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CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION
CLASSES OF PRECIPITATION
CLASSES OF PRECIPITATION
CLASSES OF PRECIPITATION
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
ACID PRECIPITATION
CONTAMINATION OF PRECIPITATION
TERMS OR MEASUREMENTS
EXAMPLE 2.1
SOLUTION 2.1
1.08 = 0.18/(10/60)hr
1.26 = 0.21/(10/60)hr
Record
Weighing
Tipping bucket
Float
Non- Record
POINT PRECIPITATION
DEW POINT
Dew point is measured by the OUTDOOR HUMIDITY/TEMP SENSOR.
The dew point temperature is derived from the outdoor temperature
and relative humidity measurements.
OUTDOOR HUMIDITY / TEMP SENSOR
POINT PRECIPITATION
WIND CHILL
Wind chill temperature is measured
by the WIND SENSOR and
OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE
SENSOR. It is calculated from wind
speed and outdoor temperature
measurements by the ULTIMETER
weather station.
LOCATION
Rain gage
h
75cm or
2-5 ft
h
>2h
MISSING DATA
Arithmetic Mean
Method
Quadrant Method
Gage Consistency
Arithmetic Mean
Method
EXAMPLE
Arithmetic Mean
Method
EXAMPLE 2.2
694-69.4 = 624.6
694 + 69.4 = 763.4
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 2.3
EXAMPLE
Quadrant Method
Quadrant Method
EXAMPLE
2.4
If all station
coordinated in
quadrant, calculate all
station
EXAMPLE 2.4
II
I
B
F
A
D
E
IV
Quadrant Method
correction
EXAMPLE 2.4
25.5
42.5
ignore
42.66
42.66 mm
EXAMPLE
Gage Consistency
EXAMPLE
Gage Consistency
Pa = Px [Ma/Mo]
correction
Px
EXAMPLE
Gage Consistency
Gage Consistency
EXAMPLE 2.5
Gage Consistency
correction
Gage Consistency
Gage Consistency
Ma
Mo
P1929 = 40.55 mm
P1928 = ?
[148-33]/[774-154]
P1927 = 38.5 mm
P1926 = 45 mm
Isohyetal Method
Arithmetic Mean
Method
Thiessen Polygon
Method
Thiessen Polygon
Method
Thiessen Polygon
Method
Thiessen Polygon
Method
Thiessen Polygon
Method
EXAMPLE 2.6
Isohyetal Method
EXAMPLE
2.6
Isohyetal Method
Isohyetal Method
EXAMPLE 2.7
Column 2
[30+40]/2
Column 1
Isohyetal Method
Calculate on graph paper
Column 1
Column 2
EXAMPLE 2.7
Conclusion
Precipitation input is the main driver of the hydrologic
cycle, as it relates to river flow, water supply and urban
drainage. Too much or too little can mean the difference
between prosperity and disaster. In between these
extremes are the normal precipitation event that are
experienced with a frequency and intensity related mainly
to geographic position and topographic features.
At the end of this chapter you should be able to
estimate point and areal precipitation amounts from
gauge data and conceptualize simple hydrologic process
models.