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The capacitors in this circuit perform what function?

(a) block both AC signals and DC signals


(b) couple both AC signals and DC signals
(c) couple DC signals and block AC signals
(d) couple AC signals and block DC signals
(e) store positive battery charge

Amplification:
(a) transform signals into analog quantities
(b) make signals larger
(c) make signals smaller
(d) a and b
(e) a and c

Attenuation:
(a) transform signals into analog quantities
(b) make signals larger
(c) make signals smaller
(d) a and b
(e) a and c

Amplification primarily involves what kind of signals?

(a) voltages only


(b) currents only
(c) most often voltages, but currents also
(d) most often currents, but voltages also
(e) it's a fifty-fifty split between the two

The purpose of a bypass capacitor is to:


(a) add or couple an AC component
(b) add or couple a DC component
(c) remove the AC content of a signal
(d) remove the DC content of a signal
(e) depending on the capacitor orientation, b or d may be true

Capacitor C2 shown below is a ___________?

(a) tuning capacitor


(b) coupling capacitor
(c) bypass capacitor
(d) load boosting capacitor
(e) storage reservoir capacitor

The diode shown below is:

(a) freewheeling
(b) forward biased
(c) reverse biased
(d) zero biased
(e) switching

The voltmeter in the above circuit should read approximately:


(a) 36 V
(b) 35 V
(c) 18V
(d) 700 mV
(e) 0V

The ammeter in the above circuit should read approximately:


(a) 0.15 amps
(b) 47 mA
(c) 16 mA
(d) 0.001 amps
(e) 0 amps

The voltmeter in the circuit shown below should read approximately:

(a) 36 V
(b) 35 V
(c) 18V
(d) 700 mV
(e) 0V

The ammeter in the above circuit should read approximately:


(a) 0.15 amps
(b) 47 mA
(c) 16 mA
(d) 0.001 amps
(e) 0 amps

What type of diodes are shown below?

(a) rectifiers
(b) switching type
(c) light emitting type
(d) zeners
(e) photodiodes

The above circuit performs what function?


(a) clipping
(b) DC restorer
(c) power supply filtering
(d) voltage clamping
(e) signal overload indicator

For the above circuit, what kind of waveform will appear across the 10 kilohm load resistor?
(a) a 120 Volt RMS sine wave riding on a 5 Volt DC offset
(b) a 115 Volt RMS sine wave riding on a 5 Volt DC offset
(c) a 110 Volt RMS sine wave riding on a 5 Volt DC offset
(d) a 3.5 Volt RMS sine wave
(e) approximately rectangular at a little over 10 Volts peak-peak

You could use what to test a large capacitor?


(a) a voltmeter
(b) an ammeter
(c) an ohmmeter
(d) a function generator and oscilloscope
(e) a 9 volt battery and a pair of jumper wires

A discharged capacitor has what kind of charge on its plates?


(a) negative
(b) unequal
(c) all of the above
(d) equal
(e) absolutely no charge

The material used between the plates of a capacitor is called?


(a) insulation
(b) dielectric
(c) separator
(d) plate-spacer
(e) electrolyte

When is a capacitor fully charged?


(a) when the current through the capacitor is the same as when the capacitor is discharged
(b) when the voltage across its plates is 99% of the charging voltage
(c) all of the above
(d) when the voltage across its plates is 100% of the charging voltage
(e) when the charge distribution is directly proportional to the area of the plates

A capacitor stores energy the form of:


(a) positive voltage
(b) negative voltage
(c) both of the above
(d) a magnetic field
(e) an electric field

As a capacitor is being charged, current flowing into the capacitor will:


(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain constant
(d) fluctuate
(e) decrease for a coupling capacitor and increase for a bypass

As a capacitor is being charged, the voltage across its terminals will:


(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain constant
(d) fluctuate

(e) decrease for a coupling capacitor and increase for a bypass

When a circuit consists of a capacitor and a resistor in series with a voltage source, and the
voltage across the resistor is zero, then the capacitor is:
(a) charging
(b) discharging
(c) fully charged
(d) fully discharged
(e) opposing voltage

If a charged capacitor is disconnected from a circuit, it will:


(a) rapidly discharge
(b) remain charged
(c) slowly attract charge from the surrounding air
(d) slowly leak the charge over time
(e) violently arc across its terminals

Older types of paper capacitors have been replaced by which type of construction?
(a) electrolytic
(b) plastic film
(c) oil
(d) wax
(e) Leyden Jar

Value markings on capacitors intended for electronics use are usually:


(a) alphanumeric
(b) colour dabs
(c) colour stripes
(d) specially placed notches, cuts or impressions on the capacitor body
(e) b or d

A capacitor's rate of charge is considered:


(a) constant

(b) linear
(c) analog
(d) all of the above
(e) exponential

What kind of circuit is this?

(a) high-pass filter


(b) low-pass filter
(c) bandpass filter
(d) power supply filter
(e) impedance matching

If an uncharged capacitor is checked with an analog ohmmeter, the needle will:


(a) stay on zero
(b) stay on infinity
(c) move from zero to infinity
(d) move from infinity to zero
(e) you are not supposed to use an analog ohmmeter to check capacitors

If a faulty open capacitor is checked with an analog ohmmeter, the needle will:
(a) stay on zero
(b) stay on infinity
(c) move from zero to infinity
(d) move from infinity to zero

(e) you are not supposed to use an analog ohmmeter to check capacitors

Inductance is:
(a) directly proportional to electric field energy storage
(b) directly proportional to the number of turns on the coil
(c) inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the coil
(d) directly proportional to the length of the coil
(e) all of the above

What is the total inductance, assuming no mutual inductance?

(a) 12 mH
(b) 6 mH
(c) 1.367 mH
(d) 0.73 mH
(e) 0.0833 mH

The electrical energy consumed by a coil is stored in the form of:


(a) an electrical field
(b) a magnetic field
(c) an electrostatic field
(d) a and b
(e) a, b and c

When current in an inductor starts to change, it cannot react instantly due to:

(a) fixed coil resistance


(b) eddy current generation
(c) applied emf of the circuit
(d) the counter emf of the coil
(e) a and c

What happens when an inductor's magnetic field collapses?


(a) current doubles
(b) a new field will expand
(c) voltage will be induced
(d) voltage will be opposed
(e) counter emf will be high

A form of opposition to current flow that does not involve the dissipation of energy:
(a) resistance
(b) impedance
(c) inductive reactance
(d) capacitive reactance
(e) c and d

Reactance in an inductive circuit will:


(a) increase with frequency
(b) decrease with frequency
(c) remain independent from frequency
(d) directly depend on the value of Xc
(e) c and d

A two-diode rectifier will not operate without a _________:


(a) center-tapped transformer
(b) ground connected load
(c) voltage regulator
(d) capacitive filter
(e) a and b

The small amount of AC signal present on the output of a filtering network for a DC power
supply is called:
(a) pulsating DC
(b) ripple
(c) reverse current
(d) leakage current
(e) offset current

The amount of output voltage a rectifier circuit supplies to a load is calculated and specified
as:
(a) peak voltage
(b) RMS voltage
(c) average voltage
(d) pulsating DC voltage
(e) ripple offset voltage

A DC voltmeter connected across a load resistor of a DC supply would read:


(a) peak voltage
(b) RMS voltage
(c) average voltage
(d) pulsating DC voltage
(e) ripple offset voltage

Most listed circuit AC voltages are _______, unless otherwise stated:


(a) peak voltage
(b) RMS voltage
(c) average voltage
(d) peak-peak voltage
(e) ripple offset voltage

Most AC voltmeters measure the _______ value:


(a) peak voltage
(b) RMS voltage

(c) average voltage


(d) peak-peak voltage
(e) ripple offset voltage

The DC current through each diode in a bridge rectifier equals:


(a) the load current
(b) half the DC load current
(c) twice the DC load current
(d) one-fourth the DC load current
(e) half the diode PIV value

The peak inverse voltage (PIV) across a nonconducting diode in a bridge rectifier equals
approximately:
(a) one quarter the peak secondary voltage
(b) half the peak secondary voltage
(c) the peak value of the secondary voltage
(d) twice the peak secondary voltage
(e) four times the peak value of the secondary voltage

A filtered full-wave rectifier voltage has a smaller AC ripple than does a half-wave rectifier
voltage for the same load resistance and capacitor values because:
(a) there is a shorter time gap between peaks
(b) there is a longer time gap between peaks
(c) the larger the ripple, the better the filtering action
(d) during each half cycle the voltage must be dropped across two diodes in series instead of
one
(e) none of the above

Why is heat produced in a diode?


(a) due to current passing through the diode
(b) due to voltage across the diode
(c) due to the power rating of the diode
(d) due to the PN junction of the diode
(e) due to the negative temperature coefficient

What is the current through the zener diode?

(a) 0 mA
(b) 6 mA
(c) 7 mA
(d) 8.3 mA
(e) 13 mA

What is wrong with this circuit?

(a) the zener is open


(b) the zener is shorted
(c) the current limiting resistor is too high a resistance value
(d) the zener is diverting intended load current through itself
(e) there is nothing wrong

What is the peak output voltage for this half-wave rectifier with 120 Volts RMS applied?

(a) 5.3 Volts


(b) 6 Volts
(c) 7.8 Volts
(d) 8.5 Volts
(e) 15.6 Volts

Since diodes are destroyed by excessive current, circuits must have:


(a) higher voltage sources
(b) lower voltage sources
(c) lower current sources
(d) current limiting resistors
(e) high impedance loads

Semiconductor diodes typically fail _________:


(a) open
(b) shorted
(c) high resistance (almost completly open)
(d) partially shorted
(e) leaky in reverse blocking condition

Providing a constant output regardless of AC input or load impedance changes is the function
of a:
(a) transformer

(b) rectifier
(c) filter capacitor
(d) regulator
(e) properly sized load impedance

Supply ripple can be filtered by means of:


(a) series cap and series choke
(b) shunt cap and shunt choke
(c) series cap and shunt choke
(d) shunt cap and series choke
(e) EITHER a capacitor OR an inductor, but NEVER both simultaneously

The amount of capacitance needed to effectively filter the supply output is primarily
determined by:
(a) the applied source voltage
(b) the voltage level required by the load
(c) the current required by the load
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above

Zener diodes:
(a) have a relatively high reverse voltage breakdown rating
(b) normally opperate by means of a reverse current that does not exceed the reverse
breakdown voltage
(c) opperate according to Lenz's Law
(d) are never opperated in the forward bias condition
(e) none of the above

_____ is the ability of a component to store energy in the form of an electrostatic charge:
(a) resistance
(b) impedance
(c) reactance
(d) inductance
(e) capacitance

The breakdown voltage rating of a capacitor indicates the voltage that will cause the _____ of
a capacitor to break down and conduct:
(a) dielectric
(b) equivalent series resistance
(c) intrinsic capacitance
(d) plates
(e) reactance

What is a primary characteristic of capacitors?


(a) opposition to a change in voltage
(b) opposition to a change in current
(c) they are polarized
(d) a and c
(e) b and c

When substituting one zener diode for another, you must ensure that the zener rating for the
substitute component is________ that of the original component:
(a) less than
(b) less than or equal to
(c) equal to
(d) greater than or equal to
(e) greater than

Which of the following statements is true?


(a) the PIV produced by a bridge rectifier is approximately equal to two times the peak
secondary voltage
(b) most power supply transformers are rated for RMS secondary voltage rather than turns
ratio
(c) average load current is measured with an AC ammeter
(d) inductive filters are extremely susceptible to surge current problems
(e) all of the above are true

A full-wave rectifier produces what effect?


(a) it reduces the peak output voltage by 0.7 V
(b) it reduces the peak input voltage by 0.7 V
(c) it reduces the peak input voltage by 1.4 V
(d) it reduces the peak output voltage by 1.4 V
(e) it increases the PIV

For a regulated supply, which reference term describes how much change occurs in the
output voltage over a certain range of load current values, from minimum to maximum
current?
(a) line regulation
(b) voltage regulation
(c) current regulation
(d) load regulation
(e) output regulation

PIV is _________?
(a) peak input voltage
(b) peak inverse voltage
(c) the same as Vrrm
(d) a and c
(e) b and c

The measured voltages indicate what trouble?

(a) one of the diodes is open


(b) a diode is shorted
(c) an open transformer secondary

(d) the filter capacitor is shorted


(e) the load is open

For the above circuit, if the voltmeter across the transformer reads 0V, the probable trouble
is:
(a) a diode is shorted
(b) the load is shorted
(c) the filter capacitor is shorted
(d) any of the above
(e) an open transformer secondary

Which oscilloscope trace shown above indicates the output from a properly operating halfwave rectifier without a filter? (Assume that each scope has the same settings)
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

Which oscilloscope trace shown above indicates the output from a properly operating fullwave rectifier with a filter? (Assume that each scope has the same settings)
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

Which oscilloscope trace shown above indicates the output from a properly operating fullwave filtered rectifier with an open diode? (Assume that each scope has the same settings)
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

The above oscilloscope trace in (b) could represent the output from:
(a) a full-wave rectifier (no filter) with an open diode
(b) a full-wave rectifier with a shorted diode
(c) a filtered full-wave rectifier with an open diode
(d) a filtered half-wave rectifier with an open diode
(e) a filtered half-wave rectifier with an shorted diode

Refer to the output waveforms shown and select the correct approximate output waveform
corresponding to the circuit. (Hint: imagine forward biased diodes as closed switches and
reverse biased diodes as open switches)

(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

Refer to the output waveforms shown and select the correct approximate output waveform
corresponding to the circuit. (Hint: imagine forward biased diodes as closed switches and
reverse biased diodes as open switches)

(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

Refer to the output waveforms shown and select the correct approximate output waveform
corresponding to the circuit. (Hint: imagine forward biased diodes as closed switches and
reverse biased diodes as open switches)

(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

Refer to the output waveforms shown and select the correct approximate output waveform
corresponding to the circuit. (Hint: imagine forward biased diodes as closed switches and
reverse biased diodes as open switches)

(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

For the above figures, which diode arrangement will supply a negative output voltage?
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) none of the above

For the above figures, which diode arrangement will supply a positive output voltage?
(a) a
(b) b
(c) c

(d) d
(e) none of the above

A silicon diode has a voltage to ground of 117 V from the anode. The voltage to ground from
the cathode is 117.7 V. What can be said about the diode?
(a) it's open
(b) it's shorted
(c) it's forward-biased
(d) it's reverse-biased
(e) a or d

The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is _____ the input frequency?


(a) one-quarter
(b) one-half
(c) equal to
(d) two times
(e) four times

What is the PIV for each diode in a full-wave center-tapped rectifier?


(a) Vpeak - 0.7 Volts
(b) Vpeak + 0.7 Volts
(c) Vpeak - 1.4 Volts
(d) Vpeak + 1.4 Volts
(e) 2Vpeak + 0.7 Volts

For a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter, the ripple factor could be lowered by
_____ the value of the filter capacitor or _____ the load resistors:
(a) decreasing, decreasing
(b) decreasing, increasing
(c) increasing, decreasing
(d) increasing, increasing
(e) the above alterations will have no effect on ripple factor

How many terminals do the 7800 series fixed positive voltage regulator ICs have?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 8
(e) 16

Are zener diodes tested with an ohmmeter in the same manner as rectifier diodes?
(a) Sure, no problem
(b) Yes, but only if the ohmmeter internal voltage is less than the zener reverse voltage rating
(c) Yes, but only in the normal forward voltage direction, not in the reverse direction
(d) No, because the zener conducts both ways the diode will appear to be shorted
(e) No, It's best to test them operating in a test circuit using a voltmeter

Which of the following is true regarding zener diodes?


(a) the key feature of the zener diode is the ability to keep the reverse current constant
(b) zener diodes exhibit two types of reverse breakdown - avalanche and zener
(c) zener regulation depends on their ability to operate in a forward-bias condition
(d) a and b
(e) a and c

The typical operating region for a zener diode is the ______?


(a) forward-bias region
(b) reverse-bias region
(c) reverse-breakdown region
(d) negative knee region
(e) negative zener region

What is the maximum safe current a 6.2 V zener rated at 1 watt can carry?
(a) 0.161 mA
(b) 1.61 mA
(c) 16.1 mA
(d) 161 mA
(e) 1.61 Amp

If an 8.2 V zener has an internal resistance of 5 ohms, the actual voltage across its terminals
when the conduction current is 25 mA will be ______?
(a) 125 mV
(b) 8.075 V
(c) 8.2 V
(d) 8.325 V
(e) none of the above

With constant Vin, if the load current increases then Ir will _____ and Iz will _____:

(a) remain the same, decrease


(b) remain the same, increase
(c) increase, decrease
(d) increase, increase
(e) increase, remain the same

For the above circuit, If Vin increases, VR will ______ and Iz will ______:
(a) remain the same, decrease
(b) remain the same, increase
(c) increase, decrease
(d) increase, increase
(e) increase, remain the same

Which is the symbol for an SCR?

(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) e

For the SCR symbol shown, what is the uppermost terminal labelled as?
(a) anode
(b) base1
(c) base2
(d) emitter
(e) gate

Which is the symbol for a UJT?


(a) a
(b) b
(c) c
(d) d
(e) e

For the UJT symbol shown, what is the uppermost terminal labelled as?
(a) anode
(b) base1

(c) base2
(d) emitter
(e) gate

Which of the following is true regarding SCRs?


(a) An SCR is a device that can be triggered ON by a pulse applied to the gate
(b) An SCR is a device that can be triggered ON or OFF by a pulse applied to the gate
(c) In an SCR-based half-wave phase-control circuit, a diode is connected in series with the
anode
(d) a and c
(e) b and c

Pick a device to trigger an SCR:


(a) SCS
(b) 4-layer diode
(c) photodiode
(d) UJT
(e) PUT

Pick a device to control an electric motor:


(a) SCS
(b) 4-layer diode
(c) SCR
(d) UJT
(e) PUT

The operation of this device is based on the voltage gradient developed by the N-type
material:
(a) SCS
(b) 4-layer diode
(c) SCR
(d) UJT
(e) PUT

Pick a device to form a relaxation oscillator circuit:


(a) SCS
(b) 4-layer diode
(c) SCR
(d) UJT
(e) PUT

How are SCRs identified?


(a) A registered 2N number which can be identified in a semiconductor index
(b) A semiconductor manufacturer's special numbering system
(c) Proprietary numbers of equipment manufacturers which cannot be identified by anyone
other than the manufacturer
(d) any of the above
(e) a or b

Which of the following best describes this circuit?

(a) load control


(b) latching control
(c) phase control
(d) bidirectional control
(e) gate control

If you probed this circuit with an oscilloscope where could you expect to find a waveform that
looks like this?

(a) across the load


(b) across anode to cathode
(c) across gate to anode
(d) across gate to cathode
(e) across the gate resistor

If you probed the above circuit with an oscilloscope where could you expect to find a
waveform that looks like this?

(a) across the load


(b) across anode to cathode
(c) across gate to anode
(d) across gate to cathode
(e) across the gate resistor

What is the arrow indicating on the SCR characteristic curve?

(a) forward conduction voltage


(b) dropout voltage
(c) breakover voltage
(d) breakdown voltage
(e) holding current

What is the arrow indicating on the SCR characteristic curve?

(a) forward conduction voltage


(b) dropout voltage
(c) breakover voltage
(d) breakdown voltage
(e) holding current

What needs to be considered when selecting an SCR?


(a) Peak forward and reverse breakdown voltages
(b) Maximum forward current and power dissipation
(c) Gate trigger voltage and current
(d) Minimum holding current
(e) all of the above

What purpose does a filter capacitor serve in a power supply?


(a) it smooths out the waveform
(b) it increases the output average DC voltage value
(c) it prevents the voltage from going to zero
(d) a and c
(e) a, b and c

What purpose do zener diodes serve?


(a) voltage regulation
(b) circuit protection
(c) establishing reference voltages
(d) a and c
(e) a, b and c

In what manner can zener diodes be connected into a circuit?


(a) individually
(b) in parallel with other zener diodes
(c) in series with other zener didodes
(d) a and c
(e) a, b and c

What's a Thyristor?
(a) it's a broad term that designates an entire family of switching semiconductor devices
(b) they are bistable switching devices with three or more junctions
(c) they can only be used in control or triggering applications, but not for amplification
(d) all of the above
(e) it's an SCR

What is the basic function of the gate on an SCR?


(a) to vary current flow
(b) to turn the SCR ON or OFF
(c) to turn the SCR ON, but not OFF
(d) to turn the SCR OFF, but not ON
(e) to dynamically alter conductance of the junctions

An SCR is triggered with _____:


(a) steady DC due to its efficiency and reliability
(b) phase shifted AC due to ease of use
(c) a negative pulse due to its efficiency and reliability
(d) a positive pulse due to its efficiency and reliability

(e) any of the above methods

What basic functions does an SCR perform in an AC powered speed controller?


(a) rectifies the AC and controls the amount of current to the motor
(b) rectifies the AC and controls the amount of voltage to the motor
(c) regulates the AC and controls the amount of voltage to the motor
(d) a and c
(e) b and c

After an SCR is triggered into conduction, what minimum current level is required to hold it in
the conducting state?
(a) holding current
(b) forward current
(c) knee current
(d) gate current
(e) breakover current

The SCR is used for:


(a) oscillation
(b) triggering
(c) control switching
(d) a and b
(e) a, b and c

The UJT is used for:


(a) oscillation
(b) triggering
(c) control switching
(d) a and b
(e) a, b and c

A circuit employing a single SCR operates similar to:


(a) a three way switching circuit

(b) a latching circuit


(c) an oscillator circuit
(d) an amplifier circuit
(e) a full wave rectifier circuit

What does "commutation" refer to in an SCR circuit?


(a) applying a negative voltage to the gate
(b) applying a positive voltage to the gate
(c) removing a positive voltage from the gate
(d) turning the SCR OFF
(e) any of the above

What is the triggering angle range in degrees for an SCR circuit employing a variable resistor
and a gate capacitor?
(a) 0 to 45
(b) 0 to 90
(c) 0 to 180
(d) 0 to 360
(e) 90 to 180

What is the triggering angle range in degrees for an SCR circuit employing just a variable
resistor without a gate capacitor?
(a) 0 to 45
(b) 0 to 90
(c) 0 to 180
(d) 0 to 360
(e) 90 to 180

How can you reduce the load voltage without completely turning off the SCR in an AC control
circuit?
(a) delay the triggering of the SCR
(b) increase the resistance of the gate circuit
(c) momentarily interrupt current flow into the anode
(d) a or b

(e) a or b or c

What purpose does a UJT serve?


(a) to permit uniform triggering on both the positive and negative portions of the AC waveform
(b) to initiate a momentary pulse instead of interrupted DC current
(c) to introduce a variable voltage to the gate control terminal
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above

Name the circuit that results when a UJT is fired by an RC network?


(a) control voltage amplifier
(b) relaxation oscillator
(c) capacitive delay action timer
(d) passive switching
(e) reactive trigger

Which is true regarding the gate terminal of an SCR?


(a) it serves to turn on the SCR
(b) it requires a positive voltage to function properly
(c) applied gate voltage helps reduce the breakover voltage
(d) a and b
(e) a, b and c

What does "trigger time" refer to?


(a) the minimum time period the trigger pulse must be active to ensure the device is latched
into conduction before the pulse may be terminated
(b) it's the point in time in degrees on the incoming AC power waveform when the SCR is fired
into conduction
(c) it's the point in time in seconds on the incoming AC power waveform when the SCR is fired
into conduction
(d) it's the maximum range measured in degrees or seconds over which the triggering circuit is
capable of controlling the incoming AC power waveform
(e) it's the point in time on the load waveform when the SCR is fired into conduction

How do you switch an SCR OFF?


(a) by an external means, attempt to drive current backwards through the SCR until the net
forward current is reduced below the critical device conduction threshold
(b) divert conduction current around the SCR by shorting anode to cathode
(c) interrupt anode current
(d) all of the above
(e) you cannot switch an SCR OFF once it is latched into the conducting state

The moment an SCR is turned ON, _______:


(a) the gate terminal effectively no longer controls the device, it stays latched ON
(b) it remains ON until the AC power waveform drops near zero and reverses polarity
(c) it remains ON, unless its forward conducting current falls below a crtical threshold
(d) all of the above
(e) it cannot be actively switched OFF

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