literature survey

SIMULINK SIMULATION MODEL

OF POWER-ASSISTED STEERING
Ji Tma
This paper deals with the SIMULINK simulation of the Power-Assisted Steering (PAS)
of heavy-duty trucks. The SIMULINK linmod and bode functions are used for extracting linear
models in the form of the state-space matrices and to create Bode phase and frequency plots.
This paper is intended to present a SIMULINK simulation model of the PAS. This model is
used for extracting linear model in the form of the state-space matrices and to provide further
frequency domain analysis using Bode phase and magnitude frequency plots. In this case,
simulation is a tool for studying influences of the PAS parameters on the PAS dynamic
behaviour.

Fig 1.Model of power-assisted steering created by using SIMULINK block at which the
library
Conclusion
The SIMULINK linmod and bode functions are used for extracting the linear model of the
power-assisted steering in the form of the state-space matrices and to create Bode phase and
frequency plots. Dynamic stiffness of the power-assisted steering as the ratio of the Laplace
transform of external force to the Laplace transform of actuator displacement is a subject of an
analysis. The Bode plots of analytical and experimental dynamic stiffness are used for estimation
of the system parameters values. The relationship between static and dynamic stiffness is
important for stability of the power-assisted steering.

AERONAUTICAL STEERING SYSTEM DYNAMIC MODELING

Ricardo Rogge Carone

Aeronautical steering system can be of various types. Small aircraft often use purely
mechanical systems, directly connecting the pilots foot commands to the nose landing
gear wheel this is valid for regular tricycle landing gear configuration, which is the
absolute majority of the cases of the industry. As the aircraft gets larger and heavier, the
pilot is no longer able to provide enough power to keep the system under safe operation.
Powered systems are the solution to provide adequate control for larger aircraft. This
category of steering systems also has variations: electrical or hydraulic powered, being
the last one most found at present time. The simplest system architecture with a control
loop is shown at

Figure 1 Hydraulic powered position control system

All hydraulic powered systems must have a pressure supply, a directional valve and
hydraulic actuators. The directional valve is often combined with other components on a
single manifold to comply with the system`s complementary yet of most importance
functions: to provide shimmy damping on operation and automatic free castor
engagement in failure mode.
All the above mentioned characteristics must be analyzed and carefully chosen to reach
best solution for each givenapplication. The problem investigated here is classified as a
design review, when there`s an already functional design, first by modeling it and
validating its behavior and afterwards proposing the most effective design change to
improve the system performance under extreme temperature condition.

Hydraulic Power Steering

System Design in Road Vehicles
Analysis, Testing and Enhanced Functionality
The basic principle of a hydraulic power steering system is an ordinary hydromechanical
servo parallel to a pure mechanical connection. A hydromechanical servo is a system
that copies an operator applied movement, normally with the possibility to cope with
higher forces or torque. In a normal configuration of a follower servo, the force fed back
to the driver is minimal.
Driving a car is really a closed loop system, where the driver is the controller
and the steering unit is the actuator. The steering system transfers the steering
wheel angle to the wheel angle, where the action changes the heading of the
vehicle. As the main reference, the driver uses the visual information to place
the car on the road, he/she also uses the lateral acceleration and the torque fed
back via the steering wheel to ensure that the steering command is performed
in the intended way.
Components concerning the hydaulic

Hydraulic cylinder
Pump
Valve
Expansion Chamber Attenuator, ECA
Cooler

A. Small Aircraft
Almost all airplanes with tricycle landinggear have some provisions for
steering on the ground by controlling the nose wheel. Some of the smallest
airplanes, however, have a castering nose wheel, and steering is done by
independent use of the brakes. Other small airplanes have the nose wheel
connected to the rudder pedals, some directly, and others that are steerable
up through a specified angle, after which the steering disconnects and the
gear is free to caster up to the limit of its travel.

B. Large Aircraft
Large aircraft are steered on the ground by directing hydraulic pressure into
the cylinders
of a dual shimmy damper, as shown in Figure 13-1. A control wheel operated
by the pilot directs fluid under pressure into one or the other of the steering
cylinders. Fluid from the opposite side of the piston in these cylinders is
directed back to the system reservoir through a pressure relief valve that
holds a constant pressure on the system to snub any shimmying. An
accumulator in the line to the relief valve holds pressure on the system when
the steering control valve is in its neutral position.

Basic Hydraulic System Schematic

Baseline design of the nose wheel steering system

Steering
Nosewheel steering is normally not engaged for landing the rudder can
be used until forward speed makes it ineffective. At this point steering is
engaged manually or automatically. Steering motors respond to demands from
the rudder pedals when nose wheel steering is selected. The angular range
of the wheels, and the rate of change of steering angle are selected to enable
the aircraft to steer on runways and taxi-ways with no risk of the aircraft
over-steering or scrubbing the tyres.