Broadband Overpower Line

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Broadband Over Power Line 2010
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
After years of development, technology to deliver high-speed data over the

existing electric power delivery network has emerged in the marketplace. Called
broadband over power line (BPL), this technology offers an alternative means of
providing high-speed internet access, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and other
broadband services, using medium- and low- voltage lines to reach customers homes
and businesses.
Broadband
over
Power
Line
(BPL),
also
known
as
Power
Line
Communications (PLC) is a disruptive communications technology that enables

power line infrastructure landlords (electric utilities & property owners) and their
system operator partners to deliver a suite of Internet Protocol (IP) based services
using their existing power distribution infrastructure.
BPL transmits high frequency data signals through the same power cable
network used in carrying electrical power to household/or business subscribers. In
order to make use of BPL, subscribers install a modem that plugs into an ordinary
electrical wall outlet and pay a subscription fee similar to those paid for other types of
Internet service.
1.1 Evolution of BPL

BPL is based on PLC technology developed in 1928 by AT&T Bell Telephone
Laboratories, and which has been used for internal and low-speed data
communication applications since that time by the electric power utilities. Based on
PLC technology, some customer premises equipment (CPE) such as intercom
systems, have used the embedded electrical wire to avoid the cost of special wiring.
In Europe and most of the rest of the world, PLC standards allow for communications
over the 220-240 volt power grid at frequencies of 30 KHz to 150 KHz. In the United
States, the standards for the 120 volt power grid allow the use of frequencies above
150 KHz as well. Power utilities use the frequencies below 490 KHz for internal
applications such as telemetry and monitoring and control of equipment at remote
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sub-stations. In the 1990s, development began on broadband over power line (BPL),
which has since then been regionally standardized.
Despite the spread of broadband technology in the last few years, there are
significant areas of the world that don't have access to high-speed Internet. When
weighed against the relatively small number of customers Internet providers would
gain, the incremental expenditures of laying cable and building the necessary
infrastructure to provide DSL or cable in many areas, especially rural, is too great.
But if broadband could be served through power lines, there would be no need to
build a new infrastructure. Anywhere there is electricity there could be broadband.
Technology to deliver high-speed data over the existing electric power delivery
network is closer to reality in the marketplace. By combining the technological
principles of radio, wireless networking, and modems, developers have created a way
to send data over power lines and into homes at speeds between 500 kilobits and 3
megabits per second (equivalent to DSL and cable). The technology evolution in the
next few years is important from a perspective of future competitive position of BPL
as new networks are built and alternative technologies emerge.
Broadband access and services are delivered using a variety of technologies,
network architectures and transmission methods. The most significant broadband
technologies include:
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Coaxial Cable
Satellite
DSL is a very high-speed connection to Internet that uses the same wires as a
regular telephone line. A standard telephone installation in the United States consists
of a pair of copper wires. This pair of copper wires has sufficient bandwidth for
carrying both data and voice. Voice signals use only a fraction of the available
capacity on the wires. DSL exploits this remaining capacity to carry information on
the wire without affecting the lines ability to carry voice conversations.
But there are several limitations of DSL describe below :
The quality of connection depends upon the proximity to the providers central

office, closer the better
Receiving data is faster than sending data over the internet
DSL is not available everywhere
For millions of people, television brings news, entertainment and educational
programs into their homes. Many people get their TV signal from cable television
(CATV) because cable TV provides better reception and more channels.
Many people who have cable TV can now get a high-speed connection to the
Internet from their cable provider. Cable modems allow subscribers to access highspeed data services over cable systems that are generally designed with hybrid fibercoaxial (HFC) architecture. Cable modem service is primarily residential, but may
also include some small business service.
The disadvantage of coaxial cable is that when there are heavy-access users, are
connected to the channel, you will have to share the entire bandwidth, and may see
your performance degrade as a result. It is possible that, in times of heavy usage with
many connected users, performance will be far below the theoretical maximums.
Satellite Internet access is ideal for rural Internet users who want broadband
access. Satellite Internet does not use telephone lines or cable systems, but instead
uses a satellite dish for two-way (upload and download) data communications.
Upload speed is about one-tenth of the 500 kbps download speed. Cable and DSL
have higher download speeds, but satellite systems are about 10 times faster than a
normal modem. Two-way satellite Internet consists of approximately a two-foot by
three-foot dish, two modems (uplink and downlink), and coaxial cables between dish
and modem. The key installation planning requirement is a clear view to the south,
since the orbiting satellites are over the equator area. And, like satellite TV, trees and
heavy rains can affect reception of the Internet signals.
1.1 Comparison of Access Technologies
1.2 Architecture of BPL

Broadband over Power Lines network is overlaid on the medium-voltage and
low-voltage segments of the power distribution system. High-speed backhaul

connections can be brought to the BPL network at substations or elsewhere along the
medium voltage circuit. An Ambient node provides connectivity between the
backhaul connection and the medium voltage segment of the BPL network. High
speed data travels over this medium-voltage segment to remote locations where is it
transferred to the low-voltage segment or to a wireless interface for the final leg to
the end user or network element being managed. A simplified view is shown is Figure
1.2.
Figure 1.2 BPL Network Architecture
The diagram below (Inductive Coupling Injection Technique) shows how the
BPL injector converts the IP data traffic into an RF signal in a signal cable. The signal
is then injected into the MV or LV cable by induction using ferrite cores. This is

known as inductive coupling and can be done without switching off power. An
alternative injection technique, known as conductive coupling connects the signal
cable directly to the electricity cables but requires the power to be switched off during
connection for safety reasons.
Figure 1.3 Inductive Coupling Injection Technique
The end-user simply connects a BPL modem to any power socket in the
building for access to the BPL RF signal. The BPL modem converts the RF signal
back into IP data. The enduser user then connects the BPL modem into a computer,
server, switch, or wireless access point.
1.3 COMPONENTS OF BPL NETWORK

The entire BPL network can be built from a few basic types of components:
Couplers that transfer the communications signal to and from power lines.
Nodes that receive and transmit the signal from the medium and low voltage power
lines. Nodes can be either terminal (receiving and transmitting between

medium and low voltage lines), Repeaters (receiving and transmitting on a
medium voltage line), or a combination of both.
Modems that transfer the communications signal to and from end users. The
modem is typically connected to either a router or the user's personal
computer. In addition to an Ethernet interface, some models of Ambient's
BPL modems contain a standard telephone jack for internet telephony
applications.
NICs convert the digital data to communication signals appropriate for the power
lines and convert the broadband over power lines signals back into digital
data. NICs also provide error correction and security functions. Each node
can contain up to three NICs, depending upon the node's function. Each NIC
is connected to either a primary (medium voltage) or secondary (low
voltage) power line through a coupler.
1.4 Working of BPL

In order to provide data communication, the initial BPL systems coupled radio
frequency (RF) data signals into the existing electric power lines. The high frequency
data signals are transmitted through the same power lines that carry low frequency
electricity to the household or business. This enables both signals to coexist on the
same wire.
From the specific technological perspective, the basic idea of BPL technology
is to modulate a radio signal with data and send it through power lines in a band of
frequencies which are not used for supplying electricity. The frequencies used and the
encoding scheme have a significant influence on the efficiency and the speed of BPL
service. The encoding scheme which is used by most of the BPL providers is
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM is a technique used
for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a radio wave. OFDM splits the
radio signals into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then transmitted at different
frequencies to the receiver. The transmission of data by OFDM along several of the
carrier frequencies simultaneously increases speed and reliability. Data loss occurs
when electrical distribution is interrupted by electrical devices turned on and off.

OFDM uses small packets to deliver data within the home, losing only small amounts
of data rather than the whole signal.
Another encoding scheme which is used in BPL is Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS). DSSS is one of two types of spread spectrum techniques
wherein a data signal at the transmitter is combined with a higher data rate bit
sequence, or chipping code, that divides the user data according to a spreading ratio.
The chipping code is a redundant bit pattern for each bit that is transmitted, which
increases the signals resistance to interference. The redundancy of data helps in
recovering the bits that are corrupted during data transmission.
From the system engineering perspective, BPL provides effective data
communication through a combination of the electric network within the home or
office, the power distribution grid, and the backbone network which transfers the data
signal from the Internet Service Provider (ISP) to the power lines. BPL systems take
advantage of one of the largest and the most pervasive networks, the power
distribution grid.
The power distribution grid is made up of a number of components aimed at
delivering electricity to customers, and includes overhead and underground Medium
Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) power lines and associated transformers. First,
power is generated at power stations and distributed around a medium to large
geographical area via High Voltage (HV) lines. Second, in areas where power needs
to be distributed to consumers, transformers will be used to convert this high voltage
into a lower voltage to transport over MV power lines. These transformers are
generally located at electrical sub-stations operated by the utility or power supplier.
Such MV power lines will be used to transport electricity around smaller
geographical areas such as small towns. Finally, for the purposes of using electricity
in the home or business a transformer is used to reduce the voltage down to safer and
more manageable voltages at the customers house or business premises. This power
is usually transported over LV power lines. These LV power lines include the lines
that traverse a customers home or business.
Figure 1.4 shows the simplified Medium Voltage (MV) BPL access network.
The BPL signal in this network is transmitted over the MV system from a head-end in

the local network, and for the purpose of final distribution of BPL service to the end
user, either a local repeater to counter the signal-blocking effect of the local
transformer, or alternatively a Wi-Fi wireless LAN access point can be used. In such
countries as the United States where the local electricity supply is 120V, medium
voltage (MV) systems deliver power very close to many premises with a very
localised transformer providing the final 120V supply to relatively few premises,
which can be as low as between one and six homes in rural areas.
Figure 1.4 Medium Voltage BPL Access Network
Figure 1.5 Low Voltage BPL Access Network
Figure 1.5 shows the Low Voltage (LV) BPL access network, common in
Europe and parts of Asia- Pacific. In this case, the system head-end is the local stepdown transformer, and the LV wire is used for the broadband data distribution. In
countries where the local electricity supply is 220-240V, the local step down
transformer is usually located further from the final customer, and can distribute
power to typically tens of hundreds of customers.
Chapter 2
TAXONOMY OF BPL
BPL can be broadly categorized into two types:

1.
Access BPL
2.
In-House BPL
2.1 ACCESS BPL

Access BPL systems utilize the power distribution network, owned, operated
and controlled by an electricity service provider, as the means of broadband delivery
to and from premises such as the home or office. Access BPL systems use injectors,
repeaters, and extractors to deliver high-speed broadband services to the end-user.
Figure 2.1 Access BPL
The Access BPL network belongs to broadband service providers. In this, the
service provider with the help of some injection devices injects data signals into the
medium and low voltage power distribution power network in order to provide
Internet access. BPL signals may be injected onto power lines in several ways on or
between different conductors. Since BPL signals cannot usually pass through an

electric distribution transformer, additional equipment is usually required to allow the
data signal to bypass distribution transformers, or to regenerate data, in order to get
the data signal into a consumers home.
2.1.1 End to End Access BPL

End-to-end Access BPL systems use either a combination of MV and LV power
lines or LV power lines only. These systems represent the classical architectures for
Access BPL. In this case the BPL signal is injected onto and carried by the MV
power line. The BPL signal is then transferred to the LV power line via couplers or
through the LV transformer and delivered directly to the end-user. In the case of LV
only BPL systems, the BPL signal is injected onto the LV power line at the
transformer or the utility meter.
2.1.2 Hybrid Access BPL

Hybrid systems use a combination of power lines and wireless transmission.
For example, a hybrid system may inject a BPL signal onto an MV power line and
use a special extractor to translate the signal into a wireless channel which is
delivered to the end-user.
Figure 2.2 Hybrid Access BPL
As shown in Figure 2.2, the hybrid Access BPL system uses repeaters and
extractors which are capable of transmitting and receiving wireless signals to and
from end-users.
2.2 IN-HOUSE BPL

In-house BPL systems utilize electric power lines not owned, operated or
controlled by an electricity service provider, such as the electric wiring in a privately
owned building. Broadband devices are connected to the in-building wiring and use
electrical sockets as access points
The only thing that the user has to do is plug the modem into the socket and
connect it to the computer.
In-House BPL makes use of indoor adapters to transmit data signals over
existing interior electric wires within a home, and to connect the data signals to
various appliances.
Figure 2.3 In-House BPL
In-house BPL systems use the electrical outlets available within a building to
transfer information between computers and other home electronic devices and
appliances which eliminate the need to install additional wires among devices.
Customer premise equipment (CPE)

There are such customer premise equipment in BPL network, which is describe
below.
USB Home Plug

Home Plug Additional Adapter with Ethernet or USB port Internet access
extension and home networking using your existing household power circuit.
Figure 2.4 USB Home Plug
Ethernet Home plug

As shown in Figure 2.5, a BPL modem is plug_and_play and is roughly the size
of a common power adapter. It plugs into a common wall socket, and an Ethernet
cable running to your computer finishes the connection. Wireless versions are also
available.
Figure 2.5 Ethernet Home Plug
Chapter 3
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPEMENTS
Because of low speed, low functionality and high development cost, BPL
technology was never seriously considered as a communication medium, even though
it has been operational since the 1930s. Historically, BPL was not only a control
mechanism for electrical utilities, but also was originally designed to send simple
commands over power lines at such low frequencies as 100-180 kHz. Such a
mechanism makes both remote monitoring and diagnostics possible even over long
distances. More recently, BPL has been used in smart homes. Smart homes can
provide such automated applications as entry, entertainment, and comfort systems,
and can be networked and controlled from a central location. A simple form of BPL
also provides the basis for intercom systems.
In the mid 1980s, experiments on higher frequencies were carried out to
analyze the technological characteristics of the electric power grid as a medium for
data transfer. Frequencies especially in the range of 5-500 kHz were tested. In these
tests, both the signal to noise levels and the attenuation of the signal by the power
grid were important topics for measurements. These tests were undertaken both in
Europe and in the United States.
3.1 Technological complexity and its challenges

The introduction of BPL technologies around the world has not been received
with universal, unbridled enthusiasm due largely to interference concerns. The
interference characteristics associated with BPL can be divided into two broad
categories: (1) conducted and (2) radiated. In the FCC Report & Order 04-245,
Access BPL systems are exempted from the conducted emissions limits in FCC Part
15 rules because measuring the conducted emissions presents a safety hazard due to
the 1-40 kilovolt energy on the power lines. Instead, the FCC has focused on
compliance with established radiated emission requirements.
3.2 Technological Issue


Power lines were not designed for data transmission, but were originally
created to deliver power at 50 to 60 Hz. Broadband data can be transmitted at
different frequencies, over the same wires, however, in order to enable high-speed
and long-distance transmission of data on power lines several technological obstacles
have to be overcome. These include data interference or electrical signal interference,
the distance over which data can travel while still providing good quality, and the
lack of international standards and specifications. The technological issues of BPL in
this section deal with how BPL should be implemented to minimize interference with
other services such as amateur radio frequencies and international standardization
efforts for BPL technology to increase reliability, interoperability, and security of
broadband transmission over power lines.
3.3 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

There is limit of RF signal given below.
BPL Operating Below 30 MHz
BPL Operating Above 30 MHz
RFI has been one of the most serious potential obstacles to BPL. BPL systems have
been shown to produce RF interference with nearby radio receivers, within up to 75
meters for mobile radios and 150 meters for fixed radios, according to the American
Radio Relay League (ARRL). Also, various elements or structures in or near the
powerlines readily become radiators or antennas at the high frequencies at which BPL
data are transmitted. This presents a problem of interference with a variety of radio
services.
Chapter 4
BENEFITS OF BPL
Despite the proliferation of broadband access methods in many countries, some

advantages could still be attained by rolling out BPL.
Reduction in cost and weight as compared to ordinary wiring

Since it uses the existing infrastructure, BPL could mean that low-cost
broadband could be made a reality in areas that cannot get DSL, cable or wireless
broadband. Even homes in extremely remote areas could now potentially get
broadband, without having to resort to the high latency satellite broadband.
Figure 4.1 Cost Comparison

According to a report conducted by the Shpigler Group, results suggest that BPL may
be in the middle of the pack as far as deployment costs are concerned.
Possibility of its use for smart appliances

The idea behind this is that you can control appliances with your PC. While
these devices could potentially be connected with Ethernet to a DSL connection, BPL
offers a much neater solution, since a single plug acquires both the devices electricity
and its data. Some propose this as an aid for people with mobility problems.
Wireless Communication can be possible

One possible alternative is to use BPL as the backhaul for wireless
communications, by for instance hanging Wi-Fi access points or cell phone base
stations on utility poles, thus allowing end-users within a certain range to connect
with equipment they already have. In the near future, BPL might also be used as a
backhaul for WiMAX networks.
Power Company can use BPL for system data communication

needs
Automated metering.
Voltage control.
Remote equipment monitoring.
Energy management.
High speed network
Media Fusion amazed customers and ISPs with promises of speeds up to 2.5 Gbps.
However, to date, the company has failed to bring such promises to market. Instead,
speeds of approximately 13 Mbps are standard. Such a system would quickly saturate
but manufacturers are working on improving the technology to provide connections
of greater speed, potentially making the technology viable.
CHAPTER 5
PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS
BPL technology has some problems and its solutions also, describe below.
5.1 PROBLEMS
BPL is more expensive, because more complex technologies are to be used in
the chips. The power lines would need repeaters to maintain signal integrity and since
the data signal cannot pass through transformers (in which case it would be lost), they
must be bypassed.
Routing data around transformers can be costly. Since power supply networks
vary from country to country, the cost of transformer bypassing can vary.
To generalize, houses take in a low voltage (LV), so the medium voltage (MV)
used for transmission must pass through a MV/LV transformer before it can enter a
house.
The cost of transformer bypassing is not the sole economic headache for
potential providers. Since powerlines were never intended to be used for
piggybacking data, a number of problems arose when trying to do so. These include
high attenuation at high frequencies and noise (internal and external). As has been
mentioned earlier, this leads to the necessity for a lot of error correction/prevention in
any protocols using power lines as a physical layer.
One thing that cannot be resolved however is a failing in the electrical
properties of the powerlines themselves. They act as aerials because they are not
shielded. This means that they can pick up noise and transmit it on as well as emit
interference. Unfortunately, BPL operates at the same frequencies as short wave radio
and low-band VHF. This can render various radio systems including those of
governments unusable. Amateur radio enthusiasts the world over seem to be united in
their distaste for what BPL does to the airwaves. This interference has historically
scuppered BPL trials. A good example of this is the Nor. Web trial that began in 1998
in Manchester. Despite complaints about the interference and warnings from the

Radio communications Agency, the company consistently rubbished criticism and
insisted that the roll out would take place. By the end of 1999, the company had been
closed down. In Japan, the technology will not be adopted because of the interference
problem.
Another problem with BPL is security. Since it transmits on a shared medium,
like cable broadband, this makes it easier to snoop the line. Even though European
operators have to spend less on transformer bypasses as has been already explained,
the fact that the LV signal can potentially go to several hundred homes is not very
secure. The same line going into many homes means the same traffic going down that
line. This provides an opportunity for hackers to acquire sensitive data.
5.2 SOLUTIONS
The only proposed solution to the radio interference BPL causes is one
proposed by Corridor Systems. They propose to use microwaves instead of the lower
frequency bands to transmit the data, meaning that radio equipment should not be
interfered with. Supposedly, this could lead to data rates of up to 216 Mbps.
In the US, the National Association for Amateur Radio (or ARRL, which has
been one of BPLs most vehement critics) has acknowledged that such a technology
would not interfere with radio signals used by amateur radio enthusiasts. The
electromagnetic spectrum is quite congested, however, and using the 2-20 GHz bands
may just spawn more opponents to BPL.
Radio astronomers, who make use of several protected frequency bands from
13 MHz all the way up to 275 GHz, may be BPLs next opponents. Given that the 110 GHz bands are especially important in this field of study, and that Corridor
Systems 2-20 GHz BPL has not yet undergone extensive trials (or even been
implemented?), we can only speculate at this time.
Chapter 6
APPLICATIONS
Following are the various applications of BPL.

1. BPL can provide communications connectivity for Distribution Automation
applications such as remote capacitor control, automatic meter reading and remote
ON/OFF capabilities, among others.
2. BPL can be used to create an IP access network to solve the "Last-Mile" dilemma.
Since the Grid is available throughout the country, BPL is simply an add-on to that
existing electrical infrastructure which will allow every consumer to gain access to
the Internet. Customer applications such as WWW access, Voice over Internet
Protocol, video on demand. There are a number of basic applications for this BPL
technology: telemedicine, and distance learning can be established on these systems.
3. Since the BPL network touches all of the electrical components connected to the
electrical grid, there is an opportunity to install monitoring and security devices
anywhere on the Grid which has been BPL enabled. The BPL network provides 2way high-speed communications to all of these devices. Devices could include:
Security Cameras
Biological Contaminant detection
Gas / Chemical detection
Corrosion monitoring
Pipeline Monitoring
6.1 GLOBAL BPL USAGE

A large number of utilities throughout the world are currently conducting trials
or commercial operations of BPL. Some have already begun commercial operations
1. In Germany, the service is commercially offered by: "Vype", "Piper-Net"
"PowerKom, "EVOpowerline".
2. In Austria, the service is commercially offered in the city of Linz under the brand
name "Speed-Web".
3. In Scotland, the service is offered in the cities of Crieff and Campbeltown under
the name of "Broadband".
4. In the US, the service is offered by: Pennsylvania Power & Light, Cinergy,
Progress Energy, City of Manassas (municipal owned utility), Central Virginia Co-op.
Other commercial deployments are already in operation in China, Hong Kong,
Singapore and Korea.
CONCLUSION
As it is emerging technology, the next few years will decide whether BPL can
compete in the broadband market.
BPL offers a method of broadband access for those living in isolated areas, who have
no other viable means of broadband access. Therefore, it seems plausible that when
BPL will become available in rural areas, it will be a moderate success. However, this
success is unlikely to be long-term, since telecommunications companies are already
contemplating rolling out FTTH (Fiber to the Home) connections to all of their
customers sometime in the future. Therefore, it appears that BPL will be little more
than a stopgap solution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication
2.
http://ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/undergrad/4ba2.05/group13/index.html
3.
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/62/43230875.pdf
4.
http://www.state.nj.us/publicadvocate/utility/docs/BPLwhitepaper.pdf
5.
http://www.ncs.gov/library/tech_bulletins/2007/tib_07-01.pdf
6.
http://www.icce.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/vwapj/bpl-e/007.html
7.
http://www.becs.ac.in/Newspaper/Indian%20Express%2023rd%20August.pdf
8.
http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/bpl.htm
9.
http://www.rivier.edu/journal/ROAJ-2006-Spring/J30-TRULL.pdf
10.
http://www.final-yearprojects.co.cc/

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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

After years of development, technology to deliver high-speed data over the

Communications (PLC) is a disruptive communications technology that enables

1.1 Evolution of BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

1.2 Architecture of BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 1.2 BPL Network Architecture

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 1.3 Inductive Coupling Injection Technique

1.3 COMPONENTS OF BPL NETWORK

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

1.4 Working of BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 1.4 Medium Voltage BPL Access Network

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 1.5 Low Voltage BPL Access Network

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

BPL can be broadly categorized into two types:

2.1 ACCESS BPL

Figure 2.1 Access BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

2.1.1 End to End Access BPL

2.1.2 Hybrid Access BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 2.2 Hybrid Access BPL

2.2 IN-HOUSE BPL

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 2.3 In-House BPL

Customer premise equipment (CPE)

USB Home Plug

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 2.4 USB Home Plug

Ethernet Home plug

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Figure 2.5 Ethernet Home Plug

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

3.1 Technological complexity and its challenges

3.2 Technological Issue

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

3.3 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

BPL Operating Below 30 MHz

BPL Operating Above 30 MHz

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Despite the proliferation of broadband access methods in many countries, some

Reduction in cost and weight as compared to ordinary wiring

Figure 4.1 Cost Comparison

Possibility of its use for smart appliances

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Wireless Communication can be possible

Power Company can use BPL for system data communication

High speed network

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Following are the various applications of BPL.

6.1 GLOBAL BPL USAGE

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Broadband Over Power Line 2010

Broadband Over Power Line 2010