERWQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSVIQSZISVPS[IVXLIQ7XSTPSKWEVISJXIRHIWMVEFPIYTWXVIEQSJE
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Flow and Rainfall Monitoring

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ERHXMHEPMRJSVQEXMSRQE]FIMRXIKVEXIH[MXLVEMRJEPPHEXEXSHIZIPSTW]WXIQQSHIPWERHEPKS
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PSKKIHERHGLEVXIH[MXLJPS[HEXEQSVIIJJMGMIRXGSRXVSPQIXLSHWGERFIHIZIPSTIHXSFIXXIV
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YTWXVIEQSJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW[LIVIQEMRXIRERGIGERFITIVJSVQIH*MKYVITVSZMHIWE
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EHVSTSVEGGIWWWXVYGXYVIXSEPPS[EMVXSFIMRXVSHYGIHEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIXYRRIP1YPXMTPI
XYFIWEPPS[QEMRXIRERGIXSTVSGIIHSREFPSGOIHXYFI[LMPIERSXLIVXYFIMWYWIHJSVXLIPIZIP
QIEWYVIQIRX
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XSVIHF]XLIGIRXVEPGSRXVSPW]WXIQ



Diversion
Chamber

Network
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Dropshaft

LT

LT

LT
H

RTU

RTU

Data Communication Links

Odor
Control

H25
ALT

SCADA
Terminal

FSL

SCADA
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Operator Terminal Operator Terminal

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LT
Data
Radio

Data Radio
Link

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WWTP)

Laptop Computer

Data
Radio

Portable
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Dial-In Access

Multi-Point
Modem

Control
Room

Figure 5.3 Schematic Diagram of a Monitoring and Control System

WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 97



WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 98

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5.3

DEBRIS SCREENING

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HIITMRWXEPPEXMSRWMWTVSFPIQEXMGERHXVERWJIVSJGSPPIGXIHQEXIVMEPWERHGPIERMRKSJXLI
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WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 99

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WilliMonoChapt5.qxd 1/9/04 4:09 PM Page 100



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 101

APPENDICES



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 102



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 103

APPENDIX A
REVIEW OF DROP STRUCTURE/TUNNEL SYSTEMS



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 104



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 105

APPENDIX A: REVIEW OF DROP STRUCTURE/

TUNNEL SYSTEMS
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WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 106

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8LIW]WXIQMRGPYHIWEJPYWLMRKW]WXIQEXXLIYTTIVIRHSJIEGLSJXLIJSYVXYRRIPPIKW
8LVIISJXLIXYRRIPWYWIVE[WI[EKIJSVJPYWLMRKERHSRIYWIWPEOI[EXIV8LIJPYWL[EXIVMW
HMZIVXIHXSXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWXLEXGSRZI]JPS[WXSXLIQEMRXYRRIPW%RSTIVEXMSRWXVEXIK]JSV
XLIJPYWLMRKW]WXIQLEWFIIRHIZIPSTIHFYXLEWRSXFIIRYWIHWMRGIXLIW]WXIQ[EWTPEGIH
MRSTIVEXMSR&EWIJPS[WEVIVITSVXIHXSFIWYJJMGMIRXXSQEMRXEMRJPYWLMRKZIPSGMXMIW8LIW]W
XIQEPWSMRGPYHIWEWIHMQIRXWYQTYTWXVIEQSJXLITYQTMRKWXEXMSR[MXLETIVQERIRXGVERI
[MXLEGPEQWLIPPFYGOIXJSVWIHMQIRXVIQSZEP'PIERMRKSJXLIWIHMQIRXWYQTMWGEVVMIHSYX
SREREWRIIHIHFEWMW8LITYQTMRKWXEXMSRMWEHV][IX[IPPJEGMPMX][MXLMRXEOIWSJQIXIVMR
HMEQIXIV
8LIXYRRIPTYQTSYXMWFEWIHSRXLITPERXXVIEXQIRXGETEGMX][MXLTYQTMRKFIKMRRMRKEX
XLIWXEVXSJEVEMRJEPPIZIRXERHGSRXMRYMRKYRXMPXLIXYRRIPLEWFIIRIQTXMIH8LIEMVWLEJXW
LEZIGEVFSRJMPXIVWJSVSHSVGSRXVSP8LIW]WXIQ[EWXIPIZMWIHMRTVMSVXSFIMRKTPEGIH
MRXSJYPPSTIVEXMSR8LIXYRRIPWLEZIRSXFIIRMRWTIGXIHWMRGIXLEXXMQI

PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

8LI%PPIKLIR]'SYRX]7ERMXEV]%YXLSVMX]STIVEXIWERHQEMRXEMRWXLI4MXXWFYVKLWERMXEV]
WI[IVW]WXIQ[LMGLWIVZMGIWEWUYEVIQMPIEVIEWUYEVIQMPIWSJ[LMGLMRGPYHIGSQ
FMRIHWI[IVW8LIW]WXIQIQTPS]WETTVS\MQEXIP]ZSVXI\HVSTWXVYGXYVIWWSQIEWHIIT
EWJIIXIEGL[MXLEGMVGYPEVXEROX]TIMRPIXXLEX[EWEQSRKXLIJMVWXX]TIWSJZSVXI\MRPIXWXS
FIETTPMIHSRE[MHIWGEPI8LIGMVGYPEVXEROX]TIMRPIX[EWHIZIPSTIHXLVSYKLTL]WMGEPQSH
IPMRK*YPPHIXEMPWSJXLIWXYH]EVIMRGPYHIHMRXLIVITSVXIRXMXPIH*PS[MR:IVXMGEP7LEJXW
TVITEVIHJSVXLI%PPIKLIR]'SYRX]7ERMXEV]%YXLSVMX]F]XLI'EVRIKMI-RWXMXYXISJ8IGLRSPSK]
8LIGMVGYPEVMRPIXVIUYMVIWELMKLLIEHXSTEWWHIWMKRJPS[W-RXLIHIWMKRSJXLMWX]TISJZSV



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 107

XI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIJPS[WQYWXFIWYJJMGMIRXXSGVIEXIXLIRIGIWWEV]LIEHSZIVXLIMRPIXXS
QEMRXEMRZSVXI\JPS[
8LIXYRRIPMRXIVGITXMSRW]WXIQLEWFIIRMRSTIVEXMSRWMRGI[MXLEHMEQIXIVVERKMRK
XSQIXIVWERHEHITXLVERKMRKXSQIXIVW8LIW]WXIQRSVQEPP]STIVEXIWEWEKVEZMX]
W]WXIQ-JTPERXGETEFMPMX]MWEZEMPEFPIXLIW]WXIQMWTYQTIHHS[RSRGITIV[IIOXSSFXEMR
LMKLWGSYVMRKZIPSGMX]JSVJPYWLMRKSJXLIXYRRIP8LIPSRKIWXTIVMSHJSV[LMGLTYQTSYX[EW
RSXGEVVMIHSYXHYIXS[MRXIVERHWTVMRKGSRHMXMSRW[EWQSRXLWEJXIV[LMGLELMKLZSPYQISJ
HIFVMW[EWIRGSYRXIVIH8LIW]WXIQTVSZMHIWHV][IEXLIVWIVZMGMRKERHEWWYGLLEWRSX
FIIRMRWTIGXIHJSVXLITEWX]IEVW%GSRXVEGXXSGEVV]SYXEHIXEMPIHMRWTIGXMSRSJXLIXYR
RIPW]WXIQXSMHIRXMJ]ER]WXVYGXYVEPTVSFPIQWMWTVIWIRXP]FIMRKMQTPIQIRXIH;MXLVIWTIGXXS
JPS[GSRXVSPHIZMGIWXLIW]WXIQMRGPYHIWETTVS\MQEXIP]YRFEPERGIHXMTTMRKKEXIW[MXL
GSYRXIV[IMKLXW8LIWIKEXIWLEZIFIIRVITSVXIHXSFIVIPMEFPIJPS[XLVSXXPMRKHIZMGIW[MXL
QMRMQEPQEMRXIRERGIVIUYMVIQIRXWWMRGI

SINGAPORE

8LI(IIT8YRRIP7I[IVEKI7]WXIQ(877 MR7MRKETSVIMWGYVVIRXP]SRISJXLI[SVPHW

PEVKIWX[EWXI[EXIVMRJVEWXVYGXYVITVSNIGXW'SRWXVYGXMSRFIKERMRERHMWI\TIGXIHXS
GSRXMRYISZIVXLIRI\XXS]IEVW8LIRI[W]WXIQ[MPPTVSZMHIMRGVIEWIHGETEGMX]JSV
JYXYVIPSRKXIVQKVS[XLIEWMIVERHQSVIIGSRSQMGEPSTIVEXMSRERHQEMRXIRERGIIRLERGIH
VIPMEFMPMX]ERHVIHYGIHVMWOWSJWI[EKISZIVJPS[WERHMQTVSZIH[EXIVUYEPMX]MRXLI7XVEMXWSJ
.SLSVERHXLI7XVEMXWSJ7MRKETSVI[LIVIXVIEXIHIJJPYIRXMWTVIWIRXP]HMWGLEVKIH4VMQEV]
GSQTSRIRXWSJXLI(877MRGPYHIQMPIWSJHIITXYRRIPWXLIQMPI2SVXL8YRRIPERH
QMPI7SYXL8YRRIP VERKMRKMRHITXLJVSQXSQIXIVWX[SGIRXVEPM^IHWI[EKIXVIEXQIRX
[SVOWPSGEXIHSRSTTSWMXIWMHIWSJXLIMWPERHX[SQMPIPSRKHIITWIESYXJEPPWMRXSXLI7XVEMXW
SJ7MRKETSVIERHQSVIXLERQMPIWSJPMROWI[IVWXLEXIPMQMREXIQSVIXLER[EWXI[EXIV
TYQTMRKWXEXMSRW8LI(877[MPPFIFYMPXMRWXEKIWERHMRGVIQIRXEPP]VITPEGIXLII\MWXMRKW]W
XIQQEOMRKSZIVEGVIWSJPERHEZEMPEFPIJSVSXLIVQSVIFIRIJMGMEPYWIW
%PXLSYKLXLII\MWXMRK[EWXI[EXIVGSPPIGXMSRW]WXIQMWWITEVEXIHJVSQXLIWXSVQW]WXIQ
JPS[VEXIWGERMRGVIEWIWMKRMJMGERXP]HYVMRKLIEZ]VEMRW%TTVS\MQEXIP]HVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVI
TPERRIHXSGSRZI][EWXI[EXIVJPS[XSXLIHIITXYRRIPWJVSQXLIPMROWI[IVW*PS[W[MPPFI
GSRWXERXERHSHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMXMIWEVITPERRIHEXIEGLHVSTHYIXSPSGEP[EWXI[EXIVWXVIRKXL
ERHTVS\MQMX]XSHIRWIP]TSTYPEXIHEVIEW:SVXI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW[MXLXERKIRXMEPMRPIXW
WLEPPFIYWIHEXQSWXHVSTPSGEXMSRW)EGLHVSTWXVYGXYVIMRGPYHIWTVSZMWMSRWJSVHIEIVEXMSR
ZIRXMRKERHSHSVGSRXVSP(VSTWLEJXHMEQIXIVWVERKIJVSQEFSYXXSQIXIVWMRHMEQIXIV
[MXLHIWMKRJPS[WYTXSGYFMGQIXIVWTIVWIGSRH(VSTLIMKLXWVERKIJVSQXS
QIXIVW0EVKIHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVW[MPPGSRRIGXZIRXWXSSHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMXMIWERHZIRXWEX
XLIWYVJEGI7YFWYVJEGIGSRHMXMSRWEPSRKXYRRIPEPMKRQIRXWEVIZEVMEFPI[MXLVSGOWSMPERH
QM\IHJEGIGSRHMXMSRW8LIQENSVMX]SJXLIHIITXYRRIPW[MPPFIGSRWXVYGXIHXLVSYKLWSMPWXLEX
EVIHIWGVMFIHEWLEZMRKEZIV]WXMJJERHZIV]HIRWIGSRWMWXIRG]

MONTREAL, QUEBEC (CANADA)

8LIGMX]SJ1SRXVIEPLEWGSRWXVYGXIHEXYRRIPW]WXIQXSGSRZI]WERMXEV]SVHV][IEXLIV
JPS[WMREHHMXMSRXSTVSZMHMRKWXSVEKIERHGSRZI]ERGISJGSQFMRIHERHWXSVQ[EXIVJPS[8LI
W]WXIQ[EWIWWIRXMEPP]GSQTPIXIHMRXLIIEVP]W[MXLZEVMSYWMQTVSZIQIRXWEHHIHWMRGI
XLEXXMQI'SRWXVYGXIHTVMQEVMP]MRVSGOXLIW]WXIQMRGPYHIWOMPSQIXIVWSJXYRRIPWVERKMRK
MRHMEQIXIVJVSQXSQIXIVW%TTVS\MQEXIP]TPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWGSRZI]
JPS[WJVSQI\MWXMRKXVYROWI[IVWXSXLIRI[XYRRIPW-RKIRIVEPXLIGMX]SJ1SRXVIEPMWGSQ



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 108

TVMWIHSJX[S[EXIVWLIHWXLI2SVXLIVRERH7SYXLIVR[EXIVWLIHW8LIRI[2SVXLIVR
-RXIVGITXSVOMPSQIXIVW ERH7SYXL[IWXIVR-RXIVGITXSVOMPSQIXIVW [IVIGSRWXVYGXIHXS
GSRZI]JPS[WJVSQXLI2SVXLIVRERH;IWXIVR[EXIVWLIHWXSXLIRI[[EWXI[EXIVXVIEXQIRX
TPERX;;84 PSGEXIHMRXLIRSVXLIEWXIVRWIGXMSRSJXLIGMX]7MQMPEVP]XLIRI[7SYXLIEWXIVR
-RXIVGITXSVOMPSQIXIVW GSRZI]WJPS[XSXLI;;84JVSQXLI7SYXLIVR[EXIVWLIH8LI
EZIVEKIJPS[VEXIVIGIMZIHEXXLI;;84MWETTVS\MQEXIP]QMPPMSRGYFMGQIXIVWTIVHE]
(YVMRKWXSVQTIVMSHWXLIJPS[VEXIGERKIXEWLMKLEWQMPPMSRGYFMGQIXIVWTIVHE]
4SVXMSRWSJ1SRXVIEPW[EWXI[EXIVGSPPIGXMSRLEWFIIRWITEVEXIH[MXLWITEVEXIXVYROWI[
IVWTVSZMHIHJSVWERMXEV]ERHWXSVQ[EXIVJPS[EPXLSYKLQYGLSJXLIW]WXIQVIQEMRWGSQFMRIH
[MXLWERMXEV]JPS[ERHWXSVQ[EXIVGSRZI]IHXLVSYKLGSQQSRTMTIW*PS[WEVIMRXIVGITXIHEX
I\MWXMRKXVYROWI[IVWERHHMZIVXIHXSXLIRI[XYRRIPWXLVSYKLLSSOYTWXVYGXYVIWXLEXQE]
GSRWMWXSJWIZIVEPWITEVEXIWXVYGXYVIWHITIRHMRKSRPSGEXMSRERHJYRGXMSR;LIVIWERMXEV]
JPS[MWMRXIVGITXIHXLILSSOYTWXVYGXYVIX]TMGEPP]MRGPYHIWEHMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVIERHEHVST
WLEJXGSRRIGXIHXSXLIXYRRIP;LIVIGSQFMRIHJPS[WEVIMRXIVGITXIHXLILSSOYTWXVYGXYVI
X]TMGEPP]MRGPYHIWWIZIVEPWXVYGXYVIWEHMZIVWMSRWXVYGXYVIEXXLII\MWXMRKXVYROWI[IVERSYXJEPP
GLEQFIVJSVHMZIVWMSRSJLIEZ]JPS[WXSXLIVMZIV[MXLJPETKEXIWJSVOIITMRKVMZIV[EXIVSYXSJ
XLIXYRRIPWVIKYPEXMRKWXVYGXYVIW[MXLWPYMGIKEXIWXSVIKYPEXIJPS[MRXSXLIXYRRIPERHHVST
WLEJXWYTXSQIXIVWHIITGSRZI]JPS[XSXLIXYRRIP(VSTWLEJXWEVIX]TMGEPP]XS
QIXIVWMRHMEQIXIV(VSTWLEJXWXVYGXYVIWEPWSTVSZMHIEGGIWWMREHHMXMSRXSZIRXMRKJEGMPMXMIW
:IRXMRKEVVERKIQIRXWZEV]JVSQLSPIWHVMPPIHMRXSEXKVEHIGSZIVWSZIVXLIHVSTXSQSVIIPEFS
VEXIEVGLMXIGXYVEPWXVYGXYVIWFYMPXSZIVXLIHVSTXLEXZIRXXLVSYKLXLIVSSJSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
7SQISHSVGSQTPEMRXWLEZIFIIRVITSVXIHHYVMRKWYQQIVQSRXLWMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJHVSTWLEJXW
4EWWMZISHSVGSRXVSPQIXLSHWWYGLEWTEVXMEPP]WIEPMRKXLIZIRXLEZIFIIRWYGGIWWJYPP]
ETTPMIHHYVMRKXLIWITIVMSHWMRVIWTSRWIXSXLIGSQTPEMRXW

TORONTO, ONTARIO (CANADA)

8LIQMPIPSRKJSSXHMEQIXIV1MH8SVSRXS-RXIVGITXSV7I[IV18-7 MWEHIITXYRRIP

PSGEXIHJIIXFIPS[XLIWXVIIXWSJ8SVSRXS8LIQENSVMX]SJXLI18-7[EWFSVIHXLVSYKL
VSGO[MXLWSQIJVEGXYVIHVSGOIRGSYRXIVIHEXXLI(SR6MZIVGVSWWMRK7PYMGIKEXIW[MXLPIZIP
WIRWMRKHIZMGIWGSRXVSPXLIGSQFMRIHWI[IVJPS[WMRXSXLIXYRRIP8LI18-7TVSZMHIWWXSVEKI
SJ'73ERHX]TMGEPP]JPS[WJYPPSVGPSWIXSJYPPMRSVHIVXSQMRMQM^ISZIVJPS[WXSPSGEPWYVJEGI
[EXIVW%HS[RWXVIEQTYQTMRKWXEXMSRGSRXVSPWXLIL]HVEYPMGKVEHIPMRIXSTVIZIRXJPSSHMRKSJ
XLILMKLPIZIPWI[IVW2MRIX]JSSXHIITZSVXI\X]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIYWIHXSXVERWJIVJPS[
JVSQLMKLPIZIPWI[IVWXSXLIHIITXYRRIP%RMRXIVGITXWXVYGXYVIMWYWYEPP]PSGEXIHNYWX
YTWXVIEQSJXLIZSVXI\HVSTWXVYGXYVIXSHMZIVXJPS[JVSQXLII\MWXMRKXVYROWI[IVWXSXLIHVST
)EGLHVSTWXVYGXYVIX]TMGEPP]MRGPYHIWEZIRXTMTIGSRRIGXIHXSXLIPS[PIZIPGSRRIGXSVTMTIXS
TVSZMHIVIPMIJSJIRXVETTIHEMVMRXLIXYRRIPERHEXXLIFEWISJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVI8YRRIP
EGGIWWWLEJXWEVITVSZMHIHEXETTVS\MQEXIP]JSSXMRXIVZEPW8YRRIPTYQTSYXVEXIWEVI
WYJJMGMIRXXSTVIZIRXEGGYQYPEXMSRSJHIFVMWLS[IZIVVIKYPEVQEMRXIRERGIMWTIVJSVQIHHYVMRK
TIVMSHWSJHV][IEXLIV8]TMGEPHYXMIWMRGPYHIGPIEVMRKHIFVMWJVSQWYQTWGLIGOMRKERHI\IV
GMWMRKKEXIWERHVITPEGMRKIPIGXVMGEPGSQTSRIRXWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLMRWXVYQIRXEXMSRERHQSRM
XSVMRKIUYMTQIRXXLEXEVIPSGEXIHMRXLIGSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRX
8LI18-7MWGSRRIGXIHXSFSXLXLILMKLPIZIPERHPS[PIZIPXYRRIPWXLEXYXMPM^IWPYMGIKEXIW
[MXLL]HVEYPMGSTIVEXSVW8LILMKLERHPS[PIZIPXYRRIPWMRWIVZMGIWMRGILEZIRSX



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 109

VIUYMVIHGPIERMRKEWWYJJMGMIRXGPIERWMRKZIPSGMXMIWEVIQEMRXEMRIH*SYVMRXIVGSRRIGXMRKXYR
RIPWGSRRIGXXLIJSPPS[MRKXYRRIPWXSXLI18-7

'EVPE[%ZIRYIJSSXPSRKJSSXHMEQIXIVXYRRIP

7GSXX:MGXSVMEJSSXPSRKJSSXHMEQIXIVXYRRIP

7MQGSI7XVIIXJSSXPSRKJSSXHMEQIXIVXYRRIP

7XVEGLER%ZIRYIJSSXPSRKJSSXMRGLLSVWIWLSIWLETIHXYRRIP

PHOENIX, ARIZONA

8LI)EWX:EPPI]8YRRIPMI4VMGI6SEH8YRRIP MWTEVXSJXLIWXSVQHVEMREKIW]WXIQTVS

ZMHMRKHVEMREKIJSVQSVIXLERWUYEVIQMPIWSJXLI)EWX:EPPI]8LMWWXSVQHVEMREKIW]WXIQ
TVSZMHIWHVEMREKIJVSQ'LERHPIVZMEXLI'EVVMEKI0ERI6IXIRXMSR4SRHEHNEGIRXXSXLI
3YXIVPSST,MKL[E]-RXIVGLERKI[MXLXLII\MWXMRK7YTIVWXMXMSR*VII[E]76 ERHJVSQXLI
HITVIWWIHTSVXMSRSJXLI4MQE*VII[E]ERHHMVIGXMRXSXLI7EPX6MZIV8LI)EWX:EPPI]8YRRIP
GETEGMX]MWETTVS\MQEXIP]GYFMGJIIXTIVWIGSRH8LIXYRRIPW]WXIQMWTEVXSJXLI
HVEMREKIW]WXIQWVIUYMVIHXLVSYKLSYXXLI4LSIRM\QIXVSTSPMXEREVIEJSVXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJ
XLI-GSVVMHSVHYVMRKXLIPEXIW-REHHMXMSRXSXLI)EWX:EPPI]8YRRIPETTVS\MQEXIP]
EHHMXMSREPJIIXSJHVEMREKIXYRRIPW[IVIGSRWXVYGXIHMRWM^IWVERKMRKJVSQXSJIIX
MRHMEQIXIV8LIXYRRIPGSRWXVYGXIHFIRIEXLXLIRSVXLFSYRHPERIWSJXLI4MQE*VII[E]GSVVM
HSVMR8IQTILEWWIZIRWXSVQ[EXIVHVSTWXVYGXYVIWMREHHMXMSRXSEGGIWWWLEJXWERHTYQTWXE
XMSRW8LIQMPPMSRJSSXPSRKXYRRIP[EWGSRWXVYGXIHXSERJSSXMRWMHIJMRMWLIH
HMEQIXIVMRXLIWERHWKVEZIPGSFFPI7+' EFSZIXLI[EXIVXEFPIYWMRKERSTIRJEGIH8&1
ERHEX[STEWWPMRMRKW]WXIQ(VSTWXVYGXYVIW[IVIGSRWXVYGXIHMRSTIRGYX'SRRIGXMSRSJ
XLIEHMXXSXLIQEMRXYRRIP[EWEPWSI\GEZEXIHMRSTIRGYX8LIZIVXMGEPFEVVIPSJXLIHVST
WXVYGXYVIWYWIHGSQQIVGMEPP]EZEMPEFPITVIGEWXTMTIWIGXMSRW[MXLEWXEMRPIWWWXIIPLIPM\
MRWXEPPIH8LIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIVIQSZIHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIGSPPIGXSVWERHLEZIRSXFIIRWYF
NIGXXSFPSGOEKIWJVSQWLSTTMRKGEVXWSVXVIIPMQFWIXG+VMXLEWRSXFIIRETVSFPIQ
FIGEYWI[LIRXLIHVSTWLEJXWEVIYWIHJPS[WEVILMKLERH8(7EVIZIV]PS[8LIQEXIVMEP
XLEXWIXXPIWSYXSJXLIJPS[MRXLIXYRRIPMWXVERWTSVXIHSRGIXLIWIPEVKIJPS[WWXEVX8LIGSR
RIGXMRKWXSVQWI[IVWGSPPIGX[EXIVJVSQEJEMVP]PEVKIEVIEERHEVIRSXGSRRIGXIHXSHMZIVWMSR
WXVYGXYVIWWSEPPXLIVIKMSREPJPS[IRXIVWXLIW]WXIQ8LIMRPIXXSXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIMWTVSZMHIH
[MXLEWIVMIWSJX[SLSVM^SRXEPFEVWGEWXMRXSXLIWMHI[EPPWXSFPSGOERHSXLIV[MWITVIZIRX
EGGIWWF]QEMRXIRERGI[SVOIVWIXGMRXSXLIHIWGIRHMRKLIPM\(VSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIRSX
IRXIVIHVIKYPEVP]ERHLEZIRSXFIIRMRWTIGXIHWMRGISTIVEXMSRWFIKER8LI-S[E-RWXMXYXISJ
,]HVEYPMG6IWIEVGL--,6 TIVJSVQIHXLIL]HVEYPMGHIWMKRJSVXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWEXXLI
9RMZIVWMX]SJ-S[E8LIW]WXIQLEWFIIRSTIVEXMSREPWMRGIERHXSHEXIRSVITSVXIH
TVSFPIQWLEZIFIIRVIGIMZIHF]%(38QEMRXIRERGIIRKMRIIVW

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK

1SWXSJ6SGLIWXIVMWWIVZIHF]EGSQFMRIHWI[IVW]WXIQ8LIXYRRIPW]WXIQ[EWFYMPXXS
MRXIVGITX[EWXI[EXIVSZIVJPS[WERHGEVV]XLIJPS[WXSXLIXVIEXQIRXJEGMPMXMIWPSGEXIHSRXLI
WLSVIWSJ0EOI3RXEVMS8LI'73WXSVEKIXYRRIPWMR6SGLIWXIVVERKIYTXSQIXIVWMRHMEQI
XIVERHEVIPSGEXIHEXHITXLWSJETTVS\MQEXIP]QIXIVW8LIXYRRIPWLEZIFIIRMRSTIVEXMSR
WMRGI%TTVS\MQEXIP]HVSTWXVYGXYVIWEVIYWIHXSGSRZI]'73JVSQXLII\MWXMRKSZIV
JPS[PSGEXMSRWXSXLIHIITXYRRIPW(VSTWXVYGXYVIMRPIXX]TIWZEV]FIX[IIRTPYRKIERHZSVXI\
:SVXI\X]TIMRPIXWEVIKIRIVEPP]YWIHMRXLIIEWXWMHIXYRRIP[LMGLMWYWIHJSVGSRZI]ERGI



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 110

4PYRKIX]TIMRPIXWEVIYWIHMRXLI[IWXWMHIXYRRIP[LMGLMWYWIHJSVWXSVEKI%MVSVZIRX
WLEJXWEVIPSGEXIHEXIEGLHVSTWXVYGXYVI%HMXXSXYRRIPGSRRIGXMSRWEVIX]TMGEPP]QEHIGVS[R
XSGVS[R3HSVWERHGSVVSWMSREVIRSXGSRWMHIVIHXSFIEQENSVTVSFPIQ3HSVGSRXVSPJEGMPM
XMIWEVIRSXMRGPYHIHEXHVSTWXVYGXYVIWSVEXER]PSGEXMSRMRXLIXYRRIPW]WXIQ8YRRIPWFYMPXSR
XLIIEWXWMHISJXLIGMX]MRXLIPEXIWXLVSYKLXLIQMHWEVIYWIHQSWXP]JSVGSR
ZI]ERGISJWERMXEV]JPS[WXSQYRMGMTEPMXMIWPSGEXIHYTWXVIEQ8LIIEWXWMHIXYRRIPMWETTVS\M
QEXIP]QIXIVWMRHMEQIXIVERHOMPSQIXIVWPSRK8YRRIPWFYMPXSRXLI[IWXWMHISJXLIGMX]
MRXLIPEXIWERHIEVP]WEVIYWIHQSWXP]JSVWXSVEKISJ'73*PS[WQE]FIWXSVIH
JSVYTXSHE]WMRXLIXYRRIP8LI[IWXWMHIXYRRIPZEVMIWMRHMEQIXIVJVSQXSQIXIVWMR
HMEQIXIVERHMWOMPSQIXIVWPSRK-RKIRIVEPXLIXYRRIPWEVIGSRGVIXIPMRIHERHLEZI
FIIRGSRWXVYGXIHMRFIHVSGO[MXLHITXLWSJGSZIVJVSQXSQIXIVW8YRRIPWPSTIWVERKI
JVSQXS 8YRRIPWJPS[F]KVEZMX]XSXLIXVIEXQIRX[SVOW
7IHMQIRXEXMSRMRXLIXYRRIPWLEWFIIRSFWIVZIHEJXIVWSQIWXSVQIZIRXWFYXXLIRI\X
WXSVQMWYWYEPP]WYJJMGMIRXXSJPYWLEGGYQYPEXIHHITSWMXW%XXLITPYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW
HIFVMWGEREGGYQYPEXIFILMRHXLIZRSXGL[IMVWYWIHXSJSVQETPYRKITSSPXSHMWWMTEXIIRIV
K]JVSQXLIJEPPMRKJPS[1EMRXIRERGIGVI[WQYWXSGGEWMSREPP]VIQSZIEGGYQYPEXMSR;LIVI
XYRRIPJPS[ZIPSGMXMIWEVIPS[WSQIWIHMQIRXLEWEGGYQYPEXIHERHHIFVMWLEWTMPIHYTMRXLI
XYRRIPW:EVMSYWQIXLSHWLEZIFIIRYWIHXSJPYWLHIFVMWJVSQXLIW]WXIQVMZIV[EXIV
HSQIWXMG[EXIVERH[LIVIRIIHIHHIFVMWMWVIQSZIHF]PS[IVMRKEWQEPPJVSRXIRHPSEHIV
MRXSXLIXYRRIPERHTYWLMRKMXXSEPSGEXMSR[LIVIMXGERFIQSZIHJYVXLIVHS[RWXVIEQERH
VIQSZIH3HSVWEXXLIWYVJEGIMRHMGEXIHIFVMWEGGYQYPEXMSRMRXLIXYRRIP'SYVWIFEV
WGVIIRWEVIPSGEXIHEXEPPMRPIXWXSXLIXYRRIP7UYEVIFEVW[IVISVMKMREPP]YWIHFYXPEXIV
VITPEGIHF]VSYRHFEVWEWXLIWIEGGYQYPEXIPIWWHIFVMWERHVIUYMVIPIWWJVIUYIRXQEMRXI
RERGI*PS[JVSQXLI+IRIWII6MZIVMWYWIHXSJPYWLETSVXMSRSJXLIXYRRIP%RRYEPMRWTIG
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PS[IVIHMRXSXLIXYRRIPMREJSYVTIVWSRGEKIKEWKEYKIWERHVIWTMVEXSVWEVIYWIHXSXIWXXLI
EMV

MINNEAPOLIS/ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA

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WIZIRGSYRX]QIXVSTSPMXEREVIE%XPSGEXMSRWI\TIVMIRGMRKSHSVERHGSVVSWMSRTVSFPIQWI\MWX
MRKWXERHEVHHVSTQERLSPIWLEZIFIIRVIXVSJMXXIH[MXLWQEPPZSVXI\X]TIXERKIRXMEPMRPIXWMR
SVHIVXSVIHYGISHSVWERHKEWIWXLEXGEYWIGSVVSWMSRSJTMTIWMRXLIZMGMRMX]-RXLIPEXIW
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VITEMVERHVITPEGIQIRXSJJIIXSJEJSSXF]JSSXGSRGVIXIXYRRIP8LIHVSTWXVYG
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4:'XYRRIP4PYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWLEZIFIIRMRYWI[LIVISHSVWERHGSVVSWMSREVIPIWW
SJETVSFPIQ

GOVALLE, TEXAS

3TIVEXMSREPTVSFPIQWLEZIFIIRMHIRXMJMIHEWEGEYWISJGSVVSWMSRMRXLMWWERMXEV]WI[IV
GSRZI]ERGIW]WXIQHIWMKRIHJSVSTIVEXMSRYRHIVSTIRGLERRIPGSRXMRYSYWJPS[GSRHMXMSRW
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XMSRW8LIWYVGLEVKIPIZIPWVIWXVMGXERHEXXMQIWTVIZIRXZIRXMPEXMSRMRXLIW]WXIQERHMRGVIEWI
PIZIPWSJGSVVSWMZIKEWIWL]HVSKIRWYPJMHI MRXLIXYRRIPERHHVSTWXVYGXYVIGSQTSRIRXW
)RXVEMRIHEMVJSVQIHEXXLIHVSTW[EWXSFIXVIEXIHEXXLIHS[RWXVIEQ[EWXI[EXIVXVIEXQIRX
TPERXWSHSVGSRXVSPJEGMPMX]MIGEVFSRJMPXIVW 7YVGLEVKIHGSRHMXMSRWTVIZIRXXLITEWWEKISJ



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 111

XLIEMVXSXLIHS[RWXVIEQ[EWXI[EXIVXVIEXQIRXTPERX9RHIVWYVGLEVKIHGSRHMXMSRWEMV
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SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

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SHSVGSRXVSPQIEWYVIW2SMWIHYWXXVEJJMGERHQEXIVMEPWMIWTSMPW LERHPMRKHYVMRKGSR
WXVYGXMSRLEZIEPWSTVIWIRXIHWMKRMJMGERXGLEPPIRKIWXSXLITVSNIGX7TSMPWGSRZI]SVWXSFEVKIW
[IVIYWIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLXVYGOMRKSJQEXIVMEPW8LIXYRRIP[MPPWXSVIJPS[ERHHIPMZIVMXXS
I\MWXMRKXVIEXQIRXTPERXWSRGIGETEGMX]FIGSQIWEZEMPEFPI8VIEXIHJPS[[MPPFIHMWGLEVKIHXS
XLI8EWQER7IEZMEEHIITSGIERSYXJEPP8LIXYRRIPVYRWOMPSQIXIVWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJ
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WYVJEGIKVEHI%TTVS\MQEXIP]OMPSQIXIVWSJXLIXYRRIPEVIXSQIXIVWMRHMEQIXIV[MXL
XLIVIQEMRMRKPIRKXLEFSYXQIXIVWMRHMEQIXIV&IGEYWISJXLIRIIHJSVJEWXXVEGOMRKXLI
TVSNIGXEWSGEPPIHEPPMERGIETTVSEGL[EWMQTPIQIRXIHXLEXEPPS[WQIQFIVWXSGSPPIGXMZIP]
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FIVW2SGLERKISVHIVWEVITIVQMXXIHERHGSRXVEGXHMWTYXIWEVIEPQSWXRSRI\MWXIRX8LI
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CLEVELAND, OHIO

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WXVYGXYVIWEVIVIUYMVIHXSHVSTJPS[WSJYTXSQKHEWHIITEWJIIX*PS[WXLVSYKLXLI
HVSTW[MPPFIGSRWXERXWSXLEXXLIWXVYGXYVIWQYWXFIZMVXYEPP]QEMRXIRERGIJVII(VSTWXVYGXYVI
HIWMKRW[IVIGSRWMHIVIHJSVZEVMSYWGSRHMXMSRW:SVXI\X]TIHVSTW[MXLXERKIRXMEPMRPIXW[IVI
WIPIGXIHJSVLMKLJPS[HIITHVSTPSGEXMSRW8LI'PIZIPERH&EJJPIX]TIHVST[EWWIPIGXIHJSV
WQEPPIVHVSTW



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 112

%PWSWIVZMRKXLI+VIEXIV'PIZIPERHEVIEXLI;IWX0IK-RXIVGITXSV;0- TVSNIGXGSQTVMWIW

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7SYXL;IWX-RXIVGITXSV7;- [LMGLTEWWIWXLIJPS[XSXLI7SYXLIVP]8VIEXQIRX4PERX

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

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LEZIFIIRMRZSPZIHXLVSYKLSYXXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLITVSNIGX8LIWXSVEKIXYRRIPTPER[EW
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EJSSXXYRRIPGSRWXVYGXIHMRVSGOMWTPERRIHXSVIXEMR'73XLEX[MPPFITYQTIHEWGETE
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HMWVYTXMSRSJWYVJEGIJIEXYVIWERHIGSRSQ]8LIJSSXMRGLHMEQIXIVXYRRIPMWHI[EXIVIH
F]ETYQTMRKWXEXMSRPSGEXIHEXXLIHS[RWXVIEQIRH*PS[MWHVSTTIHETTVS\MQEXIP]JIIX
XSXLIHIITXYRRIPZMEEZSVXI\KIRIVEXMRKHVSTWXVYGXYVI[MXLEMRGLZIVXMGEPFEVVIP8LI
HVSTWXVYGXYVIMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSXLITYQTWXEXMSRWLEJXJSVERIGSRSQMGEPGSQTEGXHIWMKR
2SHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVMWYWIHJSVXLMWHVSTWXVYGXYVI8YRRIPL]HVEYPMGWLEZIFIIRHIWMKRIH
XSFITEWWMZI)\GITXHYVMRKI\XVIQI[IX[IEXLIVIZIRXWXLIW]WXIQHSIWRSXVIP]SRKEXIW
SVSXLIVGSRXVSPHIZMGIWJSVRSVQEPSTIVEXMSR0SRKVIXIRXMSRXMQIWVIUYMVIHERMRRSZEXMZI
ETTVSEGLMRJPYWLMRKXLIXYRRIPYXMPM^MRKVMZIV[EXIVVIPIEWIHEXELMKLVEXIXSWGSYVHITSWMXIH
WIHMQIRXWEJXIVHI[EXIVMRK

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

8LI7ER*VERGMWGS'73WXSVEKIW]WXIQGSRWMWXWSJPEVKIFS\GYPZIVXW[MXLPS[JPS[GLER
RIPW8LIPEVKIWXSJXLIFS\GYPZIVXWGSRWMWXWSJX[SGSQTEVXQIRXWWITEVEXIHF]FEJJPIWERH
WPSXWEXELIMKLXSJQIXIVWXSVIXEMRJPSEXEFPIMRSRIWIGXMSRFIJSVIHMWGLEVKIMRXSXLIWIG
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8LIW]WXIQMWVIPEXMZIP]WIPJGPIERMRKHYIXSXLIHIWMKRJPS[ZIPSGMX]MRXLIPS[JPS[GLER
RIPWGYRRIXXIW SJQW-RWSQITPEGIWWERHFEVWHIZIPSTMRXLIGYPZIVXWJSPPS[MRKWXSVQ
IZIRXW8LIWIWERHFEVWSGGYVRIEVFIEGLIWERHMQQIHMEXIP]YTWXVIEQSJTYQTMRKWXEXMSRW
8LIWERHMWFPS[RSRXSXLIWXVIIXWERHXLIR[EWLIWMRXSXLIW]WXIQHYVMRKVEMRWXSVQW&EV
WGVIIRWEVIPSGEXIHYTWXVIEQSJXLITYQTMRKWXEXMSRWXSVIQSZIPEVKIJPSEXEFPIHIFVMW
8LIW]WXIQMWMRWTIGXIHERHGPIERIHX[MGITIV]IEV8LIXYRRIPWEVIGPIERIHF]GVI[W
XLEX[EPOXLVSYKLXLIW]WXIQERH[EWLHIFVMWMRXSXLIPS[JPS[GLERRIPYWMRKEQMPPMQIXIV
JMVILSWI%XWMXIW[LIVIHIFVMWGSRWMWXIRXP]GSPPIGXWETIVQERIRX[EXIVKYRLEWFIIR
MRWXEPPIH*VIWL[EXIVMWYWIHJSVJPYWLMRKXLIW]WXIQ[MXLXLI[EXIVLSWIW
8LIXYRRIPWEVIEPWSMRWTIGXIHHYVMRKXLIVIKYPEVX[MGI]IEVP]GPIERMRK;SVOIVWMRXLI
XYRRIPW[IEVKEWHIXIGXSVWERHQMRYXIEMVTEGOW%GGIWWTSMRXWXSXLIXYRRIPWEVIX]TMGEPP]
WTEGIHEXQIXIVMRXIVZEPW

DEARBORN, MICHIGAN

(IEVFSVRMWGSRWXVYGXMRKE'73GSRXVSPVIXIRXMSRXVIEXQIRXXYRRIP688 8LIW]WXIQGSR

WMWXWSJGSRZI]ERGIXYRRIPGSRWXVYGXIHMRPMQIWXSRIERHMWETTVS\MQEXIP]QIXIVWPSRK
[MXLERMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJQIXIVW8LVIIXERKIRXMEPMRPIXX]TIHVSTWXVYGXYVIW[MPPGSRZI]



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 113

JPS[WXSXLIXYRRIPW]WXIQ)EGLSJXLIHVSTWXVYGXYVIWMRGPYHIWEHIEIVEXMSRGLEQFIVERH
ZIRX%PWSMRGPYHIH[MXLXLIXYRRIPW]WXIQEVIEZEPZIWLEJXERSZIVJPS[WXVYGXYVIERHE
TYQTWXEXMSR
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WXSVEKIEVIEF]ERL]HVEYPMGEPP]STIVEXIHJPETKEXI8LIWXSVIH[EXIVMWVIPIEWIHJVSQXLI
W]WXIQF]STIRMRKXLIJPETKEXIGEYWMRKEHEQFVIEOJPYWLMRK[EZIXSSGGYV8LIVIWYPXMRK
[EZIQSXMSRWGSYVWERHVIWYWTIRHWXLIEGGYQYPEXIHHIFVMWERHWSPMHW3RGISTIVEXMSREP
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TOLEDO, OHIO

'73XYRRIPWMR8SPIHSLEZIERMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJQIXIVWERHEVIPSGEXIHEXEREZIVEKI
HITXLSJQIXIVW8LIVIEVIXLVIIXYRRIPW[MXLPIRKXLWSJERHOMPSQIXIVW8LI
XYRRIPW[IVIFYMPX[MXLEREZIVEKIWPSTISJQQ 8YRRIPWEVIMRWTIGXIHTIVMSHM
GEPP]XSHEXIZIV]PMXXPIEGGYQYPEXMSRSJHIFVMWLEWFIIRSFWIVZIHHYVMRKMRWTIGXMSRW7QEPP
HVMJXWSVFEVWSJWERHERHKVEZIPKVMX YTXSQIXIVWHIITLEZIEGGYQYPEXIHEXWSQIPSGE
XMSRWMRXLIXYRRIPFYXEVIRSXHIIQIHXSFIERSTIVEXMSREPGSRGIVR4PYRKIX]TIHVSTWXVYG
XYVIWEVIYWIHXSGSRZI]JPS[XSXLIXYRRIPWJVSQI\MWXMRKXVYROWI[IVW
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8LI8SPIHSW]WXIQ[EWRSXHIWMKRIH[MXLER]QIGLERMWQJSVVIQSZMRKWIHMQIRXEGGYQY
PEXMSRW,S[IZIVWIZIVEPSTIVEXMSREPTVSGIHYVIWLEZIFIIRIWXEFPMWLIHXLEXEWWMWXMRXYRRIP
QEMRXIRERGI;LIRXLI[EXIVEXXLII\XVIQIYTWXVIEQIRHSJXLIXYRRIPVIEGLIWEHITXLSJ
ETTVS\MQEXIP]QIXIVWXLITYQTMRKVEXIMRXLIXYRRIPWMWMRGVIEWIHMJGETEGMX]I\MWXWMRXLI
MRXIVGITXSV8LMWLEWXLIIJJIGXSJMRGVIEWMRKXLIJPS[VEXIMRXLIXYRRIPERHTVSQSXMRKWIPJ
GPIERMRK-REHHMXMSRXLIGMX]LEWFIKYRHI[EXIVMRKXLIXYRRIPW[MXLMRLSYVWSJIEGL'73
IZIRX8LMWLEWXLIIJJIGXSJHIGVIEWMRKXLIXMQIEZEMPEFPIJSVWIHMQIRXWXSWIXXPISYXERH
EGGYQYPEXIMRXLIXYRRIP*MREPP]X[SSJXLIXYRRIPWEVIJPYWLIH[MXLJVIWL[EXIVJVSQEPSGEP
VMZIVXLEXMWEPPS[IHXSIRXIVZMEKEXIZEPZIWEXXLIXYRRIPSZIVJPS[WXVYGXYVIW*PYWLMRKXEOIW
TPEGIEJXIVPSRKHV]WTIPPWXSIPMQMREXIWITXMGMX]MRXLIW]WXIQERHTVMSVXSMRWTIGXMSRWXSEWWMWX
MRXLIVIQSZEPSJHERKIVSYWKEWIW
8LIXYRRIPWEVIIUYMTTIH[MXLEJSVGIHEMVFPS[IVW]WXIQERHEVIZIRXMPEXIHJVSQFSXL
IRHWERHEXWIZIVEPTSMRXWEPSRKXLIMVPIRKXL8LIXYRRIPWEVIMRWTIGXIHETTVS\MQEXIP]SRGI
IZIV]QSRXLW-RWTIGXMSRGVI[WEVIPS[IVIHMRXSXLIXYRRIPW[MXLWEJIX]LEVRIWWIWERHE
[MRGLEXXEGLIHXSEXVMTSH)EGLQIQFIVSJXLIMRWTIGXMSRXIEQMWIUYMTTIH[MXLEKEW
HIXIGXSVERHEREMVVIWTMVEXSVERHQEWO8SHEXIXLIVILEZIFIIRRSSHSVGSQTPEMRXWEWWSGM
EXIH[MXLXLIWIXYRRIPW



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 114

Figure A.1 Pump Station, Richmond, VA

A
Screen
Pumps
Vortex
Drop
Bobcat
Opening

Screen Room

Tunnel
Sluice Gate
Access MH
Transition
Structure

Grade
Pump
Discharge
Existing
48' Water

Plan

A
EL-108.30

Bridge
Crane
Screen Room
EL-81.00

Vortex
Drop

Tunnel
Submersible
Pumps
EL-7.00



WilliMonoAppendices.qxd 1/9/04 4:32 PM Page 115

Figure A.2 Schematic Drop Structure with Vortex Inlet,

Pittsburgh, PA

Ground Surface
Shaft Inlet Tank
A
A
Dropshaft

Flo
w

Inlet

To Ground Surface

Dropshaft

Enlarged Section

Air Relief

Tunnel

Flow
Energy
Dissipation Chamber
Figure A-2 Schematic Drop Structure with Vortex Tank-Type Inlet
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (8)





Figure A.3 Plunge-Flow Drop Structure for the Urban Community of Montreal, Canada
(Note the Baffles Down the Dropshaft)

WilliamsonReferences.qxd 1/9/04 4:11 PM Page 129

REFERENCES



WilliamsonReferences.qxd 1/9/04 4:11 PM Page 130



WilliamsonReferences.qxd 1/9/04 4:11 PM Page 131

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 .EMR7'ERH.*/IRRIH]:SVXI\*PS[(VST7XVYGXYVIWJSVXLI1MP[EYOII1IXVSTSPMXER
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 -S[E'MX]-S[E-S[E-RWXMXYXISJ,]HVEYPMG6IWIEVGL9RMZIVWMX]SJ-S[E.YP]
 7X%RXLSR]*EPPW,]HVEYPMGW0EFSVEXSV]1SHIP7XYHMIWSJ(VSTWLEJXWJSVXLI8YRRIPERH
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 %RHIVWSR7,1SHIP7XYHMIWSJ7XSVQ7I[IV(VST7LEJXW8IGLRMGEP4ETIV2S
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IH.48YPPMW*SVX'SPPMRW'3'SPSVEHS7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]
 97%VQ]'SVTWSJ)RKMRIIVW8YRRIPWERH7LEJXWMR6SGO)RKMRIIV1ERYEP)1
;EWLMRKXSR('97%VQ]'SVTWSJ)RKMRIIVW1E]
 0EYWLI]ERH1EZMW%MV)RXVEMRIH&];EXIV*PS[MRK(S[R:IVXMGEP7LEJXW'EVRIKMI
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