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M ATHEMATICS IN I NDIA :
F ROM V EDIC PERIOD TO M ODERN TIMES
L ECTURE 8
Aryabhat
.ya of Aryabhat
.a - Part 2
K. Ramasubramanian
IIT Bombay
Outline
Aryabhat
.ya of Aryabhat
. a Part 2
I
Area of a triangle
I
I
Bhaskaras
commentary introducing
ab
adhas
Numerical example
Area of a circle
Area of a trapezium
Approximate value of
Bhaskaras
discussion on the word
asanna
Construction of sine-table
I
I
I
General principle
Geometrical approach
Analytic approach (discrete version of harmonic equation)
Area of a triangle
I The formula for the area is presented in half a
ry
a:
;aa:Bua.ja:~ya :P+l+Za.=:a.=M .sa:ma:d:l+k+ea:f.aBua.ja.a:DRa:sMa:va:gRaH
Classification of a triangles
Bhaskaras
commentary
Bhaskara
while commenting on the verse presenting the formula for area of a triangle,
provides some edifying notes starting with the classification of triangles.
Bua.ja.a ba.a:huH
:pa.a.(;Ra:a.ma: a.ta :pa:ya.Ra:ya.aH ta.a a.a:a.Na [ea.a.a:a.Na .sa:ma ;a.d
:sa:ma ;a.va:Sa:ma.a:a.Na
(a) .sa:ma.ya:(ra
(c) ;a.va:Sa:ma.ya:(ra
(b) ;a.d:sa:ma.ya:(ra
Figure: Types of triangles
Area of a triangle
Bhaskaras
commentary (contd.)
;aa:Bua.ja:~ya :P+l+Za.=:a.=M .sa:ma:d:l+k+ea:f.a:Bua.ja.a:DRa:sMa:va:gRaH
x +.tya O;:k+.va:.ca:na:
a.na:deR:ZaH :P+l+~ya Za.=:a.=M
;aa:Bua.ja:~yea: a.ta ;aa:Bua.ja:[ea.a.ja.a: a.ta:ma:*:
;a:k
:P+l+Za.=:a.=M :P+l+pra:ma.a:Na:a.ma:tya:TRaH .sa:mea d:le ya:~ya.aH
.sea:yMa .sa:ma:d:l;a
. . . A:sma.a:kM
:pua:naH
.sa:ma:d:l+k+ea:f.a:tya:nea:na A:va:l+}ba:k+.v.yua:tpa.ya.a
? .+Qe;Sua
;a.k
+.ya.a v.yua:tpa:aa:k+.ma.Ra:Ta.Ra na.a:TRa:a.k
+.ya.a
1 I+ a.ta
Here Bhaskara
explains
1. how the singular usage tribhujasya in the verse has to be understood.
2. how the word sarra has to be understood, and
3. how the compound samadalakot. (= the perpendicular dropped from the vertex
on the base) has to be interpreted in this context. In fact, he quotes a maxim to
justify his interpretation.
1
(Ex.
ga.EaH
A.(;a:k+.NRaH
Area of a triangle
I The formula encoded in the a
ry
a
;aa:Bua.ja:~ya :P+l+Za.=:a.=M .sa:ma:d:l+k+ea:f.aBua.ja.a:DRa:sMa:va:gRaH
6a
may be expressed as
tribhujaphala
Area triangle
=
=
bhuj
ardha samadalakot.
1
base height (altitude)
2
1
bh
2
Area of a triangle
=
=
BD CD
c 2 b2
(b, c : kar n.as)
a
a
badh
as
altitude
1
(bhumi Adiff )
2
q
karn.a2 a
b
adh
a
abadha
abadha
Area of a triangle
Bhaskaras
commentary (contd.)
Bua.ja:ya.ea:vRa:gRa:a.va:Zea:SaH
ta:ya.ea:va.Ra .sa:ma.a:sa:a.va:Zea:Sa.a:Bya.a:saH
;aa:Bua.ja:[ea.ea A.a:ba.a:Da.a:nta.=;sa:ma.a:sa:a.va:Zea:Sa.a:Bya.a:sa.ea
A:nta.=;yua:M
h.a:nMa d:
a.l+ta :a.ma: a.ta A:nea:na k
+.mea:Na A.a:ba.a:Da.a:nta.=;pra:ma.a:Nea l+Byea:tea ta.a:Bya.Ma
Hence
Adiff
=
=
Now a
badh
as
(c + b)(c b)
Asum
(c + b)(c b)
a
1
(bhumi Adiff )
2
From the a
badh
as, the samadalakot.i
(altitude, p) has to be obtained.
abadha
abadha
Area of a triangle
+;a.
;a.va:Sa:ma:aa:Bua.ja:~ya .sa:Kea :P+l+sa:*
a k+a Ba:vea:d:~ya
In a scalene triangle [one of] the hypotenuse is thirteen, and the other is
fifteen. The base is two times seven only. O my friend, [please tell me]
what would be the measure of the area of this [triangle]?
. . . :pa.
*.a:d:Za:k
e +.na
A:Da 7
.sa:ma:d:l+k+ea:f.a:Bua.ja.a:DRa:sMa:va:gRaH ,
ta:~ya
Now, samadalakot. =
is 21 14 12 = 84.
p
p
152 92 = 12. Also, 132 52 = 12; The area
Area of a circle
I The formula given in the following a
ry
a
.sa:ma:pa:a=;Na.a:h:~ya.a:Da ;a.va:Sk+.}Ba.a:DRa:h:tamea:va vxa.a:P+l+m,a
7a
may be expressed as
phala
Area
parin
h
ardha vis.kambh
ardha
.a
1
circumference semi-diameter = r 2 .
2
observes:
O;:va:k+a.=;k+=;Na:m,a A.a:ya.Ra:pUa.=;Na.a:Ta :pra: a.ta:pa.a:v.ya:m,a A:Ta:va.a O;:va:k+a.=;k+=;Nea:na
o+pa.a:ya:
a.na:ya:maH
;a.k
+.ya:tea .sa:ma:pa:a=;Na.a:h:~ya.a:Da ;a.va:Sk+.}Ba.a:DRa:h:tamea:va vxa.a:P+l+m,a
na.a:nya:d
u :pa.a:ya:nta.=;a.ma: a.ta .nEa:ta:d:a.~
/ /
ta
o+pa.a:ya.a:nta.=;(ra:va:Na.a:t,a A:nya.a
ga:a.Na:ta:m,a
I+ a.ta .nEa:ta:d
u :pa.a:ya.a:nta.=M .sUa:[mMa
;a.k+.ntua
. . . Or, [to be more appropriate] the use of the word eva is to indicate
that this is the only means to obtain the area of a circle. . . . there is
no other means. This is not true since 3 r 2 . . . This alternative
method is not for obtaining accurate value . . .
Area of a trapezium
I
Bhaskara,
the word
ay
ama means
breadth. The terms p
arsva and
vistara refer to the length (base
and face) of the trapezium.
c
B
BUaH
O;:k
M :pa.a.(;a
fp
,
f +b
d=
bp
,
f +b
Area =
1
(f + b) p.
2
Here Bh
askara points out that the purpose of the verse is:
to present a certain alternative approach by which we
can verify the areas of all planar figurestrilateral,
:pra-Za:b.dH
:pa.a.(;Ra:ya.eaH
x +.:va.a:.ca.a
:pra:k
:pra:k+.SRaH
o+.cya:tea
Having obtained the two sides. The word pra expresses some
speciality; Thus it means finding the the two sides specially
(prakars.en
. a). What is the speciality of the two sides? It is said
Bh
askara in his commentary suggested that the rule given by
Aryabhat
. a is a generalized rule that can be applied for finding
area of any planar figure.
phala =
Area
=
=
vistar
ardha
ay
ama
1
(base + face) height
2
1
(b + f ) p
2
r (vishkambhardha)
A.a:ya.a:maH
;a.va:~ta.a.=H
:pa:a=;Dya:Da
.tea:de:va A.a:ya:ta:.ca:tua.=;(ra:[ea.a:m,a
Area
= vis.kambh
ardha paridhyardha
= semi-diameter semi-circumference
= r r
In his commentary Bh
askara also takes up more complex cases
like drum, tusk of an elephant, etc. and demonstrates how to
find the area of those shapes as well.
A:Ta k+.Ta:mea:k
e +.nEa:va ya:ea:na :P+l;a:na:ya:nMa :pra:tya:ya:k+=;NMa . ca :pra:sa.a:Dya:tea
x +.ta:m,a
:pra:tya:ya:k+=;Na.a:Ta :pra:k
:P+l;a:na:ya:na.a:TeRa
k+.TMa :pra:tya:ya:k+=;Na.a:ya
A:nya.a:TRa:sa.a:Da:k
M
dx::m,a ta:d;a:Ta.
:pa.a:na.a:yMa :pa.a:ya:tea
A:Tea:dM
A:Ta
x +.ta:m,a
.nEa:Sa d.ea:SaH A:nya.a:Ta :pra:k
Za.a:ya:Ta
k
u +.ya.aH :pra:Na.a:ya:ntea ta.a:Bya:(
a
o+pa:~.pxa:Zya:tea . ca
O;:va:a.ma:h.a:a.pa
But how does the computation of the area and the verification happen in one
stroke? If this rule is meant for verification, then how does it help in
computating the area? And [conversely], if this rule is meant for computation
of area, then how can it be used for verification? There is nothing wrong with
that. What has been designed for one purpose, is found to be serving
another purpose. That is as in the following case Canals are constructed
for the sake of rice paddies. And from these canals water is drunk and used
for cleansing. It is similar in this case too.
A:.a:Dya.a:ya.a
- -
1 1 22
:pa.a:ta.*+:l+Ba.
a:Sya:m,a
60
G
R/2
It is pointed out by Bh
askara that the purpose of the verse will
become clear from the later verse samavr.tta-paridhip
adam
.:
Approximate value of
I
The Sulba-s
utra-s, give the value of close to 3.088.
Aryabhat
. a (499 AD) gives an approximation which is correct to
four decimal places.
(100 + 4) 8 + 62000
62832
=
= 3.1416
20000
20000
3927
= 3.1416
1250
arya,
Ll
avat of Bhaskar
ac
verse 199.
Approximate value of
Bh
askaras edifying discussion while analysing the meaning of the term
asanna
A.a:sa:aH
;
a.na:k+.fH k+.~ya.a:sa:aH
A:(rua:ta:pa:a=;k+.pa:na.a
) -
I+ a.ta
v.ya.a:K.ya.a:na:ta.ea
ta:sma.a:t,a
ya.a:va:ta.a
.sa:nde:h:ma.a.a:a.ma:d:m,a
.sUa:[ma:~ya A.a:sa:aH
(na
;a.h
I+ a.ta v.ya.a:K.ya.a:~ya.a:maH
[The word]
asanna means close to or nearby. It is close to what? To
the accurate circumference. How does one understand that it is
close to accurate value and not the one that is practically used
(vy
avah
arikasya), since the supposition of the unstated is equally valid
in both the cases. There is nothing wrong [in the interpretation]. This
is only a [valid] doubt. [But it must be remembered] that in all
instances of doubts, the following principle gets invoked Clear
understanding arises out of [traditional] explanation (just because
there is a doubt . . . ) Therefore we would interpret as . . .
5
Approximate value of
Bh
askaras edifying discussion while analysing the meaning of the term
asanna
6
k+=:ea: a.ta
na k+.a.
(a:t,a :pa.a:pa:ta.=M :pra:ya.a:sMa
k+.sma.a:d
u :.cya:tea
.sa o+pa.a:yaH
na :pua:naH .~.P
u +f:pa:a=; a.Da;=e;va o+.cya:tea
O;:vMa
O;:va na:a.~
/ /
ta yea:na .sUa:[ma:pa:a=; a.Da.=:a:na.a:ya:tea
Or else, by the word A.a:sa:a that which is close to [the accurate value]
is not conveyed. . . . If an approximation of a practical value [is what is
conveyed], then the circumference obtained from that would be even
worse (more gross). No one would make an effort leading to
something worse. Therefore it gets established . . . Why is it that
. . . There is absolutely no means by which one can get the exact
circumference.
6
In the printed edition, the text reads as ta:tsa:ma.a:pa:va: a.tRa:na.a:a.Ba:Da.a:ya:tea The
absense of splittingan editorial errorseems to have created a confusion,
and hence in Agathe Kellers translation . . .
0
0
= 90
24 = 3 45 = 225 .
Aryabhat
. a presents
two different methods
for finding
R sin i, (Pi Ni ) i =
1, 2, . . . 24.
F
C
60
O
G
R/2
s
p
OC = OB 2 BC 2 =
R2
R2
= 2978
2
BD
q
(R sin 30)2 + (R vers30)2 ,
is known. R sin 15 =
1
BD
2
= 890.
I At this stage, we need to note that
60
O
G
R/2
R sin
R cos
R vers
R sin
2
=
=
gives R sin 75 .
p
OD 2 DE 2
q
R 2 (R sin 15)2
Rsines can be obtained provided the 24th, 12th and 8th Rsines are
known.
8th
16th
4th
11th
13th
18th
3rd
10th
22nd
23rd
6th
20th
2nd
1st
12th
14th
5th
21st
17th
16th
9th
15th
7th
Thanks!
T HANK YOU
More of Aryabhat
.ya in the next lecture!