Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Table 1: Standards For The Classification Of Geodetic Control And Principle Recommended
Uses
lengths and directions of the remaining two sides of the triangle can be computed. The length of
the first line, which is measured precisely, is known as base line. The other two computed sides
are used as new base lines for two other triangles interconnected with the first triangle. By
extending this process, i.e. the measurement of the further interconnected triangles and using the
computed sides, a chain or network of triangles can be spread over the entire area. The apex of
the triangles so located with a relatively greater accuracy provides horizontal control of the
survey. Thus, triangulation may be defined as a system of multiplying ground controls on the
earth's surface. As a check, the length of one of the sides of the last triangle is also measured and
compared with the computed one. This method of surveying was first introduced by a Dutchman
named Sneli.
The field work of a triangulation is carried out in the following well-defined operations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reconnaissance
Station preparation
Base line measurement
Measurement of angles
Besides eld work, triangulation consists of the specications, the design of stations and
signals, and the reduction and adjustment of the observations. The description which follows
includes specications, signals and station marks, eld work, some geodetic practices, and office
work.
APPLICATIONS
It is impossible to fulfill all the geometrical conditions, owing to the errors, until the field
measurements have been adjusted.
TRIANGLE
A chain of triangles is very rapid and economical when a narrow strip of terrain is to be
surveyed, e.g. highway, river, valley, etc. Angles less than 30 or more than 120 are not
permitted; for well-conditioned triangles, angles should not be less than 30 or more than l20.
ADVANTAGE
Simple, rapid and economical.
DISADVANTAGES
Since it is used to survey a long narrow strip, a number of base lines must be introduced
frequently to reduce the accumulation of errors. Therefore, a single chain of triangles is never
permitted in high order triangulation. The number of rigid geometrical conditions to be fulfilled
in the gures adjustment is small: so this system is least accurate.
Note: It is always advisable to use a double row of single triangles.
QUADRILATERALS
Quadrilaterals afford an excellent system since the various combinations of sides and
angles can be used to compute the lengths of the required sides and checks can be made
frequently. The best quadrilateral is a square. A quadrilateral with both diagonals having no
station at their intersection is usually employed. These are best suited for hilly areas.
ADVANTAGE
Most accurate system as the number of checks are more.
POLYGONS
When areas that are very wide in proportion to their lengths are to be surveyed, then
pentagonal or hexagonal gures may be economical. These may or may not have a central
station. However, the progress of work is slow because of more settings of the instrument.
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING
Trigonometric Leveling is the branch of Surveying in which we find out the vertical
distance between two points by taking the vertical angular observations and the known distances.
The known distances are either assumed to be horizontal or the geodetic lengths at the mean sea
level (MSL). The distances are measured directly (as in the plane surveying) or they are
computed as in the geodetic surveying.
The trigonometric Leveling can be done in two ways:
(1) Observations taken for the height and distances
(2) Geodetic Observations.
In the first way, we can measure the horizontal distance between the given points if it is
accessible.
We take the observation of the vertical angles and then compute the distances using them. If
the distances are large enough then we have to provide the correction for the curvature and
refraction and that we provide to the linearly to the distances that we have computed.
In the second way, i.e geodetic observations, the distances between the two points are
geodetic distances and the principles of the plane surveying are not applicable here. The
corrections for the curvature and refraction are applied directly to the angles directly.
Now we will discuss the various cases to find out the difference in elevation between the two.
(1) The two points are at known distance: The base of the object is accessible.
When the two points are at a known horizontal distance then we can find out the distance
between them by taking the vertical angle observations.
the vertical angles. The instrument is shifted to a nearby place of known distance, and then with
the known distance between these two and the angular observations from these two stations, we
can find the vertical difference in distance between the line of sight of the instrument and the top
point of the object.
(b) When the line of sights of the two instrument setting is different:
Here again there are two cases: (i) when the lines of sights are at a small vertical distance
which can be measured through the vertical staff readings. (ii) When the difference is larger
than the staff height.
(i) In first case: It is advised to apply the formula for the difference in the height of the
top of the object from these two lines of sights. The difference in lines of sights is same as the
staff readings difference, when the staff is kept at a little distance from these two points. So we
can get the solution for the vertical distance easily.
(ii) In the second case, there is a need to put a vane staff at the first instrument station
and the angle of elevation is measured from the second point of observation. This gives us the
difference in the line of the sights between the two points of instrument station. Then again we
do the same.
(c) When the instrument station and the top of object are not in same vertical plane:
In this case there is a need to measure at-least two horizontal angles of the horizontal triangle
formed by the two instrument stations and the base of the object.
Again we will take the vertical angular observations from the two instrument stations also
and then we can apply the sine rule to solve the horizontal distances of the triangle. With the help
of these angles and the distances we can get the vertical distance between any two point
(Instrument station and the top of object).