EXAM I CLASS LECTURE NOTES

(lecture 1)
The Protestant Reformation in Western Europe
Main Goals and Ideas:
Demonstrate how I use outlines in class
Europe was not a unified whole, but full of internal conflicts and divisions,
both before and after the Protestant Reformation.
Religion was the strongest division between individuals in early Modern
Europe.
The Reach of the Catholic Church, 313-1500s
Apostolic Succession
-the ordaining of popes, bishops, all trace roots back to peter, and therefor jesus
-only way to get to heaven is through priest
-only way to get to heaven is to heaven is through the priest, who has ties to pope
The Limits of the church outside of Western Europe/ the limits of the
church within Western Europe
-every local area is going to have some version or hybridization attached to catholicism
-there were many debates about the life of jesus (was he human, divine, or both?)
Paganism
Heresy
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther and the 95 theses (the symbolic beginning)
-statement of things church was doing wrong
-believed that the bible should be translated, the church was too political, and that you do
not need a priest to get to heaven
Peasants revolt
-revolt against landlords due to luthers actions
-luther did not approve when they became violent
-caused lose of appeal in rural poor because princes reacted cruelly

Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church

Council of Trent (1545-1563)
-standardization of beliefs
-catholic mass emerges (mass is still in latin)
-attempt to spread catholicism
-changes due to protestant reformation
-set out clear differences with protestantism
-condemned corruptions such as simony (sale of church offices), pluralism (one
individual held several offices), and nepotism (favoritism granted to relatives)
-index of forbidden books
Creation of Jesuits
-missionaries that carried catholicism to distant nations
Religious Conflict:
St. Bartholomew Days Massacre (1572)-Huguenots (protestant family of bride)
-started out by the assassination of the brides protestant family and then turned to a mob
of violence
-mass murder of protestants by catholics
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
-holy roman emperor had conflicts with protestant princes
-sparked in progue (two catholic officials thrown out of protestant princes window)
-war between catholics and protestants
-violence was extreme
-every major power was involved: transformed from religious to political
-places where there is not warfare people had abandoned their fields, there is famine
-ended with treaty of wesphalia
-importance: how serious people took religion
Concluding Thoughts:
Europe was not a unified whole, but full of internal conflicts and divisions, both before
and after the Protestant Reformation.
Religion was the strongest division between individuals in early Modern Europe.

(lecture 2) pg. 475-490 9:3-5

Main Points:
The system of nation-states is a relatively new creation in world history.
Focusing only on one single nation-state will make you miss the things that
are happening in many places at once.
Medieval Spain provides a good case study of a local place that served as a
global crossroads.
Setting up Europe for future comparisons:
Hierarchy
-levels of society
Heterogeneous
-diversity
-ex: protestantism vs. catholic
Historical
-all societies have own, different backgrounds
-every society changes
What does it mean to be ahistorical?
-assumption that this or that society has not changed
-to see a place and assume it has always been like that
Weak States in Europe before and during the Reformation:
-kings did not have much power
-they depended on local forces (decentralized)
Four goals of centralizing monarchies, 1500-1700
1. Bureaucracy (ppl who work for the govt)
Intendants
-king pays bureaucrat, they are dependent and loyal to king
-selected official from outside of nobility and payed them in small scattered estates
-kings also granted towns privledges in return for payments (reduced dependence on
nobles)

-more sophisticated state structure, can now go further into country to tax
2.

Militarization

-forces the payment of taxes

vagabonds; vagabondage
-bandits in european countryside
-brought in to serve in military
-advantageous to state because you take away crime to fight crime
3. Creation of Legitimacy
-prove to people that you deserve to rule
Louis XIV Aprs moi, ltat. (I am the state)
-called himself the sun king
Absolutism
-king decides everything
-placed king at highest point
-king louis moved palace to versailles from paris because he could, was a way to project
total power
-

no checks and balances on king

however, power doesnt compare to modern president

4. Homogenizing population (desire to make population similar)

-less tolerance for certain minorities

Cardinal Richelieu
-standardized french language, unified population
-inquistition (spanish tribunal for detection and punishment of heresy, operated as agency
of state, free from church control)
Global processes in a local setting: Iberian Peninsula
The places we call Spain and Portugal were loose collections of subregions
-has not always been roman catholic
-practiced muslim and catholicism

Hispania
Castile, Granada, Aragon, Catalua, Asturias, etc. (GOOGLE) <------The wedding of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
Reconquista
-struggle of 2 powers
-ended with marriage of ferdinand and isabel (united argon and castile to form spain)
The significance of 1492: Then and Now
-many minorities were being expelled
Limpieza de sangre (Purity of Blood)
-further you could trace relatives to catholicism, the purer you blood was
Inquisition
-police branch of catholic church
-used torture to persuade confession
-to increase nobility, you could purchase a position

(lecture 3) pg. 438-44, 451-8, 8:13-15

The Ottoman Empire in World History
I. Lectures Main Points
As in Christianity, there were major divisions within Islam, making it a
heterogeneous religion.
The Ottoman Empire partly emerged out of the religious conflict that
occurred in Central Europe and the Middle East.
Ottoman rulers ability to manage this religious heterogeneity helps to
their success.

explain

II. Religious Fragmentation and the Erosion of the Byzantine Empire,

1095-1453
-Byzantine empire: eastern orthodox catholicism (ruled by patriarch)
Christian Crusades to reclaim the Holy Land
-christains AND muslims claim bits of empires for themselves

Divisions within Christianity and attacks on the Byzantine Empire

III. Rise of the Ottoman Turks and the Invasion of Constantinople,
1300s-1453
Ghazi border warrios
Mehmet II and the Invasion of Constantinople
-first to invade constantinople
Patriarch
-previous one was killed and they appointed a new one
Hagia Sephia
-symbol of previous catholic church, was turned into a mosque
IV. Three Strategies for Administering a Heterogeneous Population
Kadis
-judge who follows islamic law and is incharge of settling all disputed
Millet System
-way to let religious minorities to follow own laws as long as they know kadis
word is final (as long as they paid their taxes and kept to themselves)
-people who were getting kicked out of spain moved to ottoman empire because
there was religious freedom
-previous political offices stayed in tact
Devshirme
-tribute children (1 of 15 children between 7 and 15 were captured and trained as
warriors, farmers, or state officials. all were converted to islam)
Janissaries
-tribute children warriors
Hierarchy
-sultan ruled, everyone else is an outsider at the place in which they are stationed.
-unfamiliar territories
-no political ties= loyalty to sultan
Viziers

-was a tribute child and became right hand to sultan

Sokullu Mehmet Pasha
-became powerful, right hand man to sultan and ruled behind the scenes while
sultans child who inherited the thrown grew to be of age
V. The Ottoman Empire at the Height of its Power, 16th century
Sultan Selim (1512-1520) and the Conquest of the Safavids (other shia muslims)
-invaded territory to east
-ottomans were sunni
-selim slaughtered many safavids in iraq (30-40,000)
The invasion of Egypt and the seizure of the Caliphate
VI.

A Victim of their own Success?: Ottoman Crises in the 17th

century

-Jannisaries became too powerful and difficult to control

The assassination of Osman II
-assassinated by jannisaries, then appointed and incompetent sultan, decline in power
VII. What we learned
As in Christianity, there were major divisions within Islam, making it a
heterogeneous religion.
The Ottoman Empire partly emerged out of the religious conflict that
occurred in Central Europe and the Middle East.
Ottoman rulers ability to manage this religious heterogeneity helps to
their success.

explain

Main Points:
The system of nation-states is a relatively new creation in world history.
Focusing only on one single nation-state will make you miss the things that
are happening in many places at once.
Medieval Spain provides a good case study of a local place that served as a
global crossroads.

(lecture 4) pg. 550-9, 2:4, 3:15, 10:6-9

From Ming to Qing rule in China Main Points of the Lecture:

The area we call China is made up of culturally, linguistically, and religiously diverse
groups of people.
Both the Ming and the Qing rulers used a combination of force and compromise in order
to rule these groups.
In terms of technology and statecraft, China was more advanced than Europe in the
period leading up to 1700.
The Cultural Heterogeneity of China
Linguistic Divisions in Contemporary China (Numbers from the 1980s):
Mandarin (680 Million)
Cantonese (55 Million)
Wannan (4 million)
Gan (25 million)
Xiang (50 million)
Wu (85 million)
Minbei (12 million)
Minnan (40 Million)
Mongol
Manchu Tibetan
Religious Divisions in Chinese History:
Taoism (starts in the fourth century, still prominent in 1500s)
Lao-Tzu and the Tao Te Ching Tao the road
Tao principles can get you to forsake the leader
Chinese Buddhism Guatama
-started in india, at some point spread to china
-no concept of heaven after you die (no soul)

-purpose: to find enlightenment while on earth

-all human beings are equal
Chan or Zen Buddhism (most well known form of buddism)
Bodhidharma (sent from india to convert people in china to buddism. Taught
them the need for reaching enlightenment, dont need teachers. Disliked other leaders of
Buddism, had 4 main concepts behind Zen buddism:
-no need for books, just practice religion
-supposed to go directly to the heart of men
-you can see your own nature, and if you can see your own nature you can see the
nature of the whole world and become just like budda.
-budda: similar to martin luther, lived in the 6th century
Ethnic Groups: Then and Now
Religious Conflict: Taoist - Buddhist Conflict
Political Rule in China:
Jin (1115-1234)
Mongols (1280-1368)
Ming (1368-1643)
Ming Rule Hierarchy:
Han Chinese
Mandate of Heaven (those in power were given a right to rule from a divine
source)
Confucianism and the examination system
Ming Political Decline
Emperor Wanli (starts to increase taxes)
-regarless of taxes, there is a lot of inflation due to the large amount of silver
coming from the americas
Ming Economic Crisis

Global Connection: American Silver and Ming Decline

Pressures from Below and Ming Defeat
Manchurians
-nomadic people from manchuria
-Nurachi (manchu chief) set up a permanent capitol and chinese govt
Peking
-manchu joined forces with ming to aid in defeat of rebel forces, with success,
Abahai was enthroned
-took almost 100 years for Qing to have control
Yunnan Province
What did the Qing Dynasty do?
-used a method of force within all the groups
Incorporation and Force: The Qing and Imperial administration
The Queue
-required all men under qing rule to have have same hairstyle called queue and
when people resisted they said lose your hair or lose your head
-hairstyle symbolizes qing citizen wear their loyalty on their bodies
Confucianism (believe that people can reach level of perfection or
enlightenment
-kept, from the old way
-added banner system
-every platoon had own color banner
-easy way to organize soldiers, people, and aspects of life
-obey or go to jail
-new banners were created when qing took over
Tusi system

-if there was a region that was stable but had a non manchu leader in charge that
was already successful, they kept it that way
-similar to millet system in ottoman empire
Qianlong (1736-1795)
-represented himself as a practitioner of buddism
-have use of symbols to get mongols on board
Bodhisattva
Universalism
Banner system (all men were enrolled in military in one of eight banners, once
non-manchus were conquered and incorped. into the state, these men were placed
restricting to fighting and management while nonmanchus worked the fields)
-diarchy: requirement for equal number of Han and bannerman as advisors.
created a collegial form of government and system of checks and balances.
-bureaucrats had to pass exam system but admitted previously ineligible groups
Incorporation of diverse population
-prohibition of marriage between bannerman and nonbannerman
-han and manchu both held high positions
-qing adopted ming-style government
-Han men were forced to adopt to qing fashion and dress
-kept the mandate of heaven

(lecture 5) pg. 351-64, 7:1-3

Indigenous People in the Americas
Main Points:
-The term Indian, which we use to lump all indigenous people together into a single
category, did not exist before Europeans arrived in the Americas.
-There was no single identity that all indigenous people felt like they shared with one
another. One group could have considered European arrivals just as foreign as another
group that lived only a few miles away.
The Uniqueness of the Americas in World History
-last region to be settled

Homo-Sapiens
-first homo-sapien came from africa
-entire globe settled by migration
-americas were last (separate from other lad masses, to get there you had to go through
cold places, had to cross land mass
Nomadic (constantly moving for food)
Sedentary (settle long term)
Semi-Sedentary (live on seasonal routine)
Heterogeneity in the Americas before 1492
-ALL groups differed
Avoiding the trap of being ahistorical
-difficult to track groups over time
Example: Cabeza de Vaca
-detailed diaries of contact with indians, no one knows who he is writing about because
societies change
Tainos in the Caribbean
-semisedentary
-first contact with europeans
-naked, 30 and below, scars signify conflict with other groups, do not SEEM to have
religion (all according to Columbus)
Creation Myth:
-Yaya (name no one knows)
-Yayael (yayas son): tries to kill dad, dad kills him and places body in
gord, when gord was emptied, the universe came out)
Taino and Aztecs did have interaction
Aztecs and Incas: New Kids on the Block?
-more recent larger society in americas
The Mexica From Aztln to Tenochtitlan
Mexica
-spoke language still used today
-had many gods
-built city of tenochtitlan where the eagle with an snake in its beak was spotted after
wandering for years (founding story)
Nahuatl (native language)
Aztln (promise land)???
Huitzilopochtli
Tenochtitlan
-Aztec capitol
The Triple Alliance Mexica, Tacuba, Texcoco
-demanded tribute from conquered
-mexica begins to dominate
-call themselves Mexica; Aztec is the state
What was Tenochtitlan like in 1500?
-cleaner than any city in europe
-some buildings came from previous groups (ppl lived there before Aztecs)
-extremely well defended

-surrounded by water and had huge bridges with gaps (was an island) and was parasitic;
pulling resources from outside areas
Teothihuacan??
Tlatelolco??
The Social and Political Structures:
Calpulli (division into subdistricts)
Slaves and Workers
-slaves do work, were brought in from outside
Tribute from outside the city
Warriors
-were sent outside of city to demand food, water, and slaves (tribute)
The Role of Women
-were expected to stay and do housework within home
Hierarchy
1.
emperor
2.
priests and priestesses (religious leaders)
3.
warriors
4.
skilled laborers
5.
slaves
The Role of Human Sacrifice in the Aztec Empire
-number of sacrifices was HUGE
-done often and publicly
-blood was caked onto many walls
-people sacrificed were outsiders (nonmexica)
The Incan Empire in Peru
-massive empire, skilled at management
How was the Incan Empire different from the Aztec Empire?
Inca = name of the ruler
Tawantinsuyu = name of territory
How did the Incas govern such a large amount of territory?
Kilpu System
-way to send messages quickly throughout empire
-knots on rope as messages, became a sort of relay
-messengers became a common job of the people
Cultural Policies
-ppl had to adopt incan culture and religion as well as their own, kept ppl from uniting,
reason why it was illegal to change the dress
Tribute Labor Payments:
Mita (forced labor of incan subjects)
Indigenous People in the Caribbean
Aztecs vs Incans
-both taken over by spanish
-Aztec fell quicker, because the spanish use of Aztec enemies, and had a centralized
power (single-city)
-Aztec: 2 yrs, Inca: decades
Reflecting on the First Part of the Course

Of the societies we have discussed, what do they all have in common?

-everywhere had hierarchy
-heterogeneous
-had own history (did not stay the same over time)
(lecture 6) pg. 496-506, 9:12, 9:14-16
The Spanish Colonies in the Americas
-The second part of this course will be concerned primarily with connections across
regions, rather than comparisons.
-European powers sought to recreate their way of life in the Americas though they ended
up creating new societies that mixed indigenous, European, and African cultures.
The European Colonies in the Americas
The benefits and the drawbacks of the 13 colonies approach
-where everything started
-England did have colonies as well, not seen
-if we only focus on 13 colonies, we lose track of what is happening in surrounding areas
-jamestown founded: 1607, first european colony founded in 1400s
The Economic Justification for Spanish Colonialism
-sailing business is booming in portugal, new technologies, ships dominate seas,
established trading routes to obtain spices in asia and sell in europe
-Christopher Columbus story
Large-scale: Why does the Spanish crown want it? (Americas)
-can trade goods and tax traded goods
Small-scale: Why would individual Spaniards want it?
-Hidalgo (lowest level of nobility in spain, do not pay taxes and do no labor; not
wealthy): looking for glory and adventure and have economic motives
Religious Justifications for Spanish Colonialism: A Sequel to European
History?
The Reconquista, part 2
-want to fight to spread catholicism in Americas
The Counter-Reformation, part 2
-discovery of Americas happened at same time as reformation
-the fight to convert natives to catholicism or protestantism
Early Blueprints for Colonizing the Americas
La Isabela, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic)
-1500 men sent to create perfect society
-built town: churches, stores, houses...
-unsuccessful (refused to eat native foods and accommodate to native traditions)
The Columbian Exchange
What did Europe bring to the Americas?
-disease, livestock, technology (wheel and scissors)
What did the people of the Americas contribute to Europe?
-chocolate, tobacco, corn
Foodways?
How did European and Indigenous cultural forms come together to
shape the Spanish colonies in the Americas?

Military
-spanish united with aztec enemies (tlaxcalans)
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs
Tlaxcalans (aztec enemies)
Labor
-enslaved certain groups until discovery of tribute
Tribute
-the performance of work for free by natives, went from being placed on certain groups to
all groups
-common labor: gold mines
Religion
-big goal of spanish was to convert natives to catholicism
-built churches and icons on native religious sites
Case Study: The Virgin of Guadalupe????
From Religion to Race
Social hierarchy
-indians pay tribute, africans were slaves, whites managed
-intermarriage confused hierarchy
Castas Paintings
-portraits that displayed rules of hierarchy with mixed genes
What do we see?
European powers sought to recreate their way of life in the Americas though they ended
up creating new societies that mixed indigenous, European, and African cultures.
(lecture 7) pg. 378-87, 491-6, 9:17, 11:19
West Africa and the Slave Trade
Two big ideas:
As in the Americas, there was no single African identity between 1500 and 1800.
Individuals and groups in the continent defined themselves according to their
ethnic group, their family, their religion, their position within their society, and
perhaps the region where they lived.
Societies within the continent of Africa changed fundamentally as a result of their
trading relationships with Eurasia. Many of the problems faced by contemporary
Africa were the result of the slave trade, not the cause of it.
Africa as a Global Crossroads
Religion
Islam
Christianity
-practiced in Kingdom of Kongo
-many small scale tribal religions
-Vodun (one of many small scale religions)

What is the problem with the dominant images of Africa?

Dominated by Europe?
Technologically primitive?
Disdained because of racism?
Place of constant warfare and violent dictators?
Senegambia
-numerous rivers produce diversity (with trade and products)
-good from sahara and tropics
Senegambia before direct interactions with Europe
Geographic Characteristics
Rivers: Niger, Senegal, Gambia
Topography: Sahara Desert and tropical environment of the Sudan
Ethnic Groups: Wolof, Peul, Tukulor, Manding, Sercer, Soninke, Susu, Joola,
Nalu, Baga, Beafada, Bainuk, Basari
Changing Rulers:
Ghana Empire (500-1250)
Mali Empire (1250-1450)
Two types of societies:
South (small social organizations, peasants farming rice, equal amounts of
wealth, not fighting)
North (rigid caste system, division of labor, competition for resources,
soldiers demanded tribute from other places [the south])
The Portuguese in Senegal
The Colony at Arguin
The Emergence of Large-Scale Slave Trading
Colony at Arguin was settled
Trade was taken to a new level (slavery took off)
Captive System
-Captives previously had some privledges

-children did not inherit slave title

slaves became a massive business-area became a bloodbath, unstable and violent region
The Decline of the Jolof Confederation?
Ceddo Regimes
-highly centralized states whose sole purpose was the capture and sale of slaves
Lat Sukaabe Faal
-created a massive, violent ceddo regime

(lecture 8) pg. 9:18

Sugar Production from the Old World to the New
Main Points:
-Analyzing the production and consumption of sugar reveals a lot about the history of the
entire world.
-If you consider the technology, capital, land and labor required to produce sugar, it
becomes clear that all the world contributed to the development of the sugar industry.
-If you consider the effects of sugar production, sale, and consumption, it becomes clear
that sugar played a strong role in shaping world history.
-If you think about it, one of the parts of our own lives where we experience globalization
is through food.
What is the nature of sugar production?
-sugar is not just grown in back yard, must be done on a large scale... sugar cane must be
processed in an elaborate perfect manor.
-modern sugar plantation appears as a factory
-Factory in the field
-because it requires so much industrialization, there were many side effects for those who
produced sugar
All the World Made Sugar
-all of the world made sugar
-began as early as the era of mesopotamia
-when sugar is brought to egypt, their formal chemical processes previously used on
honey were applied to sugar (emergence of white powder sugar)
Mesopotamia Present-day Iraq Byzantine Empire Egypt Mediterranean
countries Spain
-sugar production comes to spain, has all chemical processes from egypt, use agricultural
implements to continue sugar processes, and additionally use irrigation to farm.
-initially seen in mesopotamia and spread through islamic world and reaches spain. each
civilization adds own contribution to processing.
Sugars Use in the Earliest Centuries
-primarily used as medicine or as a luxury (was expensive)
-used in a very limited way

Sugar Crosses the Atlantic Ocean

-first two places where sugar takes off:
-areas were flat enough and no precious metals could be found there
Barbados
-600,000 slaves brought in
Brazil
-5.8 million slaves brought in
-people would start cutting in the morning. At 4pm the mill would
start processing the cane.
-10pm it would stop and people would then clean
-ppl working 18 hours a day
-people were tired while working dangerous machines (limbs were caught in
machines)
-no concern for people working in factories
-enslaved people outnumbered free people
-free people maintained control by severe punishments as well as the reliance on
hunger and sleep depravity of slaves.
What are the effects of sugar production
on the environment?
-entire forests and massive ecosystems cleared
-trees used for fuel
-trenches built for water supply
Malaria
-mosquitoes spread disease because their population
explodes
-killed everyone, every ethnic group
-once disease is contracted, you died
-cure discovered in cuba
for plantation owners?
-some populations survived malaria
-sugar has transformed from just medicinal to a commonly
used
product
-money can be made in the sugar industry, can make people
rich
-any time there was new money coming into great britain, it
came from the sugar plantations over seas
-absentee landlords
-the money is not just made from sugar: you need ppl to
work
on plantation, you need to buy and sell slaves, food for
workers imported,
lumber and timber imported.
for traders of other goods?
-see below. products that were needed to support
plantations
boomed
for business owners in other parts of the world?
-if you are growing food, making ships, importing slaves you are making
money

for industrialists in Europe?

-ppl coming together to share the risk of starting a sugar
plantation
-sugar paid to industrialize parts of europe, provided money
to invest
-cause birth of modern world
for industrial workers in England?
-sugar comes into the diet of many
-amount of sugar consumed was high
-only way they could keep up pace was to consume sugar
-sugar fed industrial workers
Who is producing the sugar?
-plantations required large and steady labor force
Indigenous People in the Americas
-first people to cut sugar cane
-within one generation plantation owners realized there were not enough
ingenuous people to support plantation
Indentured Servants from Europe
-unvaluable people from europe were sent to work on plantations
African Slaves
-endless supply of workers
-ppl eat sugar, sugar fields eat ppl. mortality rate is high
-cheaper to work someone to death than to allow time to raise
children.
What is it like to work on a sugar plantation in the Americas?
-life expectancy on plantation: 7 years
-slavery was most deadly in areas that produced sugar
-highest number of slaves went to areas that produced sugar
-full of bugs and snakes
-very dangerous environment
-everything is timed, sugar cane must be processed within a
certain
number of hours. requires a specific rhythm.
-18 hours a day
-only had 6 hours to eat or sleep
Did racism come before slavery? Or did slavery come before racism?
-both human inventions
-when societies have levels of hierarchy, whites having to reign over black slaves, racism
emerges.
-after slavery is spread, more layers of racism is produced
-plantation owners justify the ownership of other human beings
Main Points:
-Analyzing the production and consumption of sugar reveals a lot about the history of the
entire world.
-If you consider the technology, capital, land and labor required to produce sugar, it
becomes clear that all the world contributed to the development of the sugar industry.
-If you consider the effects of sugar production, sale, and consumption, it becomes clear
that sugar played a strong role in shaping world history.

-If you think about it, one of the parts of our own lives where we experience globalization
is through food.
(lecture 9) pg. 630-38
The Great Divergence
Main Points:
Only in the early 1800s do we see a European country (England) begin to surpass other
parts of the world in economic productivity and technology.
On the eve of British industrialization, China had the same science, technology, and many
other advantages associated with industrialization.
Many of the elements that allowed England to industrialize came from outside of
England itself.
What is industrial capitalism in theory?
-

machines that are making stuff

if it takes a bunch of people to do a certain task, why not replace 9 of those with a
machine

machines produce more, more quickly

people buy machines and machines make product, sell goods, accumulate
property and wealth, buy more machines and accumulate more.

if you do not own a machine, you sell your labor

having a surplus of product is a difficult thing to achieve

these aspects represent a shift

In 1753, goal was to make agriculture as proficient as china

great divergence: two things that go in opposite direction

what caused british industrialization? (potential theories)

more livestock in english countryside than in asia-people could

food
Farming techniques in Britain were better
Demography (patterns in populations)
Better health
Factory owners started with desire to be efficient as possible

produce more

England traded more and better than other countries

accident
Europe had better natural resources
-Great divergence theory
combination of factors that can be found within and outside of

Britain

story of industrialization is a global story

-problem with theories
people are only looking at England, not checking to see what was
happening in Asia
What does an industrial economy require?
-machines
-workers
-people with money to invest
-people to buy what you make (consumers)
-final product
-fuel to power machine
-food
-raw materials
-all of these things came together in Britain and england but we are not sure how it did.
Did England (or Western Europe as a whole) fulfill these requirements
more than parts of Asia?
The Story of Textiles in England: A Combination of Local and
International Factors
-ability to take cotton and turn it into thread, weave it, and sell it
-machines require workers but not nearly as much as before
-machines need fuel (trees from forests, which are declining)
-people begin to use coal for fuel
-britain has a lot of coal (internal Factors for revolution)

-use steam powered pumps to pull water out of coal mines

-coal mining provides many types of work for people (uses child labor)
-cotton comes from india and americas to produce textiles
-cotton in american south became a cash crop when british textile industry boomed
-textiles became one of the most widely traded goods in Africa (traded textiles for slaves)
-only way to obtain workers is to get them off of the farm (have to produce enough food
to feed them)
-more that people are mining coal, the more the forests begin to grow
-food from americas feed the workers
-potato became a filling, major source of food
-stuff that damaged soil was grown in americas and shipped to europe
-when british first went to Caribbean they sent scientists, a lot of we know about soil
conservation came from them
-Destruction of of carribean showed europe what not to do
-fertilizer comes to europe from americas
Main Points:
Only in the early 1800s do we see a European country (England) begin to surpass other
parts of the world in economic productivity and technology.
On the eve of British industrialization, China had the same science, technology, and many
other advantages associated with industrialization.
Many of the elements that allowed England to industrialize came from outside of
England itself.
Requirements

Local vs. International

Food and food technology

(international)

Coal

(local)

Steam power to access coal

(local and international)

People to buy your products (local and international)

Money to invest

(international)

Raw materials

(international)

Effects

Local vs. International

Poor working conditions

(slaves)]

[local (industrial workers)]

Environmental destruction (international)

Wealth

(local)

[international