www.jntuworld.

com

www.jwjobs.net

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-31

UNIT-IV

UNIT-IV
ANGLE MODULATION
Notes-31
Generation of FM Waves:
There are two methods of generating frequency modulating wave namely
indirect FM and Direct FM.
Indirect FM :


In this first consider the generation of a narrow-band FM Wave.


Consider the expression for FM Wave
S1 (t ) = A1 cos[2f 1t + 1 (t )]
Where f1 is the carrier frequency and
A1 is the carrier amplitude.


Now the argument 1(t) is given by
t

1 (t ) = 2 K 1 m(t )dt
0

( 2)

Where K1 is the frequency sensitivity of the modulator

And 1(t) is assumed to small for all t.
cos[1 (t )] 1

(3)
and sin[1 (t )] 1 (t )

( 4)

The FM wave equation (1) becomes

S1 (t ) = A1 cos 2f 1t A1 sin 2f 1t1 (t )
t

= A1 cos 2f 1t 2A1 sin 2f 1t m(t ) dt

(5)

The above narrow band FM wave can be generated as shown in figure below.

The above expression shows difference with standard form in two ways:
i.
the envelope contains a residual amplitude modulation which varies with
time and

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

Page 1 of 3
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com

www.jntuworld.com

www.jwjobs.net

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-31

UNIT-IV

ii.

for a sinusoidal modulating wave, the phase of the FM wave contains

harmonic distortion in the form of 3rd & higher order harmonics of
modulation frequency fm.
The above two can be reduced by maintaining the modulation index 0.3.
Now the narrow band fm wave can be made wideband fm by passing through a
frequency multiplier.
The frequency multiplier consists of a non-linear device and a bandpass filter as
shown in fig. below.

In this the memory less non-linear device has input-output relation

2

S 2 (t ) = a1 S1 (t ) + a 2 S1 (t ) + ............ + a n S1 (t )

(6)

Where a1, a2 an are constant coefficients.

Substituting (5) in (6), the expression S2(t) has a dc component and in frequency
modulated waves with carrier frequencies f1, 2f2nf, and frequency deviations
f1, 2f2nf1 respectively.
Here f1 can be determined by frequency sensitivity K1 of narrow-band frequency
modulator and maximum amplitude of the modulating wave m(t)
The band-pass filter is used in 2 respects.
i.
to pass the fm wave centered at the carrier frequency nf1 with frequency
deviation nf1
ii.
to suppress all other FM spectra.
Now the narrow-band frequency modulator and frequency multiplier are
connected to produce a wideband frequency modulated wave S(t) with carrier
frequency nf1 and frequency deviation f= nf1 as shown in fig. below.

Now the frequency sensitivity of wideband modulator Kf is n times that of a

narrow-band modulator.
Crystal oscillator is used for more stability at high frequencies.

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

Page 2 of 3
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com

www.jntuworld.com

www.jwjobs.net

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LECTURE NOTES-31

D.TIRUMALA RAO ECE GMRIT

Ref: Analog & Digital Communications

UNIT-IV

Page 3 of 3
Simon Haykins

www.jntuworld.com