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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

Planar Miniature Tapered-Slot-Fed Annular Slot

Antennas for Ultrawide-Band Radios
Tzyh-Ghuang Ma, Student Member, IEEE, and Shyh-Kang Jeng, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractA novel planar tapered-slot-fed annular slot antenna

is proposed in this paper. The antenna utilizes a unique tapered-slot
feeding structure and simultaneously possesses ultrawide bandwidth, almost uniform radiation patterns, and low profile. It is,
hence, adequate for ultrawide-band (UWB) applications. By means
of a normalized antenna transfer function, both frequency domain
and time domain characteristics of the antenna are carefully investigated. Two measures, the uniformity related to the radiation
patterns and the fidelity associated with the transient behaviors,
are used to quantitatively describe the performance of an antenna
over such an ultrawide bandwidth. Effects of varying the antennas
geometric parameters on the performance are then investigated.
Finally, the influence of minimizing the antenna dimension is discussed at the end of the paper.
Index TermsAntenna radiation patterns, antenna transient
analysis, slot antennas, ultrawide-band (UWB) antennas.

I. INTRODUCTION

LTRAWIDE-BAND (UWB) technology has become the

most promising solution for future short-range high-speed
indoor data communication applications. Differing from conventional narrowband communication systems, the UWB
radio directly transmits and receives trains of extremely short
baseband pulses and requires bandwidth of several GHz. It
features high-speed data rates, excellent immunity to multipath
interference, low power consumption and reduced hardware
complexity [1][4]. In 2002, the Federal Communication
Commission (FCC) in United States officially released the
regulations for UWB technology [5]. In [5], the spectrum from
3.1 to 10.6 GHz is allocated for unlicensed UWB measurement,
medical, and communication applications with EIRP less than
dBm/MHz. Additionally, the FCC redefines an UWB
signal as one whose fractional or occupied bandwidth is greater
dB level. Two
than 20% or 500 MHz, respectively, on a
distinct schemes, the single-band operation and the multiband
operation, are then proposed. The single-band operation follows the conventional way to utilize the whole frequency band
and transmits subnanosecond pulses, whereas the multiband
operation divides the allocated spectrum into subchannels to
transmit much broader pulses and eases the challenges in hardware implementations [3]. Though both schemes undoubtedly

Manuscript received March 17, 2004; revised July 17, 2004. This work was
supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China, under Grants
NSC 92-2213-E-002-067 and NSC 93-2213-E-002-091.
The authors are with the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
jma@ew.ee.ntu.edu.tw; skjeng@ew.ee.ntu.edu.tw).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2004.842648

demonstrate the fascinating future of UWB radios, only the

single-band operation, which is much more sensitive to the
choice of the antenna, will be considered in this paper.
In addition to pulse shape optimizations [6][8], the antenna
implemented in an UWB system plays a more unique role than it
does in other systems. In such a system, the antenna behaves like
a bandpass filter and reshapes the spectra of the pulses. It, hence,
should be designed with care to avoid undesired distortions.
Generally speaking, it is quite challenging to design a suitable
antenna to fulfill all the critical requirements of UWB radios,
including ultrawide bandwidth, omnidirectional patterns, constant gain and group delay over the entire band, high-radiation
efficiency, and low profile. Discussions of antennas for UWB
radios are found in [9][17]. Planar monopoles exhibit excellent bandwidth as well as pattern performance [10], [11]. They
have been investigated thoroughly and have become the most
popular designs in UWB systems. Nevertheless, these antennas
suffer from their nonplanar structures. The diamond dipole and
the planar elliptical dipole are both variations of the bow-tie antenna [12], [13]. They are reported to have high electric near
fields and easily cause unwanted coupling to nearby objects
[14]. The magnetic antennas, including large current radiators,
monoloop antennas, and magnetic slot antennas, have been proposed for UWB radios as well [14]. The tapered slot antennas,
belonging to traveling wave antennas with endfire patterns, have
also proved to be capable of transmitting baseband pulses with
low dispersions [15]. Though the wide-band characteristics of
the tapered slot antennas appear to be very attractive, their endfire patterns definitely draw some constraints on the applications. Recently, a planar antenna has been proposed to improve
the radiation characteristics of the tapered slot antennas [16],
[17]. This design can be viewed as an antenna consisting of
an ultrawide-band (UWB) tapered slot feeding structure and
dipole-type radiating elements. The radiation patterns of this antenna are more uniform than those of a conventional tapered slot
antenna over the operating band. A detailed study has been carried out in [17].
Though the antenna in [16] and [17] exhibits desirable UWB
characteristics, its dimension is still large for most UWB applications. To further minimize the required antenna dimension
but maintain the UWB properties, in this paper a novel taperedslot-fed annular slot antenna is proposed. The size of the newly
proposed antenna is merely half of that of [17]. The geometry
and design guideline of this antenna are introduced in Section II.
With the help of a dimensionless normalized antenna transfer
function, the frequency domain as well as the time domain antenna characteristics are carefully investigated in Sections III
and IV, respectively. Two measures, the uniformity associated

0018-926X/$20.00 2005 IEEE

MA AND JENG: PLANAR MINIATURE TAPERED-SLOT-FED ANNULAR SLOT ANTENNAS

1195

and dielectric constant . The energy is first transferred from

the microstrip line to the slotline by a wideband transition [18].
The tapered-slot feeding structure serves as an impedance transformer and guides the wave propagating from the slotline to the
radiating slot without causing pernicious reflection. The radiating slot is then curved to distribute part of the energy to the
reverse side of the feeding aperture. It therefore forms a tapered-slot-fed annular slot antenna.
The geometry of this antenna can be mainly determined by
, and
. The tapered profour parameters:
file of the feeding structure is described by an equation of an
ellipse with the semimajor and semiminor axes equaling
and
, respectively. The inner boundary of the annular slot
is described by this elliptical profile and a semicircle centered
at . The radius of this semicircle is fixed to half of the semi. The outer
major axis of the elliptical profile, i.e.,
boundary of the annular slot is depicted with an arc that inter. This arc is cocentered
sects the midline of the antenna at
with radius
. The width of the anat
is constant along the concentric arcs and increases
nular slot
slightly in the vicinity of the feeding aperture. Finally, the padetermines both the required matellization around
rameter
the radiating slot and the overall antenna dimension.
In designing the antenna, the lowest operating frequency is
first evaluated by
(1)

Fig. 1. Geometry of the antenna. (a) Top layer. (b) Bottom layer. (c)
Cross-sectional view.

with the radiation patterns and the fidelity related to the transient properties, are adopted to quantitatively describe the performances of UWB antennas in both frequency and time domains. In Section V, the effects of varying the geometric parameters on the antenna performance are discussed. To achieve additional flexibility in circuit integration, a miniaturized version
of the proposed antenna is investigated at the end of this paper.
II. GEOMETRY AND DESIGN GUIDELINES
The geometry of the proposed antenna with its parameters
plane and the
is depicted in Fig. 1. The antenna lies in the
normal direction is parallel to the axis. The radiating annular
slot and its tapered-slot feeding structure are on the top layer of
the substrate whereas the microstrip line and its open stub are
printed on the bottom layer of it. The substrate is with height

is the
where
approximated longest current path along the inner boundary of
the annular slot, is the speed of light and
is the effective dielectric constant. The dimension of the wideband microstrip line-to-slotline transition is then designed to
maximize the antenna impedance bandwidth. The highest operof the antenna is related to that of the wideating frequency
band transition. After determining the operating bandwidth, the
matellization around the antenna is adjusted to minimize the required dimension while preserving the impedance bandwidth.
Following this design guideline, two versions of the proposed
antenna, the reference antenna and the miniature antenna, were
designed on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with
mm and
. Their geometric parameters are summarized
in Table I. The dimensions of the reference and miniature antennas are 46.5 by 66.3 mm and 35.6 by 40.3 mm , respectively, and are only 50.5% and 23.5% that of the antenna in [17].
The measured return losses of the antennas are then depicted in
Fig. 2. The operating bandwidth of the reference antenna with
dB (or
) covers almost the whole
allocated UWB spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The miniature
antenna, a miniaturized version of the proposed antenna, operates only from 4.8 to 10.2 GHz. Though the miniature antenna
fails to cover the whole UWB spectrum, as will be discussed
in Section V, the corresponding performance does not degrade
significantly. Besides the reference and miniature antennas, six
additional antennas were fabricated on the same substrate to
verify the empirical formula (1), and their corresponding parameters are also summarized in Table I. According to the table, the

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

TABLE I
GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE ANTENNAS AND THE CORRESPONDING PREDICTED AND MEASURED OPERATING BANDS

Fig. 2.

Measured return losses of the reference and the miniature antennas.

error between the measured and predicted is within 6.5%, and

therefore validates the effectiveness of (1). Discussion of the radiation characteristics of these additional designs will be given
in Section V.
III. FREQUENCY DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Radiation Patterns and Uniformity
Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the representative measured radiation patterns of the reference antenna at 6.5 GHz in both and
planes, respectively. According to the figures, the
plane
( plane) pattern is rather uniform as expected whereas the

plane ( plane) pattern exhibits dual-polarized properties. The

cross-polarization component
in plane is generally much
lower than the dominant one . Though the radiation patterns
inevitably vary with frequencies, the dominant field component
of the antenna manifests as a donut-like shape up to 8.5 GHz.
The absolute gain of the reference antenna is around 46 dBi for
frequencies up to 9 GHz.
To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the radiation patterns over the entire band, we define the uniformity
to quantitatively describe the performance of the radiation patterns over an ultrawide bandwidth as [see (2) at the bottom of
is the measured radiation patthe page]. In (2),
tern of the antenna under test (AUT) at a specific plane cut and
is the direction where maximum
frequency, and
radiation occurs. This maximum value is taken for every single
frequency and is not involved with the absolute gain. That is, the
uniformity is a statistical parameter related to the normalized
measured radiation patterns, and is defined as the probability
that the deviation of the radiation pattern from its maximum
value is less than 6 dB at a specific plane cut and frequency.
With the uniformity, the dependence of the radiation patterns
on frequencies can then be easily observed.
To experimentally evaluate the uniformity of the proposed antenna, in this paper the radiation patterns were measured in an
anechoic chamber from 1 to 18 GHz with a 0.02125 GHz step.
The spatial angle steps with a 0.9 interval. This corresponds to
a two-dimensional (2-D) sampling of 801 frequency points by
400 spatial points. Only the copolarized component in plane
is taken into account in the following discussion since its uniform property is rather preferred in UWB radios. Fig. 4 illus-

(2)

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1197

Fig. 4. Uniformity of the reference and the miniature antennas in H plane.

the band. The group delay is also required to be constant over the
entire band. Various literature has been devoted to evaluating the
antenna transfer functions [19][23]. With the applied voltage
at the transmitting antenna terminal, the output voltage at
the receiving antenna terminal can be expressed by [20]

(3)
and
are the normalized imwhere
pulse responses (IRs) of the transmitting and receiving antennas,
respectively, and R is the distance between the virtual sources
of the antennas. Converting (3) to frequency domain and using
, we have [21]
the fact that
(4)
and
are defined as
the dimensionless normalized antenna transfer functions of the
transmitting and receiving antennas, respectively, and are mod.
ifications of those in [20] with a normalization factor
To experimentally evaluate this normalized antenna transfer
function, in this paper the conventional two-antenna gain
measurement arrangement [24] is improved to add the required
phase information. Referring to Fig. 5, the position and polarization of the transmitting antenna were fixed during the
measurement. The AUT or the standard antenna was mounted
on a rotation positioner as the receiving antenna. The virtual
sources of the AUT and standard antenna were first evaluated
[20] and aligned with the rotation center of the positioner.
in (4) was then
The transmission scattering parameter
measured by an HP 8722ES network analyzer. Note that the
reference planes were calibrated to the antenna terminals in
advance. The normalized antenna transfer function of the AUT
can now be expressed by
In (4),

Fig. 3. Measured radiation patterns of the reference antenna at 6.5 GHz in (a)
E plane. (b) H plane.

trates the uniformity of the reference antenna in plane from 2

to 12 GHz. From the figure, we observe that the uniformity curve
exhibits dual peaks over the frequency band of interest and remains almost greater than 0.8 for frequencies up to 8 GHz. It
eventually deteriorates due to some higher order modes at the
upper edge of the operating band. The fluctuations in Fig. 4 can
be attributed to the insufficient sampling in both frequency and
spatial domains.
B. Antenna Transfer Functions
The antenna transfer functions are another issue of concern,
from which we can judge to what extent the spectra of the pulses
will be modified by the antenna. For ideal UWB applications,
the magnitude of the antenna transfer functions should be as flat
as possible in the operating band but drop dramatically outside

(5)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

Fig. 5. Arrangement for measuring the normalized antenna transfer functions.

where
is the measured transmission scattering
is
parameter of the AUT at a specific angle
that of the standard antenna in its maximum gain direction, and
is the normalized antenna transfer function of the
standard antenna.
, we assume that the
To simplify the evaluation of
standard antenna is well matched to the measurement system
and has constant group delay over the frequency band of interest.
can be derived from [20],
With these assumptions,
[23]

(6)
where is the ratio of the characteristic impedance of the measurement system to the intrinsic impedance of free space, is
and
are the efthe constant group delay, and
fective height and gain of the standard antenna, respectively. By
substituting (6) into (5), the normalized antenna transfer function of the AUT can be readily achieved.
In this paper, a Spectrum Technologies International
DRH-118 double-ridged horn antenna was chosen to be
the standard antenna. This antenna has proved to be well
matched to the measurement system, and with constant group
delay over the frequency band of interest. The group delay
of the standard antenna, which is 630 ps, can be readily determined since the position of the virtual source has been
specified. Referring to the data sheet, the absolute gain can
be obtained as well. Fig. 6(a) then illustrates the magnitude
of the normalized antenna transfer functions of the reference
in
plane. From this
antenna at
figure, we observe that the transfer functions are rather flat over
the frequency band of interest except for that at the backward
plane). Measured group delays are
direction (i.e., 180 in
depicted in Fig. 6(b) and are nearly constant over the frequency
band of interest. As a consequence, the proposed antenna has
proved to be suitable for UWB radios.

Fig. 6. (a) Magnitudes of the normalized antenna transfer functions. (b) Group
delays of the reference antenna at  = 0 ; 90 ; 180 ; 270 in H plane.

The overall response and corresponding total distortion

with a pair of identical antennas are commonly discussed in
UWB antenna design [9], [10], [15]. With the normalized

MA AND JENG: PLANAR MINIATURE TAPERED-SLOT-FED ANNULAR SLOT ANTENNAS

Fig. 7. Comparisons of the calculated and measured overall response with

a pair of reference antennas aligned face-to-face. (a) Magnitudes. (b) Group
delays.

antenna transfer function, this response can be readily derived

by substituting the corresponding transfer function into (4).
To verify this argument, the overall response with a pair of
reference antennas as the transmitting and receiving antennas
was measured. In the measurement the feeding apertures of the
antennas were aligned face-to-face and the separation distance
R was 6m. In the calculation the normalized antenna transfer
was substituted into (4). Fig. 7(a)
function evaluated at
and (b) then compares the measured and calculated overall
responses. From the figures, reasonable agreements between
the results can be observed. It validates that the overall response
can be easily determined once the normalized antenna transfer
function has been properly evaluated.

IV. TIME DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS

In this section, time domain properties of the reference
antenna are investigated using the normalized antenna transfer
functions evaluated in Section III. Referring to the inset of

1199

Fig. 8. (a) Waveform of the incident pulse arriving at the receiving antenna. (b)
Spectrum of the incident pulse normalized to the FCC indoor emission mask.

Fig. 8(a), the incident wave arriving at the receiving antenna is

assumed to be the fourth derivative of a Gaussian function

(7)
and
ns. The normalized specwhere
of this pulse is illustrated in Fig. 8(b), and proves
trum
to comply with the required FCC indoor emission mask. Further refining the pulse spectrum can be achieved by utilizing
some optimization algorithms [6][8]. The pulse spectrum is
then multiplied by the normalized antenna transfer functions
and an inverse Fourier transform is performed to achieve the
required time domain response. The output waveform at the receiving antenna terminal can therefore be expressed by
(8)
where
represents an ideal bandpass filter from 1 to 18
GHz. Fig. 9(a) and (b) illustrates the received waveforms at the
reference antenna terminal as equals 0 , 90 , 180 , and 270

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

Fig. 10.

Fidelity of the reference and the miniature antennas in H plane.

. Acin plane with the template pulse being the same as

cording to the figure, the fidelity is mostly greater than 0.8 and
even better than 0.9 for ranging from 0 to 60 and 310
to 360 . It validates that the reference antenna does not distort the incident pulse significantly. The asymmetry in the curve
can be mostly attributed to the unwanted radiation from the microstrip radial stub in the transmission line transition. Note that
though the selections of the incident as well as template pulses
inevitably affect the evaluations of the fidelity, the discussion in
this section still applies without loss of generality.
V. DISCUSSION
Fig. 9. Received waveforms at the reference antenna terminal as
0 ; 90 . (b) 180 ; 270 in H plane.

 =

(a)

in plane. The range related effects are well calibrated from

the normalized antenna transfer functions so that only the group
delays of the reference antenna are observed here. According to
the figures, well-behaved received pulses are demonstrated and
the late time ringing is almost negligible. Again, it manifests the
applicability of the proposed antenna in UWB radios.
needs to be generated
In a UWB radio, a template pulse
independently in the receiver for pulse detections. A well-defined parameter named fidelity is then proposed to evaluate the
capability of pulse detection of an antenna [25][27]

(9)
The fidelity in (9) is in essence the correlation coefficient of
the template and received pulses. It quantitatively describes how
similar the received pulse is to the template pulse. The fidelity
reaches unity as the two pulses are exactly the same in shape,
which means the receiving antenna does not distort the incident
pulse at all. Fig. 10 shows the fidelity of the reference antenna

In this section, various aspects of the proposed antenna will

be discussed. These include the effects of varying the geometric
parameters on the antenna performance and discussion about the
miniaturized version of the proposed antenna.
First the effects of varying the antenna geometric parameters
were investigated. As mentioned in Section II, the geometry of
the proposed antenna is principally determined by four param, and
. Among them, the width of the
eters
is the most significant parameter that affects
annular slot
the antenna radiation characteristics. Fig. 11(a) and (b) shows
the variations of the uniformity and fidelity with respect to the
(Designs I, III, and IV), respectively. Refervariations of
ring to Fig. 11(a), the uniformity degrades as the slot width becomes wider. This is because the energy tends to radiate from
the feeding aperture rather than the desired annular slot as
increases. The antenna is hence more similar to a conventional
tapered slot antenna. The fidelity in Fig. 11(b) exhibits a similar trend as well. Referring to the figure, it degrades and even
drops to 0.7 as the slot width equals 12 mm. As a consequence,
it is concluded that in designing the antenna the width of the annular slot should be properly adjusted to avoid excess radiation
directly from the tapered-slot feeding aperture.
The semimajor and semiminor axes of the tapered profile determine the lowest operating frequency of the antenna, as discussed in Section II. Nevertheless, these two parameters are
found to have limited effects on the fidelity. The variations of
the semimajor axes are from 12 to 18 mm (Designs I, V, and VI)

MA AND JENG: PLANAR MINIATURE TAPERED-SLOT-FED ANNULAR SLOT ANTENNAS

1201

Fig. 12. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of the received waveforms of the reference

and the miniature antennas in H plane.

frequency band of interest. The reason can be explained as follows. Due to the insufficient impedance bandwidth of the miniature antenna, it inevitably introduces more distortions to the incident pulses. However, as long as the operating band of this
antenna covers the spectrum in which the pulse energy concentrates, the antenna performance can be mostly preserved. With
this observation, further miniaturizing the antenna dimension
to add flexibility in circuit integration can be readily achieved
even though the antenna itself may not cover the entire allocated
UWB spectrum.
VI. CONCLUSION

Fig. 11. Variations of the (a) uniformity and (b) fidelity with respect to the
(Designs I, III, and IV).
variations of the slot width

and the variations of the semiminor ones are from 15 to 25 mm

(Designs I, VII, and VIII). In addition, the fidelity is proved to
(
, and mm) as
be insensitive to the variations of
well. Due to the limited space, these results are not shown here.
The substrate also has some effect on the antenna performance.
Utilizing a high permittivity substrate can effectively reduce the
antenna size, nevertheless the radiation efficiency decreases correspondingly. Regarding the substrate thickness h, the effects
are minor as long as a higher order surface or space wave is not
excited.
The performance of the miniature antenna was then investigated. As mentioned in Section II, the impedance bandwidth
of this antenna does not cover the whole allocated UWB spectrum. As for the radiation characteristics, Figs. 4 and 10 illustrate the uniformity and fidelity of the miniature antenna, respectively, along with those of the reference antenna. In Fig. 12,
the peak-to-peak amplitudes [20] of the received pulses of both
the reference and miniature antennas are also depicted. Apart
from the fact that the uniformity, fidelity and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the miniature antenna are generally lower than those
of the reference antenna, they still remain acceptable over the

In this paper, a novel UWB tapered-slot-fed annular slot antenna has been proposed and demonstrated. With the help of a
dimensionless normalized antenna transfer function, the performance of the proposed antenna has been experimentally investigated. The overall response with a pair of identical antennas
can be also derived with this transfer function. Meanwhile, two
quantitative measures, the uniformity and fidelity, are evaluated
from the measured data and reveal that this antenna not only
exhibits almost uniform radiation patterns but also introduces
limited distortion to baseband signals. It therefore substantiates
the applicability of the proposed antenna in UWB radios. Effects of varying the geometric parameters on the antenna performance and miniaturizing the antenna dimension with some
performance tradeoff have also been discussed. The future work
will be in examining the effects of pulse shape optimization on
the antenna performance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the
reviewers, Dr. C.-H. Tseng and Dr. S.-C. Yen for their thoughtful
comments, and to J. Long for reading the revised manuscript.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 3, MARCH 2005

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Tzyh-Ghuang Ma (S00) was born in Taipei,

Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1973. He received the B.S. and
M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National
Taiwan University, Taipei, R.O.C., in 1995 and 1997,
respectively.
He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree
with the Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University. From 1997
to 1999, he served in the Navy of the Republic of
China. His research interests include mobile antenna
designs, electromagnetic theory and numerical
techniques, UWB antenna and passive circuit designs.

Shyh-Kang Jeng (M86SM98) received the

B.S.E.E. and the Ph.D. degrees from National
Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1979
and 1983, respectively.
In 1981 he joined the faculty of the Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, where he is now a Professor. From 1985 to 1993,
he visited the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, as a Visiting Research Associate Professor and
a Visiting Research Professor. In 1999 he visited the
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, CA, for half a year. His research interest includes
numerical electromagnetics, UWB wireless systems, music signal processing,
music information retrieval, intelligent agent applications, and electromagnetic
scattering analysis.