Tutorial 1

Question 1
Calculate the determinant of the five matrices and state which are singular.

2 1 2
2 0 1

2
2

A=
1 2 2 , B = 1 1 5 , AB , A + B, AB + A .
4 2 3
3 2 4
Question 2

0 0 1

. Verify that A3 = I3 , where I3 is the identity

0
0
(a) Let A =

0 0
matrix of order 3. Deduce that A is non-singular and hence, compute A1 .
(b) Find the value(s) of x for which the following matrix is singular:

x+3
2 1

x
3
x
4

2x 1 2 1
.

2 + 3 1
2

(c) Given that M =

+ 3 1 , use properties of determinant to show
2 + 3 1
that |M| = ( ) ( + ) ( ).
Question 3
An n n matrix A = (aij ) is called orthogonal if AAT = I.
i Show that the following matrix is

1
2

orthogonal:

1
1

6
3
1
1

6
3

2 1

6
3

ii Show that if A is orthogonal then det(A) = 1.

Answers
Question 1
|A| = 12, |B| =
(singular).
Question
2

0 1 0

1
(a)
0 0
1 0
0
8
(b) , 4.
3

3, |AB2 | = 108 |A + B| = 0 (singular), |AB + A2 | = 0

Tutorial 2
Question 1
Let be a complex cube root of 1 (this means 3 = 1) with 6= 1. Prove that
1 + + 2 = 0. Letting A be the matrix

1 1 1
1 2
1 2
Determine A2 and A1 .
Question 2
For each v <, define the matrix A(v) by

1 0 0
A(v) = v 1 0
1 2
v v 1
2
Show that for all v, w < we have A(v + w) = A(v)A(w). Deduce that each
matrix A(v) is invertible.
Question 3
Determine how the rank of the real matrix

3 1
2
1 2 1

1 0
1
2 b 1
depends on the real number b.

Question 4
Find the rank of the following
matrices:

1 1
1

2
2
3

(a)
1 1 + , where 1 + + = 0. and = 1.
1 2

2 1

2 2
(b)
0 1

2
4
2

4
,
3

4 5 10 11

1 1 1 2

.
1
3
1
4
(c)

1 5 1 7

Answers
Question
1

3 0 0
1/3 1/3

A2 =
A1 =
0 0 3 ,
1/3 /3
0 3 0
1/3 /3
Question 3
(i) rank = 2 f or b = 3 and rank = 3 f or b 6=
Question 4
(a) 2, (b) 2, (c) 3.

1/3

/3

2
/3
3

Tutorial 3
Question 1
Solve the following system of equations using Gaussian elimination:
(a)
x + 2y 4z = 4
2x + 5y 9z = 10
3x 2y + 3z = 11
(b)
x + 2y 3z = 1
3x + y 2z = 7
5x + 3y 4z = 2
(c)
x + 2y 3z = 1
2x + 5y 8z = 4
3x + 8y 13z = 7
Question 2
Consider the system
2x + 2y + 3z = 0
x + y + 3z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 0.
Find sufficient conditions on for the system to have
(i) unique solution,
(ii) infinite number of solutions.
Question 3
Find the inverses of the following matrices using elementary row operations:

1 1
0
1 1 2
1 1 1
0 1 ,
1 2 .
A= 1
B = 2 1 1 ,
C= 0
1
0
0
2 2 1
3
1 1

Question 4
Let A be each of

2
0
0

the following matrices in turn:

1 1
0
1 2
1 3
0 ,
0 1 ,
1 0
1 4 1

2 1 1
1 2 1 .
1 1 2

(a) Find all the eigenvectors of A; determine whether A is diagonalisable and,

if so, find an invertible real matrix X for which X 1 AX is diagonal.
(b) In the case of the first matrix,
(i) find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A5 ,A + 7I and (A - 3I)1 .
1
1
(ii) Show that A1 = A A2 + I and hence, or otherwise, determine
2
2
A1

Answers
Question 1
(a) x = 2, y = 1, z = 1,
Question 2
(i) 6= 4 (ii) = 4.
Question
3

0 1 0

, (b)
0
0
1
(a)

1 1
1
Question 4

(b)inconsistent (c)x = 3 t, y = 2 + 2t, z = t.

1/10 3/5

1/5

3/10

3/10

1/5

2/5

1/5

1/10

, (c)

1/3

2/3

1/3

1/3

1 3

3
0
1
(a){2, (1, 0, 0)t } , {1, (3, 1, 1)t } , {1, (1, 3, 3)t } and X =

3 0 1
{1, [0, 0, 1]} , {2, [1, 1, 1], [1, 1, 1]}

1 1
0

.
1
1
1
{1, [1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]} , {4, [1, 1, 1]} and X =

1 0
1
(b)(i)Each eigenvalue is raised to power 5 and the corresponding eigenvectors
are unchanged; add 7 to each eigenvalue and corresponding eigenvectors are unchanged; subtract 3 from each eigenvalue and take reciprocal of each resulting
value and corresponding
eigenvectors
are unchanged.

1/2 1 1/2

0
0
1
(ii) A1 =

0
1
0

Tutorial 4
Question 1
Test the following series for convergence:
(i)

en
,
3n+2

n=1

(ii)

n7
,
n2

n=1

(iii)

2
,
(2n1)(2n+1)

n=1

(iv)

n
,
n3 +1

n=1

(v)

1
n2 +1 n2 1

n=1

(vi)

sin

1
n

n=1

(vii)

nen ,

n=1

(viii)

n!
2n1!

n=1

(ix)

n!
xn ,
1.5.9...(4n3)

x > 0.

n=1

Question 2
Given that y = (5 n2 )n , n > 0, by applying LHospitals Rule, show that

X
5n2 n
lim ln y = 2
.
Hence,
or
otherwise,
determine
whether
the
series
5
n
n

n=1

converges or diverges.

Question 3
Use the Taylor series to find a quadratic approximation to each of the following
functions at the specified points:

(i) sin(3x + 2y) at ( 6 , 0),

(ii) cosh x cosh y at the origin.

10

Answers
1.(i)convergent; (ii)divergent; (iii)convergent;
(iv)convergent; (v)divergent; (vi)divergent;
(vii)convergent; (viii)convergent; (ix)convergent for 0 < x < 4.
2. Series converges.
3. (i)1 9/2 (x 1/6 )2 6 y (x 1/6 ) 2 y 2 ; (ii) 1 +

11

x2
2

y2
2

Tutorial 5
Question 1
The triple vector product (A B) C) and A (B C) are usually not equal,
although the formulae for evaluating them from components are similar :
(A B) C = (A C)B (B C)A.

(1)

A (B C) = (A C)B (A B)C.

(2)

Verify each of the formula for the following vectors by evaluating its two sides
and comparing the results.
A
a) (1, 1, 2)t
b) (1, 1, 1)t
c) (2, 1, 0)t

B
(1, 0, 1)t
(2, 1, 2)t
(2, 1, 1)t

C
(2, 4, 2)t
(1, 2, 1)t
(1, 0, 2)t

Question 2
Show that if A, B, C and D are any vectors, then
(a)
A (B C) + B (C A) + C (A B) = 0.
(b)
A B = (A B i)i + (A B j)j + (A B k)k.

12

Question 3
(a) Given that A = 2i + 2j k, B = i + k and C = i + j + k, find the
scalar and vector projection of B C in the direction of A.
(b) Show that if the lines
x = a1 s + b1 , y = a2 s + b2 , z = a3 s + b3 , < s < ,
and
x = c1 t + d1 , y = c2 t + d2 , z = c3 t + d3 , < t < ,
intersect at one point at least then
a1
a2
a3

c1
c2
c3

b1 d1
b2 d2
b3 d3

= 0.

Question 4
(a) Consider the following vector equations :
x b = b + c,
x c = ,
where b = i + 2j + 3k, c = 2i j + k, and and are scalars. Show
that:
(i) x is a vector through
(ii) =

1
(5, 5, 5) and in the direction of b and
3

14
.
3

(b) Solve the following vector equations for x and :

x u = u + v,
x v = 2,
where u = 2i + j + k, v = 2i j + k, and is a scalar.

13

Answers
Question 1
(a) (10, 0, 10)t (1) (12, 4, 8)t (2) (b) (10, 2, 6)t (1)
(c)(4, 6, 2)t (1) (1, 2, 4)t (2)
Question 3
2
2
(a)
3,
(1, 1, 1)t
3
3
Question 4
1
(b)
(4, 5, 1)t = 1
6

14

(9, 2, 6)t (2)

Tutorial 6
Question 1
(a) If F =

x
r

,
3

y z
,
, then show that F = 0.
r3 r3

(b) Find S and ( S) for each of the following

(i) S = (0, 0, xy)t .
(ii) S = (yz, 0, xy)t .
Question 2
Let = 1 i + 2 j + 3 k and s = xi + yj + zk.
(i) Find v = s
(ii) Show that v = 2.
(iii) Show that div(v) = 0
(iv) State with reason, the angle between v and .
Question 3
(a) Find the directional derivative of z = x2 6y 2 at P (7, 2) in the direction
(i) = 45 ,
(ii) = 135 .
(b) Find the maximum directional derivative for the same function at P .
Question 4
The temperature T of a heated circular plate at any of its point (x, y) is given by
32
T = 2
,
x + y2 + 1
the origin being the center of the plate. Find the rate of change of T at the point

(2, 3), in the direction =

3
Question 5
The electrical potential V at any point (x, y) is given by
p

V = ln
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2
.
(i) Find the rate of change of V at (3, 4) in the direction towards the point
(4, 5).
(ii) Show V changes most rapidly along the set of radial lines through the point
(1, 2).
15

Answers
Question 1
b(i) (x, y, 0)t , 0, (ii)(x, 2y, z)t , 0.
Question 2

(i) (2 z 3 y, 3 x 1 z, 1 y 2 x)t , (iv)

2
Question
3

(i)5 2 , (ii)19 2 , (b)2 193 in the direction = 300 150

Question 4
16
24
3
49
49
Question
5

2
(i)
4

16

Tutorial 7
Question 1
Z 1Z

2x

(a) Sketch the region of integration of

dydx.
0

(b) Exchange the order of integration to express the integral in part (a) in terms
of integration in the order dxdy and evaluate it in that case.
Z Z
(c) Find

x2

y
dxdy, where is the shaded region shown in Fig.(1).
+ y2

2.5

1.5

0.5

Figure 1: Region
Z Z
(d) Find

ydydx, where is the region bounded by the triangle with ver

tices at (2, 0), (0, 1) and (2, 0)

Question 2
Sketch the corresponding region of integration and evaluate by changing order of
the integration :
Z 3Z 9
(a)
dydx,
0

x2

1Z
x

(b)
0

2xy
dydx.
1 y4

17

Question
Z Z 3
x y
Find
1
dydx, where is in the first quadrant bounded by the
a b

x y
axes and the line + = 1.
a b
Question 4
Consider the following integral

Z 2 Z 4y2
Z 2 Z y
(x2 + y 2 )
(x2 + y 2 )
dx dy +
dx dy
I =
cos
cos
8
8
2 0
0
0
(i) Sketch the region of integration defined by the sum of these two integrals.
(ii) By reversing the order of integration, rewrite I as one double integral.
(iii) By using polar coordinates, show that I = 1.
Answers
Question
Z Z 1
1

Z 2Z

dydx ,

dydx +

(b)
0

y/2

Question 2

y/2

1
2
, (c) 4, (d) .
2
3

1
(a) 18 , (b) .
2
Question 3
ab
.
6
Question 4

R 2 R 4 x 2
(x 2 + y 2 )
dy dx .
I = 0 x
cos
8

18

Tutorial 8
Question 1
Consider the integral
Z 1Z

I =
0

1
(1 +

y 2 x)(1

The transformation
x = u2 andy =

+ x)

dxdy.

v
,
u

is applied to I.
Show that the limits in the u v plane are : u = 0, u = 1 and v = 0, v = 1.
sketch the region in the u v plane and hence evaluate the above integral by
integrating over an appropriate region in the u v plane.
Question 2

Z Z

(x + y)(x2 + y 2 )
dA, where R is the region
x4
R
bounded by the lines y = 0, y = x and x + y = with > 0 . By apy
plying the transformation u = x + y and v = , sketch the corresponding region
x
of integration in the u v. Hence, evaluate I.

Consider the integral I =

Question 3
Show by means of a diagram the area over which the double integral is taken,
R 2 R 2y x + y 2(x+y)
I = 0 y2
e
dxdy. Apply the transformation of variable u = x+y
(x + 1)2
y1
to this integral and sketch the region of integration in the u v
and v =
x+1
plane. Hence, evaluate I.
Question 4
If f (x, y) can be written as f (x, y) = F (x)G(y), then the integral of f over a
rectangle R: a x b, c y d can be evaluated as a product by the formula

Z Z

Z
f (x, y) dxdy =
R

0
2

x3 y 3/2 dxdy.

(ii)
1

F (x)dx
a

Use Eq.(3) to evaluate the following:

Z 1Z
2 6x(cos(y))2 dydx.
(i)

19

G(y)dy.
c

(3)

Question
5
Z
Z
(x2 )
2
Let I =
e
dx and I =
0

e(x
0

2 +y 2 )

dxdy.

Evaluate the last integral using

polar coordinates and solve the resulting equation
R x2

.
to show that 0 e dx =
2

20

Answers
Question 1
2
16
Question 2
4
3
Question 3

1 4
e 1
4
Question 4

3
2 2
(b)(i)
,(ii)
4
4

21

Tutorial 9
Question 1
Evaluate
theR following triple integrals
R 1 R 1x
2x
(a) 0 0
xyzdzdydx.
0
Z Z
(b) 2
0

r2 z sin dzdrd.
0

Z Z Z
4
(c)
0

2
0
sec

sin 2ddd.
0

Question 2
Using triple integrals, find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane x + y + z = 1.
Question 3
Calculate the volume of the region bounded by the following surfaces:
(i) z = 0, x2 + y 2 = 2 and x + y + z = 3.
(ii) The cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16 and the planes z = 0 and z + y = 4.
(iii) The sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 16 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9.
Question 4
Find the area of that portion of the surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 which lies
in the first octant between the planes z = 0 and z = 2x.
Question 5
Find the surface area of the part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 inside the upper
part of the cone x2 + y 2 = z 2 .

22

Answers
Question 1
13
(a)
240
2
(b)
3
(c) (2 2)
Question 2
1
6
Question 3

3 4
(i)
2, (ii)64, (iii) 256

32
3
3
2 3
Question 4
18
Question
5

4 2 2

23

Tutorial 10
Question 1
3

Z
2

F dr along the curve y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1).

For F = x yi + y j, find
C

QuestionZ2
Evaluate
(x y)dx + (y z)dy over the line segment C from P (1, 1, 1) to
C

Q(2, 4, 8).
Hint:
C is defined as follows :
PQ = (1, 3, 7)t and any point (x, y, z)along Cis thus definedas
(x = 1 + t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 1 + 7t, where0 t 1.
Question 3
(a) Show that F = (3x2 6y 2 )i + (12xy + 4y)j is conservative.
(b) Find such F = ( is said to be a potential function for F).
R
(c) Let C be the curve x = 1 + y 3 (1 y)3 , 0 y 1. Calculate C F dr.
Question 4
Let F = (ax2 y + y 3 + 1)i + (2x3 + by 2 x + 2)j be a vector field, where a and b are
constants.
(a) Find the values of a and b for which F is conservative.
(b) Use the values of a and b from (a) to find f (x, y) such that F = f .
R
(c) Using the values of a and b from part (a), compute C F dr along the curve
C such that x = et cos t, y = et sin t, 0 t .
Question 5
(a) Write down the contour integral of F = (5x + 3y)i + (1 + cos y)j, counterZ b
clockwise around the unit circle centered at the origin, in the form
f (t)dt.
(Do not simplify the integral.)

(b) Evaluate the line integral using Greens theorem.

Question 6
Consider the region R enclosed by the xaxis, x = 1 and y = x3 .
Travelling in a counterclockwise direction along the boundary C or R, call C1 the
portion of C that goes from (0, 0) to (1, 0), C2 the portion of C that goes from
(1, 0) to (1, 1) and C3 the portion of C that goes from (1, 1) to (0, 0).
24

(a) Using Greens theorem, find the total work of F = (1 + y 2 )i around the
boundary C of R, in a counterclockwise direction.
(b) Calculate the work of F along C1 and C2 .
(c) Use parts (a) and (b) to find the work along the third side C3 .

25

Answers
Question 1
1/2
Question 2
13
Question 3
(b)f = x3 6y 2 x + 2y 2 (+constant), (c) -4
Question 4
(a) a = 6, b = 3, (b) f = 2x3 y + y 3 x + x + 2y(+constant), (c) e 1.
Question
5
Z
2

(5 cos t + 3 sin t)( sin t)dt + (1 + cos(sin t)) cos tdt, (b) 3.
0

Question 6
(a)1/7, (b)along C1 ,it is 1, and along C2 ,it is 0(c)8/7.

26

Tutorial 11 - Divergence theorem

Question 1
P
(a) if
is any closed surface enclosing a volume RVRand = (xi + yj + zk), use
Pn
dS = 3V .
the Gauss-divergence theorem to prove that
(b) Given that r = xi + yj + (1 z)k, evaluate
Z Z
dS
rn
over the whole boundary of the region bounded by the paraboloid z =
13 x2 y 2 and the plane z = 9.
Question 2
Calculate the flux of F = x i + yj + (1 + 3z )k out of the portion of the sphere
z 2 = 4 x2 y 2 in the first octant in the direction away from the origin

27

Question 3

Figure 2: Plot showing the paraboloid z = 1 x2 y 2 and z = 0.

Let S be the curved part of the surface formed by the paraboloid z =
1 x2 y 2 lying above the xy plane as shown in fig.(2). The basis of the solid
formed is the unit disc in the xy plane. Further, let F = x i + yj + (1 2z )k.
(i) Using the divergence theorem, find the flux of F out of the solid.
(ii) Using direct calculation and taking the upward direction as the one for
which the flux is positive, compute the flux of F through the unit disc in

the xy plane (
n = k).
(iii) Hence, calculate the flux of F through S.
Question 4
Use the divergence theorem to compute the flux of F = (1 + y 2 )j out of the
curved part of the half-cylinder bounded by x2 + y 2 = a2 , (y 0), z = 0,
z = b and y = 0.

28

Answers
Question 1
8
Question 2
8
3
Question 3
(i) 0, (ii) 2, (iii) 2.
Question 4
4a3 b
2ab +
.
3

29

Tutorial 12 - Stokes theorem

Question 1
Let F = (6y 2 + 6y)i + (x2 3z 2 )j x2 k.
Calculate F and use Stokestheorem to show that the work done by F along
a simple closed curve contained in the plane x + 2y + z = 1 is equal to zero.
Question 2
Let F = 2xzi + y 2 k.
(a) Calculate curl F.
RR
(b) Show that the
curlF n
dS = 0 for any finite portion R of the unit
R
2
2
2
pointing outward).
sphere x + y + z = 1.(Take the normal vector n
H
(c) Show that C F dr = 0 for any simple closed curve C on the unit sphere
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Question 3
Let F = (xz, yz + x, xy)t .
(a) Find F.
(b) Let C be the simple closed curve, oriented counterclockwise when viewed
from above, x y + 2z = 10. The projection of C on the xyplane
is the
H
2
2
circle (x 1) + y = 1. Use Stokes theorem to compute C F dr.
Question 4
H
S
Use Stokes theorem to find C Fdr, where C = C1
C2 , C1 is the circumference
of the semi circle of radius a, above the xaxis and C2 is the line segment [a, a]
on the xaxis and F = y 2 (a2 z 2 )i + ax2 (a 3z)j + x2 y 2 k.

30

Answers
Question 2
F = (2y, 2x, 0)t . Question 3
(a) F = (x y, x y, 1)t .
(b) .
Question 4
4a5
.
3
END-OF-TUTORIAL

31