Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

To get part marks, show all your work
1. Consider a single crystal of silver oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a [001] direction. If slip occurs on a
(111) plane and in a [101] direction, and is initiated at an applied tensile stress of 1.1 MPa (160 psi), compute the
critical resolved shear stress.

Solution

This problem asks that we compute the critical resolved shear stress for silver. In order to do this, we must employ
Equation 7.4, but first it is necessary to solve for the angles and which are shown in the sketch below.

The angle is the angle between the tensile axisi.e., along the [001] directionand the slip directioni.e., [ 1 01] .
The angle may be determined using Equation 7.6 as

1
cos

u12 v12 w12 u 22 v 22 w 22

u1u 2 v1v 2 w1w 2

where (for [001]) u = 0, v = 0, w = 1, and (for [ 1 01] ) u = 1, v = 0, w = 1. Therefore, is equal to

1
1 1
2
2
2

cos1

(1) 2 (0) 2 (1) 2

(0)(1) (0)(0) (1)(1)

(0) 2 (0) 2 (1) 2

1
cos1
45
2

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Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

Furthermore, is the angle between the tensile axisthe [001] directionand the normal to the slip planei.e., the (111)
plane; for this case this normal is along a [111] direction. Therefore, again using Equation 7.6

cos1

2
2
2
(1) (1) (1)

(0)(1) (0)(1) (1)(1)

(0) 2 (0) 2 (1) 2

1
cos1
54.7
3

And, finally, using Equation 7.4, the critical resolved shear stress is equal to

crss = y (cos cos )

1 1
= (1.1MPa) cos(54.7)
cos(45) = (1.1 MPa) 3 2 = 0.45MPa (65.1psi)

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Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

2. Consider a single crystal of some hypothetical metal that has the FCC crystal structure and is oriented such that a tensile
stress is applied along a [1 12] direction. If slip occurs on a (111) plane and in a [101] direction, compute the stress
at which the crystal yields if its critical resolved shear stress is 5.0 MPa.

Solution

This problem asks for us to determine the tensile stress at which a FCC metal yields when the stress is applied
along a [1 12] direction such that slip occurs on a (111) plane and in a [ 1 01] direction; the critical resolved shear
stress for this metal is 3.42 MPa. To solve this problem we use Equation 7.4; however it is first necessary to determine the
values of and . These determinations are possible using Equation 7.6. Now, is the angle between [1 12] and

[ 1 01 ] directions. Therefore, relative to Equation 7.6 let us take u1 = 1, v1 = 1, and w1 = 2, as well as u2 = 1, v2 = 0,

and w2 = 1. This leads to

cos1

( 1)

( 1)( 1) (1)(0) ( 2)(1)

cos 1

u12 v12 w12 u 22 v 22 w 22

u1u 2 v1v 2 w1w 2

(1) 2 ( 2) 2

cos

( 1)

(0) 2 (1) 2

12

Now for the determination of , the normal to the (111) slip plane is the [111] direction. Again using Equation 7.6, where
we now take u1 = 1, v1 = 0, w1 = 2 (for [1 12] ), and u2 = 1, v2 = 1, w2 = 1 (for [111]). Thus,

cos 1

( 1)

( 1)(1) (1)(1) ( 2)(1)

2

(1) 2 ( 2) 2

cos

(1)

(1) 2 (1) 2

18

It is now possible to compute the yield stress (using Equation 7.4) as

crss

cos cos

5.0 MPa

3
2

12
18

12.25 MPa

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Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

3. Two previously undeformed cylindrical specimens of an alloy are to be strain hardened by reducing their cross-sectional
areas (while maintaining their circular cross sections). For one specimen, the initial and deformed radii are 18 mm and 9
mm, respectively. The second specimen, with an initial radius of 12 mm, must have the same deformed hardness as the first
specimen; compute the second specimen's radius after deformation.
Solution
In order for these two cylindrical specimens to have the same deformed hardness, they must be deformed to the
same percent cold work. For the first specimen

%CW =

r2 r2
A0 Ad
100 = 0 2 d 100
A0
r0

(18 mm) 2 (9 mm) 2

100 = 75%CW
(18 mm ) 2

For the second specimen, the deformed radius is computed using the above equation and solving for rd as

%CW
rd = r0 1
100
= (12 mm)

75%CW
= 6.0 mm
100

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Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

4. A sheet of FCC iron 1.2 mm thick was exposed to a carburizing gas atmosphere on one side and a decarburizing
atmosphere on the other side at 725C. After having reached steady state, the iron was quickly cooled to room temperature.
The carbon concentrations at the two surfaces of the sheet were determined to be 0.012 and 0.0075 wt%. Compute the
diffusion coefficient if the diffusion flux is 2.4 10-9 kg/m2-s. Hint: Use Equation 4.9 to convert the concentrations from
weight percent to kilograms of carbon per cubic meter of iron.
Solution
Let us first convert the carbon concentrations from weight percent to kilograms carbon per meter cubed using
Equation 4.9a. For 0.012 wt% C

"
CC

CC
C

CC

0.012
103
0.012
99.988

2.25 g/cm3 7.86 g/cm 3

=0.943kg C/m3

Similarly, for 0.0075 wt% C

"
CC

0.0075
0.0075
9

3
2.25 g/cm
7.8
=0.589 kg C/m3

Now, using a rearranged form of Equation 5.3

x x
B
D = J A
C A C B

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Assignment #3

ENGR 2220

Structure & Properties of Materials

2x10 3 m
3
3
0.943 kg/m 0.589 kg/m

= (2.40 10 -9 kg/m 2 - s)

= 1.35 10-11 m2/s

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Assignment #3
Structure & Properties of Materials
5. Consider a metal single crystal oriented such that its slip plane normal makes an angle of 27.8 0 with
the tensile axis. Three possible slip directions make angles of 65 0, 78.20, and 83.10 with the same tensile
axis.
(a) Which slip system(s) will become active first?
(b) If plastic deformationn begins at a tensile stress of 1.95 MPa (280 psi), determine the critical
resolved shear stress for metal.
ENGR 2220

Solution
We are asked to compute the critical resolved shear stress for Al. As stipulated in the problem, = 27.8, while
possible values for are 650, 78.20, and 83.10.
(a) Slip will occur along that direction for which (cos cos ) is a maximum, or, in this case, for the largest cos .
Cosines for the possible values are given below.
cos(65) = 0.42
cos(78.2) = 0.2045
cos(83.1) = 0.12
Thus, the slip direction is at an angle of 62.4 with the tensile axis.
(b) From Equation 7.4, the critical resolved shear stress is just

crss = y (coscos) max

= (1.95 MPa) cos (27.8 ) cos (5 ) = 0.73 MPa

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