Lecture

Parameters definition of piston and jet propulsions,

revolution measurement

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Turbojet engines

J85-GE-17A turbojet engine from General Electric (1970)

Intake

Compression

Combustion

Exhaust

Afterburner
Sprays fuel into Exhaust

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Turbofan engine

Schematic diagram illustrating a 2-spool, high-bypass turbofan engine with an unmixed

exhaust. The low-pressure spool is colored green and the high-pressure one purple.
Again, the fan (and booster stages) are driven by the low-pressure turbine, but more
stages are required. A mixed exhaust is often employed nowadays.
Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Primrn motorov parametry

Sekundrn motorov parametry

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Parameters measured in twinjet engine

EPR inlet

NAC
T

OIL
OP,OT, OQ
FF/ FU
FP

P14

FUEL
EGT

P49
EPR in nozzle

VBV
VSV
P25
T25

PS3
T3

Inlet fan

T5
Combustio
n chamber

NK low-pressure compressor, VK high-pressure compressor,

VT high-pressure turbine, NT low-pressure turbine
P14 - statick tlak za dmychadlem, snman v rozsahu 3 PSI a 30 PSI pomoc rezonannho snmae,
VBV - nastaven odpoutcho ventilu vzduchu, VSV - nastaven statorovch lopatek vysokotlakho kompresoru,
P25 -tlak na vstupu do vysokotlakho kompresoru, PS3 - tlak na vstupu vysokotlakho kompresoru,
P49 - tlak na vstupu nzkotlak turbny, T25 -teplota vzduchu na vstupu vysokotlakho kompresoru, T3 - teplota
vzduchu na vstupu vysokotlakho kompresoru, T5 - teplota na vstupu nzkotlak turbny,

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

CENTRLN SYSTM PRO KONTROLU MOTORU

EDM engine data multiplexer, EMUX engine multiplexer, PMUX propulsion multiplexer
AIDS airborne integrated data system, EICAS engine indicated and crew alerting system

FADEC full authority digital engine control

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Rolls Royce Trend 800 engine parameters measurement and indication

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Electronic engine control

Main functions
control a flow of fuel coming to the combustion chamber,
control a flow of air going through and out of engine.
it provides
optimal efficiency over a wide range of forward speed, altitudes, and temperatures
(degree of the control depends on the type of engine and aircraft)

What is required?
Reliable, economical, and long-term operation under clearly defined predictable
conditions with minimum risk to passengers and schedules

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Fuel flow control

Engine thrust control

the fuel flow coming to the combustion chamber

engine thrust increasing

opening the spray nozzles

increasing the pressure of fuel

coming to combustion chamber

TGT increasing

increasing the speed of gas going

through turbines

speed increasing
Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Fuel control system

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Electronic engine control systems (EEC)

Inputs:
throttle position, air speed, altitude, total temperature, engine speed, EGT, EPR,
fuel flow
Outputs:
fuel flow control, air flow control
Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

EEC
degree of the control

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

EGT - Thermocouple principle

Hot junction

Extension wire

Cold junction

Thermocouples
CHROMEL (Ni 89%, Cr 10%, Fe 1%) + ALUMEL (Ni 94%, Al 2%, Mn 2.5%, Fe 0.5%, Si 1%)
Temperature sensitivity
Temperature range

Accuracy

42V/C for CHROMEL-ALUMEL

-40 C to 250 C (turbo-fan engine)
-65 C to 1300 C (jet engine)
varies from 5C to 15C

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)

Sparking plug

Ignition wire

Ceramic
insulator

Thermocouple
output

Engine block

Combustion
space
Measuring
junction

Copper ring with

thermocouple

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Reference
junction

Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) sensor

1- gas inlet
2 thermocouple
3 gas outlet
4 thermocouple output wires isolated
by the ceramics
5 case from fire-resisting steel
6 female screw
7 - intermediate connection
8,9 output of the sensor

Construction with two

thermocouples
Int. connection

Ceramics

Case

Gas inlet
Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Cold junction temp Ts=25 C

Temperature
[C]

100

200

300

400

500

Output voltage
[mV]

4,1

8,13

12,21

16,4

20,65

Temperature
[C]

600

700

800

900

1000

Output voltage
[mV]

24,9

29,13

33,26

37,33

41,27

= + = +

400 Hz

Modulator

Comp. circuit

Compensation of cold junction temperature

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Amp.

Scale

Digital indicator of EGT

Ts
SENSING

INPUT
CIRCUIT

Coupling
connection
MOTOR

intermediate
connection

SCALE

Scale
const.
adjustm.

AMPL.

A/D conv.

TERMOLNKY
THERMOCOUPLES

Decoder

Display

THERMOCOUPLES
TERMOLNKY

INPUT
CIRCUIT

Ts SENSING

Limit temperature
exceeding

SCALE
EXPOSURE
SENSOR

MULTIPLEXER

MICROPROCESSOR

DIG.
INDIC.

ANALOG.
INDIC.

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Interconnection of thermocouples

Upper intermediate
wiring

Coupling
block

Lower intermediate
wiring

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Jet-turbine blade pyrometer

Stator
case

Turbine
blades in
rotation

T=80
0-

1300

Focus lens

Optic fibre

Detector
Air purification
stream

-placed in the engine compartment (screwed into the special orifice in the turbine stator) - measures emission in infrared field directly from the rotation turbine blades
- measures blade temperature only
- used for pending blade failure prediction
The typical measuring range
Response time

from 500 C up to 1400 C

app 200 ns

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Magneoindukn pevodnk otek na vchylku

1
3
4 6

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Revolution indicator
Revolution range
piston 4-stroke engines 300-3000 RPM
piston 2-stroke engines 300-6000 RPM
Jet engines 1000-20000 RPM
Accuracy
1%

Revolution
sensor

Gauge part

Oscilation
damper

Converter
Spring
Reduction
Measured
revolutions

magnet

multiple pole
magnet

Three phase
generator

Aluminum
disk

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Gauge

Magnetic speed sensor

Housing

Permanent magnet
Pole piece
Coil
Moving
ferromagnetic parts
(tooth gear, turbine
blade)

Output voltage
Typical coil resistance
Inductance
Temperature range
RPM range

60 V p-p (depends on the air gap and blade shape)

150
85 mH
-50C to 170C
up to 10 000 RPM (jet engine)

Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation

Magnetic speed sensor in closed loop configuration

lv

6
n

4
Ui(t)
3

1
5
6

Idealizovan prbh vodivosti a vst. napt

(t)
1 - Rotor,
2 - Permanent magnet,
3 - C iron core,
4 - Air gap,
5 - Rotor leaves,
6 - Stator leaves,
7 - Sensing coil

min

Ui(t)

max
t

t
Aircraft and Spacecraft Instrumentation