Main branches of Chemistry

Main branches of Chemistry

Project on
Main branches of Chemistry
Group : Pentagon
Sec: H
Group members:
Sl
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Id
10302008
11111001
11202013
11202108
12305067
13103051
13103029

Names
Muhammad Iftekharul Alam
Ashiqur Rahaman
Fieoz Ahmmed
Shanjita Khatun
Md. Ferdosur Rahman
Kazi Toufiqul Hossain
Md. Sabbir Hossain

Program
BBA
BATHM
BBA
BBA
BSEEE
BCSE
BCSE

8.

13105138

Md . Saidur Rahman

BSEE

Contribution
Correction
Data collection
Arrangement
Correction
Data collection
Data collection
Idea and
arrangement
Data collection

For
Md. Harun Or-Rashid
Faculty Department of Chemistry,
International University of Business Agriculture & Technology
Date-281th September 2014

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ii

Letter of Transmittal

Md. Harun Or-Rashid

Faculty Department of Chemistry,
International University of Business Agriculture & Technology,
4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector-10
Dhaka-1230
Dear Sir,
As agreed we are submitting the attached project entitled Main branches of Chemistry.
This project has been prepared pursuant to the requirements for the CHM 115 General
Chemistry fall 2014 in IUBAT. Working for this report has been interesting and informative
experience for us. We learned many unidentified facts, which we believe will be supportive to
our lives and our professional career in the future.
I hope you find this project satisfactory. After that, if you have any query we will be available
any time.
Sincerely yours,

Group Name: Pentagon

_________________
Ashiqur Rahaman

_________________
Fieoz Ahmmed

_________________
Muhammad Iftekharul Alomashiqur

_________________
Shanjita Khatun

_________________

_________________

Mostofa Ahsan Faraby

Md. Ferdosur Rahman

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iii

_________________
Kazi Toufiqul Hossain

_________________

_________________
Md. Sabbir Hossain

_________________

Md . Saidur Rahman

Students Declaration
We are declaring that this project on the topic of Main branches of Chemistry has only been
prepared for the partial fulfillment of the course requirement of CHM 115 General Chemistry,
Sec H. It has not been prepared for any other purpose like reward or presentation.

Acknowledgment
At first we would like to thank IUBAT (International University of Business Agriculture &
Technology) that we are studying here & giving a lot of opportunity to do right thing. It is a
great opportunity for me & my team for giving a great place to do this work.
We also would like to thank Md. Harun Or-Rashid, who has been our advisor for this semister,
for providing scholarly and practical advice. We are indebted to him for his patience and
support, and have enjoyed sharing learning experience that has been enlightening, engaging, and
gratifying. This dissertation wouldnt have been possible without the discussion, help, support,
and friendship of all of our friends, faculty, and IUBAT.
We also thank our parents who telling what were capable of. Giving that what we need to build
a dream to chase after. & for believing that we have talent to reach our goals& making ours
realize that were worth everything in this world.

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Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
What are Chemistry? ----------------------------------------------------------- vi
Principles of modern chemistry? ---------------------------------------------- vii
Chapter 2
What is branches of Chemistry? ----------------------------------------------- viii
Major branches of Chemistry? ------------------------------------------------ viii
Chapter 3
Organic Chemistry --------------------------------------------------------------- viii
History of organic Chemistry? ------------------------------------------------ ix
Chapter 4
Inorganic Chemistry ------------------------------------------------------------- x
Industrial inorganic Chemistry ------------------------------------------------- x
Coordination compounds ------------------------------------------------------- x
Chapter 5
Analytical chemistry ------------------------------------------------------------ xi
Application of analytical Chemistry------------------------------------------- xi
Chaptr 6
Physical chemistry --------------------------------------------------------------- xii
History of physical Chemistry ------------------------------------------------- xiii

Chapter7
Biochemistry --------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii
Conclution ------------------------------------------------------------------------ xiv

Main branches of Chemistry

Chapter1

Introduction
Chemistry is a big part of our everyday life. We find chemistry in daily life in the foods we eat, the air we
breathe, our soap, our emotions and literally every object we can see or touch. Everything is made of
chemicals. Many of the changes we observe in the world around we see that caused by chemical
reactions. Chemistry is very important because it helps us to know the composition, structure& changes
of matter. All the matters are made up of chemistry. In our every day like various chemical are being
used in various from, some of those are being used as food, some of those used clanging etc. Most of
the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it
isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic
molecules, comes in second 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements:
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change
of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and
transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create
chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of
energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and
separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers,
biological molecules, and pharmaceutical agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.

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Principles of modern chemistry?

The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry
starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and
other aggregates of matter. This matter can be studied in solid, liquid, or gas states, in isolation
or in combination. The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry
are usually the result of interactions between atoms, leading to rearrangements of the chemical
bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory.

The chemistry laboratory stereo typically uses various forms of laboratory glassware. However
glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied
industrial) chemistry is done without it.

A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more different

substances. The basis of such a chemical transformation is the rearrangement of electrons in
the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical
equation, which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the
right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal (when unequal, the transformation
by definition is not chemical, but rather a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay). The type of
chemical reactions a substance may undergo and the energy changes that may accompany it
are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical laws.

Energy and entropy considerations are invariably important in almost all chemical studies.
Chemical substances are classified in terms of their structure, phase, as well as their chemical
compositions. They can be analyzed using the tools of chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and
chromatography. Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists. Most
chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines. Several concepts are essential for the study
of chemistry.

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Chapter 2

What is branches of Chemistry?

Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the properties, composition and the structure of
matter. It also deals with chemical reactions, changes in matter, and the principles which govern these
changes. Lighting a fire, making ice cream, and riding in a hot air balloon all deal with chemistry.
Chemistry is such a big part of science this is why it is divided Into different braches called branches of
Chemistry.

Major branches of Chemistry

Chemistry is generally divided into two broad branches organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry.
Other types of chemistry include physical chemistry, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry, with each
field branching off into several specific subfields. Here's a brief description of the most common
branches of chemistry.

Chapter 3

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is a chemistry sub-discipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties,
and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain
carbon atoms. Study of structure includes using spectroscopy (e.g., NMR), mass spectrometry, and other
physical and chemical methods to determine the chemical composition and constitution of organic
compounds and materials. Study of properties includes both physical properties and chemical properties,
and uses similar methods as well as methods to evaluate chemical reactivity, with the aim to understand
the behavior of the organic matter in its pure form (when possible), but also in solutions, mixtures, and
fabricated forms. The study of organic reactions includes probing their scope through use in preparation
of target compounds (e.g., natural products, drugs, polymers, etc.) by chemical synthesis, as well as the
focused study of the re-activities of individual organic molecules, both in the laboratory and via
theoretical (in silicon) study.

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History of organic Chemistry

Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living
organisms were endowed with a vital force that distinguished them from inorganic compounds.
According to the concept of vitalism (vital force theory), organic matter was endowed with a
"vital force". During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies
of organic compounds were reported.

In 1828 Friedrich Whler produced the organic chemical urea a constituent of urine, from the
inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4CNO, in what is now called the Whler synthesis. Although
Whler was always cautious about claiming that he had disproved the theory of vital force, this
event has often been thought of as a turning point.

In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured
the organic dye now known as Perkin's mauve. Through its great financial success, this
discovery greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

The crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure,
developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekul and Archibald Scott
Couper in 1858. Both men suggested that tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to
form a carbon lattice, and that the detailed patterns of atomic bonding could be discerned by
skillful interpretations of appropriate chemical reactions.

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Chapter 4

Inorganic Chemistry
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure and interactions
between inorganic compounds, which are any compounds that aren't based in carbon-hydrogen
bonds. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, and there is much
overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organ nonmetallic chemistry. It has
applications in every aspect of the chemical industryincluding catalysis, materials science,
pigments, surfactants, coatings, medicine, fuel, and agriculture.

Industrial inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry is a highly practical area of science. Traditionally, the scale of a nation's
economy could be evaluated by their productivity of sulfuric acid. The top 20 inorganic
chemicals manufactured in Canada, China, Europe, India, Japan, and the US (2005 data)
aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, carbon black, chlorine,
hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphoric acid,
sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, sulfuric
acid, and titanium dioxide.

Coordination compounds
Classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to "lone pairs" of electrons residing on the
main group atoms of ligands such as H2O, NH3, Cl, and CN. In modern coordination compounds
almost all organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands. The "metal" usually is a metal from
the groups 3-13, as well as the trans-lanthanides and trans-actinides, but from a certain perspective, all
chemical compounds can be described as coordination complexes.
Examples: *Co(EDTA)+, *Co(NH3)6+3+, TiCl4(THF)2.

Main branches of Chemistry

Chapter 5

Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the
chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication
of the identity of the chemical species in the sample, and quantitative analysis determines the
amount of certain components in the substance. The separation of components is often
performed prior to analysis.

Analytical methods can be separated into classical and instrumental. Classical methods (also
known as wet chemistry methods) use separations such as precipitation, extraction, and
distillation and qualitative analysis by color, odor, or melting point. Classical quantitative
analysis is achieved by measurement of weight or volume. Instrumental methods use an
apparatus to measure physical quantities of the analyte such as light absorption, fluorescence, or
conductivity.

The

separation

of

materials

is

accomplished

using

chromatography,

electrophoresis or field flow fractionation methods.

Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in experimental design, chemometrics,

and the creation of new measurement tools to provide better chemical information. Analytical
chemistry has applications in forensics, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, environmental analysis,
and materials analysis.

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Application of analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance (sensitivity, selectivity,
robustness, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed), and cost (purchase, operation, training,
time, and space). Among the main branches of contemporary analytical atomic spectrometry, the
most widespread and universal are optical and mass spectrometry.[17] In the direct elemental
analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass
spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into
inductively coupled plasma. Advances in design of diode lasers and optical parametric
oscillators promote developments in fluorescence and ionization spectrometry and also in
absorption techniques where uses of optical cavities for increased effective absorption
pathlength are expected to expand. The use of plasma- and laser-based methods is increasing.
An interest towards absolute (standardless) analysis has revived, particularly in emission
spectrometry.

Chapter 6
Physical Chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena
in chemical systems in terms of laws and concepts of physics. It applies the principles, practices
and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum
chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics, equilibrium. Physical chemistry, in contrast to
chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a macroscopic or supra-molecular science,
as the majority of the principles on which physical chemistry was founded, are concepts related
to the bulk rather than on molecular/atomic structure alone. For example, chemical equilibrium,
and colloids.

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History of physical Chemistry

Modern physical chemistry originated in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical
thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. One milestone
was the publication in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs of his paper, On the Equilibrium of
Heterogeneous Substances. This paper introduced several of the cornerstones of physical
chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule.[10] Other milestones
include the subsequent naming and accreditation of enthalpy to Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and to
macromolecular processes.
The first scientific journal specifically in the field of physical chemistry was the German journal,
Zeitschrift fr Physikalische Chemie, founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus
Henricus van 't Hoff. Together with Svante August Arrhenius,[11] these were the leading figures
in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded
with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1901-1909.

Chapter 7
Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within
and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling
and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the
complexity of life. Over the last 40 years, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining
living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are
engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in
understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells,
which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.

Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by
which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending
on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of
biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.

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Conclusion
Every single day, without even realizing it, we use so many things that are brought to us by the
discoveries and advances in chemistry. Many of these things we take for granted, and don't even
bother to question how it got there, why it is there, and how it works. Chemistry makes up
everything in our lives, from the air that we breathe, to the plastic on the keyboard I'm typing on
now, and a in depth study of some of the wonderful things chemistry has done for the modern
day world, will help us to appreciate everything we have a great deal more. For as long as we
know, scientists have been creating, and improving new strategies to improve the lives for us.

Bibliography

1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/organic_chemistry
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inorganic_chemistry
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/analytical_chemistry
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biochemistry
7. http://www.novapdf.com

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