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Parabolas
PARABOLAS
Quadratic equations have highest power 2 (squared). The standard form of a quadratic equation
is y = ax2 + bx + c
Answer these questions, before working through the chapter.
I used to think:
How many x-intercepts does a quadratic equation have?
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What is a Parabola?
A 'quadratic' equation has the form
y = ax2 + bx + c
Where a, b and c are constants and a ! 0 . In other words, the highest power in a quadratic equation is 2 (squared).
Write these quadratic equations in standard form and find the values of a, b and c
a
y = 3x - x 2 + 4
y = x2 - 5
` y = -x 2 + 3x + 4
y = 3^ x - 5h^ x + 3h
` y = 3 (x2 - 2x - 15)
` y = 3x2 - 6x - 45
` a = -1, b = 3, c = 4
` a = 3, b = -6, c = -45
` a = 1, b = 0, c = -5
-3
-2
-1
10
-2
-2
10
10
9
Two x-intercepts
A y-intercept
7
6
5
4
3
2
x-intercept
x-intercept
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
y-intercept
SERIES
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-4
Turning point
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y = 3x2 + 2x - 1
y = -2x + 1
y = x2 - 1
y = 1 + 2x + 4x2
y = 2x2 - 3x + 7
y = 3^ x - 2h^ x + 3h
y = x2 + 2x - 3
y = 3x2 - 5x + 4
y = 2 - 5x + 7 x 2
y = 2^ x - 1h^ x - 4h
y = -6x2 + 7
y = 2x^3x - 2h + 6
a
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
b
5
4
3
2
1
x
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
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0 1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
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Basics
-3
-2
-1
y
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4
-3
-2
0
-1
-1
-2
-3
-2
-1
y
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
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It would be easier to draw parabolas if the key points could be found from the equation itself. These points are:
The x-intercepts
The y-intercept
The turning point
The leading coefficient a
Finding Intercepts
To find the x-intercepts, set y = 0 and solve the equation. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
Find the intercepts of the parabolas from the following quadratic equations:
a
y = x2 + 8x + 12
y = 2x2 - 4x - 6
To find x-intercepts, set y = 0 and solve for x
x + 8x + 12 = 0
` (x + 6) (x + 2) = 0
2x2 - 4x - 6 = 0
` 2 (x + 1) (x - 3) = 0
` x = -6 or x = -2
` x = -1 or x = 3
y = 02 + 8 (0) + 12
` The y-intercepts is 12
= 12
y = 2 (02) - 4 (0) - 6
` The y-intercepts is -6
= -6
A parabola has only one y-intercept, but can have a maximum of two x-intercepts. This means it could have two,
one or even no x-intercepts. Here is a sketch of each case:
y
Two x-intercepts:
The graph cuts the x-axis twice
One x-intercept:
The graph touches the x-axis
No x-intercept:
The graph does not touches the x-axis
The number of x-intercepts depends on how many solutions the quadratic equation has. If the equation is in
standard form y = ax2 + bx + c then the y-intercept is the value of c.
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y = x2 + 4x - 21
a
y = 2x2 - 4x - 6
c
x-value: x =- b
2a
` x =- 4
2 (1)
` x = -2
c
b
x-value: x =2a
` x =- -4
2 (2)
`x=1
` y = -25
` y = -8
The turning point is also called the vertex. Here is an example how to draw a parabola from these key points:
Sketch the parabola for the quadratic equation y = 2x 2 - 4x - 6
Step 1: Find the intercepts and mark them off on the axes
y
x-intercept
2x2 - 4x - 6 = 0
` 2 (x + 1) (x - 3) = 0
` x = -1 or x = 3
x-intercept
y = 2 (02) - 4 (0) - 6
= -6
y-intercept
-1
y-intercept
-6
Step 2: Find the turning point, mark it on the graph and sketch the parabola
y
y = 2x2 - 4x - 6
x-value: x =- b
2a
` x =- - 4
2 (2)
`x=1
-1
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-6
(1,-8)
Turning Point
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Effect of a
The value of a in y = ax2 + bx + c has an effect on what the parabola looks like. Up until now, all the examples
have had a positive value for a. A positive value for a causes the parabola to face upward and is called 'concave up'.
If a is negative then the parabola faces downwards and is called 'concave down'.
Concave up
Positive a (a 2 0)
Concave down
Negative a (a 1 0)
Whether the parabola is concave up ^a 2 0h or concave down ^a 1 0h is called the 'concavity' of the parabola
a 2 0 , Happy parabola
a 1 0 , Sad parabola
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y = 2x2 + 4x - 16
y = -x2 - 4x + 5
1. Find the x-intercepts
2x2 + 4x - 16 = 0
- x2 - 4x + 5 = 0
` 2 (x - 2) (x + 4) = 0
` - (x - 1) (x + 5) = 0
y = 2 (0) + 4 (0) - 16
` y = -16
`y=5
` y-intercept is -16
` y-intercept is 5
a = 2 ` a 2 0 (Concave up)
a = -1 ` a 1 0 (Concave down)
(-2, 9)
Turning Point
y-intercept
x-intercept
x
-4
-5
1
x-intercept
-16
(-1,-18)
Turning Point
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y-intercept
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1. Find the intercepts of the following quadratic equations by factorising or using the quadratic formula.
a
y = 2x2 - 6x - 8
x2 - 10x + 21
3x2 - 9x - 30
x2 + 6x - 24
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3. Determine the number of x-intercepts and then find them (if possible).
a
y = x2 - 4x - 5
x2 - 4x - 21
x2 - 4x + 4
x2 + 5
x2 - 25
x 2 + 3x + 4
x2 + 8x + 16
-3x2 + 2x - 2
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
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How many x-intercepts does this parabola have? Mark off the x-intercepts and y-intercepts on the
axes below.
Find the turning point of this parabola. What do you notice about the turning point and the x-intercept?
8
6
4
2
-4
-3
-2
0
-1
-2
-4
-6
-8
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y = x 2 - 5x - 6
y = -2x2 + 10x + 12
y = 36 - 3x2 - 3x
y = -5x + 2x2 - 12
y = 2 + x - 3x 2
y = (x + 7) (4x - 3)
8. Sketch the parabola of these quadratic equations identify the intercepts and turning points on the axes.
a
y = 4x2 - 4x - 24
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Parabolas
b
Questions
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y = -2x2 - 4x + 6
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Axis of Symmetry x = - b
2a
a10
Turning point
Turning point
Axis of Symmetry x = - b
2a
Since it is a vertical line, it has the equation x = k where k is a constant. There are two ways to find the value of k:
Method 1: The axis of symmetry passes through the turning point, so it's equation is
x =- b
2a
Method 2: Since the axis of symmetry is exactly in the middle of the x-intercepts, the value of k can be
found from the average of the x-intercepts.
Find the axis of symmetry for the quadratic equation y = x 2 + 4x - 5
y
-5
x = -2
-5
Method 1
Method 2
x2 + 4x - 5 = 0
` (x + 5) (x - 1) = 0
x = -5 or x = 1
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Parabolas
(x + 3) 2
Subtract
(x + 3 ) 2 - 9 + 1
Squared
(x + 3) 2 - 8
` x2 + 6x + 1 = (x + 3) 2 - 8
= (x - (-3)) 2 - 8
This must be
a minus "-"
p = -3
q = -8
= 3 8^ x - 2h2 - 4 + 8 B
3
= 3 8^ x - 2h2 - 4 B
3
= 3 ^ x - 2h2 - 4
p=2
q = -4
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y = (x + 5) (x - 7)
y = -2 (x + 4) (x - 12)
y = x2 - 6x - 40
y = -2x2 + 7x + 15
y = 4x2 + 16x - 7
y = -3x2 + 18x - 14
y = (x - 3) 2 + 4
y = (x + 3) 2 + 4
y = 2 (x - 1) 2 - 3
y = -3 (x + 6) 2
y = -2x2 + 5 (hint: x2 = (x - 0) 2 )
y = (4 - x) 2 + 6
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y = 2 (x - 4) 2 + 3
y = (x + 3) (x - 11)
y = x2 - 4x - 32
y = 2x2 - 16x + 33
y = -3 (x + 4) (x + 10)
y = -2x2 + 4x - 9
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Parabolas
Thinking More
Minimum/Maximum
In each parabola, the turning point is either the maximum or minimum. This depends on the concavity of the parabola.
Concave up
The turning point is the minimum
Concave down
The turning point is the maximum
y
Minimum
(Highest point)
Minimum
(Lowest point)
Use the turning point to show that this parabola will have no x-intercepts.
The turning point (-1,1) is a minimum, ` the parabola will not go below this point.
The y-coordinate (+1) is ABOVE the x-axis and since the parabola will not move below this point it will not
go through (or touch) the x-axis. ` there are no x-intercepts.
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1. When is the turning point a maximum and when is the turning point a minimum?
2. Find the turning point of the following parabolas, and state whether it is a maximum or minimum:
a
y = x2 + 6x + 5
y = -2x2 + 16x - 30
y = -x2 + 6x + 6
y = 3x2 + 30x + 73
3. Find the turning point of these parabolas and state whether or not they will have x-intercepts.
a
y = -x2 - 6x - 11
y = 2x2 + 20x + 51
y = 3x2 - 24x + 45
y = -2x2 - 16x - 26
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y = a (x - p) 2 + q
Step 2: Substitute the point ^ m, nh for x and y and solve for a.
Find the equation of a parabola with turning point ^2, 9h which passes through the point ^1, 8h
p q
x y
y = a (x - p) 2 + q
` y = a (x - 2) 2 + 9
Step 2: Substitute the point ^1, 8h for x and y and solve for a.
` 8 = a (1 - 2) 2 + 9
` a = 8-9
` a = -1
So, the equation of the parabola (in turning point form is):
y = - (x - 2) 2 + 9
y
(2, 9)
(1, 8)
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y1
` -4 = a ((-1) 2 + (-1) - 2)
` -4 = -2a
`a=2
-2
(-1,-4)
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Parabolas
Questions
4. Find the equations and draw a rough sketch of the following parabolas:
a
A parabola with x-intercepts -5 and 4 which passes through the point ^3, 1h .
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A parabola with turning point ^4,-2h and passing through the point ^6, 6h .
A parabola with x-intercepts -3 and 6 and passing through the point ^-1,-10h .
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Parabolas
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5. Lets say a parabola has the equation y = ax 2 + bx - 4 where a and b are unknown. However, it is known
that the parabola passes through the points ^-1, 1h and ^2, -2h .
a
Substitute the point ^-1, 1h into the parabola's equation to find a new equation in terms of a and b.
Substitute the point ^2,-2h into the parabola's equation to find a new equation in terms of a and b.
Use the equations from a and b above as simultaneous equations to solve for a and b.
26
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6. Lets say a parabola has the equation y = x 2 + bx + c where b and c are unknown. However, it is known that
the parabola passes through the points ^3, 16h and ^-2, 9h . Use the same process from the previous question
to find the complete equation of the parabola.
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y = x2 + 2
y = x2
y = x2 - 2
2
x
0
-2
Adding units to a parabola shifts it up, and subtracting units from a parabola shifts it down.
y = (x + 3) - 1
y = x2 - 1
y = (x - 2) 2 - 1
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
In any parabola, if x is replaced with x + a then the parabola is shifted a units to the left. In the above diagram:
The parabola for y = (x + 3) 2 - 1 is 3 units to the left of y = x2 - 1 .
x has been replaced by x + 3
In any parabola, if x is replaced with x - a then the parabola is shifted a units to the right. In the above diagram:
The parabola for y = (x - 2) 2 - 1 is 2 units to the right of y = x2 - 1 . This can be understood as -2 units to
the left.
x has been replaced by x - 2
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4
3
2
e
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
This graph is 5 units to the right of y = (x - 1) 2 - 1 so, it must have the equation
y = ((x - 5) - 1) 2 - 1 or y = x2 - 12x + 35
This graph is 5 units to the right and 2 units below y = (x - 1) 2 - 1 so, it must have the equation
y = ((x - 5) - 1) 2 - 1 - 2 or y = x2 - 12x + 33
This graph is 7 units to the left of y = (x - 1) 2 - 1 so, it must have the equation
y = ((x + 7) - 1) 2 - 1 or y = x2 + 12x + 35
This graph is 3 units to the left and 5 units above y = (x - 1) 2 - 1 so, it must have the equation
y = ((x + 3) - 1) 2 - 1 + 5 or y = x2 + 4x + 8
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Parabolas
Questions
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
Use the above graphs to sketch the following on the same axes:
30
y = x2 + 4x - 3
y = - (x - 1) 2 + 2 (Hint: y = - (x - 1) 2 + 4 - 2 )
y = (x + 3) 2 + 4 (x + 3)
y = - (x - 2) 2 + 2 (x - 2) + 3
y = - ((x + 5) - 1) 2 + 6
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Answers
Basics:
Basics:
1. a Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2. a
a = 1, b = 2, c =-3
a = 3, b =-5, c = 4
a = 7, b =-5, c = 2
a = 2, b =-10, c = 8
a =-6, b = 0, c = 7
a = 6, b =-4, c = 6
5.
4.
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
Knowing More:
1. a The x-intercepts are 4 and -1
The y-intercept is -8
b
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Parabolas
Answers
Knowing More:
Knowing More:
5.
There is no x-intercept
There is no x-intercept
There is no x-intercept
6. The concavity of a parabola is the direction the
parabola faces, either up or down. In the form of
y = ax2 + bx + c , if a is positive ^a 2 0h , then
the concave faces up, if a is negative ^a 1 0h
then the concave faces down.
7. a a is positive, ` concave up
b
a is positive, ` concave up
a is positive, ` concave up
8. a
5. a There is one x-intercept at 2
The y-intercept is 8
b
-2
-24
1
` 2 , -25 j
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Knowing More:
8. b
(-1, 8)
y = 6
x = -3
x = 1
2. a
b
c
d
e
f
y = x2 - ^ B + Ah x + AB
c B + A,c
2
-^ B + Ah2
+ AB mm
4
Thinking More:
1. The turning point will be a maximum when
the parabola is concave down (ie when a is
negative).
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Parabolas
Answers
Thinking More:
Thinking More:
4.
y = 2x2 - 16x + 30
30
4. a
^6, 6h
^4, -2h
y = 5 ^ x2 - 3x - 18h
7
y = x2 + 4x + 7
7
-3
^-1, -10h
-12 6
7
5. a a = b + 5
a
y = - 1 ^ x2 + x - 20h
8
2a + b = 1
a=2
b =-3
5
2
-5
^3, 1h
y = 2x2 - 3x - 4
2
6. y = x + 2 x + 5 4
5
5
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Thinking More:
7. a
b
Thinking More:
7. b
y = - (x - 1) 2 + 2
y = x2 + 4x - 3
y = (x + 3) 2 + 4 (x + 3)
y = -x2 + 2x + 6
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Parabolas
Answers
Thinking More:
7. b
y = - (x - 2) 2 + 2 (x - 2) + 3
y = - ((x + 5) - 1) 2 + 6
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