Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ORGANIZ A
Magdalena Atria
Natalia Babarovic
Mnica Bengoa
Paz Castaeda
Isidora Correa
AUSPICIADORES E XPOSICION
Marcela Correa
Paula de Solminhiac
Paula Dittborn
Paz Errzuriz
Virginia Errzuriz
Catalina Gelcich
p r o y e c t o a c o g i d o a l e y d e d o n a c i o n e s c u lt u r a l e s
Andrea Goic
Catalina Gonzlez
Nury Gonzlez
Caterina Purdy
Lotty Rosenfeld
Carolina Ruff
Carolina Salinas
Francisca Snchez
Cecilia Vicua
contenido
DEL OTRO LADO, presentacin Ministra Presidenta del Consejo Nacional
de la Cultura y las Artes
3
Hacer la pregunta, presentacin Arte y Ciudad
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Entre el deseo y el temor, Guillermo Machuca
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Obras artistas
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Video DEL OTRO LADO, arte de mujeres en chile
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curriculum
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Traduccin al ingls | English version
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Paulina Urrutia
Ministra Presidenta del Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes
Presidenta Fundacin Centro Cultural Palacio de La Moneda
Hacer la pregunta
En un tiempo en que la presencia profesional de las mujeres en las artes visuales se ha multiplicado, nos pareci pertinente y necesario mirar la escena
artstica desde la ptica de gnero. Existe un arte de mujeres hoy? Ha existido a lo largo de la historia? Cmo se puede distinguir la manifestacin del
imaginario femenino en el arte y la cultura?
Estas preguntas fueron el punto de inicio que se plante Arte y Ciudad para
desarrollar el proyecto Del Otro Lado. El objetivo era iniciar la discusin de
gnero en las artes visuales a travs de distintas plataformas:
Con una exposicin que, bajo la acertada seleccin curatorial de Guillermo
Machuca, ha dado cuenta de la diversidad de lenguajes y temticas que abordan
en sus obras las artistas contemporneas de distintas generaciones.
A travs de un video que, como complemento a la muestra, reflexiona sobre
la participacin de la mujer en la cultura y en el arte a travs de la historia
en Chile. Agustina Perera y Cecilia Guerrero recogieron la opinin de historiadores, socilogos, filsofos, tericos del arte y crticos que intentaron
dilucidar el carcter que define el imaginario femenino que ha marcado la
produccin artstica en Chile.
Y por medio de las mesas redondas organizadas con Comunidad Mujer; una
instancia para ampliar la discusin de gnero hacia otras disciplinas de la
cultura.
Queremos agradecer a todas las personas que han hecho posible el desarrollo
del proyecto Del Otro Lado: al equipo y al directorio del Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda que acogi el proyecto, al curador, las artistas, la diseadora
y los musegrafos, las autoras y los productores del video, las instituciones,
colaboradores y auspiciadores por que sin su respaldo habra sido imposible
llevarlo a cabo. Y, en especial, a Macarena Mura, un aporte constante en
este ao de trabajo.
Una de las misiones fundamentales de Arte y Ciudad es acercar el arte al pblico
general. Creemos que, con el apoyo de todos los participantes, el proyecto Del
Otro Lado nos ha permitido estar un paso ms cerca de nuestro objetivo.
Por otra parte, es cierto que la presencia del arte practicado por
mujeres es susceptible de ser encontrado con anterioridad a las
neovanguardias de los aos 60. En este sentido, se pueden resaltar
las obras precursoras de Frida Kahlo, Varvara Stepanova, Hannah
Hch, Alice Neel, Georgia OKeeffe, incluyendo tambin las de
Miriam Schapiro, Eva Hesse y Louis Bourgeois, entre otras.
Sin embargo, la posibilidad de hablar de un discurso orientado a dar
cuenta de una sensibilidad o imaginario especfico y diferencial (trtese,
en este caso, de un gnero, sexo, raza, clase, etc.) supone la apropiacin
o conquista de un lugar desde el cual es posible la emisin de una voz o
una escritura; supone tambin la construccin de un discurso alternativo
al lenguaje o constructo hegemnico u oficial (el masculino, en este caso).
Ahora bien, cmo ha sido posible la construccin de dicho lugar?
Hablar de un discurso o de una prctica esttico / poltica de lo femenino
implica la conquista de un cierto imaginario impermeable a todo deseo
de totalidad, unidad, orden; entraa la conformacin de un imaginario
orientado a conjurar el peligro que supone la tentacin de recuperar
una imagen completa, esencialista, unitaria de la mujer (repitiendo,
en este sentido, las representaciones supuestamente cuestionadas).
Ms all de las diferencias genrico / sexuales, la conquista de un discurso
o imaginario femenino supone por otro lado el reconocimiento de
una determinada tradicin esttica. Como se sabe, sta comienza a
fragmentarse y expandirse luego del agotamiento del expresionismo
abstracto norteamericano. Con el trmino del modernismo esencialista
o purista, la continuidad de la historia del arte ya no podr contar con
la exclusividad de un medio o soporte especfico (como lo fue el cuadro
en las estticas representacionales y abstractas). Junto a la extensin del
discurso de la pintura (desde Robert Rauschenberg y Jasper Johns) y la
escultura (desde Anthony Caro y Carl Andre), el arte de mujeres puede
ser ledo en parte como un producto de esta expansin. Emerge junto a
la activacin de una serie de voces alternativas a las estticas puristas
del modernismo. En este sentido, representa uno de los vectores ms
paradigmticos de lo que se ha reconocido como la extincin del arte en
su acepcin normativa o prescriptiva (es decir, de los gneros de la pintura
y la escultura mimtica y abstracta). Esta situacin Robert C. Morgan la ha
comparado con las formas y movimientos conformados por los deltas.
Citando a Herdoto (los deltas pueden definirse como esos depsitos
costeros, tanto subacuosos como subareos, derivados de sedimentos
arrastrados por los ros), Morgan concluye que la linealidad del
modernismo empez a formar un delta, creando as una nueva post era.
Ibid, p.27.
Ibid, p.42.
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11
Ibid, p. 1516.
ARTE REFRACTARIO
Como se sostuvo en los prrafos precedentes, el arte desarrollado
por las artistas mujeres ha venido ocupando con el tiempo un lugar
privilegiado en la conformacin del discurso neo o post vanguardista.
Iniciado en la dcada de los 60 (coincidente con su legitimacin terica),
el arte asociado a una sensibilidad de tipo femenina, ms all de las
diversas y a veces contradictorias formas ofrecidas por esta esttica,
se constituye como uno de los modelos decisivos para entender las
variadas expansiones a nivel genrico perceptibles en el arte luego
de la explosin de la esttica clsica. Junto a la produccin artstica
impulsada por determinadas voces alternativas a los centros geogrficos,
polticos, econmicos, culturales y sexuales, la esttica femenina ha
debido apropiarse de una serie de lenguajes coherentes con su particular
punto de vista, a saber: la fotografa y los sistemas audiovisuales, el arte
objetual, las variadas formas de la instalacin, el arte corporal, incluso
como ha venido ocurriendo en estos ltimos aos una distintiva
manera de entender los gneros tradicionales de la pintura y la escultura.
En Chile, esta clase de esttica aparece con el arte de avanzada
implementado luego del golpe militar del ao 73. Tal cual ha sido
consignada por la literatura relativa al tema, entre las dcadas de
los 70 y 80 la escena cultural local asiste a una impresionante
renovacin a nivel de sus referencias tericas y crticas. Una de las ms
importantes, alude a la llegada de ciertas referencias crticas extradas
del pensamiento post estructuralista (primeramente francs y luego
norteamericano), y que redund en una intensa bsqueda de modelos
y prcticas ligadas a la esttica femenina (desde sus orientaciones
ms ortodoxas hasta las ms proclives a la tradicin histrica del
arte). Dentro de esta produccin, resulta necesario destacar los
aportes tericos y prcticos de Nelly Richard, Mara Eugenia Brito,
Marcela Serrano, Diamela Eltit, Adriana Valds, Lotty Rosenfeld,
Virginia Errzuriz, Catalina Parra, Cecilia Vicua y Paz Errzuriz.
Determinada por el violento quiebre histrico, cultural y simblico
provocado por el golpe militar del ao 73, esta produccin se
aboc a una revisin crtica de los modelos y emblemas autoritarios
de tipo patriarcal. Pero tambin dicha crtica se extendi hacia las
nociones acuadas por la ortodoxia ideolgica proyectada por el
marxismo clsico. Como se sabe, esta produccin no slo apost
por una renovacin a nivel del lenguaje del arte, sino que tambin
y en esto reside su posible carcter fundacional favoreci una
renovacin del discurso sobre el arte inspirado en el post marxismo,
en las ciencias sociales, el psicoanlisis y el post estructuralismo en
la teora artstica y cultural. A contrapelo del discurso tanto oficial
como militante prefiri la rotura sintctica a la fraseologa militante,
la parodia transcultural al dogma latinoamericanista, el vocabulario
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12
Ibid. p.17
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14
15
11
por las artistas visuales y las pertenecientes al campo literario pugn por
exacerbar la palabra y la imagen como zonas de desarreglo sgnico.16
Sin embargo y a diferencia de lo acaecido en la escena feminista
internacional 17 esta clase de radicalismo esttico fue indiferente a
la tradicin histrica del arte (en particular, la acaecida en el pas).
En este sentido, los trabajos del perodo distaron de las estrategias
apropiacionistas (en el mbito internacional, Cindy Sherman y luego Zo
Leonard, por ejemplo) encaminadas a implementar una revisin crtica de
la Historia del arte y el modo en que sta ha representado a la mujer,
relectura susceptible de ser llevada a cabo bajo los procedimientos y
operaciones relacionadas con la cita, la parodia o el pastiche. En este
punto, las obras de Juan Domingo Dvila, Eugenio Dittborn, Carlos
Altamirano y luego Gonzalo Daz sustentadas en una revisin crtica
de la historia de la pintura chilena no tuvieron en el arte desarrollado
por artistas mujeres de entonces una preocupacin homloga. Exceso
de radicalismo vanguardista o actitud de amnesia como producto de la
desmemoria propiciada por la violenta fractura histrica del golpe?
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17
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22
15
Para terminar, un posible repliegue del arte producido por mujeres frente
a la violencia proyectada por el contexto actual plantea una distincin
entre las manidas prcticas asociadas a lo cotidiano e ntimo y un cierto
derecho a cierta clase de placer, y por tanto una determinada relacin
compleja con los temas de la violencia y del erotismo. Respecto de esto,
la terica chilena residente en Caracas, Carmen Hernndez, en un mail
enviado a comienzos de este ao a la produccin de la exposicin,
se preguntaba lo siguiente: lo femenino puede ser interpretado desde
varias perspectivas. Particularmente me interesa como rasgo subversivo
que cuestiona los modelos verticalistas de la cultura moderna y propone
una mayor transversalidad. Pienso que las artistas ms jvenes nos
ofrecen posibilidades renovadoras cuando abordan el derecho al placer,
lo cual no se asuma fcilmente en dcadas anteriores. Tambin es el
momento para plantearse otra problemtica: si la liberacin femenina
ha significado asumir roles dominantes y expansivos, como afirmar la
cultura blica (verbigracia las soldadas en Irak) no era preferible que
las mujeres continuramos en nuestro rol pasivo previamente fijado?.
16
obras de artistas
La Victoria, 2006
Cinta de enmascarar, alambre, papel, plumn
Medidas variables.
Formacin, 2006
Cartn piedra, papel, impresin a color,
ltex blanco, fotocopia blanco y negro.
Dimensiones variables
Video
Del Otro Lado
arte de mujeres en Chile
R aquel Olea:
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Francisco Brugnoli:
Sergio Rojas:
Hay un arte de mujeres, pero no creo que tenga una definicin. Yo creo
que es bastante poroso ese arte. Es un arte de mujeres que justamente
busca liberarse del hecho de estar tan metido, tan acomodado
dentro del signo de lo que tradicionalmente se ha llamado mujer.
inicios
Francisco Brugnoli:
Sol Serrano:
Uno dira que desde la Independencia en adelante hay una cierta idea
que las mujeres deben ser las que presidan el hogar domstico como un
hogar pedaggico. Es la idea de las mujeres como educadoras de sus hijos
que es nueva en la Historia, es en el siglo XVIII en Europa, es en el siglo
XIX en Chile (...) As que esta idea de las mujeres replegadas no es tan
cierta. Las mujeres estn, son ms invisibles, pero estn en el trabajo.
Las mujeres de la elite no estn en los derechos polticos, sino hasta el
52 en el siglo XX, pero las investigaciones recientes muestran que s
estn en otros espacios pblicos y no solamente en el domstico. Las
mujeres estn en lo que ampliamente se llama la repblica de las letras,
participan del debate literario y por lo tanto tambin del debate poltico,
de lo que eran las tertulias, lo que era ese tipo de sociabilidad culta.
68
Cambios de los 60
Francisco Brugnoli:
Sol Serrano:
69
Grinor Rojo:
Pablo Oyarzn:
70
Marisol Vera:
Pablo Oyarzn:
Sergio Rojas:
71
R aquel Olea:
Francisco Brugnoli:
72
Yo creo que uno de los rasgos del arte de los '90 en adelante consiste en
una cada vez ms fuerte separacin de las retricas de la ruptura, algo as
como una actitud displicente y escptica respecto del histrico nfasis
en lo ruptural del arte moderno. Ya es conocida una especie de primer
desplazamiento hacia el hedonismo que se da en los aos '80. Pero hay
todava otra vuelta porque ese primer desplazamiento hacia el hedonismo,
algo taimado y confrontacional, pierde fuerza. Me perece bastante claro
que, a partir de los aos '90, hay la formacin de una sensibilidad menos
dramtica, articulada sobre la base de la informacin e ilustracin del
arte internacional, que es incentivada incluso por los mismos programas
de enseanza. Se entiende que no es este el nico factor que incide, sin
embargo, lo que me parece ms relevante es la presencia de un horizonte
formal y contextual, a travs del que se puede recuperar, tematizar y
reelaborar las cuestiones ms relevantes agenciadas por el arte chileno del
perodo 1980-1990, como lo poltico, el cuerpo, la ciudad, la historia de
las prcticas, etc., sin perder por ello el sesgo crtico y problematizador.
Macarena Garca:
Carlos Ossa:
73
Natalia Arcos:
Sergio Rojas:
Sol Serrano:
74
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curriculum
Guillermo Machuca (Punta Arenas, Chile, 1962)
Licenciado en Teora e Historia del Arte de la Universidad de Chile, es profesor
en la Universidad de Chile, Arcis y Diego Portales. Es autor de numerosos textos
y del libro recientemente publicado Remeciendo al Papa (Ediciones Rabo del
ojo, U. ARCIS). Ha curado importantes exposiciones como la I Bienal de Arte
Joven en el Museo de Bellas Artes (1997) y el envo chileno a la XXVI Bienal
de Sao Paulo (2004).
Guillermo Machuca (Punta Arenas, Chile, 1962)
BA in Theory and Art History from the University of Chile, he teaches
at the University of Chile, Arcis University and Diego Portales
University. He has published numerous essays and the book Shaking
the Pope. Curator of major exhibitions such as the I Biennale of Young
Art at the National Museum of Fine Arts (1997) and the Chilean
Representatives for the XXVI Sao Paulo Biennale (2004).
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english version
FROM THE OTHER SIDE
Clearly, we live today in a womans time where the boundary between the
masculine and the feminine has tended to blur. The exhibition FROM THE
OTHER SIDE, women's art in Chile not only ratifies this, it also highlights
the uniqueness and diversity of the female gaze in the field of the visual arts
where it is fair to say, and this is the basis for this effort by the La Moneda
Palace Centre for Culture, womens contribution has been particularly relevant
since the late seventies.
Guillermo Machucas curatorship proposes a reflection about the creative
presence of women in Chilean art history, for which purpose he has included
some paintings by emblematic painters from the XIX and XX century,
including Raymond August Monvoisin, Juan Francisco Gonzlez, Marcial
Plaza Ferrand, Juan Eduardo Harris and Luis Herrera Guevara, who function as
tradition and counterpoint to the works of the contemporary women artists.
The exhibition proposes a route to trace the origins of a feminine aesthetics
in the avant-garde art of the seventies, which is fully coincident with the
international panorama of the time. At the same time, the presence of more
contemporary works leads us to meditate on subjects such as the critical views
of the domestic and ornamental with respect to the female body, as well as the
meaning of the figurative and the use of objects in experimental art practices
developed in the past decades.
The diversity of works included in this exhibition, which includes painting,
photography, sculpture, installations and videos will allow the public to assess
the contemporaneity and creative diversity of our women artists, confirming
contrary to what might be expected the absence of a hegemonic feminist
discourse in our contemporary arts. To the already emblematic names of Lotty
Rosenfeld, Paz Errzuriz, Virginia Errzuriz and Cecilia Vicua are added
those of Nury Gonzlez, Mnica Bengoa, Andrea Goic, Paz Castaeda, Natalia
Babarovic, Isidora Correa, Catalina Gelcich, Marcela Correa, Carolina Ruff,
Carolina Salinas, Magdalena Atria, Caterina Purdy, Cristina Arancibia, Paula
Dittborn, Paula de Solminihac, Catalina Gonzlez and Francisca Snchez.
We would like to thank the National Museum of Fine Arts, the Chilean Central
Bank and the Frei Foundation for their collaboration and the loan of various
works forming part of their patrimony as well as all those companies, people
and institutions whose support has made it possible to realize this exhibition
jointly with Art & City, cultural consultants.
La Moneda Palace Centre for Culture is proud to open its doors to so many and
so notable Chilean artists.
Paulina Urrutia
Minister, President of the National Council for Culture and the Arts
President, La Moneda Palace Centre for Culture Foundation
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Guillermo Machuca
HISTORY OF AN EXPANSION
Art produced by women is one of the multiple
branches of artistic production that have
emerged after the explosion of so-called
modernist aesthetics. Its emergence can
be traced to the mid 60 s , precisely in the
instant of consolidation between Pop Art,
Minimalism and the European Neo-Avant
Garde movements 2 . In many ways, the violent
irruption of feminine art or aesthetics during
that period could not be fully understood
without the various formal, material and
symbolic strategies contributed by these
movements, including the conceptualist
practices of the late 60 s and early 70 s . At
this point, one might suggest that the
processes of expansion of the discourse
of conventional painting and sculpture,
recognizable in body-art, techno-mediatic
art as well as object-based and installatory
practices have fed the beginning of womens
art, giving it its particular seal of radicalness
formally and in terms of subject matter.
On the other hand, it is true that womens art
practices can be found before the neo avantgarde movements of the 60 s . In this sense, it
is possible to highlight here the pioneering
work of Frida Kahlo, Varvara Stepanova,
Hannah Hch, Alice Neel and Georgia OKeeffe,
including, also, that of Miriam Shapiro, Eva
Hesse and Louise Bourgeois, among others.
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REFRACTARY ART
As mentioned in the previous paragraphs,
over time, art developed by women
artists has occupied a place of privilege
in the development of the neo or post
avant-garde discourse. Initiated in the
60 s (coincidentally with its theoretical
legitimization) art associated with a feminine
type of sensitivity, beyond the various and
sometimes contradictory forms offered
by such aesthetics, becomes one of the
decisive models to understand the various
expansions that have taken place at gender
level, and which are perceivable in art after
the explosion of classic aesthetics. Together
with the artistic production furthered by
certain voices that are alternative to the
geographical, political, economic, cultural
and gender centres, feminine aesthetics
have had to appropriate a series of coherent
languages with their particular points of view,
such as: photography and the audiovisual
systems, object-based art, the different forms
of installation work, body art and even
as has been occurring over the past few
years a distinctive way of understanding the
traditional genres of painting and sculpture.
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90
Ibid, p.27.
Ibid, p.42.
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Video
FROM THE OTHER SIDE
Womens Art in Chile
Sergio Rojas :
I think it is possible to highlight a few
recurring factors, such as for example
womens work with the quotidian and the
every day, with the familiar, the domestic
and the intimate. I would say that those
fields characterize the work of what you
might call a feminine sensitivity. Gathering,
as opposed to classifying, the collection
of objects that in the aggregate comprise
a body and which dont necessarily enter
into correspondence with any previous
understanding of hierarchy or taxonomy.
Beginnings
Francisco Brugnoli:
Women are constantly present In Chilean
art history. The question today is why wasnt
there more of them, given that the number
of women students at fine arts schools was
markedly higher than the number of men.
For social reasons it was believed that women
could study art for mere adornment purposes,
as a complement of their duties. And in the
case of men, the number of students really had
to do with social proscription of art studies.
Introduction
R aquel Olea:
What is the feminine? The feminine is
not necessarily a correlate of woman. The
feminine is also a position about the dominant
powers. It has been the brand, the sign of
the subordinated, of the minorities, of the
suppressed, of the needy, of the silenced.
This affords it a high political potential
Sol Serrano :
One could say that from the period of national
Independence on, there is a certain idea that
women should preside the domestic space of
the home, as a kind of home-school. What is
currently new in historical terms is the idea of
women as educators of their children, in XVIII
century Europe and in XIX century Chile (...)
Francisco Brugnoli
I have spoken of the sign of reiteration as
characteristic of the feminine. The manhunter seeks and finds the new, names it and
brings the name back home. It would seen
then that woman is condemned to repeat the
name to its descendants, and thus creates the
language of acknowledgement. This aspect
of repetition is in knitting, in the cooking
recipe, in the embroidery pattern, in the
way of making clothes, all of which seem to
be the historical sentences of the feminine.
But this implies the acts of preserving and
therefore the act of recalling and caring for,
the tidying up and definition of hierarchies
and certainly accumulation. All of this
constitutes a fundamental role in cultural
terms and a space for innovation, for example,
in accenting, and manipulation, etc.
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Sol Serrano :
So well represented by Paula Magazine, this
was the generation that reached adulthood
in the prim and proper world of the 50 s ; the
post war years when rupture finds them in a
poor age for such rupture, because they have
already married, built families. Ruptures,
therefore, were much more dramatic... The
women of the generations that followed,
who began their university studies around
1968 and 1970 could engage in such ruptures
with less pain and consequences. What I
think is that this young movement, which
had multiple avenues of expression open to
it and, in this sense, the only thing about it
that might be considered common in my view
is the generational aspect, as it was a very
cross generational movement expressing itself
for the same time forcefully through what
today we would call the cultural industries.
Grinor Rojo
What happened with women in general and
particularly women who were producers of
culture and art was a kind of retrenchment.
The great figure of Chilean feminism in those
days was undoubtedly Julieta Kirkwood.
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Pablo Oyarz n :
One factor that may be interesting, one of
many factors really, is the type of involution in
the social expansion of individual life caused
by the dictatorship, that is, the involution in
the possibility of articulating individual life
and social life, because this generated a return
to the every day and raises the quotidian
to a higher level of importance. If you look
at it from the point of view of paradigms,
the paradigm of everyday life is eminently
feminine. Therefore, there is something like a
feminization of individual life. I think that this
issue explains why certain art productions,
which are connected with the aspects, rhythms
and the circumstances of everyday life, one
way or the other, become so relevant. All
of us went through that experience, and I
understand that all of us became feminized and
acquired a finer tuned gaze with respect to how
everyday life is both relevant and determinant
for the political dimension of social life.
Sergio Rojas
In the particular case of Diamela Eltits work,
in Lotty Rosenfeld and, in a way, in the work
both have continued to produce afterwards,
there is the issue of the body, in the sense of
what in some texts I have called the body of
the body. Not the female body or, also, the
masculine body as a source of identity, one
in which gender affords identity, but rather
the body that functions as support for the
marks, the wounds: the body as memory.
R aquel Olea:
Diamela (Eltit) is one of the few women writers
who have excited a strong critical desire, with
her potential for de-structuring dominance.
Her written work has been examined from
the point of view of the feminine, in the
production of voices. What she produces is
fundamentally the power of the voices of the
disenfranchised, of the powerless: the voice
of the mother, the voice of the child, the
voices of psychopaths, the voices of those
who live at the margins of society. And the
voices of these subjects render productive a
culturally feminine or subordinate position.
Marisol Vera:
The most important thing that happened in
the 80 s , specifically between 1982 and 1984
was the emergence of feminine voices or rather
womens voices which, from different fields,
from art, literature, ref lection, worked coining
new terms, looking for a new language that
could express the reality they were living, a
broken-down, split, reality, due not only to
the global changes going on at the time, but in
Chile, basically because of the dictatorship.
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Gonzalo Arqueros :
One of the characteristics of the art of the 90 s
on is the increasing distance there is with the
rhetoric of rupture, it is something like an
off hand and sceptic approach to the historical
emphasis on rupture that there is in modern
art. We are already familiar with a kind of
first move towards hedonism in the 80 s . But
there is yet another turn of the screw here,
because that initial move towards hedonism,
wily and confrontational, looses momentum.
It is quite clear to me that, after the 90 s a less
dramatic sensitivit y emerges that is articulated
on the basis of information about and the
illustration of international art, a trend that
is even promoted by art educational programs.
Clearly this is not the only factor that has
an impact on art production, however, what
seems more relevant to me is the presence
of a formal and contextual horizon through
which it is possible to recover, thematize and
rework the most relevant issues dealt with by
Chilean art in the 1980 -1990 period, such
as politics, the body, the city, the history
of artistic practices, etc. without by this
loosing critical and questioning focus.
Macarena Garca:
I think there is a consensus in the sense that
transitional art, that is, art produced after
the 90 s , was more connected with what was
happening outside and, in this sense, was more
diversified. This art was not aligned from a
Chilean perspective and, from a formal point
of view it deals with a broad range of subject
matter. This was a very pluralist form of art,
one in which apparently there was a place
for everything. There is also the question
of its up to a point, political disaffiliation,
in connection with how it was in the past,
a fact that also contributes to its variety.
95
Carlos Ossa:
Stricto sensu, our intellectuals prefer to show a
society that is content and successful, failing
to mention the costs of such modernization
for the achievement of that success. Both
in the field of culture as in the field of
art, there was a tendency to de-politicize
the discourse of the arts, at the same time
with an excessive tendency to moralize
the same. This moralization has involved
the reinstatement of the predominance of
masculine ethics that celebrate the importance
of the role of women in the fine arts, but
reduce it precisely to that, to the feminine,
the maternal, the episodic and the private.
R aquel Olea:
The way of looking, the way of reading
is determined by culture; it is produced
and it is learned. We should ask ourselves,
how could we un-learn and, at the same
time, learn to look in another way.
Sol Serrano :
I see it from the point of view of historiography
and, certainly, if something has enriched
history over the past thirty years, that has
been all we have seen merely by looking at
women and which we hadnt seen before simply
because we were not looking at them. It is not
that the women werent there; on the contrary,
they were always there. It is just that we had
not seen them, which is a different matter.
Natalia Arcos :
I did research on the gestures of sewing,
embroidery and knitting, dealing with aspects
that had one been part of folklore and even
the pre-Columbian culture, using them as the
basis to define a continuous structure leading
to Violeta Parra. For me Violeta Parra is the
link between a folkloric and an indigenous
tradition and the visual arts. I then began to
examine the work of Nury Gonzlez and that of
Magaly Mora a young sculptor who produces
realist volumes in wool and Ximena Zomosa.
Even later, I broadened the scope of my
examination to cover everything that had to do
with the gesture of sewing and the production
of grids in the work of Caterina Purdy.
Sergio Rojas :
When one sees what goes on today in the
gallery circuits in Santiago or the provinces,
one could say pretty much the same thing:
this is international style art, but this does
not mean that it is the same everywhere. It
has to do precisely with those issues derived
of the globalization of capital, and therefore
is the aesthetics of consumption, which is
also a problem of diversity, of original ethnic
groups and the problem of difference. But
this is a problem occurs all over the place
and this is in itself an interesting element to
consider. Because it is impossible to demand
local density from art; it is something that
cannot be demanded a priori from art.
96
Francisco Brugnoli
Director, Museum of Contemporary Arts, University of Chile
Sergio Rojas
Philosopher
Director, Aesthetics Branch, Department of Theory,
Faculty of Arts, Universidad de Chile
Director School of Philosophy, ARCIS University
Sol Serrano
Historian, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Grinor Rojo
Director, Centre for Latin American Cultural Studies
Teacher of Critical Theory, Department of Literature,
University of Chile
Pablo Oyarzn
Philosopher
Dean of the Faculty of Arts, University of Chile
Marisol Vera
Director, Editorial Cuarto Propio
Gonzalo Arqueros
Critic and Art Historian
Teacher, University of Chile and ARCIS University
Macarena Garca
Journalist, Cultural Affairs
Carlos Ossa
Teacher and Researcher in Art and Culture, University of
Chile and ARCIS University
Natalia Arcos
Art Historian and Curator
97
Paulina Urrutia
Ministra de Cultura
Vicepresidente
Ignacio Aliaga
Gerente de Administr acin y Finanz as
Micaela Thais
Emilio Lamarca
Director de Asuntos Culturales del Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores
Asesor legal
Secretario
Dominique Hughes
Alan Trampe
Subdirector de Museos de la Direccin
de Bibliotecas Archivos y Museos
Jefa de Produccin
Tesorero
Pablo Rivera
Abdullah Ommidvar
Presidente Fundacin Chilena de Imgenes
en Movimiento
Flavio Tapia
Coordinador a de Exposiciones
Milagros de Ugarte
Encargado de Auspicios
Directores consejeros :
Freddy Araya
Director fundador
Asistente de Produccin
lvaro J. Covacevich
Cineasta y paisajista urbano
Jefe Tcnico
Cecilia Garca-Huidobro
Vicepresidenta Ejecutiva Corporacin
del Patrimonio Cultural
Jos Lus Mardones
Presidente del Banco Estado
Pedro Celedn
Director Escuela de Arte de la Pontificia
Universidad Catlica de Chile
Gaspar Galaz
Profesor titular Escuela de Arte de la Pontificia
Universidad Catlica de Chile
Ana Sanhueza
Antonio Palacios
Tcnicos de Montaje
Edgardo lvarez
Patricio Ramirez
Pedro Silva
exposicin
VIDEO
Organiz acin
Contenido, entrevistas
y produccin de imgenes
PRODUCCIN
Asesor de Contenido
Teresita Sahli
Magdalena Aninat
Macarena Mura
Equipo CCPLM
Guillermo Machuca
Cur adura
Soul Producciones
Guillermo Machuca
Edicin gener al
Magdalena Aninat
Direccin audiovisual
Macarena Mura
Museogr afa y montaje
catlogo
Edicin
Guillermo Machuca
Macarena Mura
Magdalena Aninat
Textos
Guillermo Machuca
Direccin de arte y diseo
Mariana Babarovic
Fotogr afas
Andrs Figueroa
Tr aduccin al ingls
AGR ADECIMIENTOS
ISBN: 956-8529-03-9
Reservados todos los derechos de esta edicin
Arte y Ciudad, consultora cultural
y Fundacin Centro Cultural Palacio de La Moneda, 2006
Santiago de Chile
Catlogo editado con motivo de la exposicin
Del Otro Lado. arte contemporneo de mujeres en chile
Sala poniente del Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda
Santiago de Chile
Noviembre diciembre de 2006
Cristina Arancibia
ORGANIZ A
Magdalena Atria
Natalia Babarovic
Mnica Bengoa
Paz Castaeda
Isidora Correa
AUSPICIADORES E XPOSICION
Marcela Correa
Paula de Solminhiac
Paula Dittborn
Paz Errzuriz
Virginia Errzuriz
Catalina Gelcich
p r o y e c t o a c o g i d o a l e y d e d o n a c i o n e s c u lt u r a l e s
Andrea Goic
Catalina Gonzlez
Nury Gonzlez
Caterina Purdy
Lotty Rosenfeld
Carolina Ruff
Carolina Salinas
Francisca Snchez
Cecilia Vicua