Improvement of Dar-Es-Salaam Water System Management Through Isolated Localised Distribution Networks

IMPROVEMENT OF DAR-ES-SALAAM WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
THROUGH ISOLATED LOCALISED DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this document is the outcome of a six month

course on Integrated Water Resources Management which was tailored to
enable participants from southern Sub Sahara countries in Africa to
acquire knowledge necessary to foster the sustainable development of
water resources in a holistic manner. The training was fully funded by the
Italian Government through its Ministry Foreign Affairs and conducted by
“Water Resources, Research and Documentation Centre” at Villa de
Colombella, University for Foreigners, Perugia.
The analysis output documented here is by far the outcome of various

subjects undertaken during the programme period and basic hydraulic
principles. The approach considered in this study and all the comments
should be regarded as my personal suggestions based on technical facts
as explained in the report. In order to apply what has been proposed to
improve the management of Dar-es-salaam water supply system, it is
important to update and verify all the data used and scenarios attempted
without turning aside the aspect of creating the localised distribution
zones.
i
GONSALVES RWEGASIRA RUTAKYAMIRWA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have contributed a lot to enable me attend the course since
when I was in Tanzania and during the course period. It is unfortunate that it
would not be possible to mention all of them and the roles they played. To
mention few of them I would like to start by expressing my sincere gratitude
to Italian Government which has financial supported me fully to pursue the
course.
I wish also to thank the WARREDOC management team; the director

Professor Bruno Brunone for his efforts by making the course successively
apart from several constraints which were associated with refurbishment of
the centre with appropriate working tools and participants’ basic needs;
Professor Kodwo Andah the Centre’s Scientific Coordinator for his physical
and moral support he gave me in course of data acquisition and treatment;
Professor Roberto Maria Rossi for organising special courses and
significant technical study tours and workshops.
Last but not least, I would like also to express my deep appreciation to my
Managing Director Mr. Edgar H. Berege who for being dedicated to his duties
enabled me to acquire all necessary information and documents in order to
attend the course.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DISCLAIMER.................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1
1.1 STUDY AREA......................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Location..........................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Population.......................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................4
2 CURRENT STATE OF WATER SERVICES IN DAR ES SALAAM REGION.......................4
2.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM......................................................................................5
2.2 EXISTING WATER SOURCES STATUS...........................................................................7
2.2.1 Lower Ruvu Water Treatment Plant...............................................................................8
2.2.2 Upper Ruvu Water Treatment Plant...............................................................................8
2.2.3 Mtoni Water Treatment Plant.........................................................................................9
2.3 UNACCOUNTED WATER ...............................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................................13
3 METHODOLOGICAL TO STREAMLINE WATER SUPPLY TO DSM AND OUTLYING
AREAS..........................................................................................................................................13
3.1 DATA ACQUISITION AND TREATMENT.....................................................................14
3.1.1 Data Acquisition...........................................................................................................15
3.1.1.1 Digitisation.............................................................................................................15
3.1.1.2 Creation of Digital Elevation Model......................................................................16
3.1.2 Data Treatment.............................................................................................................18
3.1.2.1 Creation of Water Distribution Zones....................................................................18
3.1.2.2 Computation of Water Demand.............................................................................21
3.1.2.3 Creation of EPANET Software Input File.............................................................25
3.1.3 Simulation of the Performance of Water Supply System Main....................................25
3.2 INNOVATIVE RECCOMMENDATION...........................................................................43
3.3 PROJECT BENEFITS.........................................................................................................44
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................46
4 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................46
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................47
APPENDIX I...................................................................................................................................I
EPANET SOFTWARE ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS...............................................................I
APPENDIX II...............................................................................................................................IX
FIRST INPUT FILE TO EPANET SOFTWARE....................................................................IX
SECOND INPUT FILE TO EPANET SOFTWARE.............................................................XII
APPENDIX III............................................................................................................................XV
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED
ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION MAINS............................................................................XV
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location map of Dar-es-salaam region the project area...................................................1

Figure 2: Dar-es-salaam region urban population growth trend map..............................................2
Figure 3: Map of the existing water transmission mains from Upper and Lower Ruvu treatment
plants to Kimara and University reservoirs respectively...............................................................10
Figure 4: Illustration of interpolation process from segment maps...............................................17
Figure 5:: Proposed water distribution zones map.........................................................................19
Figure 6: Map of the first simulated water transmission mains for supplying water to localized
water distribution zone created by using EPANET software........................................................30
Figure 7: Map of the final simulated water transmission mains for supplying water to localized
water distribution zone created by using EPANET software........................................................37
Figure 8: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION
MAIN FROM LOWER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO MANYEMA.............................XVII
Figure 9: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM LUGERA
JUNCTION NODE TO MTAKUJA DISTRIBUTION ZONE...............................................XVIII
Figure 10: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI
JUNCTION NODE TO KIDEGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE......................................................XIX
Figure 11: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI
JUNCTION NODE TO Up12 JUNCTION NODE.....................................................................XX
Figure 12: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIDIMU
JUNCTION NODE TO PANGANI DISTRIBUTION ZONE...................................................XXI
Figure 13: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI
JUNCTION NODE TO MAGOE DISTRIBUTION ZONE.....................................................XXII
Figure 14: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI
JUNCTION NODE TO Up21 JUNCTION NODE.................................................................XXIII
Figure 15: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF EXISTING 600mm IN DIAMETER
TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA
RESERVOIR...........................................................................................................................XXVI
TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA
RESERVOIR...........................................................................................................................XXIX
Figure 17: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up6 JUNCTION
NODE TO VIKUGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE........................................................................XXX
NODE TO VIZIWAZIWA DISTRIBUTION ZONE.............................................................XXXI
NODE TO TONDORONI DISTRIBUTION ZONE.............................................................XXXII
NODE TO KWEMBE AND PUGU DISTRIBUTION ZONES..........................................XXXIV
TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO UNIVERSITY
RESERVOIR........................................................................................................................XXXVI
iv
Figure 22: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw3 JUNCTION
NODE TO CHAMAGWE DISTRIBUTION ZONE..........................................................XXXVII
NODE TO NYAKAHAMBA DISTRIBUTION ZONE....................................................XXXVIII
NODE TO MBOPO DISTRIBUTION ZONE.....................................................................XXXIX
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Rationalization of water produced by Upper and Lower Ruvu treatment plant to reflect
what would be water demand in localized distribution zones.......................................................22
Table 2:Pipe Head loss Formulas for Full Flow (for head loss in feet and flow rate in cfs).........26
Table 3:Rougness Coefficient for New Pipe.................................................................................26
Table 4: Results at the nodes after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to
localized water distribution zone created by using EPANET software.........................................31
Table 5: Results at the links after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to created
Table 6:Results at the nodes after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to
Table 7: Results at the links after the second simulation of the model for supplying water to
created localized water distribution zone created by using EPANET software............................40
Table 8: Surface Areas of Each Zone and Designed Water Discharge Rates...............................43
Table 9: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM
LOWER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO MANYEMA......................................................XVI
Table 10: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM LUGERA JUNCTION NODE
TO MTAKUJA DISTRIBUTION ZONE................................................................................XVIII
Table 11: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION
NODE TO KIDEGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE.........................................................................XIX
Table 12: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION
NODE TO Up12 JUNCTION NODE..........................................................................................XX
Table 13: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIDIMU JUNCTION NODE
TO PANGANI DISTRIBUTION ZONE...................................................................................XXI
Table 14: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE
TO MAGOE DISTRIBUTION ZONE.....................................................................................XXII
Table 15: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE
TO Up21 JUNCTION NODE..................................................................................................XXIII
Table 16: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING 600mm IN DIAMETER TRANSMISSION MAIN
FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA RESERVOIR......................XXIV
FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA RESERVOIR.....................XXVII
Table 18: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up6 JUNCTION NODE TO
VIKUGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE...........................................................................................XXX
VIZIWAZIWA DISTRIBUTION ZONE................................................................................XXXI
TONDORONI DISTRIBUTION ZONE................................................................................XXXII
KWEMBE AND PUGU DISTRIBUTION ZONES.............................................................XXXIII
FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO UNIVERSITY RESERVOIR.............XXXV
vi
Table 23: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw3 JUNCTION NODE TO
CHAMAGWE DISTRIBUTION ZONE.............................................................................XXXVII
NYAKAHAMBA DISTRIBUTION ZONE......................................................................XXXVIII
MBOPO DISTRIBUTION ZONE........................................................................................XXXIX
vii
ABSTRACT
The scale of the urban population growth in DSM City is at alarming state as
compared to the availability of utility services. The gap between access to
safe and clean water for domestic use experienced by DSM populations is on
increase due to the irregular expansion of the city while the existing water
supply infrastructures neither cover nor satisfy the need of already
developed areas.
So as to be able to reorganise the functions of existing water systems to

serve the current and future demand this analysis dedicated on preparing
localized water distribution zones for areas which are fully or partially served
by the existing system. The proposed system could control water leakage to
an acceptable practicable level, streamline the application of effective water
quality control practice, ensure relatively unbiased distribution of water
services between various users at reasonable discharge rates and pressure
head, enable the identification and setting of appropriate water service tariff,
moderate the revenue collection exercise.
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 STUDY AREA

1.1.1 Location
Dar es Salaam is the capital city of Tanzania with a total coverage of about
1350 km square. The city is situated on the eastern cost of Africa at a
latitude of 6° 45′ South and a longitude of 39° 18′ East. From the coast area
inland lays the coastal plains, bordering the Pugu hills, which rise up to an
altitude of 200 meters. The temperature in the city is usually high, ranging
between 17°C and 32°C with humidity between 50% and 90%. The main
winds are monsoons blowing to and from Indian Ocean. The heavy rain
normally falls on March and May, but continued showers throughout the year
are common. The total rainfall per year is between 1,000 and 1,400 mm.
Figure 1: Location map of Dar-es-salaam region the project area
1
Dar es Salaam, once called "Mzizima" (which means the healthy town), is an
old city dating as early as 1857. Though the history of Mzizima went beyond
1,000 years when the Barawa people (who then mingled with Zaramo to be
among them) started to settle and cultivate the area around Mbwa Maji,
Magogoni (now Kivukoni) Mjimwema, Gezaulole and Kibonde Maji Mbagala.
The city has faced major changes dating from the influences of the
Sultanates to the Germans and the British. The name Dar es Salaam means
heaven of peace, a name chosen by Sultan Seyyid Majid of Zanzibar. The
city started as a fishing village in the mid 19th Century before being turned
to a port and a trading centre. The major changes experienced in the city
are industrialisation, civilisation, expansion of the city, increase in
population etc; all these changes associated with increase in demand of
water services as core for all development.
1.1.2 Population
Dar-es-salaam is the largest city in Tanzania, and is politically, economically

and culturally the national centre with a population of approximately
2,800,000 as per preliminary results of 2002 census.
Figure 2: Dar-es-salaam region urban population growth trend map
2
In consideration to the project coverage area it is obvious that the population
served by DSM water system is big than the mentioned one; this is due to
the fact that the area served by existing DSM water system extending to two
district in the Coast region. Usually, assessment on water demand for
domestic uses based on population and other uses such as recreation,
emergency and industrial uses. It is unfortunate that the increase in
population and development over the project area is out of control; so if this
situation prevails any measures of providing any basic utility services to
public would be out dated before or after a very short time after its
completion. Thus the trend of increase in population over the project area
needs to be careful analysed with respect to an anticipated project life span.
Traditionally, in DSM water supply services have been delivered by means of

a centralized system. The government has been implementing water supply
programmes with an intension to support the citizens with adequate, clean
and safe drinking water as a free or subsidised commodity. Its positive health
and environment externalities seemed to justify the view of both
government and communities that “free or subsidised water is a
fundamental right of the people”. However, inadequate resources
constrained the Government’s ability to fulfil this goal; as a result that
coverage and quality of services have suffered so apart from many years of
attention being paid by the Government to the water supply problems, there
still remains a lot to be done. Water supply services have not been a success
in DSM both in urban and rural areas. Currently, the government has
recognized that the burden to provide clean and safe water is heavy, and is
now making some arrangements to involve private investors and public to
invest in water supply delivery operation all over the country.
3
CHAPTER TWO
2 CURRENT STATE OF WATER SERVICES IN DAR ES SALAAM REGION
The growing of population, as well as unplanned expansion of the city being

experienced in DSM region over recent decades has led to mounting
pressures on the need of water for domestic and industrial activities. There
are several problems associated with lack of effective water supply system in
DSM region and the neighbouring districts. Among various problems, the
following are worth mentioning: insufficient water coverage, ineffective
operation of several parts of the water system, unequal quantitative and
spatial distribution of the available water, water losses, inappropriate pricing
of water services resulting in periodic outbreak of water borne diseases.
DSM is divided into 3 administrative districts which are Kinondoni, Ilala and
Temeke. Each of these districts is further sub-divided into wards. Water
supply in DSM is largely handled by the National Urban Water Authority
(DAWASA), with the DSM Rural Water Supply Department (RWSD) handling
outlying rural areas within the greater DSM region. DAWASA has classified
DSM into 5 sub-branches. The Kinondoni administrative district is divided into
Kawe, Kinondoni and Magomeni sub-branches, while Ilala and Temeke sub-
branches conform to their namesake administrative districts.
Water supply activities for most of the densely populated areas of DSM are
managed by the DAWASA through water distribution networks from
University of DSM, Kimara reservoirs and Mtoni treatment plant. In the
northern region, along the Bagamayo road, transmission mains convey
treated water from the Lower Ruvu Water Treatment Plant to the University
Reservoir. In the western region, along the Morogoro Road, a transmission
main conveys treated water from the Upper Ruvu Water Treatment Plant to
the Kimara Reservoir. In the southern region, a small amount of water is
treated at the Mtoni Treatment Plant and pumped into the distribution
network.
Some wards in the northern and western regions are served partially by
pipelines tapped from Lower Ruvu and Upper Ruvu transmission mains. In
outlying wards in the northern, western and southern regions there are many
areas which are served by systems of deep and shallow wells, owned by
individual, communities, institutions and DAWASA. Ever since, every stage of
developing or improving DSM water supply system was carried out with the
main objective of fulfilling the demand of water to DSM urban areas,
4
according to existing and future demands. This fact can be vividly depicted
from the following: -
• Capacities of three treatment plants, in relation to present and future

demand of water when they were constructed or upgraded.
• Capacities, locations and altitudes of University and Kimara water
reservoirs in relation to areas where the water from the reservoir can reach
under the influence of gravity force.
• Areas with existing distribution networks which can serve the purpose to an
acceptable practical level and their age.
• Deterioration in amount of water received in University and Kimara water
reservoirs due to excessive extraction of water from the primary main
between the treatment plants and reservoirs.
2.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM
Dar Es Salaam water supply system is mainly fed by two water treatment
plants located 20km apart along Ruvu River in Coast region and are
approximately 65 km from DSM city centre. These plants were designed and
constructed to render services to the old urban centres of DSM city. At
present, several urban centres have been developing along the two
transmission mains, so due to the sudden increase of these urban centres
the Government has been forced to provide them with water services so as
to improve the living standard of the residents. The means used to provide
these areas with water are on ad hoc basis, which mostly engage the option
of tapping water directly from the transmission mains to the end user. This
can be depicted from the current situation whereby almost every house
located along the transmission main is being supplied with water by a
separate pipe line connected directly to the transmission main. This exercise
of providing water directly from the transmission mains has negatively
affected the quality of water services to the area originally intended for the
two treatment plants.
Consequently, the water supply system has undergone some adjustments

from time to time as the problems emerge. It is regrettable that the entire
efforts made to improve the service rendered could not attain the
appreciable service level to all targeted groups, since the approach has not
been based on a holistic network system. This situation becomes even
worsened if the sporadic growth of the DSM city and outlying settlements are
taken into consideration. It has therefore become necessary and imperative
to find lasting solution to an efficient water supply based on optimal
5
distribution of the water volumes and the hydraulic characteristics of the
networks.
6
2.2 EXISTING WATER SOURCES STATUS
The chief source of water in DSM region is the Ruvu River flowing northwards
of the west of the city through the Coast Region towards the Indian Ocean.
The supply is supplemented to small degree by tapping water from Kizinga
River at Mtoni and several wells drilled within the region.
Along river Ruvu water is drawn at two different intakes namely the “Upper
Ruvu” and the “Lower Ruvu”. These intakes are located about 20 km apart.
The Upper Ruvu water treatment plant is approximately 65km from the city
centre along Morogoro Road, constructed in 1969 and is producing a total
amount of 82,000m3/day of treated water. The second treatment plant of
Lower Ruvu intake is located downstream of the Upper Ruvu intake near
Bagamoyo Town, 18 km upstream from the mouth of the river. The Lower
Ruvu treatment plant started operation in 1976 and is currently producing
182,000m3/day of treated water.
7
2.2.1 Lower Ruvu Water Treatment Plant
Each of the three pumps installed have capacity to pump clear water
towards the University reservoir at a discharge rate of 1.05m3/s (20mgd)
against a total dynamic head of 108 m. At present, out of the three pumps
only two of them are operational at a time to convey the treated water from
the pumping stations at a rate of 2.1m 3/s (40mgd) through a 54″ pre-
stressed concrete pipeline over a total distance of 55,225 km to the
University reservoir which is at 70.4 m above the mean sea level. The
maximum design capacity of clear water pumping main is 3.16m3/s (60mgd)
at an operating head of 186 m, but this design capacity is not currently in
operation due to the poor condition of the primary main and the treatment
plant. As per design of the scheme about 47 to 51 m of the total dynamic
head of the pump is used in static lift in order to overcome friction losses
through the water transmission main from the treatment plant to University
reservoir.
The total capacity of the university reservoirs is 45,400 m3 which is the total
amount of two equal rectangular reinforced reservoirs with capacities 22,700
m3 each. These reservoirs currently receive an average of 176,000 m3, but
water does not accumulate to reach the maximum capacity of the reservoirs
due to the fact that the amount of water being pumped is two third of the
expected volume, moreover a large amount of water is being consumed or
leak before reaching the reservoirs and at the same time the demand of
water to areas served by the reservoirs is never fulfilled at any node.
2.2.2 Upper Ruvu Water Treatment Plant
The full design capacity of Upper Ruvu treatment plant of 82,000m 3/day was
attained at the end of 1990 after major rehabilitation of the plant, the water
from the treatment plant is pumped to Kimara terminal reservoir through
steel pipes. Clear water from Upper Ruvu treatment plant is pumped through
two transmission pipes; line DN 620 (24″) and line DN 760 (30″) to Kimara
terminal reservoir.
Kimara reservoir has a capacity to hold 34,000 m 3, made up of two 8,000 m 3

tanks and one of 18,000 m3. More often, Kimara reservoir receives around
10,000m3/day from the Upper Ruvu treatment plant. Under the current
installation capacity of Upper Ruvu treatment plant the amount of water
which is expected to reach Kimara reservoir is about 50,000m3/day but so far
this can not be achieved due to excessive physical and ghost leakages
between the plant and Kimara terminal reservoirs.
8
2.2.3 Mtoni Water Treatment Plant
The third water source is Mtoni treatment plant located at the south of the
city approximately 7km from the town centre, which if compared to the other
two plants is very small and the oldest. This plant was constructed in 1933
and has a capacity to produce 6,800m3/day of treated water. The total
installed capacity of the three water plants is 270,800m3/day.
9
Figure 3: Map of the existing water transmission mains from Upper and Lower Ruvu treatment plants to Kimara and University reservoirs respectively
10
2.3 UNACCOUNTED WATER
Accordingly to JICA (Japanese International Cooperation Agency) findings on
a study for the rehabilitation of DSM Water System 1991, the amount of
water delivered by the Upper Ruvu system which is between 10% and 20%
consumed or lost through leakage along the transmission mains before
reaching the reservoir in the city. The report elaborated further that water
losses also exist in the distribution system; house service pipes, valve
seating and public stand posts that have been estimated to be 35%, so the
total amount of water unaccounted for according to the report was about
55%.
The JICA study, also explained that DAWASA has a list of domestic
connections in DSM, arranged in wards. The list was updated in 1989 and
1990 but during that time many of connections were still unregistered to
DAWASA. The study done by Price Waterhouse and Associates in 1989
indicated that the ratio of accounted to unaccounted connections was almost
1:1. However, in the case of commercial consumers, it was revealed that
there were a considerable number of unregistered consumers. According to a
survey conducted by the Ardhi Institute, the ratio of the total number of
commercial consumers to the total number of registered commercial
consumers (i.e. with account numbers) was of the order of 1:1.8. Therefore,
at that period the total number of commercial consumers accordingly was
estimated as 1.8 times the total number of commercial accounts.
Water of DSM water supply system lost through physical leakages occurs in
most parts of the system. In totality, leakages from DSM water supply
system are due to aged distribution networks as well as inferior distribution
system and improperly laid down distribution networks. High leakage rates
are dominant in areas with high pressure which are located between the
treatment plants and the reservoirs; University and Kimara. Since these
areas with intense leakages do not have well functioning distribution
networks, the situation necessitates the need to initially rectify the leakages
problems in areas with high pressure compared to low pressure areas. Once
this exercise could be attained, the amount of water which would be served
through that exercise could assist to build appreciable pressure to areas with
low pressure and enable the smooth detection of leakages to those
networks.
Most of the inferior distribution networks are mainly constructed using poly
pipes of diameters ranging from ½″ up to 2″ over distances ranging from
few meters to more than 2km. These pipes are mostly placed at shallow
depth along areas which are frequently exposed to human activities such as
farming, construction and vehicular motions on unpaved motor ways as a
result; these pipes are damaged so easily from time to time. Experience has
shown that each of such type of distribution pipeline was usually laid to
11
serve one family which has the financial resources to venture on
implementing the project. In the long run this trend results into laying
several dozens of pipe lines in almost the same trench from the same
tapping point conveying water to the same area.
Essentially, the efficient water system should furnish the whole area of
interest with sufficient water at reasonable pressure. The following are some
of the challenges which hamper the performance of the existing system to
deliver optimal service over an area of interest as per design: -
• The on-going exercise of providing water to individuals, direct from the

primary mains between the sources and the reservoir without constructing
any appropriate water distribution networks.
• The impending task of providing water to the outlying areas which are
currently being surveyed to create plots conforming to Town Planning
regulations so as to be developed on residential basis.
12
CHAPTER THREE
3 METHODOLOGICAL TO STREAMLINE WATER SUPPLY TO DSM AND

OUTLYING AREAS
In order to minimize or eliminate the problems associated with insufficient

safe water there is the need to analyse all important aspects in designing
water systems by considering the current and precisely predetermined
future demand in the whole area of interest; rather than simply considering
some parts within the area at different occasions so as to arrest the existing
problems at that particular time. It is obvious that water demand over any
particular area within the project area is unevenly distributed and its pattern
is among the key factors governing the design of any water supply system.
The available water sources, variation in topography and distances between
water sources and various distribution points should also be equally
considered in the course of setting up effective water systems. It is also be
evident that from socio-economic point of view, within a particular
community there are variation within groups as people in regards their
ability as well willingness to pay for operation and maintenance costs of
water services, and the scope of deviation between these different groups
also varies considerably.
From this explanation it can be observed that this analysis requires multi
disciplinary inputs in order to come out with an effective solution. In the
course of putting forward the concept of creating localized distribution zones
it is better to start by analysing the basic technical parts of the matter by
utilizing the readily available data. Using the available data the analysis
would concentrate mostly on creating various water distribution zones in
relation to topographical nature of the study area. The main aim of creating
these zones is to limit the variation in altitudes within each zone in order to
allow smooth process of designing isolated water distribution networks. On
top of these isolated zones, the prototype primary transmission main for
supplying water to isolated zones would be simulated to portray how an
intended water system would operate.
The expected analysis outputs involve data acquisition and treatment

techniques which are basically determined by the form of available data,
methodology involved and available facilities. Information involved in this
study consists of: -
• Topographical maps of an area of interest which shows contours and

prominent features such as roads, railways, water system primary mains,
intake, treatment plants, existing major reservoirs etc.
13
• Current water production of main water sources currently servicing the city.
• Estimated population of major parts of the project area.
Information from the topographical maps could be conventionally obtained

by manually scale out from the maps for establishing a working framework
for designing of water supply system. But it is a tedious task if this process of
obtaining and aggregating information to single plane representation entails
multiple sheets of topographical maps so as to attain the required accuracy.
Due to advent of computers, several software are already developed which
can assist in transforming data from one form to another in order to facilitate
the analysis such as the use of attributed spatial data (Vectors and Rasta
maps). Thus apart from Microsoft window package software; this study will
utilize the GIS package software called ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water
Information System) and EPANET software which performs extended period
simulation of hydraulic and water quality behaviour within pressurized pipe
networks. The afore said and other software has limitations on performing
their specific tasks, thus in order to use them successively, users are
required to know the basis of their developments such as mathematical
models used and limitation; however on top of that each software needs
progressive reasoning and evaluation of its outputs.
3.1 DATA ACQUISITION AND TREATMENT
The data acquisition in this study referred to a process of transferring

required information from maps and scripts to forms that are applicable to
specific software. On the other hand, the data treatment exercise is
associated with the process of transforming the information extracted from
various sources into appropriate format or representation to suit a certain
analysis. In this study the process of data acquisition and treatment involves
the following stages: -
Data Acquisition
• Digitisation of all necessary information from topographical map and
existing water system drawings to obtain digital vector maps of various
themes.
• Extraction of information on the existing system, population, water
production from treatment plants etc from reports and input them in
appropriate software.
Data Treatment
• Creation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of an area of interest.
• Creation of raster maps for all digitized maps to facilitate the spatial data
analysis operations.
14
• Creation of water distribution zones using the created DEM.
• Delineating highest point of each zone from the DEM.
• Creation of junction nodes point map to represent the existing water
system’s primary mains, treatment plant and reservoirs; this was carried
out by using DEM and a raster map for the existing water system.
• Creation of EPANET software’s partial input-file for the existing primary
water transmission main network.
• Simulation of primary transmission main model for supplying water to the
identified zones by using EPANET software.
• Checking/analysing the output of a simulated model.
• Creation of second input file for EPANET software to refine the suggested
improvement obtained through simulation of the first input file.
• Simulation of the model by exporting the second input file to EPANET so as
to obtain the refined model.
3.1.1 Data Acquisition
The main objective of the selected data acquisition techniques in this study
is to be able to use available computer supported tools to design the water
supply distribution network for different isolated zones over an area of
interest, this means the entry of all required information to the computer is
necessary. Alphanumerical information can easily be entered in the model
compared to information contained in a form of hardcopy images by just
using computer keyboard and mouse in communicating with appropriate
software. Thus the major task in carrying out this study was to transform all
necessary information from hardcopy topographical maps to digital vector
maps which afterwards were further subjected to special treatment to obtain
the essential digital information.
3.1.1.1 Digitisation
The process of transforming data from the topographical maps to digital
vector maps was carried out using the Geographical information software
package (GIS) ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) by
digitizing the maps. The digitisation is a process of creating segment or
polygon maps from the hardcopy by using a digitising tablet or from scanned
images by digitising on the screen. Basically digitising process is associated
with the use of computer machine and all necessary accessories depending
on the type of digitisation method, but in all cases the scale-wise
manageable background is necessary for proper digitisation process.
The exercise of digitisation involved six adjoining topographical maps of a

scale of 1:500,000 which cover the project area and some parts of
neighbouring regions. The major exercise was to create a digital Elevation
15
Model of entire project area, which was carried out by first digitising all
contours indicated in the topographical maps. The contours were digitised by
using on screen digitisation technique, under this technique each
topographic map sheet was scanned using an A4 paper size scanner, each
sheet was scanned six to eight times so as to be able to scan the whole map
with some degree of overlap.
The scanned images in bitmap format were exported to ILWIS software and
geo-referenced with reference to the coordinate system of the topographical
maps so as to facilitate the digitisation process as well as the digitized map
gluing exercise. All portions of the digitized map as per intended theme were
glued together to form one thematic map, then the digitised six maps of the
same theme were also joined together to represent the whole study area
under that particular subject. The major themes of the digitized map are: -
• Contour segment map.

• Road segment map.
• Lower Ruvu and Upper Ruvu primary mains segment map.
• Township point map.
• Existing major reservoirs and treatment plant point map.
3.1.1.2 Creation of Digital Elevation Model
The digital elevation model was created from an aggregated contour map
from the digitized six topographical maps by using ILWIS GIS software. Using
ILWIS, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can be obtained by interpolation of
segments, by an interpolation of points, or by an interpolation of a raster
map which contains rasterized value segments and points. Contour
interpolation is an operation which first rasterizes contour lines of a segment
map with a value domain, and then calculates values for pixels that are not
covered by segments by means of a linear interpolation.
Illustration Sketch:
16
Figure 4: Illustration of interpolation process from segment maps
The pixel values in this example are calculated as follows:
1. The value for output pixel no. 1 is determined by the contour lines with
value 0m and value 10m. The distance to these contour lines is
respectively 1 and 3 and therefore the pixel value will be ((3*10)+(1*0))/4
= 7.5m. This interpolation relatively matches reality.
2. Pixel no. 2 is situated on a contour line with value 20, and therefore obtains
this value. This interpolation also relatively matches reality.
3. The value for output pixel no. 3 is determined by the contour line with
value 10m, and therefore the pixel value should also be 10m. When this
area indeed represents a flat area, the interpolation matches reality.
However, when the area represents a peak or a valley, this interpolation is
wrong. Therefore correct interpretation can be obtained by adding a small
segment representing the highest point of the top or the lowest point of
the valley to the segment map.
4. The value for output pixel no. 4 is determined by the contour lines with
value 10m and value 20m. The distance to these contour lines is
respectively 2 and 4 and therefore the pixel value will be
((2*20)+(4*10))/6 = 13.33m. This is incorrect, because the output pixel
value is most likely to lie within the values 0m and 10m. To avoid such
kind of artefacts, the contour line (segment) with value 10 should be
extended to the border of the map. Then the output pixel value will now
be determined by the contour lines with value 0m and 10m, and the
interpolation would be representative.
17
When conducting contour interpolation exercise on a segment map
containing height (contour) information, the resulting raster map is a Digital
Elevation Model (DEM). Basically the values calculated for pixels are the ones
that fall in between any two successive segments. For each undefined pixel,
the distance is calculated towards the two nearest contour lines. The
distances are calculated forwards and backwards, until no more changes
occur. Then a linear interpolation is performed using the two distance values;
this returns the value for the undefined pixel.
In order to obtain the best DEM from the contour, it is important to select the
pixel size which does not allow more than one contour line to fall in one
pixel. So in this exercise the first DEM was created using pixel size of 10 and
then re-sampled to a DEM of 100m pixel size.
3.1.2 Data Treatment
3.1.2.1 Creation of Water Distribution Zones

Each of the digital vector maps created was used to facilitate various
analysis through spatial data analysis by using ILWIS software, which in turn
was used to schematise a localized distribution zone with respect to the
topographical nature of the project area. However, the schematized zones
could be of various patterns and different coverage per zone depending on
matters taken into consideration, but it is important to take into
consideration that the positioning of storage tank should facilitate the
smooth delivery of water over the area of interest (localized zone).
Using ILWIS software the created digital elevation model used to create
zones by taking into consideration that the variation in altitudes within a
zone should not exceed 100m. This condition on creating the zones was
assumed in order to make sure that within the zone the pressure from the
storage tank located on ground should roughly not exceed 100m.
18
Figure 5:: Proposed water distribution zones map
19
: Three dimension view of an area of interest as derive from the digital elevation model
20
3.1.2.2 Computation of Water Demand
Basically, as described earlier, water demand for each zone should be

computed by analysing current and future demand, needs to be carried out
by analysing every function to be supplied with water within each zone. From
the information presently in hand it is not easier to determine precisely the
demand of water for each zone and the maximum effective yield of the
existing source of water under consideration. So in order to be able to create
a prototype of water transmission network to the created zones from the two
sources (Upper and Lower Ruvu); some information on preliminary results of
2002 National Census was adopted and used as the basis for determination
of water demand for each zone.
However, it is unfortunate that the information on the detailed results of

2002 National Census is still not yet released due to the fact that the
information collected during the census exercise is still being processed so
that can clearly portray all intended statistical information. Meanwhile in
order to determine the water demand in each zone, the study would opt to
redistribute the preliminary lumped result of DSM population to the created
zones relatively to previous population information in JICA report on “study
results for the rehabilitation of DSM Water System”. The approach on the
exercise of redistributing the population to respective zones apart from not
being accurate, the information to be used could not enable the excellent
estimation of population to zones which are outside DSM region. Therefore,
in the course of estimating population of each zone, some of zones would not
have estimated population for the fact there is no any information regarding
those zones in JICA report to be related; so finally in order to allocate the
water being produced in the two treatment plant to each zone the following
approach would be carried out: -
• In those zones whereby the population could be easily estimated by

distributing the population from preliminary census results proportional to
population indicated in JICA; the water demand would be obtained by
apportioning the maximum amount of water which can be produced at full
capacities from the two treatment plant, by taking an average quantity of
150 litre/day/person multiply by the estimated population of each zone so as
to obtain water demand of each zone. The estimated demand assumed that
would cover domestic and other uses such as industrial etc.
• Thereafter for those areas which their population could not obtained
using the aforesaid approach; the amount of water which remained
unallocated for from the two treatment plants would be distributed to the
remaining zones proportional to their areas.
21
Table 1: Rationalization of water produced by Upper and Lower Ruvu treatment plant to reflect what would
be water demand in localized distribution zones
Previous
Zone Total Current
Estimated Distributio
No.
Area Area Estimated LPS

Populatio n Zone
m2 Population
n
1
. Kinyerezi 4540 5448 Kimara 9.46
2. Kipawa 49873 59848 Kimara 103.90
3. Kigogo 23496 55905 Kimara 97.06
4. Mabibo 50887 109513 Kimara 190.13
5. Magomeni 22895 33511 Kimara 58.18
6. Makuburi 52203 Kimara 90.63
7. Makurumla 59775 79221 Kimara 137.54
8. Manzese 60338 99796 Kimara 173.26
9. Mburahati 76,301,240 32353 Kimara 56.17
1
0. Mzimuni 26555 37602 Kimara 65.28
1
1. Ndugumbi 36243 55520 Kimara 96.39
1
2. Tandale 64671 66624 Kimara 115.67
1
3. Ubungo 63480 66381 Kimara 115.24
1
4. Unforeseen uses Kimara 500.00
A Subtotal
. Kimara 1,808.90
1. Kibamba 24953 26641 Kwembe 46.25

Kimara
2. 89,037,215 98689 Kwembe 171.34
Mbezi
3. 48802 Kwembe 84.73
B Subtotal
. Kwembe 302.31
1. Kawe 59568 139768 Manyema 242.65

61,355,848
2. Kunduchi 33878 107569 Manyema 186.75
C
. Subtotal
C Manyema 429.40
1. Msogola 19888 23866 Pugu 41.43

2. Pugu 49,514,767 9274 11129 Pugu 19.32
3. Ukonga 67335 80802 Pugu 140.28
D
. Subtotal Pugu 201.04
1. Buguruni 100,554,84 53416 64100 University 111.28
22
Previous
Zone Total Current
No.
Populatio n Zone
m2 Population
n
2. Gerezani 9164 10997 University 19.09
3. Ilala 38803 46564 University 80.84
4. Jangwani 16961 20354 University 35.34
5. Kariakoo 13916 16700 University 28.99
6. Kisutu 9253 11104 University 19.28
7. Kivukoni 7259 8711 University 15.12
8. Mchafukoge 9463 11356 University 19.72
9. Mchikichini 16651 19982 University 34.69
1
0. Tabata 24950 29940 University 51.98
1
1. Upanga East 12003 14404 University 25.01
1
2. Upanga West 13488 16186 University 28.10
1
3. Vingunguti 50185 60222 University 104.55
1
4. Hananasifu 47716 University 82.84
1
5. Kijitonyama 70929 University 123.14
1
6. Kinondoni 2 46928 32251 University 55.99
1
7. Makumbusho 82503 University 143.23
1
8. Mikocheni 40625 University 70.53
1
9. Msasani 69307 64576 University 112.11
2
0. Mwananyamala 80276 66008 University 114.60
2
1. Sinza 55351 University 96.10
2
2. Keko 63857 76629 University 133.04
2
3. Kigamboni 38864 46637 University 80.97
2
4. Kurasini 39886 47864 University 83.10
2
5. Mtoni 43640 52368 University 90.92
2
6. Vijibweni 3809 4571 University 7.94
2
7. Unforeseen uses University 500.00
E Subtotal
. University 2,268.49
F 208,833,90
. Chamagwe 7 Chamagwe 553.58
23
Previous
Zone Total Current
No.
Populatio n Zone
m2 Population
n
G
. Kidege 90,594,532 Kidege 240.15
H 137,355,13
. Magoe 6 Magoe 91.08
108,182,40
I. Mbopo 3 Mbopo 131.35
126,463,88
J. Mtakuja 1 Mtakuja 335.23
K 134,675,48 Nyakahamb
. Nyakahamba 2 a 357.00
L. 119,174,84
Pangani 6 Pangani 315.91
M 138,612,91
. Tondoroni 9 Tondoroni 367.44
N 228,711,06
. Vikuge 8 Vikuge 606.27
O 185,623,20
. Viziwaziwa 7 Viziwaziwa 492.06
8,070.8
Grand Total 0
24
3.1.2.3 Creation of EPANET Software Input File
The input of schematized zones to EPANET could be in a form of image as

backdrop or NOTE PAD input file with extension INP. The former one is some
how too involving because the entry of most of the necessary information
should be done through the software input dialogue box. The second
method of using input file prepared using NOTE PAD software is easier and
so flexible due to the fact that it allows the entry of partial or entire network
information.
After having created the zones in order to obtain EPANET software’s input file
the following stage was carried out to determine the highest point within
each zone and treat them as the points for construction of storage tanks for
each of the respective zones. However it was realised that it is very
important to identify some point along the primary transmission mains from
the two treatment plants to the two storage reservoirs to allow some
flexibility in the course of simulating the model. At the same time, the
location points of the two treatment plant and reservoirs were also indicated
on the created input point-map.
The essence of this exercise was to create a point map which is attributed
with coordinates and altitudes for every created point; however this exercise
were repeated in order to create the second point map to identity the points
in form of names of the area and abbreviations for the points along the
primary transmission main. The two point maps were used as the basic
information for the creation of an input file to EPANET software.
In the course of creating an input file to EPANET through NOTE PAD, the
created point maps were exported to AUTOCAD.dxf format and transferred to
EXCEL so as to be edited in order to attain EPANET input file format. After
editing, the information was sent to NOTE PAD to create an EPANET input
file. Finally this file was used to simulate a primary transmission main
network for supplying water to the reservoirs according to the created zones.
3.1.3 Simulation of the Performance of Water Supply System Main
The simulation of transmission main of water supply system would be carried

using EPANET software package. A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe
junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANET tracks the
flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each node, the height of water in
each tank, and can analyse concentration of a chemical species throughout
the network during a simulation period in various multiple time steps. For
25
more information on how EPANET software conduct hydraulic analysis
consult “APPENDIX I”
The methods used to solve the flow behaviour in pressurized pipes utilize
continuity and head loss equations that illustrate the hydraulic state in the
pipe network at a particular point in a given time. The hydraulic head losses
in the system occurs as water moves from one point to another depends on
variation in altitudes from one point to another, transmission media and all
fittings. Since this analysis is a preliminary one and deals with long distances
of pipes, the network is not well detailed and hence the effects of fittings and
special on hydraulic behaviour would therefore not be taken into
consideration. However, for long pipes, the contribution of all fittings on
hydraulic head losses do not have large effects in the analysis so can be
neglected. The hydraulic head losses by water flowing in a pipe due to
friction with the pipe walls can be computed using Hazen-Williams formula or
Darcy-Weisbach formula or Chezy-Manning formula.
Table 2:Pipe Head loss Formulas for Full Flow (for head loss in feet and flow rate in cfs)
RESISTANCE
FORMULA FLOW EXPONENT
COEFFICIENT
Hanzen-Williams 4.727C-1.852 d-4.871 L 1.852
Darcy-Weisbach 0.0252f(ε ,d,q)d L -5 2
Chezy-Manning 4.66n2 d-5.33 L 2
Notes: C Hanzen-Williams roughness coefficient
=
ε Darcy-Weisbach roughness coefficient(ft)
=
f = Friction factor (depend on ε , d and q)
N Manning roughness coefficient
=
D Pipe diameter (ft)
=
L = Pipe length (ft)
Q Flow rate (cfs)
=
Table 3:Rougness Coefficient for New Pipe
Dacy-Weisbach
Hanzen-William C Manning’s n
Material
(unitless)
ε (unit less)
(feet x 103)
Cast Iron 130-140 0.85 0.012-0.015
26
Concrete or 120-140 1.0-10 0.012-0.017
Concrete lined
Galvanized Iron 120 0.5 0.015-0.017
Plastic 140-150 0.005 0.011-0.015
Steel 140-150 0.15 0.015-0.017
Vitrified Clay 110 0.013-0.015
The Hazen-Williams formula is the one selected among the three mentioned
formulae to be used because it is commonly used for computing head loss in
pressurised water system. It cannot be used for liquids other than water and
was originally developed for turbulent flow only.
The Darcy-Weisbach formula is the most theoretically correct; it applies over

all flow regimes and to all liquids. With the Darcy-Weisbach formula, EPANET
uses different methods to compute the friction factor depending on the flow
regime:
− The Hagen–Poiseuille formula is used for laminar flow (Re < 2,000).
− The Swamee and Jain approximation to the Colebrook-White equation is
used for fully turbulent flow (Re > 4,000).
− A cubic interpolation from the Moody Diagram is used for transitional flow
(2,000 < Re < 4,000).
The Chezy-Manning formula is more commonly used for open channel flow.
Basically each formula uses the following equation to compute head loss
between the start and end node of the pipe:
hL = Aq B
Where hL = head loss (Length), q = flow rate (Volume/Time), A = resistance

coefficient, and B = flow exponent.
The Hanzen-Williams equation in maintaining SI unit in computations can be

represented as: -
V=1.318 C R0.63 S0.54 whereby:-
− V = Velocity length per unit time (m/s)

− C = Coefficient which is a function of the material and age of the conduit
(unit less)
− R = Hydraulic radius in unit length (m) - flow area divided by the wetted
perimeter
− S = Slope of the energy gradient per unit length.
However V = Q/A whereby: -

− Q = Discharge of fluid in unit cube per unit time
− A = Cross-section area in square unit
27
28
Simulation Process
The first input map prepared on NOTE PAD was used to simulate a prototype
model for primary transmission mains for zoned areas using EPANET. The
partial model which was the result of input file was improved with other
information which were extracted from 1991 JICA report on the assessment
of performance of DSM water supply system and other studies carried out to
investigate water leakages. This information includes: -
• Size and length of water system primary mains
• Installed capacities of Upper Ruvu and Lower Ruvu intake and treatment
plants
• Size and location of University and Kimara reservoirs etc.
• Current water production of Upper and Lower Ruvu sources.
• Estimated water demand for DSM city residents’ who are within the
command area of University and Kimara water reservoirs.
Using EPANET, some parameters of the model were altered several times
with consideration to different scenarios by adding and omitting pipes and
other special fittings in order to make sure that water from the two water
sources reaches the highest point of each zone at a reasonable flow and
pressure. After obtaining the first simulated model of primary transmission
mains, the improvement of the model entailed extra information from the
digital elevation model. These information were so necessary in order to
position the new point and links which are the outcomes of the simulated
model on a relatively gradually varying ground plane and on the other hand
to obtain values of altitudes for new points suggested by the simulated
model.
29
Figure 6: Map of the first simulated water transmission mains for supplying water to localized water distribution zone created by using EPANET
software
30
Table 4: Results at the nodes after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to localized water
distribution zone created by using EPANET software
ELEVATION BASE DEMAND DEMAND HEAD PRESSURE
Node ID m LPS LPS m m
Junc Up1 34.57 0 0 262.84 228.27
Junc Up2 69.46 0 0 258.9 189.44
Junc Up3 81.65 0 0 255.66 174.01
Junc Up4 86.21 0 0 246.97 160.76
Junc Up5 100 0 0 242.05 142.05
Junc Up6 100.89 0 0 238.18 137.29
Junc Vikuge 120.64 606.274 606.27 211.23 90.59
Junc Up7 114.31 0 0 236.35 122.04
Junc Up8 120.37 0 0 235.86 115.49
Junc Up9 108.07 0 0 235.17 127.1
Junc Mtakuja 71.74 335.23 335.23 270.63 198.89
Junc Lw1 29.21 0 0 246.36 217.15
Junc Up10 121 0 0 234.35 113.35
Junc Up11 118.04 0 0 233.11 115.07
Junc Viziwaziwa 160 492.056 492.06 218.26 58.26
Junc Up12 140.6 0 0 231.1 90.5
Junc Lw2 40 0 0 230.87 190.87
Junc Up13 150.54 0 0 230.99 80.45
Junc Kidege 142.16 240.15 240.15 244.47 102.31
Junc Up14 119.59 0 0 230.89 111.3
Junc Lw3 43.16 0 0 214.78 171.62
Junc Chamagwe 83.73 553.58 553.58 214.19 130.46
Junc Up15 141.06 0 0 230.83 89.77
Junc Up16 148.09 0 0 230.75 82.66
Junc Lw4 46.78 0 0 204.18 157.4
Junc Up17 120 0 0 230.68 110.68
Junc Pangani 180 315.91 315.91 231.45 51.45
Junc Up18 106.17 0 0 228.13 121.96
Junc Lw5 56.84 0 0 192.91 136.07
Junc Up19 126.76 0 0 223.1 96.34
Junc Tondoroni 178.75 367.44 367.44 221.96 43.21
Junc Nyakahamba 80.24 357 357 175.27 95.03
Junc Lw6 46.94 0 0 184.41 137.47
Junc Up20 129.49 0 0 221.31 91.82
Junc Lw7 32.06 0 0 177.77 145.71
Junc Up21 175 0 0 219.71 44.71
Junc Magoe 180 91.08 91.08 225.14 45.14
Junc Kwembe 175.19 302.31 302.31 369.84 194.65
Junc Up22 141.85 0 0 207.98 66.13
Junc Lw8 53.71 0 0 170.47 116.76
Junc Pugu 260.42 201.04 201.04 365.78 105.36
Junc Up23 119.55 1 1 192.61 73.06
Junc Mbopo 101.17 131.35 131.35 156.55 55.38
Junc Up24 140.35 0 0 181.16 40.81
Junc Up25 128.16 0 0 172.65 44.49
Junc Lw9 19.06 0 0 158.54 139.48
31
Junc Kimara 120 1808.9 1808.9 157.63 37.63
Junc Manyema 120 429.4 429.4 130.16 10.16
Junc Lw10 51.24 0 0 146.57 95.33
Junc Lw11 31.81 0 0 141.94 110.13
Junc University 74.56 2268.49 2268.49 134.64 60.08
Junc Lw12 42.33 0 0 137.42 95.09
Resvr UpperRv 44.64 #N/A -1213.49 44.64 0
Resvr LowerRv 20.21 #N/A -7287.72 20.21 0
32
Table 5: Results at the links after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to created localized water distribution zone created by using
EPANET software
ROUGHNESS UNIT HEAD FRICTION REACTION
LENGTH DIAMETER FLOW VELOCITY STATUS
CONSTANT LOSS FACTOR RATE
Hazen-
Link ID m Mm LPS m/s m/km mg/L/d
Williams
Pipe 4 4609.77 1400 120 3739.82 2.43 3.36 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 5 4785.39 1400 120 3739.82 2.43 3.36 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 6 4242.64 1400 120 3186.24 2.07 2.5 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 7 4512.21 1400 120 3186.24 2.07 2.5 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 8 3401.47 1400 120 3186.24 2.07 2.5 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 9 3312.1 1400 120 2829.24 1.84 2 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 10 3640.05 1400 120 2829.24 1.84 2 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 11 5950.63 1400 120 2829.24 1.84 2 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 12 6519.2 1400 120 2697.89 1.75 1.84 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 13 3478.51 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 14 3395.59 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 15 2088.06 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 16 1360.15 600 140 433.64 1.53 2.9 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 17 1118.03 600 140 433.64 1.53 2.9 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 18 3000 600 140 433.64 1.53 2.9 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 19 1700 600 140 433.64 1.53 2.9 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 20 1334.17 600 140 433.64 1.53 2.9 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 21 2280.35 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 22 608.28 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 23 854.4 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 24 1019.8 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 25 1552.42 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 26 2500 600 140 216.99 0.77 0.8 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 27 2816.03 600 140 41.15 0.15 0.04 0.021 0 Open
Pipe 28 2692.58 600 140 41.15 0.15 0.04 0.021 0 Open
Pipe 29 1708.8 600 140 41.15 0.15 0.04 0.021 0 Open
Pipe 30 2195.45 600 140 41.15 0.15 0.04 0.021 0 Open
Pipe 31 1878.83 600 140 41.15 0.15 0.04 0.021 0 Open
33
Hazen-
Williams
Pipe 32 1523.15 600 140 322.69 1.14 1.68 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 33 3001.67 600 140 322.69 1.14 1.68 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 34 2807.13 600 140 191.39 0.68 0.64 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 35 2500 600 140 191.39 0.68 0.64 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 36 1931.32 600 140 646.76 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 37 2529.82 600 140 646.76 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 38 1886.8 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 39 1403.57 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 40 2473.86 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 41 1360.15 750 140 779.85 1.77 2.9 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 42 1118.03 750 140 779.85 1.77 2.9 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 43 3000 750 140 779.85 1.77 2.9 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 44 1700 750 140 779.85 1.77 2.9 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 45 1334.17 750 140 779.85 1.77 2.9 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 46 2280.35 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 47 608.28 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 48 854.4 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 49 1019.8 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 50 1552.42 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 51 2500 750 140 390.23 0.88 0.8 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 52 2816.03 750 140 74 0.17 0.04 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 53 2692.58 750 140 74 0.17 0.04 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 54 1708.8 750 140 74 0.17 0.04 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 55 2195.45 750 140 74 0.17 0.04 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 56 1878.83 750 140 74 0.17 0.04 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 57 1523.15 750 140 580.32 1.31 1.68 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 58 3001.67 750 140 580.32 1.31 1.68 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 59 2807.13 750 140 344.19 0.78 0.64 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 60 2500 750 140 344.19 0.78 0.64 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 61 1931.32 750 140 1163.14 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 62 2529.82 750 140 1163.14 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 63 1886.8 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
34
Hazen-
Williams
Pipe 64 1403.57 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 65 2473.86 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 68 4522.17 600 140 357 1.26 2.02 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 69 6276.94 600 140 131.35 0.46 0.32 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 70 5768.88 600 140 429.4 1.52 2.85 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 74 5001 600 140 606.27 2.14 5.39 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 75 3505.71 600 140 492.06 1.74 3.66 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 76 6428.06 1000 140 367.44 0.47 0.18 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 78 5818.08 600 140 201.04 0.71 0.7 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 73 6103.28 1400 120 553.58 0.36 0.1 0.021 0 Open
Pipe 104 13720.06 1400 140 3212.68 2.09 1.91 0.012 0 Open
Pipe 105 7884.8 1400 140 2972.52 1.93 1.65 0.012 0 Open
Pipe 106 5434.15 1400 140 787.86 0.51 0.14 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 107 9024.41 1400 140 1868.76 1.21 0.7 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 108 8509.41 1400 140 1777.67 1.15 0.64 0.013 0 Open
Pump 1 #N/A #N/A #N/A 3739.82 0 -226.15 0 0 Open
Pump 2 #N/A #N/A #N/A 1213.49 0 -218.2 0 0 Open
Pump 79 #N/A #N/A #N/A 3547.91 0 -250.42 0 0 Open
Pump 3 #N/A #N/A #N/A 503.35 0 -150.13 0 0 Open
Valve 66 #N/A 1400 #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 Closed
35
The creation of another improved input file was carried out by adding new
points to the previous point map. This exercise was achieved using ILWIS
software on the basis of the created digital elevation model. The new points
were added to the point map through following gradual changes in altitude
by investigating the trend of values of neighbouring pixel to the position
where the new points were located with regard to the output of the
simulation exercise. Some of the new points which were found that could be
positioned on almost the same altitude belt were shifted so as to ensure the
smooth placement of the pipes if the project has to be carried out.
Basically this exercise of creating the second input map to improve the
previous one was so important in order to ensure that the final output model
do not deviate so much from the model likely to be implemented. After
repositioning the new points in the point map, a similar procedure of
transferring information from point map in ILWIS to NOTE PAD input file were
followed as described above. The final model of primary transmission mains
was created by refining the previous model of primary transmission main
using the second input file. The exercise was carried out by systematically
varying parameters of the network and each time ran the model to obtain
the result.
36
Figure 7: Map of the final simulated water transmission mains for supplying water to localized water distribution zone created by using EPANET
software
37
Table 6:Results at the nodes after the first simulation of the model for supplying water to localized water
distribution zone created by using EPANET software
Junc Up1 34.57 0 0 364.46 329.89
Junc Up2 69.46 0 0 355.59 286.13
Junc Up3 81.65 0 0 348.3 266.65
Junc Up4 86.21 0 0 328.74 242.53
Junc Up5 100 0 0 317.66 217.66
Junc Up6 100.89 0 0 308.96 208.07
Junc Vikuge 120.64 606.274 606.27 282.01 161.37
Junc Up7 114.31 0 0 301.73 187.42
Junc Up8 120.37 0 0 299.8 179.43
Junc Up9 108.07 0 0 297.09 189.02
Junc Mtakuja 71.74 335.23 335.23 262.99 191.25
Junc Lw1 29.21 0 0 186.66 157.45
Junc Up10 121 0 0 293.85 172.85
Junc Up11 118.04 0 0 288.93 170.89
Junc Viziwaziwa 160 492.056 492.06 268.17 108.17
Junc Up12 140.6 0 0 281 140.4
Junc Lw2 40 0 0 174.3 134.3
Junc Up13 150.54 0 0 270.36 119.82
Junc Kidege 142.16 240.15 240.15 239.96 97.8
Junc Up14 119.59 0 0 260.19 140.6
Junc Lw3 43.16 0 0 161.46 118.3
Junc Chamagwe 83.73 553.58 553.58 133.67 49.94
Junc Up15 141.06 0 0 253.73 112.67
Junc Up16 148.09 0 0 245.44 97.35
Junc Lw4 46.78 0 0 153.36 106.58
Junc Up17 120 0 0 238.34 118.34
Junc Pangani 180 315.91 315.91 298.74 118.74
Junc Up18 106.17 0 0 232.59 126.42
Junc Lw5 56.84 0 0 144.73 87.89
Junc Up19 126.76 0 0 221.24 94.48
Junc Tondoroni 178.75 367.44 367.44 207.54 28.79
Junc Nyakahamba 80.24 357 357 129.09 48.85
Junc Lw6 46.94 0 0 138.23 91.29
Junc Up20 129.49 0 0 215.21 85.72
Junc Lw7 32.06 0 0 133.34 101.28
Junc Up21 175 0 0 209.83 34.83
Junc Magoe 180 91.08 91.08 295.05 115.05
Junc Kwembe 175.19 302.31 302.31 319.93 144.74
Junc Up22 141.85 0 0 198.11 56.26
Junc Lw8 53.71 0 0 127.96 74.25
Junc Pugu 260.42 201.04 201.04 290.67 30.25
Junc Up23 119.55 0 0 182.76 63.21
Junc Mbopo 101.17 131.35 131.35 117.17 16
Junc Up24 140.35 0 0 171.31 30.96
Junc Up25 128.16 0 0 162.79 34.63
Junc Lw9 19.06 0 0 119.16 100.1
38
Junc Kimara 120 1808.9 1808.9 147.78 27.78
Junc Manyema 120 429.4 429.4 162.67 42.67
Junc Lw10 51.24 0 0 110.48 59.24
Junc Lw11 31.81 0 0 105.85 74.04
Junc University 74.56 2268.49 2268.49 98.54 23.98
Junc Lw12 42.33 0 0 101.33 59
Junc chasimba 61.78 0 0 351.51 289.73
Junc lugera 72.31 0 0 340.71 268.4
Junc kumba 94.21 0 0 329.58 235.37
Junc msangani 115.79 0 0 315.53 199.74
Junc kidimu 122.04 0 0 301.95 179.91
Junc kivukoni 127.15 0 0 295.78 168.63
Junc luis 158 0 0 283.61 125.61
Junc goba 136.88 0 0 269.61 132.73
Resvr UpperRv 44.64 #N/A -1880.41 44.64 0
Resvr LowerRv 20.21 #N/A -6619.8 20.21 0
39
Table 7: Results at the links after the second simulation of the model for supplying water to created localized water distribution zone created by using
EPANET software
Hazen-
Link ID M mm LPS m/s m/km mg/L/d
Williams
Pipe 1 4609.77 1400 120 3310.42 2.15 2.68 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 2 4785.39 1400 120 3310.42 2.15 2.68 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 3 4242.64 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 4 4512.21 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 5 3401.47 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 6 3312.1 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 7 3640.05 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 8 5950.63 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 9 6519.2 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 10 3478.51 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 11 3395.59 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 12 2088.06 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 13 4031.13 1400 120 3309.38 2.15 2.68 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 14 5060.63 1400 120 2974.15 1.93 2.2 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 15 6389.05 1400 120 2974.15 1.93 2.2 0.016 0 Open
Pipe 16 11605.6 1400 120 2115.53 1.37 1.17 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 17 7111.26 1400 120 1799.62 1.17 0.87 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 18 3214.03 600 120 429.4 1.52 3.79 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 19 3700 600 120 429.4 1.52 3.79 0.019 0 Open
Pipe 20 3920.46 400 120 429.4 3.42 27.28 0.018 0 Open
Pipe 21 1360.15 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 22 1118.03 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 23 3000 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 24 1700 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 25 1334.17 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 26 2280.35 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 27 608.28 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 28 854.4 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 29 1019.8 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
40
Hazen-
Williams
Pipe 30 1552.42 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 31 2500 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 32 2816.03 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 33 2692.58 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 34 1708.8 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 35 2195.45 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 36 1878.83 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 37 1523.15 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 38 3001.67 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 39 2807.13 600 140 369.18 1.31 2.15 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 40 2500 600 140 369.18 1.31 2.15 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 41 1931.32 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 42 2529.82 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 43 1886.8 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 44 1403.57 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 45 2473.86 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 46 1360.15 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 47 1118.03 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 48 3000 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 49 1700 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 50 1334.17 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 51 2280.35 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 52 608.28 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 53 854.4 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 54 1019.8 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 55 1552.42 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 56 2500 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 57 2816.03 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 58 2692.58 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 59 1708.8 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 60 2195.45 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 61 1878.83 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
41
Hazen-
Williams
Pipe 62 1523.15 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 63 3001.67 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 64 2807.13 750 140 663.93 1.5 2.15 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 65 2500 750 140 663.93 1.5 2.15 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 66 1931.32 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 67 2529.82 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 68 1886.8 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 69 1403.57 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 70 2473.86 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013 0 Open
Pipe 71 5001 600 140 606.27 2.14 5.39 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 72 3505.71 600 140 492.06 1.74 3.66 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 73 6428.06 600 140 367.44 1.3 2.13 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 74 5818.08 400 140 201.04 1.6 5.03 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 75 6103.28 600 140 553.58 1.96 4.55 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 76 4522.17 600 140 357 1.26 2.02 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 77 4527.69 600 140 91.08 0.32 0.16 0.018 0 Open
Pipe 78 2662.71 300 140 240.15 3.4 28.38 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 79 1992.49 600 140 315.91 1.12 1.61 0.015 0 Open
Pipe 80 6174.14 600 140 618.47 2.19 5.59 0.014 0 Open
Pipe 81 4001.25 600 140 1279.14 4.52 21.48 0.012 0 Open
Pipe 86 6276.94 600 140 131.35 0.46 0.32 0.017 0 Open
Pipe 88 1476.48 300 140 335.23 4.74 52.64 0.014 0 Open
Pump 82 #N/A #N/A #N/A 3310.42 0 -166.45 0 0 Open
Pump 83 #N/A #N/A #N/A 3309.38 0 -331.3 0 0 Open
Pump 84 #N/A #N/A #N/A 1880.41 0 -319.82 0 0 Open
Pump 85 #N/A #N/A #N/A 503.35 0 -110.09 0 0 Open
Valve 87 #N/A 600 #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 Closed
42
3.2 INNOVATIVE RECCOMMENDATION
From the simulated water system model, the introduced 15 zones would be
provided with water from the two treatment plant; Upper and Lower Ruvu. In
order to make sure that the supply of water to the introduced zones does not
impair the delivery of water to University and Kimara reservoirs, a new
transmission main is introduced. This transmission main is expected to
supply water from Lower Ruvu treatment plant at a rate of 3309.38litres per
second and supposed to be laid along the corridor which is between the two
existing transmission mains. The path proposed for this transmission main is
adopted in order to enable the efficient delivery of water to the created
zones.
Operationally, the introduced transmission main could also be used to feed

the existing Lower Ruvu transmission main in case of any breakdown;
especial when the problem along the said main occur before where the
introduced transmission main has to be connected with it. For more
clarification on the specifications of the introduced, major and minor
transmission mains consult appendix III. The following table indicates areas
of each zone and the discharge of water which would be delivered.
Table 8: Surface Areas of Each Zone and Designed Water Discharge Rates
No. Distribution Zone Zone Total Area (m2) LPS

1 Kimara 76,301,240 1,808.90
2 University 100,554,842 2,268.49
3 Kwembe 89,037,215 302.31
4 Pugu 49,514,767 201.04
5 Chamagwe 208,833,907 553.58
6 Kidege 90,594,532 240.15
7 Magoe 137,355,136 91.08
8 Mbopo 108,182,403 131.35
9 Mtakuja 126,463,881 335.23
10 Nyakahamba 134,675,482 357
11 Pangani 119,174,846 315.91
12 Tondoroni 138,612,919 367.44
13 Vikuge 228,711,068 606.27
14 Viziwaziwa 185,623,207 492.06
15 Manyema 61,355,848 429.40
43
3.3 PROJECT BENEFITS
Compared to the existing DSM water system, the localized distribution zones
being proposed have a wide spectrum of advantages which can
accommodate technical, administrative and socio-economic aspects.
Technical Benefits
Technically the proposed archetype water distribution system can assist on

achieving the following: -
• Reasonable and stable pressure and discharge in each zone.
• Monitor and regulate water consumption rates at every zone.
• Examine the amount of water entering and leaving each junction to a

specific direction.
• Planning and preparation of various construction phases of the project.
• Permitting post disinfection process at zone level whenever required.
• Conducting of water losses assessment along the transmission mains by

analysing the amount of water which enters and leaves the system junction
nodes.
• Reduction/elimination of illegal connections.
• The new pipeline proposed in the model from Lower Ruvu Treatment plant,
in case of any problem on the existing transmission main from the same
source can be used to supply water to some areas which are being served
by Lower Ruvu Transmission main.
Administrative Benefits
The proposed approach will administratively assist in achieving the

followings:-
• Transparent and realistic billing system for each zone
• Participation of various stake holders in the course of designing the actual

project and its implementation
44
• Delineation and protection of areas for water supply system infrastructure
over the project area.
• Assessment on the performance of a specific zone management team
• Encourage and pave a way to a swift shift from the current practice of
“water supply driven approach to meet water demands” to the
effective methodology of “water demand management approach.
Socio-Economic Benefits
In each zone there are different groups of people with diverse living
standards. With reference to the whole project area, it would be easier to
identify individual and groups of people with low ability to pay water services
within zones. This means that any special arrangements can efficiently be
carried out within each zone in order to furnish the disadvantaged groups
with water services compared to the current situation.
45
CHAPTER FOUR
4 CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
With regard to all constraints which hinder the efficiency in delivering water
services in DSM region and the outlaying areas; it is essential to carry out a
thorough study for improving the water system for the whole area of DSM
city, its peri-urban and the neighbourhood region districts which are totally
or partially being served by the existing water system; rather than keep on
developing water services which their analysis at particular time are mostly
confined only to some portions of the project area. On the other hand it is
also important to make sure that the outcome of the study can be carried
out in various stages depending on the priorities without affecting previously
implemented project phase of the new design of water system.
With regard to the existing system the aim of this study is to improve the
level of water services in the project area by improving the management
aspects of the scheme using the approach suggested in this study, but it is
very difficult to implement the suggested measures in a short time due to
financial constraints. This situation should not frustrate the process of
achieving reliable water services due to the fact that the water demand is on
high increase over the area of interest. Therefore arrangement should be
done so that the suggested project can be carried out in phases.
The arrangement to be done should also include demarcation and protection

of all necessary areas for construction of project’s structures, formulation of
organisations responsible for the development and management of water
infrastructures and services in every zone, setting out and out line the roles
and responsibilities of every stake-holders and formulation of by laws which
will guide and foster the implementation, development and hence ensure its
sustainability.
This spirit is an important tool to make the project possible for the fact that
every beneficiary might acquire a sense of ownership by being involved
through all stages of improving water services.
46
REFERENCE
1. EPANET 2 USERS MANUAL: by Lewis A. Rossman -Water Supply and

Water Resources Division - Cincinnati, OH 45268
2. ILWIS 2.1 USER’S GUIDE - Integrated Land and Water Information

System: by ILWIS Department – International Institute for Aerospace
Survey & Earth Science – Enschede, The Netherlands.
3. P. N. Khanna 1958. Indian Practical – Civil Engineering Handbook
4. Clark, Viessman & Hammer (1971). Water Supply and Pollution Control
5. Babbit and Doland (1949). Water Supply Engineering
47
APPENDIX I
EPANET SOFTWARE ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS
Hydraulics
The method used in EPANET to solve the flow continuity and head
loss equations that characterize the hydraulic state of the pipe
network at a given point in time can be termed a hybrid node-loop
approach. Todini and Pilati (1987) and later Salgado et al. (1988)
chose to call it the "Gradient Method". Similar approaches have
been described by Hamam and Brameller (1971) (the "Hybrid
Method) and by Osiadacz (1987) (the "Newton Loop-Node Method").
The only difference between these methods is the way in which link
flows are updated after a new trial solution for nodal heads has been
found. Because Todini's approach is simpler, it was chosen for use in
EPANET.
Assume we have a pipe network with N junction nodes and NF fixed

grade nodes (tanks and reservoirs). Let the flow-head loss relation in
a pipe between nodes i and j be given as:
where H = nodal head, h = head loss, r = resistance coefficient, Q =

flow rate, n = flow exponent, and m = minor loss coefficient. The
value of the resistance coefficient will depend on which friction head
loss formula is being used (see below). For pumps, the head loss
(negative of the head gain) can be represented by a power law of
the form
where h0 is the shutoff head for the pump, ω is a relative speed

setting, and r and n are the pump curve coefficients. The second set
of equations that must be satisfied is flow continuity around all
nodes:
where Di is the flow demand at node i and by convention, flow into a

node is positive. For a set of known heads at the fixed grade nodes,
we seek a solution for all heads Hi and flows Qij that satisfy Eqs.
(D.1) and (D.2).
I
The Gradient solution method begins with an initial estimate of flows
in each pipe that may not necessarily satisfy flow continuity. At each
iteration step of the method, new nodal heads are found by solving
the matrix equation:
where A = an (NxN) Jacobian matrix, H = an (Nx1) vector of

unknown nodal heads, and F = an (Nx1) vector of right hand side
terms The diagonal elements of the Jacobian matrix are:
while the non-zero, off-diagonal terms are:
where pij is the inverse derivative of the head loss in the link
between nodes i and j with respect to flow. For pipes,
while for pumps
Each right hand side term consists of the net flow imbalance at a
node plus a flow correction factor:
where the last term applies to any links connecting node i to a fixed
grade node f and the flow correction factor yij is:
for pipes and
II
for pumps, where sgn(x) is 1 if x > 0 and -1 otherwise. (Qij is always
positive for pumps.)
After new heads are computed by solving Eq. (D.3), new flows are
found from:
If the sum of absolute flow changes relative to the total flow in all
links is larger than some tolerance (e.g., 0.001), then Eqs. (D.3) and
(D.4) are solved once again. The flow update formula (D.4) always
results in flow continuity around each node after the first iteration.
EPANET implements this method using the following steps:
1. The linear system of equations D.3 is solved using a sparse

matrix method based on node re-ordering (George and Liu, 1981).
After reordering the nodes to minimize the amount of fill-in for
matrix A, a symbolic factorization is carried out so that only the non-
zero
elements of A need be stored and operated on in memory. For
extended period simulation this re-ordering and factorization is only
carried out once at the start of the analysis.
2. For the very first iteration, the flow in a pipe is chosen equal to
the flow corresponding to a velocity of 1 ft/sec, while the flow
through a pump equals the design flow specified for the pump. (All
computations are made with head in feet and flow in cfs).
3. The resistance coefficient for a pipe (r) is computed as described

in Table 2:. For the Darcy-Weisbach head loss equation, the friction
factor f is computed by different equations depending on the flow’s
Reynolds Number (Re):
Hagen – Poiseuille formula for Re < 2,000 (Bhave, 1991):
Swamee and Jain approximation to the Colebrook - White equation

for Re > 4,000 (Bhave, 1991):
III
Cubic Interpolation from Moody Diagram for 2,000 < Re < 4,000
(Dunlop, 1991):
where e = pipe roughness and d = pipe diameter.
4. The minor loss coefficient based on velocity head (K) is converted

to one based on flow (m) with the following relation:
5. Emitters at junctions are modelled as a fictitious pipe between

the junction and a fictitious reservoir. The pipe’s head loss
parameters are n = (1/ϒ ), r = (1/C)n, and m = 0 where C is the
emitter’s discharge coefficient and ϒ is its pressure exponent. The
head at the fictitious reservoir is the elevation of the junction. The
computed flow through the fictitious pipe becomes the flow
associated with the emitter.
6. Open valves are assigned an r-value by assuming the open valve

acts as a smooth pipe (f = 0.02) whose length is twice the valve
diameter. Closed links are assumed to obey a linear head loss
relation with a large resistance factor, i.e., h = 108Q, so that p = 10-8
and y = Q. For links where (r+m)Q < 10-7, p = 107 and y = Q/n.
7. Status checks on pumps, check valves (CVs), flow control valves,

and pipes connected to full/empty tanks are made after every other
IV
iteration, up until the 10th iteration. After this, status checks are
made only after convergence is achieved. Status checks on pressure
control valves (PRVs and PSVs) are made after each iteration.
8. During status checks, pumps are closed if the head gain is

greater than the shutoff head (to prevent reverse flow). Similarly,
check valves are closed if the head loss through them is negative
(see below). When these conditions are not present, the link is re-
opened. A similar status check is made for links connected to
empty/full tanks. Such links are closed if the difference in head
across the link would cause an empty tank to drain or a full tank to
fill. They are reopened at the next status check if such conditions no
longer hold.
9. Simply checking if h < 0 to determine if a check valve should be

closed or open was found to cause cycling between these two states
in some networks due to limits on numerical precision. The following
procedure was devised to provide a more robust test of the status of
a check valve (CV):
10. If the status check closes an open pump, pipe, or CV, its flow is
set to 10-6 cfs. If a pump is re-opened, its flow is computed by
applying the current head gain to its characteristic curve. If a pipe or
CV is reopened, its flow is determined by solving Eq. (D.1) for Q
under the current head loss h, ignoring any minor losses.
11. Matrix coefficients for pressure breaker valves (PBVs) are set to
the following: p = 108 and y = 108Hset, where Hset is the pressure
drop setting for the valve (in feet). Throttle control valves (TCVs) are
treated as pipes with r as described in item 6 above and m taken as
the converted value of the valve setting (see item 4 above).
12. Matrix coefficients for pressure reducing, pressure sustaining,

and flow control valves (PRVs, PSVs, and FCVs) are computed after
all other links have been analyzed. Status checks on PRVs and PSVs
are made as described in item 7 above. These valves can either be
completely open, completely closed, or active at their pressure or
flow setting.
V
13. The logic used to test the status of a PRV is as follows:
where Q is the current flow through the valve, Hi is its upstream

head, Hj is its downstream head, Hset is its pressure setting
converted to head, Hml is the minor loss when the valve is open (=
mQ2), and Htol and Qtol are the same values used for check valves
in item 9 above. A similar set of tests is used for PSVs, except that
when testing against Hset, the i and j subscripts are switched as are
the > and < operators.
14. Flow through an active PRV is maintained to force continuity at

its downstream node while flow through a PSV does the same at its
upstream node. For an active PRV from node i to j:
This forces the head at the downstream node to be at the valve

setting Hset. An equivalent assignment of coefficients is made for
an active PSV except the subscript for F and A is the upstream node
i. Coefficients for open/closed PRVs and PSVs are handled in the
same way as for pipes.
15. For an active FCV from node i to j with flow setting Qset, Qset is
added to the flow leaving node i and entering node j, and is
subtracted from Fi and added to Fj. If the head at node i is less than
that at node j, then the valve cannot deliver the flow and it is
treated as an open pipe.
16. After initial convergence is achieved (flow convergence plus no

change in status for PRVs and PSVs), another status check on
VI
pumps, CVs, FCVs, and links to tanks is made. Also, the status of
links controlled by pressure switches (e.g., a pump controlled by the
pressure at a junction node) is checked. If any status change occurs,
the iterations must continue for at least two more iterations (i.e., a
convergence check is skipped on the very next iteration). Otherwise,
a final solution has been obtained.
17. For extended period simulation (EPS), the following procedure is

implemented:
a) After a solution is found for the current time period, the time step
for the next solution is the minimum of:
•the time until a new demand period begins,
•the shortest time for a tank to fill or drain,
•the shortest time until a tank level reaches a point that triggers a
change in status for some link (e.g., opens or closes a pump) as
stipulated in a simple control,
•the next time until a simple timer control on a link kicks in,
•the next time at which a rule-based control causes a status change
somewhere in the network. In computing the times based on tank
levels, the latter are assumed to change in a linear fashion based
on the current flow solution. The activation time of rule-based
controls is computed as follows:
 Starting at the current time, rules are evaluated at a rule time

step. Its default value is 1/10 of the normal hydraulic time step
(e.g., if hydraulics are updated every hour, then rules are
evaluated every 6 minutes).
 Over this rule time step, clock time is updated, as are the water
levels in storage tanks (based on the last set of pipe flows
computed).
 If a rule's conditions are satisfied, then its actions are added to a
list. If an action conflicts with one for the same link already on
the list then the action from the rule with the higher priority
stays on the list and the other is removed. If the priorities are
the same then the original action stays on the list.
 After all rules are evaluated, if the list is not empty then the new
actions are taken. If this causes the status of one or more links
to change then a new hydraulic solution is computed and the
process begins anew.
 If no status changes were called for, the action list is cleared and
the next rule time step is taken unless the normal hydraulic time
step has elapsed.
b) Time is advanced by the computed time step, new demands are

found, tank levels are adjusted based on the current flow
solution, and link control rules are checked to determine which
links change status.
VII
c) A new set of iterations with Eqs. (D.3) and (D.4) are begun at the
current set of flows.
VIII
APPENDIX II
FIRST INPUT FILE TO EPANET SOFTWARE
[TITLE]
FIRST INPUTFILE
[JUNCTIONS]
;--------------------------------------------
;ID Elevations Demand
; m LPS
;--------------------------------------------
UpperRv 44.64 92.4
Up1 34.57 92.4
Up2 69.46 88.2
Up3 81.65 88.2
Up4 86.21 88.2
Up5 100 88.2
Up6 100.89 88.2
Vikuge120.64 170
LowerRv 20.21 1
Up7 114.31 170
Up8 120.37 117.1
Up9 108.07 117.1
Mtakuja 71.74 92.4
Lw1 29.21 92.4
Up10 121 170
Up11 118.04 57.5
Viziwaziwa 160 117.1
Up12 140.6 117.1
Lw2 40 170
Up13 150.54 92.4
Kidege 142.16 92.4
Up14 119.59 88.2
Lw3 43.16 88.2
Chamagwe 83.73 88.2
Up15 141.06 88.2
Up16 148.09 88.2
Lw4 46.78 170
Up17 120 1
Pangani 180 170
Up18 106.17 117.1
Lw5 56.84 117.1
Up19 126.76 92.4
Tondoroni 178.75 92.4
Nyakahamba 80.24 170
IX
Lw6 46.94 57.5
Up20 129.49 117.1
Lw7 32.06 117.1
Up21 175 170
Magoe 180 92.4
Kwembe 175.19 92.4
Up22 141.85 88.2
Lw8 53.71 88.2
Pugu 260.42 88.2
Up23 119.55 88.2
Mbopo 101.17 88.2
Up24 140.35 170
Up25 128.16 1
Lw9 19.06 170
Kimara 120 117.1
Manyema 120 117.1
Lw10 51.24 92.4
Lw11 31.81 92.4
University 74.56 170
Lw12 42.33 57.5
[COORDINATES]
;Node X-Coord Y-Coord
UpperRV 471600 9258800
Up1 472300 9257900
Up2 473400 9257100
Up3 474500 9256900
Up4 477500 9256900
Up5 479200 9256900
Up6 480500 9256600
Vikuge480600 9251600
LowerRv 480700 9276400
Up7 482700 9256000
Up8 483300 9255900
Up9 484100 9255600
Mtakuja 484900 9268700
Lw1 485000 9276300
Up10 485100 9255400
Up11 486600 9255000
Viziwaziwa 488800 9250800
Up12 489000 9254300
Lw2 489600 9276000
Up13 491700 9253500
Kidege 493100 9257700
Up14 494300 9252800
Lw3 494300 9275100
Chamagwe 494500 9269000
X
Up15 495900 9252200
Up16 497800 9251100
Lw4 498500 9274500
Up17 499500 9250300
Pangani 500700 9255600
Up18 500900 9249700
Lw5 502900 9273500
Up19 503900 9249600
Tondoroni 504500 9243200
Nyakahamba 504600 9267800
Lw6 506000 9272100
Up20 506700 9249800
Lw7 508900 9270500
Up21 509100 9249100
Magoe 509500 9257600
Kwembe 509700 9246600
Up22 510900 9249800
Lw8 512300 9269200
Pugu 512500 9241500
Up23 513300 9250600
Mbopo 514500 9261300
Up24 514900 9249600
Up25 516300 9249700
Lw9 517700 9266700
Kimara 518700 9250300
Manyema 518800 9257000
Lw10 522000 9261800
Lw11 523100 9258500
University 523300 9253200
Lw12 523900 9255200
[OPTIONS]
UNITSLPS
QUALITY NONE
ACCURACY 0.001
XI
SECOND INPUT FILE TO EPANET SOFTWARE
[TITLE]
SECOND INPUTFILE
[JUNCTIONS]
;--------------------------------------------
;ID Elevations Demand
; m LPS
;--------------------------------------------
Up1 34.57 1
Up2 69.46 1
Up3 81.65 1
Up4 86.21 1
Up5 100 1
Up6 100.89 1
Vikuge120.64 712.43
Up7 114.31 1
Up8 120.37 1
Up9 108.07 1
Mtakuja 71.74 393.93
Lw1 29.21 1
Up10 121 1
Up11 118.04 1
Viziwaziwa 160 578.21
Up12 140.6 1
Lw2 40 1
Up13 150.54 1
Kidege 142.16 282.20
Up14 119.59 1
Lw3 43.16 1
Chamagwe 83.73 650.51
Up15 141.06 1
Up16 148.09 1
Lw4 46.78 1
Up17 120 1
Pangani 180 371.22
Up18 106.17 1
Lw5 56.84 1
Up19 126.76 1
Tondoroni 178.75 431.77
Nyakahamba 80.24 419.51
Lw6 46.94 1
Up20 129.49 1
Lw7 32.06 1
Up21 175 1
Magoe 180 21.74
Kwembe 175.19 302.31
XII
Up22 141.85 1
Lw8 53.71 1
Pugu 260.42 201.04
Up23 119.55 1
Mbopo 101.17 61.90
Up24 140.35 1
Up25 128.16 1
Lw9 19.06 1
Kimara 120 1,808.90
Manyema 120 429.40
Lw10 51.24 1
Lw11 31.81 1
University 74.56 2,268.49
Lw12 42.33 1
[RESERVOIRS]
;------------------------------------
; Elev.
; ID m
;-----------------------------------
UpperRv 44.64
LowerRv 20.21
[COORDINATES]
;Node X-Coord Y-Coord
UpperRV 471600 9258800
Up1 472300 9257900
Up2 473400 9257100
Up3 474500 9256900
Up4 477500 9256900
Up5 479200 9256900
Up6 480500 9256600
Vikuge480600 9251600
LowerRv 480700 9276400
Up7 482700 9256000
Up8 483300 9255900
Up9 484100 9255600
Mtakuja 484900 9268700
Lw1 485000 9276300
Up10 485100 9255400
Up11 486600 9255000
Viziwaziwa 488800 9250800
Up12 489000 9254300
Lw2 489600 9276000
Up13 491700 9253500
Kidege 493100 9257700
XIII
Up14 494300 9252800
Lw3 494300 9275100
Chamagwe 494500 9269000
Up15 495900 9252200
Up16 497800 9251100
Lw4 498500 9274500
Up17 499500 9250300
Pangani 500700 9255600
Up18 500900 9249700
Lw5 502900 9273500
Up19 503900 9249600
Tondoroni 504500 9243200
Nyakahamba 504600 9267800
Lw6 506000 9272100
Up20 506700 9249800
Lw7 508900 9270500
Up21 509100 9249100
Magoe 509500 9257600
Kwembe 509700 9246600
Up22 510900 9249800
Lw8 512300 9269200
Pugu 512500 9241500
Up23 513300 9250600
Mbopo 514500 9261300
Up24 514900 9249600
Up25 516300 9249700
Lw9 517700 9266700
Kimara 518700 9250300
Manyema 518800 9257000
Lw10 522000 9261800
Lw11 523100 9258500
University 523300 9253200
Lw12 523900 9255200
[OPTIONS]
UNITSLPS
QUALITY NONE
ACCURACY 0.001
XIV
APPENDIX III
LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF
EXISTING AND PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION
MAINS
XV
Table 9: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM LOWER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO MANYEMA
Reduced Base Roughness Unit Head Friction

Link Id Chainage Head Pressure Diameter Flow Velocity
Node Id Level Demand Constant loss Factor
Hazen-
(m) (m) (m) (m) (LPS) (mm) (LPS) (m/s) (m/km)
Williams
Junc LoweRv 0 20.21 20.21 0 0
Pump 83 #N/A 0 3309.38 0 -331.3 0
Junc chasimba 4876.47 61.78 351.51 289.73 0
1400 120 3309.38 2.15 2.68 0.016
Junc lugera Pipe 13 8907.6 72.31 340.71 268.4 0
1400 120 2974.15 1.93 2.2 0.016
Junc kumba Pipe 14 13968.23 94.21 329.58 235.37 0
1400 120 2974.15 1.93 2.2 0.016
Junc msangani Pipe 15 20357.28 115.79 315.53 199.74 0
1400 120 2115.53 1.37 1.17 0.017
Junc kidimu Pipe 16 31962.88 122.04 301.95 179.91 0
1400 120 1799.62 1.17 0.87 0.017
Junc kivukoni Pipe 17 39074.14 127.15 295.78 168.63 0
600 120 429.4 1.52 3.79 0.019
Junc luis Pipe 18 42288.17 158 283.61 125.61 0
600 120 429.4 1.52 3.79 0.019
Junc goba Pipe 19 45988.17 136.88 269.61 132.73 0
400 120 429.4 3.42 27.28 0.018
Junc Manyema Pipe 20 49908.63 120 162.67 42.67 429.4
XVI
PROP
400
Figure 8: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED ADDITIONAL TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM LOWER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT TO
MANYEMA
XVII
Table 10: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM LUGERA JUNCTION NODE TO MTAKUJA DISTRIBUTION ZONE
Hazen-
Williams
Junc lugera 0 72.31 340.71 268.4 0
Pipe 88 300 140 335.23 4.74 52.64 0.014
Junc Mtakuja 1476.48 71.74 262.99 191.25 335.23
PROPOSED
400
Figure 9: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM LUGERA JUNCTION NODE TO MTAKUJA DISTRIBUTION ZONE
350 XVIII
Table 11: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION NODE TO KIDEGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc msangani 0 115.79 315.53 199.74 0
Pipe 78 300 140 240.15 3.4 28.38 0.014
Junc Kidege 2662.71 142.16 239.96 97.8 240.15
PROPOSED B
350
Figure 10: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION NODE TO KIDEGE DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
XIX
300
Table 12: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION NODE TO Up12 JUNCTION NODE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc msangani 0 115.79 315.53 199.74 0
Pipe 80 600 140 618.47 2.19 5.59 0.014
Junc Up12 6174.14 140.6 281 140.4 0
PROPOSE
350
Figure 11: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM MSANGANI JUNCTION NODE TO Up12 JUNCTION NODE
XX
Table 13: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIDIMU JUNCTION NODE TO PANGANI DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc kidimu 0 122.04 301.95 179.91 0
Pipe 79 600 140 315.91 1.12 1.61 0.015
Junc Pangani 1992.49 180 298.74 118.74 315.91
PROPOSED
350
Figure 12: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIDIMU JUNCTION NODE TO PANGANI DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
XXI
Table 14: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE TO MAGOE DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc kivukoni 0 127.15 295.78 168.63 0
Pipe 77 600 140 91.08 0.32 0.16 0.018
Junc Magoe 4527.69 180 295.05 115.05 91.08
PROPOSED
350
Figure 13: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE TO MAGOE DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
XXII
Table 15: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE TO Up21 JUNCTION NODE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc kivukoni 0 127.15 295.78 168.63 0
Pipe 81 600 140 1279.14 4.52 21.48 0.012
Junc Up21 4001.25 175 209.83 34.83 0
PRO
350
Figure 14: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM KIVUKONI JUNCTION NODE TO Up21 JUNCTION NODE
XXIII
Table 16: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING 600mm IN DIAMETER TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM UPPER RUVU TREATMENT PLANT
TO KIMARA RESERVOIR

Hazen-
Williams
Junc UpperRv 0 44.64 44.64 0 #N/A
Pump 84 #N/A 0 1880.41 0 -319.82 0
Junc Up1 1140.18 34.57 364.46 329.89 0
Pipe 21 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014
Junc Up2 2500.33 69.46 355.59 286.13 0
Pipe 22 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014
Junc Up3 3618.36 81.65 348.3 266.65 0
Pipe 23 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014
Junc Up4 6618.36 86.21 328.74 242.53 0
Pipe 24 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014
Junc Up5 8318.36 100 317.66 217.66 0
Pipe 25 600 140 671.96 2.38 6.52 0.014
Junc Up6 9652.53 100.89 308.96 208.07 0
Pipe 26 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up7 11932.88 114.31 301.73 187.42 0
Pipe 27 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up8 12541.16 120.37 299.8 179.43 0
Pipe 28 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up9 13395.56 108.07 297.09 189.02 0
Pipe 29 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up10 14415.36 108.07 297.09 189.02 0
Pipe 30 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up11 15967.78 118.04 288.93 170.89 0
Pipe 31 600 140 455.31 1.61 3.17 0.014
Junc Up12 18467.78 140.6 281 140.4 0
Pipe 32 0 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up13 21283.81 150.54 270.36 119.82
Pipe 33 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up14 23976.39 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 34 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up15 25685.19 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 35 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up16 27880.64 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 36 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
XXIV
Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up17 29759.47 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 37 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up18 31282.62 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 38 600 140 500.48 1.77 3.78 0.014
Junc Up19 34284.29 126.76 221.24 94.48 0
Pipe 39 600 140 369.18 1.31 2.15 0.015
Junc Up20 37091.42 129.49 215.21 85.72 0
Pipe 40 600 140 369.18 1.31 2.15 0.015
Junc Up21 39591.42 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 41 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014
Junc Up22 41522.74 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 42 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014
Junc Up23 44052.56 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 43 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014
Junc Up24 45939.36 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 44 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014
Junc Up25 47342.93 128.16 162.79 34.63 0
Pipe 45 600 140 646.41 2.29 6.07 0.014
Junc Kimara 49816.79 120 147.78 27.78 1808.9
XXV
EXISTING
400
Figure 15: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF EXISTING 600mm IN DIAMETER TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM UPPER RUVU
TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA RESERVOIR
XXVI
TO KIMARA RESERVOIR

Hazen-
Williams
Junc UpperRv 0 44.64 44.64 0 #N/A
Pump 84 #N/A 0 1880.41 0 -319.82 0
Junc Up1 1140.18 34.57 364.46 329.89 0
Pipe 46 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013
Junc Up2 2500.33 69.46 355.59 286.13 0
Pipe 47 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013
Junc Up3 3618.36 81.65 348.3 266.65 0
Pipe 48 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013
Junc Up4 6618.36 86.21 328.74 242.53 0
Pipe 49 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013
Junc Up5 8318.36 100 317.66 217.66 0
Pipe 50 750 140 1208.45 2.74 6.52 0.013
Junc Up6 9652.53 100.89 308.96 208.07 0
Pipe 51 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up7 11932.88 114.31 301.73 187.42 0
Pipe 52 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up8 12541.16 120.37 299.8 179.43 0
Pipe 53 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up9 13395.56 108.07 297.09 189.02 0
Pipe 54 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up10 14415.36 108.07 297.09 189.02 0
Pipe 55 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up11 15967.78 118.04 288.93 170.89 0
Pipe 56 750 140 818.83 1.85 3.17 0.014
Junc Up12 18467.78 140.6 281 140.4 0
Pipe 57 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up13 21283.81 150.54 270.36 119.82 0
Pipe 58 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up14 23976.39 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 59 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up15 25685.19 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 60 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
XXVII
Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up16 27880.64 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 61 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up17 29759.47 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 62 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up18 31282.62 119.59 260.19 140.6 0
Pipe 63 750 140 900.07 2.04 3.78 0.013
Junc Up19 34284.29 126.76 221.24 94.48 0
Pipe 64 750 140 663.93 1.5 2.15 0.014
Junc Up20 37091.42 129.49 215.21 85.72 0
Pipe 65 750 140 663.93 1.5 2.15 0.014
Junc Up21 39591.42 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 66 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013
Junc Up22 41522.74 141.85 198.11 56.26 0
Pipe 67 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013
Junc Up23 44052.56 119.55 182.76 63.21 0
Pipe 68 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013
Junc Up24 45939.36 140.35 171.31 30.96 0
Pipe 69 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013
Junc Up25 47342.93 128.16 162.79 34.63 0
Pipe 70 750 140 1162.49 2.63 6.07 0.013
Junc Kimara 49816.79 120 147.78 27.78 1808.9
XXVIII
EXISTING
400
TREATMENT PLANT TO KIMARA RESERVOIR
XXIX
Table 18: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up6 JUNCTION NODE TO VIKUGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up6 0 100.89 308.96 208.07 0
Pipe 71 600 140 606.27 2.14 5.39 0.014
Junc Vikuge 5001 120.64 282.01 161.37 606.274
PROPOSE
350
Figure 17: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up6 JUNCTION NODE TO VIKUGE DISTRIBUTION ZONE
XXX
300
Table 19: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up12 JUNCTION NODE TO VIZIWAZIWA DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up12 0 140.6 281 140.4 0
Pipe 72 600 140 492.06 1.74 3.66 0.014
Junc Viziwaziwa 3505.71 160 268.17 108.17 492.056
PROPOSE
300
Figure 18: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up12 JUNCTION NODE TO VIZIWAZIWA DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
XXXI
Table 20: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up19 JUNCTION NODE TO TONDORONI DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up19 0 126.76 221.24 94.48 0
Pipe 73 600 140 367.44 1.3 2.13 0.015
Junc Tondoroni 6428.06 178.75 207.54 28.79 367.44
PROPOSED
250
Figure 19: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up19 JUNCTION NODE TO TONDORONI DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
XXXII
Table 21: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up21 JUNCTION NODE TO KWEMBE AND PUGU DISTRIBUTION
ZONES

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Up21 0 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pump 85 #N/A 0 503.35 0 -110.09 0
Junc Kwembe 2570.99 175.19 319.93 144.74 302.31
Pipe 74 400 140 201.04 1.6 5.03 0.015
Junc Pugu 8389.07 260.42 290.67 30.25 201.04
PROPOSED BRA
350
XXXIII
Figure 20: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Up21 JUNCTION NODE TO KWEMBE AND PUGU
DISTRIBUTION ZONES
XXXIV
TO UNIVERSITY RESERVOIR

Hazen-
Williams
Junc LowerRv 0 20.21 20.21 0 #N/A
Pump 82 #N/A 0 3310.42 0 -166.45 0
Junc Lw1 4301.14 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 1 1400 120 3310.42 2.15 2.68 0.016
Junc Lw2 8910.91 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 2 1400 120 3310.42 2.15 2.68 0.016
Junc Lw3 13696.3 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 3 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016
Junc Lw4 17938.94 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 4 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016
Junc Lw5 22451.15 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 5 1400 120 2756.84 1.79 1.91 0.016
Junc Lw6 25852.62 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 6 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017
Junc Lw7 29164.72 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 7 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017
Junc Lw8 32804.77 175 209.83 34.83 0
Pipe 8 1400 120 2399.84 1.56 1.48 0.017
Junc Lw9 38755.4 19.06 119.16 100.1 0
Pipe 9 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017
Junc Lw10 45274.6 19.06 119.16 100.1 0
Pipe 10 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017
Junc Lw11 48753.11 31.81 105.85 74.04 0
Pipe 11 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017
Junc Lw12 52148.7 42.33 101.33 59 0
Pipe 12 1400 120 2268.49 1.47 1.33 0.017
Junc University 54236.76 74.56 98.54 23.98 2268.49
XXXV
EXISTIN
250
TREATMENT PLANT TO UNIVERSITY RESERVOIR
XXXVI
Table 23: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw3 JUNCTION NODE TO CHAMAGWE DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Lw3 0 43.16 161.46 118.3 0
Pipe 75 600 140 553.58 1.96 4.55 0.014
Junc Chamagwe 6103.28 83.73 133.67 49.94 553.58
PROPOSED
180
Figure 22: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw3 JUNCTION NODE TO CHAMAGWE DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
160 XXXVII
Table 24: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw6 JUNCTION NODE TO NYAKAHAMBA DISTRIBUTION ZONE

Hazen-
Williams
Junc Lw6 0 46.94 138.23 91.29 0
Pipe 76 600 140 357 1.26 2.02 0.015
Junc Nyakahamba 4522.17 80.24 129.09 48.85 357
PROPOSED B
160
Figure 23: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw6 JUNCTION NODE TO NYAKAHAMBA DISTRIBUTION
ZONE
140
XXXVIII
Table 25: DESCRIPTIONS OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw9 JUNCTION NODE TO MBOPO DISTRIBUTION ZONE
Pressur Diamete Roughness

Link Id Chainage Reduced Level Head Base Demand Flow Velocity Unit Head loss Friction Factor
Node Id e r Constant
Hazen-
Williams
Junc Lw9 0 19.06 119.16 100.1 0
Junc Mbopo Pipe 88 1476.48 101.17 117.17 16 131.35 300 140 335.23 4.74 52.64 0.014
PROPOSE
140
Figure 24: LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF PROPOSED BRANCH FROM Lw9 JUNCTION NODE TO MBOPO DISTRIBUTION ZONE
XXXIX
120

Improvement of Dar-Es-Salaam Water System Management Through Isolated Localised Distribution Networks

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Improvement of Dar-Es-Salaam Water System Management Through Isolated Localised Distribution Networks

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IMPROVEMENT OF DAR-ES-SALAAM WATER SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

THROUGH ISOLATED LOCALISED DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

The information contained in this document is the outcome of a six month

The analysis output documented here is by far the outcome of various

I wish also to thank the WARREDOC management team; the director

Figure 1: Location map of Dar-es-salaam region the project area...................................................1

So as to be able to reorganise the functions of existing water systems to

1.1 STUDY AREA

Figure 1: Location map of Dar-es-salaam region the project area

Dar-es-salaam is the largest city in Tanzania, and is politically, economically

Figure 2: Dar-es-salaam region urban population growth trend map

Traditionally, in DSM water supply services have been delivered by means of

2 CURRENT STATE OF WATER SERVICES IN DAR ES SALAAM REGION

The growing of population, as well as unplanned expansion of the city being

• Capacities of three treatment plants, in relation to present and future

2.1 DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM

Consequently, the water supply system has undergone some adjustments

2.2.2 Upper Ruvu Water Treatment Plant

Kimara reservoir has a capacity to hold 34,000 m 3, made up of two 8,000 m 3

• The on-going exercise of providing water to individuals, direct from the

3 METHODOLOGICAL TO STREAMLINE WATER SUPPLY TO DSM AND

In order to minimize or eliminate the problems associated with insufficient

The expected analysis outputs involve data acquisition and treatment

• Topographical maps of an area of interest which shows contours and

Information from the topographical maps could be conventionally obtained

3.1 DATA ACQUISITION AND TREATMENT

The data acquisition in this study referred to a process of transferring

3.1.1 Data Acquisition

The exercise of digitisation involved six adjoining topographical maps of a

• Contour segment map.

3.1.1.2 Creation of Digital Elevation Model

The pixel values in this example are calculated as follows:

3.1.2 Data Treatment

3.1.2.1 Creation of Water Distribution Zones

Basically, as described earlier, water demand for each zone should be

However, it is unfortunate that the information on the detailed results of

• In those zones whereby the population could be easily estimated by

Area Area Estimated LPS

1. Kibamba 24953 26641 Kwembe 46.25

1. Kawe 59568 139768 Manyema 242.65

1. Msogola 19888 23866 Pugu 41.43

1. Buguruni 100,554,84 53416 64100 University 111.28

The input of schematized zones to EPANET could be in a form of image as

3.1.3 Simulation of the Performance of Water Supply System Main

The simulation of transmission main of water supply system would be carried

Table 3:Rougness Coefficient for New Pipe

The Darcy-Weisbach formula is the most theoretically correct; it applies over

Where hL = head loss (Length), q = flow rate (Volume/Time), A = resistance

The Hanzen-Williams equation in maintaining SI unit in computations can be

V=1.318 C R0.63 S0.54 whereby:-

− V = Velocity length per unit time (m/s)

However V = Q/A whereby: -

Operationally, the introduced transmission main could also be used to feed

No. Distribution Zone Zone Total Area (m2) LPS

Technically the proposed archetype water distribution system can assist on

• Monitor and regulate water consumption rates at every zone.

• Examine the amount of water entering and leaving each junction to a

• Planning and preparation of various construction phases of the project.

• Permitting post disinfection process at zone level whenever required.

• Conducting of water losses assessment along the transmission mains by

• Reduction/elimination of illegal connections.

The proposed approach will administratively assist in achieving the