Institute of Business Management

Institute
of
Business
Management
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS

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CONSEQUENCES OF 9/11
An Overview:
On September 11, 2001 - American Airlines Flight 11, out of Boston for
Los Angeles, smashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in
New York at 8:48 a.m. Eighteen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175,
headed from Boston to Los Angeles, smashed into the south tower.
American Airlines Flight 77, from Washington's Dulles International
Airport headed for Los Angeles, smashed into the western wall of the
Pentagon at 9:40 a.m. United Airlines Flight 93, flying from Newark to San
Francisco, crashed near Pittsburgh.

Some Views about the attack:

Within days Osama Bin Laden was set forth as the supreme suspect, although he himself
refused this "in a statement issued to the Arabic satellite channel Al Jazeera," and in an
interview published in the Ummat -- a Pakistani paper, is reported to have said: "I have already
said that I am not involved in the 11 September attacks in the United States."
Europol's director, Jurgen Storbeck , stated: "It's possible that he was informed about the
operation; it's even possible that he influenced it; but he's probably not the man who steered
every action or controlled the detailed plan."
President Bush, however, ignored Europol's doubts, reneged on Secretary of State Colin
Powell's pledge to provide evidence, and named Osama bin Laden, and Al Qaeda as the
perpetrators.
Now many force that the U.S. government's version of events is incomplete. A best-selling
French book, The Frightening Fraud, by Thierry Meyssan, makes the farfetched claim that the
"U.S. invented air attack on Pentagon."

Some Observations:
For beginners, in the Pentagon crash site photos, there's little or no evidence of the plane that
struck the Pentagon.. The first question that is to be asked from the other onlookers as we
viewed the crash site was, "Where's the plane?"
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Arlington County Fire Chief , at a News Briefing held by Assistant Defense Secretary Victoria
Clarke on September 12, 2001 at the Pentagon, when asked: "Is there anything left of the
aircraft at all?" said: "First of all, the question about the aircraft, there are some small pieces of
aircraft visible from the interior during this fire-fighting operation I'm talking about, but not
large sections. In other words, there's rejection sections and that sort of thing."
Did Chief not see the plane's engines? Wouldn't the engines have survived in some identifiable
form? An engine from one of the planes that struck the World Trade Center was shown lying on
the street on network television. So was an engine from American Airlines Flight 587 which
crashed shortly after takeoff in New York on November 12, 2001.
Another question put to Chief at the briefing was: "Chief, there are small pieces of the plane
virtually all over, out over the highway, tiny pieces. Would you say the plane exploded, virtually
exploded on impact due to the fuel . . ." the chief responded: "You know, I'd rather not
comment on that."
How did "small pieces of the plane" end up "out over the highway" when the plane reportedly
fall apart inside the Pentagon after it crossed the highway and hit the Pentagon?
It is inquisitive that at this Department of Defense News Briefing, held approximately 24 hours
after American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757 which departed from Dulles airport is said to
have crashed into the Pentagon, the words "American Airlines", "Flight 77", "Boeing 757" were
not even mentioned. The word "plane" was mentioned once, but Chief Plaugher would "not
comment on that."
It is even more curious that national news media failed to follow up on Chief Plaugher's
comment that "there's no fuselage sections and that sort of thing" when dozens of onlookers,
relatives, and firefighters were interviewed on network television about the planes that crashed
into the World Trade Center.

9/11 report: Key findings

THE US 9/11 COMMISSION'S REPORT HAS URGED SWEEPING CHANGES TO HOW
THE INTELLIGENCE SERVICES OPERATE AFTER FINDING THAT THE GOVERNMENT
HAD "FAILED TO PROTECT AMERICAN PEOPLE" FROM THE 11 SEPTEMBER 2001
ATTACKS.

Here are the key findings of the 576-page report:

Failure to confront
The report tells how al-Qaeda was allowed to develop into a

The report has shaken up the

intelligence establishment
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real danger to the US, concluding that while the attacks "were a shock... they should not have
come as a surprise":

"The 9/11 attack was driven by Osama Bin Laden" who "built over the course of a
decade a dynamic and lethal organization" in alQaeda

"What we can say with confidence is that none

of the measures adopted by the US government
from 1998 to 2001 disturbed or even delayed
the progress of the al-Qaeda plot"
"The most important failure was one of
imagination. We do not believe leaders
understood the gravity of the threat"
The 9/11 attacks were a
"At no point before 9/11 was the Department of
shock, but they should not
Defense fully engaged in the mission of
have come as a surprise
countering al-Qaeda, even though it was
perhaps the most dangerous foreign enemy
threatening the United States"
"The FBI did not have the capability to link the collective knowledge of agents in the
field to national priorities"
"The terrorist danger from Bin Laden and al-Qaeda was not a major topic for policy
debate among the public, the media or in the Congress. Indeed, it barely came up during
the 2000 presidential campaign"
No single individual was to blame, but both individuals and institutions had to take
responsibility for failing to stop the attacks
There was no operational link between al-Qaeda and ousted Iraqi President Saddam
Hussein.

Missed opportunities
The report finds that the 9/11 plot might have been nipped in the bud had the security services
done their work more thoroughly, although it accepts that "since the plotters were flexible and
resourceful, we cannot know whether any single step or series of steps would have defeated
them".
The report accuses the "organizations and systems of that time" of:

Allowing two hijackers, Khalid al-Midhar and Nawaq Alhamzi, to enter and move about
the US without proper surveillance despite their known links to al-Qaeda

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"Not linking the arrest of Zacarias Moussaoui, described as interested in flight training
for the purpose of using an airplane in a terrorist act, to the heightened indications of
attack"
Not discovering false statements on visa applications and not recognising faked
passports
Not expanding no-fly lists to include names from terrorist watch lists and not searching
airline passengers identified by computer-based screening
Not hardening aircraft cockpit doors or taking other measures to prepare for the
possibility of suicide hijackings

Open to attack
While praising the response of members of the emergency services to the attacks, the report
finds institutional weaknesses within the US which both made it easier for extremists to attack
and harder for the authorities to respond adequately:

"The hijackers had to beat only one layer of security - the security checkpoint process...
Once on board, the hijackers were faced with aircraft personnel who were trained to be
non-confrontational in the event of a hijacking"
"The civilian and military defenders of the nation's airspace... attempted and failed to
improvise an effective homeland defense against an unprecedented challenge"
"The chain of command did not function well. The president could not reach some
senior officials. The secretary of defense did not enter the chain of command until the
morning's key events were over"

Conclusion:
Key recommendations
The report says that America is a safer place since the attacks, after action by the Bush
administration.
"Because of offensive actions against al-Qaeda since 9/11, and defence actions to improve
homeland security, we believe we are safer today," it notes.
However, it warns against complacency and makes detailed recommendations :

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To create a national counter-terrorism centre "unifying strategic intelligence and

operational planning against Islamist terrorists across the foreign and the domestic
divide"
To appoint a new Senate-confirmed national intelligence director to unify the
intelligence community of more than dozen agencies
To create a "network-based information sharing system that transcends traditional
governmental boundaries"
To set up a specialized and integrated national security unit within the FBI; the report
did not support creation of a new domestic intelligence agency
To strengthen Congressional oversight
To strengthen the FBI and Homeland defenders
To develop global strategy of diplomacy and public relations to dismantle Osama Bin
Laden's al-Qaeda terror network and defeat its militant Islamic ideology
To establish a better dialogue between the West and the Islamic world

9/11 was one of the most pivotal events in world history. Its impact will be felt for years to
come. You owe it to yourself to go beyond the sound bites and the simplified official story. This
is an extremely complicated story with numerous players and motives. The 9/11 timeline facts
don't all make sense or fit neatly together. It's a story full of espionage, deceit, and lies. But if
forces out there are tricking us, they can only succeed if we, the general public, remain ignorant
and passive.
We limit our sources on this 9/11 timeline to the mainstream media. It's not that one can only
trust the major media. Much of the best reporting today is coming from alternative media. Yet
many people are initially very skeptical. Some of the 9/11 timeline facts below are very hard to
believe. Yet remember that each entry is reported by respected mainstream media sources and
can easily be verified by clicking on the links provided to the original source. After seeing the
importance of what's being hidden, you will very likely want to join in working together to build
a brighter future.

America's top military leaders drafted plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in US
cities to trick the public into supporting a war against Cuba in the early 1960s. Approved in writing by
the Pentagon Joint Chiefs, Operation Northwoods even proposed blowing up a US ship and hijacking
planes as a false pretext for war.

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A brief look into History

TIMELINE (1980-2001)

1980s: Osama bin Laden runs a front organization for the mujaheddinIslamic freedom
fighters rebelling against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. The CIA secretly backs the
mujaheddin. Pakistan's Prime Minister Bhutto, understanding the ferocity of Islamic extremism,
tells then President George Bush, "You are creating a Frankenstein." [MSNBC, 8/24/98,
Newsweek, 10/1/01, more]
1994: Two attacks take place which involve hijacking planes to crash them into buildings,
including one by an Islamic militant group. In a third attack, a lone pilot crashes a plane at the
White House. Yet after Sept. 11, over and over aviation and security officials say they are
shocked that terrorists could have hijacked airliners and crashed them into landmark buildings.
[New York Times, 10/3/01]
1996: The Saudi Arabian government is financially supporting Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda and
other extremist groups. After 9/11, the Bush Administration does not to confront the Saudi
leadership over its support of terror organizations and its refusal to help in the investigation.
[New Yorker, 10/22/01, more]
1996-1999: The CIA officer in charge of operations against Al Qaeda from Washington writes, "I
speak with firsthand experience (and for several score of CIA officers) when I state categorically
that during this time senior White House officials repeatedly refused to act on sound
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intelligence that provided multiple chances to eliminate Osama bin Laden." [Los Angeles Times,
12/5/04]
1996-2001: Federal authorities have known for years that suspected terrorists with ties to bin
Laden were receiving flight training at schools in the US and abroad. One convicted terrorist
confessed that his planned role in a terror attack was to crash a plane into CIA headquarters.
[Washington Post, 9/23/01]
1996-Sept 11, 2001: Taliban envoys repeatedly discuss turning bin Laden over, but the US
wants to be handed bin Laden directly, and the Taliban want to turn him over to some third
country. About 20 more meetings on giving up bin Laden take place up till 9/11, all fruitless.
[Washington Post, 10/29/01]
1997: Former National Security Advisor Brzezinski publishes a book portraying Eurasia as the
key to world power, and Central Asia with its vast oil reserves as the key to domination of
Eurasia. He states that for the US to maintain its global primacy, it must prevent any adversary
from controlling that region. He notes that because of popular resistance to US military
expansionism, his ambitious strategy can't be implemented "except in the circumstance of a
truly massive and widely perceived direct external threat." [The Grand Chessboard: American
Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives]
1998: An Oklahoma City FBI agent sends a memo warning that "large numbers of Middle
Eastern males" are getting flight training and could be planning terrorist attacks. [CBS, 5/30/02]
A separate CIA intelligence report asserts that Arab terrorists are planning to fly a bomb-laden
aircraft into the WTC (World Trade Center). [New York Times, 9/19/02, Senate Intelligence
Committee, 9/18/02, more]
Aug 1998: Within minutes of each other, truck bombs blow up the US embassies in Tanzania
and Kenya, killing more than 220. For some of the time that bin Laden's men were plotting to
blow up the two embassies, US intelligence was tapping their phones. [Newsweek, 10/1/01]
Dec 1998: A Time magazine cover story entitled "The Hunt for Osama," reports that bin Laden
may be planning his boldest move yet - a strike on Washington or possibly New York City.
[Time, 12/21/98]
Late 1998-Early 2000: On at least three occasions, spies in Afghanistan report bin Laden's
location. Each time, the president approves an attack. Each time, the CIA Director says the
information is not reliable enough and the attack cannot go forward. [New York Times,
12/30/01, more]
Sept 1999: A US intelligence report states bin Laden and Al-Qaeda terrorists could crash an
aircraft into the Pentagon. The Bush administration claims not to have heard of this report until
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May 2002, though it was widely shared within the government. [CNN, 5/18/02, AP, 5/18/02,
Guardian, 5/19/02]
Nov 1999: The head of Australia's security services admits the Echelon global surveillance
system exists. The US still denies it exists. BBC describes Echelon's power as "astounding." Every
international telephone call, fax, e-mail, or radio transmission can be listened to by powerful
computers capable of voice recognition. They home in on key words, or patterns of messages.
[BBC, 11/3/99]
Jan 2000: George Bush Sr. meets with the bin Laden family on behalf of the Carlyle Group. He
also met with them in 1998. Bush's chief of staff could not remember that this meeting took
place until shown a thank you note confirming the meeting. [Wall Street Journal, 9/27/01,
Guardian, 10/31/01]
Summer 2000: A secret military operation named Able Danger identifies four future 9/11
hijackers, including lead hijacker Mohamed Atta, as a potential threat and members of Al
Qaeda. Yet none of this is mentioned later in the 9/11 Commissions' final report. When
questioned, the 9/11 commission's chief spokesman initially says that staff members briefed
about Able Danger did not remember hearing anything about Atta. Days later, however, after
provided detailed information, he says the uniformed officer who briefed two staff members
had indeed mentioned Atta. [New York Times, 8/11/05, more]
Sept 2000: The think-tank Project for the New American Century (PNAC) writes the blueprint
for a global "Pax Americana." Written for the Bush team before the 2000 election, Rebuilding
America's Defenses is a plan for maintaining global US preeminence and shaping the
international security order in line with American principles and interests. The plan shows Bush
intends to take control of the Persian Gulf whether or not Saddam Hussein is in power. It
advocates the transformation of the US military. But, "the process of transformation, even if it
brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing
event - like a new Pearl Harbour". [BBC, 2/14/07, Sunday Herald, 9/7/02, read report, more]
2000 - 2001: The military conducts exercises simulating what the White House later says is
unimaginable: hijacked airliners used as weapons to crash into targets and cause mass
casualties. One imagined target is the WTC. [USA Today, 4/19/04] Another is the Pentagon.
[Military District of Washington (Army), 11/3/00]
Jan 2001: A flight school alerts the FAA. Hijacker Hani Hanjour lacks English and flying skills
needed for his commercial pilot's license. An FAA official then sits next to him in class. The
official offers a translator to help him pass, but the flight school says this is against the rules.
[AP, 5/10/02] Yet despite poor flying skills, official reports later state Hanjour executes a 330 to
360 degree turn of AA Flight 77 over Washington on 9/11 in under four minutes and manages a
precision hit on the Pentagon. [NY Times, 10/16/01, NTSB, 2/19/02]
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Jan 2001: After the elections, US intelligence agencies are told to "back off" investigating the
bin Ladens and Saudi royals. There have always been constraints on investigating Saudis. [BBC,
11/6/01, more]
Spring 2001: Military and government documents are released that seek to legitimize the use of
US military force in the pursuit of oil. One article advocates presidential subterfuge in the
promotion of conflict and "explicitly urge[s] painting over the US's actual reasons for warfare as
a necessity for mobilizing public support for a conflict." [Sydney Morning Herald, 12/26/02,
more]
May 2001: US security chiefs reject Sudan's offer to turn over voluminous files about bin Laden
and al-Qaeda. Sudan has made this offer repeatedly since 1995. [Guardian, 9/30/01, more]
May 2001: Secretary of State Powell gives $43 million in aid to the Taliban government. [Los
Angeles Times, 5/22/01, CNN 5/17/01] This follows $113 million given in 2000. [State Dept. Fact
Sheet, 12/11/01]
May 2001: The US introduces "Visa Express" program allowing any Saudi Arabian to obtain visas
through their travel agent instead of appearing at a consulate in person. [US News and World
Report, 12/12/01] Five hijackers use Visa Express to enter the US. [Congressional Intelligence
Committee, 9/20/02]
May-Aug 2001: A number of the 9/11 hijackers make at least six trips to Las Vegas. These
"fundamentalist" Muslims drink alcohol, frequent strip clubs, and smoke hashish. Some even
have strippers perform lap dances for them. [San Francisco Chronicle, 10/4/01, Newsweek,
10/15/01]
June 13, 2001: Egyptian President Mubarak through his intelligence services warns the US that
bin Laden's Islamic terrorist network is threatening to kill Bush and other G8 leaders at their
July economic summit meeting in Italy. The terrorists plan to use a plane stuffed with
explosives. [NY Times, 9/26/01]
June 28, 2001: CIA Director George J. Tenet has been "nearly frantic" with concern. A written
intelligence summary for national security adviser Condoleezza Rice says: "It is highly likely that
a significant al Qaeda attack is in the near future, within several weeks." Rice will later claim
that everyone was taken by complete surprise by the 9/11 attack. By late summer, one senior
political appointee says, Tenet had repeated this threat "so often that people got tired of
hearing it." [Washington Post, 5/17/02]
July 4-14, 2001: Bin Laden reportedly receives kidney treatment from Canadian-trained Dr.
Callaway at the American Hospital in Dubai. Telephoned several times, the doctor declines to
answer questions. During his stay, bin Laden allegedly is visited by one or two CIA officers.
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[Guardian, 11/1/01, Sydney Morning Herald, 10/31/01, Times of London, 11/1/01, UPI,
11/1/01, more]
July 10, 2001: A Phoenix FBI agent sends a memorandum warning about Middle Eastern men
taking flight lessons. He suspects bin Laden's followers and recommends a national program to
check visas of suspicious flight-school students. The memo is sent to two FBI counter-terrorism
offices, but no action is taken. [New York Times, 5/21/02] Vice President Cheney says in May
2002 that he opposes releasing this memo to congressional leaders or to the media and public.
[CNN, 5/20/02]
July 24, 2001: Larry Silverstein's $3.2 billion 99-year lease of the WTC is finalized. Silverstein
hopes to win $7 billion in insurance from the destruction of the WTC towers. [NY Times,
02/16/03, Newsday, 09/25/02]
July 26, 2001: Attorney General Ashcroft stops flying commercial airlines due to a threat
assessment. He later walks out of his office rather than answer questions about this.
Late July 2001: The US and UN ignore warnings from the Taliban foreign minister that bin Laden
is planning an imminent huge attack on US soil. The FBI and CIA also fail to take seriously
warnings that Islamic fundamentalists have enrolled in flight schools across the US.
[Independent, 9/7/02, more]
Summer 2001: Intelligence officials know that al Qaeda both hopes to use planes as weapons
and seeks to strike a violent blow within the US, despite government claims following 9/11 that
the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks came "like bolts from the blue." [Wall Street
Journal, 09/19/02, CNN, 9/12/02]
Summer 2001: Russian President Putin later says publicly that he ordered his intelligence
agencies to alert the US of suicide pilots training for attacks on US targets. [Fox, 5/17/02]
Late summer 2001: Jordanian intelligence agents go to Washington to warn that a major attack
is planned inside the US and that aircraft will be used. Christian Science Monitor calls the story
"confidently authenticated" even though Jordan later backs away from it. [CS Monitor,
5/23/02]
Aug 5-11, 2001: Israel warns US of an imminent Al Qaeda attack. [Fox News, 5/17/02]
Aug 6, 2001: President Bush is warned by US intelligence that bin Laden might be planning to
hijack commercial airliners. The White House waits eight months after 9/11 to reveal this fact.
[New York Times, 5/16/02] Titled "Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US," the intelligence
briefing specifically mentions the World Trade Center. Yet Bush later states the briefing "said
nothing about an attack on America." [CNN, 4/12/04, Washington Post, 4/12/04, White House,
4/11/04, CNN, 4/10/04, Intelligence Briefing, 8/6/01, more]
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Aug 22, 2001: Top counter-terrorism expert John O'Neill quits the FBI due to repeated
obstruction of his al-Qaeda investigations and a power play against him. He was the
government's "most committed tracker of bin Laden and al-Qaeda." The next day he starts a
new job as head of security at the WTC. He is killed weeks later in the World Trade Center
during the 9/11 attack. [New Yorker, 1/14/02]
Aug 24, 2001: Frustrated with lack of response from FBI headquarters about detained suspect
Moussaoui, the Minnesota FBI begins working with the CIA. The CIA sends alerts calling him a
"suspect 747 airline suicide hijacker." Three days later an FBI Minnesota supervisor says he is
trying to make sure that Moussaoui does not "take control of a plane and fly it into the World
Trade Center." [Senate Intelligence Committee, 10/17/02] FBI headquarters chastises
Minnesota FBI for notifying the CIA. [Time, 5/21/02] FBI Director Mueller will later say "there
was nothing the agency could have done to anticipate and prevent the [9/11] attacks." [Senate
Intelligence Committee, 9/18/02, more]
Sept 10, 2001: A particularly urgent warning may have been received the night before the
attacks, causing some top Pentagon brass to cancel a trip. "Why that same information was not
available to the 266 people who died aboard the four hijacked commercial aircraft may become
a hot topic on the Hill." [Newsweek, 9/13/01] "A group of top Pentagon officials suddenly
canceled travel plans for the next morning, apparently because of security concerns."
[Newsweek, 9/24/01, more]
Sept 10, 2001: Former president Bush is with a brother of Osama bin Laden at a Carlyle
business conference. The conference is interrupted the next day by the attacks. [Washington
Post, 3/16/03]
Sept 10, 2001: Defense Secretary Rumsfeld announces that by some estimates the Department
of Defense "cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions." CBS later calculates that 25% of the
yearly defense budget is unaccounted for. A defense analyst says, "The books are cooked
routinely year after year." [DOD, 9/10/01, CBS, 1/29/02]

AN ECERPT FROM The Herald Bulletin

ANDERSON, Ind. As Chris Boots watched thick clouds of dark smoke billow out of the tower,
confusion set in.
The Pendleton man continued staring wide-eyed at the television, and as he watched another
airplane crash into the second World Trade Center tower, reality dawned on him.
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I thought, something is going on, Boots, 45, said, and the world is going to be different.
He was right.
Al-Qaidas airplane hijacking and suicide attacks on the U.S. at the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon killed almost 3,000 people, destroyed iconic buildings, hurt the economy and
instantly spread a level of terror that had been unknown to many Americans until that moment.
The United States, a powerful and admired nation, where people felt they were safe and
removed from terrorism, bombings, bloody dictatorships and other hazards common in foreign
lands had been sucker punched. And the attacks targeted New York City and Washington, D.C.,
two of the countrys most well-known and visited cities.
Ten years to the day, some of the fear has diminished, but memories of the plane crashes still
make people nervous about flying. Consequences of the attack and the ongoing War on Terror
waged against al-Qaida, Osama bin Laden and their allies has permeated America, affecting
everyday life and Americans perceptions of people and places.
Boots, owner of C.J. Boots Casket in Anderson, and his colleagues at the business, Jim Rogers
and Justin Davis, discussed the attacks and the aftermath over lunch at Panera Bread in
Anderson.
Even a decade later, the three said they still worry that something like that could happen again.
Ive flown several times since then, Boots said, and I always think about it. I think we all were
afraid of flying after that.
At the time of the attacks, Rogers, 53, was a pastor at the North Anderson (now Madison Park)
Church of God. He and others at the church huddled around a television, watching in horror as
the towers crumbled.
It was a weird, weird feeling, said the Middletown resident and casket company vice
president. I knew, Everything has just changed. Everything.
I can remember I was scared. If they could get there, what could happen next?
Rogers travels nationally and internationally quite a bit, so it was unnerving. He began to
change his travel routine.
If I was going to Nashville, for example, I would have taken a flight if I could, he said. But
now its not worth it. If its within a days drive, Ill drive it.
Part of that change is due to fear of another hijacking or terrorist attack that involves airplanes.
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But part of it is that heightened and time-consuming airport security measures procedures
they all agree are necessary and appreciated make flying an inconvenient option for quick
business trips. Since passengers now have to arrive several hours in advance of a flight each
way, a
one-day business trip
is not possible
anymore, Boots said.
Davis, 30, Noblesville, said the attacks had an immediate impact on his life.
He was a student at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis that year, and learned of
the attacks when the normally funny Bob and Tom radio show made the somber
announcement as he was driving to school. When he arrived, campus was silent and still,
except for televisions in every classroom tuned in to the same shocking images.
At the time, Davis had also been working at an Avis car rental at the Indianapolis airport.
I was laid off that week because no one was flying. Business was gone, said Davis, who is now
the casket companys project manager. Everybody was renting cars that day and the next day
to
get
home,
but
after
that
there
were
no
reservations.
People were incredulous that they had an enemy, al-Qaida, they had never even heard of.
Boots

shook

his

head.

We

Americans

thought

we

were

Invincible? Davis filled in.

Yes, Boots said. Exempt from that type of thing. The last time we had anything like that was
Pearl Harbor. We were complacent. But the truth is we are not exempt.
The shock and disbelief led to mistrust and stereotypes, especially toward Muslims, and
sometimes
even
toward
anyone
with
darker
skin
and
an
accent.
Davis said before 9/11 his experience at the Indianapolis airport was that people did not notice
or pay special attention to Muslims or other people who looked as if they were from the Middle
East.
Or if they did, Jim interjected, it was a spectacle rather than a fear. For me now its a fear.
Doyle Valentine, 58, thinks that people still take notice of Middle Eastern looking people,
especially those who stand out by wearing a turban or other traditional clothing.
The memory (of 9/11) is still there, but has died down a little, said Valentine, who owns
Anderson Motor Patrol, a security company. People are not as much in fear now, but still
wonder about suspicious-looking people.

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Besides insecurity and fear of the unexpected and unknown, the attacks led to changes in
everyday
life.
Tens of thousands of military members and civilians involved in the struggle against terrorism
have been separated from their families, sometimes sent on several tours to fight in the war.
Many have come home in caskets. It is an image and story that has become a regular
occurrence in the news.
People have been affected in other ways, too. Gas prices have skyrocketed since the beginning
of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, said Freda Stinson, 60, Anderson.
I think that prices are high in stores and restaurants, said the retired Village Pantry sales clerk.
Valentine has noticed that since the attacks, a lot more documentation is required to open a
checking account or obtain a drivers license.
A lot has changed, he said. There are a lot of inconveniences with some things, but on the
other hand, they are needed.
Even Boots casket company has had to change its ways.
Before Sept. 11, 2001, the company could ship caskets, with or without a body, fairly easily and
with no red tape.
Now, there are background checks and the airlines have to inspect their companys facilities.
And they have to inspect each shipped casket, regardless if it is empty or carrying a body.
As people look upon the 10-year anniversary of the attacks in different ways, Boots will have
the memories he has had each year since 2003.
Boots remembers how the first person to call him on Sept. 11, 2001, was his stepsister, who
was terrified.

Every year I think of her on 9/11 because a few years ago she was killed in a small plane crash

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And there are other troubling questions

- What are the odds that all the "black box" flight recorders were damaged beyond use?
- Why were the alleged hijackers' names not on the passenger lists?
- Why are several alleged hijackers reported to be still alive?
- Why did Mohamed Atta, one of the alleged hijackers, take a suitcase containing a curiously
worded will and burial instructions on a suicide flight?
- Why did the seat numbers of the hijackers, given in a cell phone call from Flight Attendant
Madeline Amy Sweeney to Boston Air Traffic Control, not match the seats occupied by the men
the FBI claims were responsible?
- Why were none of the attacking planes intercepted? It is reported that planes are routinely
intercepted if they deviate from their flight path and contact can't be made.
- How did the terrorists obtain top-secret White House and Air Force One codes and signals-the stated reason for not returning President Bush promptly to Washington on September 11?
- Why did the Justice Department deny a surveillance warrant for Zacarias Moussaoui? Since
1978, it is reported, more than 12,000 such warrants were issued, only Moussaoui's was
denied.
- Why does the U.S. not hold hearings on these questions, when it would serve the U.S.
objective of keeping Americans focused on the "war on terrorism?"
Others besides bin Laden, also had the motive, means, and opportunity to carry out the attacks
of September 11. Indeed, Israel, and possibly, the U.S. armed forces should not be arbitrarily
ruled out.

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Resultant- A Mixture of Political and Democratic Views:

On the day of the attack on America, the Washington Times quoted a paper by the Army School
of Advanced Military Studies which said that the MOSSAD, the Israeli intelligence service, "Has
capability to target U.S. forces and make it look like a Palestinian/Arab act." Dozens of Israelis
were reported to have been arrested, but the role played by this "huge Israeli spy ring that may
have trailed suspected al Qaeda members in the United States without informing federal
authorities" remains unclear, and "it is no longer tenable to dismiss the possibility of an Israeli
angle in this story."
Field reports by the Drug Enforcement Administration agents, and other U.S. law enforcement
officials, on the alleged Israeli spy ring have been compiled in a 60-page document.
John F. Sugg of the Weekly Planet (Tampa, Florida, April 22, 2002) reported that "DEA agents
say that the 60-page document was a draft intended as the base for a 250-page report. The
larger report has not been produced because of the volatile nature of suggesting that Israel
spies on America's deepest secrets."
James Bamford, formerly Washington Investigative Producer for ABC's World News Tonight
with Peter Jennings, and who has written investigative cover stories for the New York Times
Magazine, the Washington Post Magazine, and the Los Angeles Times Magazine, describes an
operation which suggests that even the U.S. armed forces may be suspect.
Mr. Bamford's book, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
from the Cold War Through the Dawn of a New Century, reveals that the U.S. Joint Chiefs of
Staff (JCS) drew up and approved plans for "launching a secret and bloody war of terrorism
against their own country in order to trick the American public into supporting an ill-conceived
war they intended to launch against Cuba."
Mr. Bamford writes: "Codenamed Operation Northwoods, the plan . . . called for innocent
people to be shot on American streets; for boats carrying refugees fleeing Cuba to be sunk on
the high seas; for a wave of violent terrorism to be launched in Washington, D.C., Miami, and
elsewhere. People would be framed for bombings they did not commit; planes would be
hijacked. Using phony evidence, all of it would be blamed on Castro, thus giving Lemnitzer
[Chairman JCS] and his cabal the excuse, as well as the public and international backing, they
needed to launch their war."
September 11 was a godsend for the U.S. military-industrial complex. A $48 billion increase in
the "defense" budget sailed through both houses of Congress, bringing U.S. military spending to
$379 billion.
This, according to the Washington Post (January 27, 2002), represents "the biggest one-year
rise since the Reagan buildup two decades ago and a suspension of 'the peace dividend.'" . . . It
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matches the combined military spending of the 15 countries with the next biggest defense
budgets. (The proposed increase alone is about the same as the entire defense budget of the
next biggest spender--Japan.) . . . It would roughly match, in inflation adjusted terms, the U.S.
defense budget in 1967, at the height of the Vietnam War.
And for 2003 the president's budget directs an additional $37.7 billion to "homeland security."
U.S. energy companies may also be about to receive a dividend.
The events of September 11, led to the U.S. war on Afghanistan--a war apparently planned
prior to September 11, and possibly after U.S. negotiations with the Taliban for the
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan (TAPI) pipeline broke down. According to the BBC
(September 18, 2001), Niaz Naik, a former Pakistani Foreign Secretary, was told by senior
American officials in mid-July that military action against Afghanistan would go ahead by the
middle of October.
"The Bush administration agreed on the day before the Sept. 11 attacks to force the Taliban
from power in Afghanistan. That was part of the conclusion issued by the independent 9/11
commission" reported Democracy Now.
The events of September 11 also led to an open-ended "war on terrorism," which helped justify
enormous increases in "defense" and "security" spending, and the passage of "anti-terrorism"
legislation long desired by some in the Justice Department.
According to The Irish Times (February 11, 2002), "The Pakistani President, Gen. Pervez
Musharraf, and the Afghan interim leader, Mr. Hamid Karzai, agreed yesterday that their two
countries should develop 'mutual brotherly relations and cooperate in all spheres of activity' -including a proposed gas pipeline from Central Asia to Pakistan via Afghanistan."
It's curious that these two leaders, who only later vowed to "bury the recent history of
poisonous relations" between their nations (Washington Post, April 3), could agree so quickly to
the pipeline. Afghanistan's interim president Hamid Karzai, and Zalmay Khalilzad, the Bushappointed special envoy to Afghanistan, may have facilitated the agreement.
According to George Monbiot (Guardian, February 12): "Both Hamid Karzai, the interim
president, and Zalmay Khalilzad, the US special envoy, were formerly employed as consultants
to Unocal, the US oil company which spent much of the 1990s seeking to build a pipeline
through Afghanistan."
Zalmay Khalilzad drew up Unocal's risk analysis on its proposed trans-Afghan gas pipeline
according to the Irish Times. The Taliban, after initially negotiating with Unocal, had begun
showing a preference for Bridas Corporation of Argentina.
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While relevant questions regarding the September 11 attack went unanswered, without the
benefit of UN resolutions, and despite the fact that the Taliban stated their willingness to give
up Osama bin Laden for trial to an international court, the U.S. launched it's war on
Afghanistan--one of the world's poorest countries, already devastated by 23 years of war and
civil strife following the Russian invasion of 1979.
Irwin Arieff of Reuters reported (Reuters, October 8, 2001) that U.S. Ambassador John
Negroponte said, in a letter to the 15-nation Security Council, that the investigation into
September 11 attacks on his country "has obtained clear and compelling information that the
al-Qaeda organization, which is supported by the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, had a central
role in the attacks." The letter added, "There is still much we do not know. Our inquiry is in its
early stages."
Negroponte added, however, that "U.S. military raids on Afghanistan, joined by Britain, were
launched Sunday under the authority of Article 51 of the UN charter, which allows nations
under attack to defend themselves." This despite U.S. statements that 15 of the 19 alleged
hijackers were citizens of Saudi Arabia.
The war in Afghanistan created a million new refugees (adding to the existing five or six
million), caused the death of 4000 civilians (about 2800 civilians were killed in the September
11 attack), and President Bush seemed intent on continuing his father's Crusade. Former
president Bush is reported to have told U.S. troops in Kuwait (AFP, January 19, 2000) that they
were "doing the Lord's work."
Begun as Operation Infinite Justice, President Bush has vowed to save civilization itself. He has
expanded his Crusade to the brutally repressed Moros of the Philippines. Israel's attack on
Palestine has delayed his promised attack on Iraq.
Yet more than six months after the U.S. launched its "war on terrorism," hard evidence
regarding the September 11 attack remains scarce.
FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III, in this speech at the prestigious Commonwealth Club of
California on April 19, 2002, said: "In our investigation, we have not uncovered a single piece of
paper--either here in the United States, or in the treasure trove of information that has turned
up in Afghanistan and elsewhere--that mentioned any aspect of the September 11 plot."

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EFFECTS OF 9/11 UNDER DIFFERENT

SCENARIOS
1. INTERNATIONAL RELATION
The attacks lead to two chief public reactions; a course of public expressions of
patriotism never seen ever since World War II, shown often by the exhibit of the
American flag; and an extraordinary altitude of admiration, respect and sympathy for
New York City and New Yorkers in other part of the United state by the Americans.
However there were some critics on this reaction particularly, they said that it was not
only New Yorkers, who died from this attack (passengers from other communities), and
that the Arlington, Virginia community also went through the loss. Moreover a tribute
was paid to the dogs involved in the 9/11 attacks at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog in
February 2002. The dogs who were given the tribute were the ones that helped the
force to search and rescue the bodies and the survivors in the attack and, also the dogs
that were in the building when it disintegrated.
THE BLOODY TERRORIST outrages of 11 September 2001 in New York, Pennsylvania and
Washington were one of the defining moments in recent history. The deaths of
thousands of people allowed capitalist reaction led by George W Bush and the now
discredited British prime minister of the time, Tony Blair the excuse to initiate a new
era of terrible imperialist war and foster the poisonous fumes of ethnic division and
racism, directed particularly against those of the Islamic faith. This resulted in a colossal
number of deaths and destruction which inflicted further untold misery and suffering on
millions of working people and the poor, particularly in the neo-colonial world.
Historically, Marxism has always opposed terroristic methods. In Russia, Marxism was
compelled from the outset to oppose these methods in the struggle against the tsars
brutal, dictatorial regime. Marxists counter posed the mass struggles of the working
class which, by linking up with the peasants, particularly the poor rural masses, was the
only force that could lead a successful struggle against tsarism. Not the assassination of
even the most repressive government ministers but mass action, the general strike, a
mass uprising to overthrow dictatorial regimes, could lay the basis for lasting success.
Leon Trotsky compared terrorism to capitalist liberalism, but with bombs. This seems
strange to us today. It is inconceivable, for instance, that Nick Clegg, leader of the
Liberal Democrats in Britain and deputy prime minister, would be associated with
terroristic methods! But Trotskys idea remains valid. Liberals believe that the removal
of this or that minister or even a government can introduce fundamental change. The
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terrorist has the same approach but with violent methods. The replacement of a
minister or government is insufficient to bring about real social change. Would the
removal of the present government in Britain, for instance, and the coming to power of
Ed Miliband and his New Labour party fundamentally change the situation? Merely to
pose the question is to answer it. Because a Miliband government would be rooted
within the framework of capitalism there would be no dramatic change, particularly in
the social conditions of the mass of the people.
Australian Prime Minister John Howard was in Washington D.C at the time of the attacks
and invoked the ANZUS military alliance to pledge Australian assistance to America.

2. WAR ON TERROR
The September 11 attacks transformed the first term of President George W. Bush and
led to what he has called the Global War on Terrorism. The accuracy of describing it as a
"war" and the political motivations and consequences are the topic of strenuous debate.
The US government increased military operations, economic measures and political
pressure on groups it accused of being terrorists, as well as on governments and
countries accused of sheltering them. October 2001 saw the first military action initiated
by the US. Under this policy, the US invaded Afghanistan in order to remove
the Taliban regime (which harbored al-Qaeda) and to capture al-Qaeda forces. The war,
however, is ongoing and has not been won.
Afghanistan itself is far from at peaceLord Ashdown, British diplomat and former
international High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, has gone as far as to
describe the country as "a failed state". The US government has also asserted that the
US invasion of Iraq is connected to 9/11.

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3. EFFECTS ON AMERICA

When the United States had less money to spend, the nation was unable to deal with
the economic recession as readily as it could have. When banks and automakers needed
bailouts, the money needed to borrow from American taxpayers and investors rose
suddenly. Instead of spending government funds on things that can help all Americans,
large corporations needed to be saved.
When spending on post-9/11 activities such as wars and the military were added to
emergency bailouts, the size of the government grew even bigger. American taxpayers
were now on the hook for disastrous foreign policy measures as well as propping up
banks that caused economic turmoil in the first place.
In New York City, there were approximately 430,000 jobs were lost and $2.8 billion in
lost wages over the three months following the 9/11 attacks. The economic effects were
mainly focused on the city's export economy sectors. The GDP for New York City was
estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion over the last three months of 2001 and all of
2002. The Federal government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to
the Government of New York City, in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for
economic development and infrastructure needs.
The 9/11 attacks also had great impact on small businesses in Lower Manhattan, located
near the World Trade Center. Approximately 18,000 small businesses were destroyed or
displaced after the attacks. The Small Business Administration provided loans as
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assistance, while Community Development Block Grants and Economic Injury Disaster
Loans were other also used by the Federal Government to provide assistance to small
business affected by the 9/11 attacks.

4. POLITICAL
The September 11 attacks also precipitated a focus on domestic security issues and the
creation of a new cabinet-level federal agency, the Department of Homeland Security.
The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was passed soon after the attacks, giving law enforcement
agencies sweeping search and surveillance powers over US citizens. This led to the
creation in 2002 of the Information Awareness Office (IAO), led by John Poindexter. The
IAO has initiated a program called Total Information Awareness, amended in May 2003
to Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA), with the aim of developing technology that
would enable it to collect and process massive amounts of information about every
individual in the United States, and trace patterns of behavior that could help predict
terrorist activities. The information the IAO would gather includes Internet activity,
credit card purchase histories, airline ticket purchases, car rentals, medical
records, educational transcripts, driver's licenses, utility bills, tax returns, and other
available data. Critics of the IAO believe it goes too far in the sacrifice of civil
liberties and privacy, putting in place an Orwellian infrastructure prone to abuse. Many
major events the United States has hosted since September 11, 2001 have been
designated National Special Security Events (NSSE), because of concerns of
terrorism. Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia Chief Charles
Ramsey made the point clear before the state funeral of former US president Ronald
Reagan: "In a post 9/11 world we have to be very concerned about that and aware of
the potential for something to happen."
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States and other
countries around the world were placed on a high state of alert against potential followup attacks. Civilian air travel across the US and Canada wasfor the first time ever
almost completely suspended for three days with numerous locations and events
affected byclosures, postponements, cancellations, and evacuations. Other countries
imposed similar security restrictions. In the United Kingdom, for instance, civilian
aircraft were forbidden to fly over London for several days after the attack.
The attacks had major worldwide political effects. Many other countries introduced
tough anti-terrorism legislation and took action to cut off terrorist finances, including
the freezing of bank accounts suspected of being used to fund terrorism. Law
enforcement and intelligence agencies stepped up cooperation to arrest terrorist
suspects and break up suspected terrorist cells around the world.

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The attack prompted numerous memorials and services all over the world. In Berlin,
200,000 Germans marched to show their solidarity with America. The French newspaper
of record, Le Monde, ran a front-page headline reading "Nous sommes tous Americans",
or "We are all Americans". A national day of mourning was held in Ireland on Friday,
September 14, the only country other than the US to do so. In London, the US national
anthem was played at the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace. (To mark
the Queen's Golden Jubilee, New York City lit the Empire State Building in purple and
gold, to say "thank you" for this action.) In the immediate aftermath, support for the
United States' right to defend itself was expressed across the world, and by United
Nations Security Council Resolution 1368. Australian Prime Minister John Howard was in
Washington D.C at the time of the attacks and invoked the ANZUS military alliance to
pledge Australian assistance to America.

5. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL

Major economic effects arose from the September 11 attacks, with initial shock causing
global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40
billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever.

FINANCIAL
The opening of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was delayed after the first
plane crashed into the World Trade Center's north tower, and trading for the day was
canceled after the second plane crashed into the South Tower. NASDAQ also canceled
trading. The New York Stock exchange was then evacuated as well as nearly all banks
and financial institutions on Wall Street and in many cities across the country.
The London Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges around the world were also
closed down and evacuated in fear of follow up terrorist attacks. The New York Stock
exchange remained closed until the following Monday. This was the third time in history
that the NYSE experienced prolonged closure, the first time being in March 1933,
though the NYSE also shut down for a few months at the beginning of World War II.
Trading on the United States bond market also ceased, with the leading government
bond trader, Cantor Fitzgerald based in the World Trade Center. The New York
Mercantile Exchange was also closed for a week after the attacks.
The Federal Reserve issued a statement, saying it was "open and operating.
The discount window is available to meet liquidity needs." The Federal Reserve added
$100 billion in liquidity per day, during the three days following the attack, to help avert
a financial crisis. Federal Reserve Governor Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., the only Governor in
Washington, D.C. on the day of the attacks, has described in detail this and the other
actions that the Fed undertook to maintain a stable economy and offset potential
disruptions arising in the financial system.
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Gold prices spiked upwards, from $215.50 to $287 an ounce in London trading. Oil
prices also spiked upwards. Gas prices in the United States also briefly shot up, though
the spike in prices only lasted about one week.

ECONOMIC SECTORS
In international and domestic markets, stocks of companies in some sectors were hit
particularly hard. Travel and entertainment stocks fell, while communications,
pharmaceutical and military/defense stocks rose. Online travel agencies particularly
suffered, as they cater to leisure travel.
Insurance
Insurance losses due to 9/11 were more than one and a half times greater than the,
what was previously the largest disaster (Hurricane Andrew) in terms of losses. The
losses included business interruption ($11.0 billion), property ($9.6 billion), liability ($7.5
billion), workers compensation ($1.8 billion), and others ($2.5 billion). The firms with the
largest losses included Berkshire Hathaway, Lloyd's, Swiss Re, and Munich Re, all which
are reinsurers, with more than $2 billion each in losses. Shares of major reinsurers,
including Swiss Re and Baloise Insurance Group dropped by more than 10%, while
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shares of Swiss Life dropped 7.8%. Although the insurance industry held reserves that
covered the 9/11 attacks, insurance companies were reluctant to continue providing
coverage for future terrorist attacks. Only a few insurers offer such coverage, and it is
limited and very expensive.
Airlines and aviation
Flights were grounded in various places across the United States and Canada that did
not necessarily have the operational support in place, such as dedicated ground crews.
A large number of transatlantic flights landed in Gander in Newfoundland and
in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the logistics handled by Transport Canada in Operation
Yellow Ribbon. To help with immediate needs for victims' families, United
Airlines and American Airlines both provided initial payments of $25,000. The airlines
were also required to refund ticket purchases for anyone unable to fly.
The 9/11 attacks compounded financial troubles that the airline industry already was
experiencing before the attacks. Share prices of airlines and airplane manufacturers
plummeted after the attacks. Midway Airlines, already on the brink of bankruptcy, shut
down operations almost immediately afterwards. Other airlines were threatened with
bankruptcy, and tens of thousands of layoffs were announced in the week following the
attacks. To help the industry, the federal government provided an aid package to the
industry, including $10 billion in loan guarantees, along with $5 billion for short-term
assistance.
Tourism
Tourism in New York City plummeted, causing massive losses in a sector which
employed 280,000 people and generated $25 billion per year. In the week following the
attack, hotel occupancy fell below 40%, and 3,000 employees were laid off. Tourism,
hotel occupancy and-in particular-flying also fell drastically across the nation. The
reluctance to fly may have been due to increased fear of a repeat attack. Suzanne
Thompson, Professor of Psychology at Pomona College, California conducted interviews
of 501 people who were not direct victims of 9/11 . From this, she concluded that "Most
participants felt more distress (65 percent) and a stronger fear of flying (55 percent)
immediately after the event than they did before the attacks."
Security
Since the 9/11 attacks, substantial resources have been put towards improving security,
in the areas of homeland security, national defense, and in the private sector it
decreased.
Indirect effects
The September 11 attacks also led indirectly to the U.S. war in Afghanistan, as well as
additional homeland security spending. The attacks were also cited as a rationale for the
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Iraq war, although this rationale was discredited by intelligence organizations globally.
The cost of the two wars so far has surpassed $5 trillion.
Currency trading continued, with the United States dollar falling sharply against
the Euro, British pound, and Japanese yen. The next day, European stock markets fell
sharply, including declines of 4.6% in Spain, 8.5% in Germany, and 5.7% on the London
Stock Exchange. Stocks in the Latin American markets also plunged, with a 9.2% drop in
Brazil, 5.2% drop in Argentina, and 5.6% decline in Mexico, before trading was halted.

6. SOCIAL
Since the 9/11 attacks, the checkpoints at airports have gradually expanded to take up
more two-thirds of the floor space on Level 5. It's a graphic reminder of how much
aviation security has changed since terrorists hijacked four aircraft that day. At least DIA
(DEN in aviation shorthand) had room for the X-ray machines, metal detectors,
explosive detectors and now the new millimeter-wave body scanners. Lots of other
airports have had to shoehorn that equipment into ticket counter areas or jam it into
corridors.
Blood donations saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11. According to a report by
the Journal of the American Medical Association, "...the number of blood donations in
the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the
corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3
1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack)."

7. EFFECTS ON MUSLIMS
Reaction to the attacks in the Muslim world was mixed. Also, shortly after the attack,
the media picked up on a number of celebrations of the attacks in the Middle East with
images of these celebrations being broadcast on television and published in print. Less
publicized were public displays of sympathy, including candlelight vigils in countries like
Iran.

Backlash and hate crimes

In the weeks following the attacks, there was a surge in incidents of harassment and
hate crimes against Middle Easterners and others thought to be "Middle Easternlooking" peopleparticularly Sikhs, because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which
are stereotypically associated with Muslims by many Americans. Balbir Singh Sodhi, a
Sikh man, was one of the first victims of this backlash; he was shot dead on September
15 at the gas station he owned in Mesa, Arizona. In many cities there were reports of
vandalism against mosques and other Islamic institutions, including some cases of arson.
In 2008, author Moustafa Bayoumi released the book How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?
Being Young and Arab in America. The author says mass arrests and deportations of
Arabs and Arab Americans were conducted by the various government organizations,
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including the FBI, often with insufficient evidence to connect them to terrorism; that
some were incarcerated indefinitely without notifying the detainee's relatives, as if they
had just disappeared. Bayoumi maintains deportation of Arabs and Arab-Americans
significantly increased following 9/11, oftentimes at short notice, saying in one case a
man was deported without his clothes.
On July 20, 2011 Mark Stroman was executed for killing a Dallas store clerk during
a shooting spree taken in revenge for the 9/11 attacks.

8. EFFECT OF PAKISTAN
Critics point out that the Afghan conflict has contributed to the destabilization of
neighboring Pakistan.
Backlash from Pakistans over-generous support to the US has radicalized society and
placed the nation on an uncharted political course. Contrary to western reports, most
militants are not madrassah students. Unfortunately, the western media has as usual
resorted to stereotyping nations and individuals, giving rise to the misleading belief that
every act of terror is masterminded by a Taliban or mullah. But the reality is quite
different. In late 2005, the interior ministry compiled an investigative report on the
identity of suicide bombers in Pakistan. The report reveals that 9/11 produced 22
suicide bombers. Of these, only 3 were madrassah students.
The pre-9/11 era spanning more than 50 years in Pakistan saw hardly any suicide
bombers.
Hundreds of suspected militants have been detained without any charge. Their families
have not been informed about their whereabouts. Many Pakistanis were handed over to
the US clandestinely on unproven charges of connections with Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
This has generated a wave of public sympathy for them.
The media provides youngsters with graphic text, videos and images of US carpet
bombings and air raids in Afghanistan and Iraq. They see the devastation and
humiliation wreaked on ordinary Muslims including those who have suffered physical
and mental agony at the hands of US forces in Iraqs Abu Ghraib prison
and Guantanamo Bay. These images are not easily forgotten and remain etched on the
minds of hundreds of millions of Muslims around the world silently watching the rape of
Muslim nations by the worlds lone superpower.
Another part of the problem is the frequent compromises the government makes with
regard to Pakistans sovereignty. There have been incidents of direct commando
operations by the FBI that has whisked away citizens in league with Pakistani security
agencies. Similarly, repeated incursions of US forces in the bordering northwestern
region with Afghanistan have incensed tribesmen who see the Pakistan army as an
extension of US forces on the other side of the border.
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Lack of democracy, institutional instability and the resultant breach of sovereignty have
compounded the problem. The government lacks a political and democratic face to
effectively achieve its long-term vital geo-strategic interest.

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