www.jntuworld.

com

www.jwjobs.net

Analog Communications

Unit 4
Lecture Notes 37
PHASE LOCKED LOOP

The phased-locked loop (PLL) is a negative feedback system that

consists of three major components: a multiplier, a loop filter, and a voltage controlled
oscillator (VCO) connected together in the form of a feedback loop, as in Fig 1.
The VCO is a sine-wave generator whose frequency is determined by a
voltage applied to it from an external source. In effect any frequency modulator may
serve as a VCO
Initially adjust the VCO so that when the control voltage is zero, two conditions
are satisfied:
(1) the frequency of the VCO is precisely set at the unmodulated carrier frequency fc,
(2) the VCO output has a 90o phase-shift with respect to the unmodulated carrier
wave. Suppose that the input signal applied to the phase-locked loop is an FM
wave defined by
s(t)=Ac sin (2fct + 1 (t ) )

(1)

Fig 1 Phase locked loop

Where Ac is the carrier amplitude. With a modulating wave m(t), we have

1 (t ) = 2k f m(t ) dt
0

T. Kalpana,ECE,GMRIT

www.jntuworld.com

(2)

www.jntuworld.com

www.jwjobs.net

Analog Communications

Unit 4
Lecture Notes 37

Where kf is the frequency sensitivity of the frequency modulator. Let the VCO output be
defined by
r (t ) = Av cos[2f c t + 2 (t )]

(3)

Where Av is the amplitude. With a control voltage v(t) applied to the VCO input, we have

2 (t ) = 2k v v(t ) dt
0

(4)

Where kv is the frequency sensitivity of the VCO, measured in hertz per volt. The
incoming FM wave s(t) and the VCO output r(t) are applied to the multiplier, producing
two components:

1. A high-frequency component represented by

k m Ac Av sin [4f c t + 1 (t ) + 2 (t )]

(5)

2. A low-frequency component represented by k m Ac Av sin [1 (t ) 2 (t ) ] where km is

the multiplier gain, measured in volt-1

The high-frequency component is eliminated by the low-pass action of the filter and the
VCO. Therefore, discarding the high-frequency component, the input to the loop filter is
given by
e(t ) = k m Ac Av sin [ e (t ) ]

Where e (t ) is the phase error defined by

T. Kalpana,ECE,GMRIT

www.jntuworld.com

(6)

www.jntuworld.com

www.jwjobs.net

Analog Communications

Unit 4
Lecture Notes 37

e (t ) = 1 (t ) 2 (t )
= 1 (t ) 2k v

(7)

v(t ) dt
0

The loop filter operates on its input e(t) to produce the output

v(t ) = e( )h(t ) d

(8)

Where h(t) is the impulse response of the filter,

Using Eqs 6 through 8 to relate e (t ) and 1 (t ) differentiating with respect to time,
we obtain
d/dt [ e (t ) ]=d/dt[ 1 (t )] 2k 0

sin e ( )h(t ) d

(9)

Where K0 is a loop parameter defined by

K 0 = k m k v Ac Av

(10)

Eq.9 suggests the representation or model of Fig. In this model we have also included the
relationship between v(t) and e(t) as represented by Eqs and . We see that the block
diagram of the model resembles Fig. The multiplier is replaced by a subtractor and a
sinusoidal nonlinearity, and the VCO by an integrator
The loop parameter K0 plays an important role in the operation of a phase-locked
loop. It has the dimensions of frequency; this follows from Eq, where we observe that the
amplitudes Ac and Am are both measured in volts and the multiplier gain km is measured
in volt-1

T. Kalpana,ECE,GMRIT

www.jntuworld.com