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Publication date:
2010
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ABSTRACT
th
III. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this PhD project are:
To identify the main problems on system with
large amounts of HVAC cables;
Study countermeasures for these problems;
Do a full-scale test of a 100 km, 150 kV cable;
Study of harmonic in a large HV cable system;
Provide guidelines/suggestions for the planning of
future electrical systems at 400kV, 150kV and
132kV levels;
IV. PHENOMENA DESCRIPTION
A. Energisation of a single cable
The energisation of a cable may origin a transitory
overvoltage, which amplitude depends of the moment in
which the cable is connected. If the circuit breaker is closed
when the voltage at its terminals is zero the overvoltage is
minimum, ideally zero, but if the connection is made for a
peak voltage, the overvoltage is maximum.
The reason for this difference is the charging of the cable's
capacitance and the energy oscillation between the cable's
capacitance and inductance. To better understand this
phenomenon it will be explained using a simple LC series
circuit, as the one shown in Fig. 1, whose simulation's plot is
shown in Fig. 2.
10
I_CB
Vin
L
Vc
Fig. 1. LC Circuit
300
Voltage [kV]
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
Time [s]
0.125
0.13
0.135
Fig. 2. Voltages and current (current not at scale) for Fig. 1 circuit when
connected at peak voltage. (Blue: Vin, Green: Vc, Red: I_CB)
Fig. 4. Current in the inductor (IL), in the capacitor (IC) and the sum
(I1=IL+IC)
11
inrush current.
This shift of the "capacitor's" charge from one cable to the
other is shown in Fig. 7. When the circuit breaker is closed the
energy stored in the cable already energized is transferred to
the cable being energized, as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 7.
The inrush currents will not be as high as the ones obtained
when energizing capacitor banks in parallel, due to the cables'
resistance and inductance, which limits the transient and
damps it faster.
Fig. 5. Current in the circuit breaker and voltage on the end of the cable for a
situation of maximum DC component
Fig. 6. Current in the circuit breaker and voltage on the end of the cable for a
situation of maximum switching overvoltage
12
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.1 Fig. 11. Voltage in the end of the cable during its deenergisation. a) Zoom of
0.08
Time [s]
Current [A]
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
0.5
0.505
0.51
0.515
Time [s]
0.52
0.525
0.53
Fig. 10. Currents on the sending ends of Cable A and Cable B during the
energisation of Cable B (Blue: Cable A; Red: Cable B)
1
2 Lsh Ccable
(1)
Fig. 12. a) Currents and voltage in phase A when the cable is connected; b)
Currents and voltage in phase A, for a possible disconnection
13
Fig. 13. Vectorial representation of the voltages after all the three phases be
disconnected
Fig. 15. Voltage in the cable's receiving end during its energization: a) without
transformer b) with transformer
Impedance [Ohm]
400
Fig. 14. Voltage in the end of the cable. a) 2nd phase to be disconnected b)
1st phase to be disconnected
300
200
100
0
0
25
50
75
Frequency [Hz]
100
125
150
14
V. CONCLUSIONS
Several non-desirable phenomena are associated with HV
underground cables transients. These transients may reduce
the lifetime or even damages cables and remaining network
equipment. Thus they must be attended when planning and
operating the electric grid.
This paper presents several of those phenomena, showing
how overvoltages and inrush currents can appear in systems
based on HVAC cables. The phenomena were presented for
simple systems, consisting in no more than two cables, shunt
reactor and transformer. A real grid is much more complex,
and thus in reality these phenomena may be even more
dangerous for the network.
Therefore, countermeasures and mitigation methods have
to be study under the risk of in the future having instead
constant fails and damages in the grid.
VI. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
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