NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

CE-212 Mechanics of Solids

Lecture03

FIRSTANDSECONDMOMENTSOFAREA
l Letusnowconsidertheresultantofthenormalstressesactingoverthecrosssection.
l Toevaluatetheseresultants,consideranelementofareadAinthecrosssection(ontheyz
plane)atdistanceyfromtheneutralaxisasshowninthesketchbelow.
y
dA
x

dx
+

h1

Tension
y

N.

h2

Fig.1

Comp.

Generalbeamcross
section(symmetrical
aboutyaxis)

A.

Normalstresseson
theelementduetoM

Normalstresses
distribution

Normalstrains
distribution

l Since pure bending is assumed, thus there are no other forces (e.g. shear) acting on the
crosssectionapartfromtheappliedbendingmomentM.
l Theintegration ofthenormalstressdistributionovertheentirecrosssectionalareawillgive
theresultantforceonthecrosssectioninthelongitudinaldirection.
l Equilibriumatthecrosssectionsproducestwoequationsofstatics,thefirstexpressingthat
theresultantforceinthexdirectionisequaltozero,i.e.:
E

s dA= R ydA= 0 .....(1)

x

l WhilethesecondequilibriumequationexpressingthattheresultantmomentisequaltoM,
i.e.:

( ys )dA= R y dA= M .........(2)

2

l Equilibriumeq.(1)canbeusedtodetermine thepositionoftheneutralaxis,whileeq.
(2)canbeusedtoestablish arelationshipbetweenthemomentMandthecurvature1/R.
l Fromeq.(1),andbecausethecurvature1/RandmodulusofelasticityEareconstantat
thesection andcannotbezero,itcanbeconcludedthatforabeaminpurebending:

ydA= 0 .....(3)
l The result of the integration in the previous equation is the moment of the crosssectional
areaabouttheneutralaxisandisknownasthefirstmomentofarea.

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

l The equation shows that the first moment of area of the crosssection with respect to the
neutralaxisiszero.
l This means that the neutral axis passes through the centroid (i.e. centre of area) of the
section.Thiscanbeusedtocalculatethelocationoftheneutralaxis.
l From eq. (2) and again because the curvature 1/R and modulus of elasticity E are
constantatthesection,theequationcanberewrittenasfollows:
E 2
y dA= M ........(4)
R
l The result of the integration in the previous equation is the moment of the crosssectional
firstmomentofareaabouttheneutralaxisandisthuscalledthesecondmomentofarea.
l The second moment of area and is usually denoted by the symbol I (since it has a form
similartothat ofthemomentofinertia,butwithmassreplacedbyarea).
l Therefore,thesecondmomentofareacanbedefinedas:
I = y2dA.........(5)
l Consequently,eq.(4)canberewrittenasfollows:
M =

M E
E
= .....(6)
I or
I R
R

l Eq.(6)relatesthecurvature(k=1/R)tothemomentMasfollows:
k =

1 M
=
.......(7)
R EI

ThetermEIisknownastheflexuralrigidity ofthebeam.

Example1
Calculate thesecondmomentofareaforthefollowingrectangularsection aboutitsneutralaxis.

Fig.2

b
Solution
Fromsymmetry,theneutralaxisisatmidheight,i.e.ath/2.Thiscanbeshownbyconsideringthe
followingsketch.
N. h

dy
y A.

yo

Fig.3

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

From the sketch, the first moment of area of the section is equal to the summation of the first
momentsofareaofthepartabovetheN.A.andtheonebelowit.Notethatthefirstmomentofarea
ofthepartbelowtheN.A.willhaveanegativesignasyisnegativeinthatdirectionaccordingto
thechosenpositivedirectionoftheyaxis.Therefore,fromeq.(3),thefirstmomentofareaof
yo

h-yo

ydA= y(bdy) + (- y)(bdy)= 0

thesectionsis:

0
yo

whichyields:

0
yo

h- yo

ydy= ydy
0

Therefore:

(h- yo)
y o
=
2
2

whichyields:

yo =

h- yo

y 2
y2
=
2

0 2 0

2
2

y o = h2 - 2hyo + yo

h
,whichagreeswiththesymmetryconclusion.
2

Now, the second moment of area is calculated based on eq. (5) and recalling that dA =bdy.
+ h/2

Therefore:

(h/2)3 (- h/2)3
y3
I = y dA= y (bdy) = b
= b

3
3 - h/2
- h/2
3

whichyields:

I=

+ h/2

bh3
12

CALCULATIONOFBENDINGSTRESS
ltheequationfor elasticbendingofthebeamis:

sx
y

M E
=
.....(8)
I R

l Eq.(8) showthatthemaximumvalueofthenormalstressis:

sx _max =

M
ymax .....(9)
I

where ymax isthemaximumdistancebetweentheneutralaxisandtheextremefibre

(i.e.atthetoporbottomofthebeam).
l Tosimplifyeq.(9),thevalueof

Z =

isdefinedastheelasticsectionmodulusZ,i.e.:
ymax

I
.....(10)
ymax

l Therefore,eq.(9)canberewrittenasfollows:

sx _ max =

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

M
.....(11)
Z

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Example2
CalculatetheelasticsectionmodulusfortherectangularsectionofExample1.

Solution
Fromthesolution of Example1andFig.3,thesecondmomentofareais:

I =

bh3
.
12

ThemaximumdistancebetweentheN.A.andtheextremefibreis: y max = h/2.

Therefore,theelasticsectionmodulus,fromeq.(10)is:

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

Z =

3
I
(bh
/12 ) bh2
=
=
(h/2)
ymax
6

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Example3
A simplysupported beam is 4 m long and is subject to a uniformlydistributed load (UDL) of 5
kN/m.Thebeamhasarectangularcrosssectionofwidth400mmandheight600mm.
Calculatethemagnitudeandlocationofthemaximumbendingstresses.

Solution
Fromsymmetry,theneutralaxisisatmidheight, asshown on thefollowingsketch.
400

N.

300

A.

300

ALLDIMENSIONSAREINMM

Therefore, the maximum distance between the N.A. and the extreme fibre (both at the top and
ymax =300mm

bottomofthesection)is:
Forarectangularsection,thesecondmomentofareais:

I =

sx

Fromeq.(9), themaximumbendingstressis:

bh3 400*(300)
=
= 900*106 mm4
12
12
=

_max

M
ymax
I

ThebeamissimplysupportedandissubjecttoaUDLof: w =5kN/m
M =

Thus,themaximumbendingmomentis:

wL2 5*42
=
=10kNm
8
8

Thismaximumvalueoccursatmidspan,i.e.at2mfromeithersimplesupport.
Considering the loading and support conditions, the beam is in tension below the N.A. and in
compression aboveitasdepictedbelow.

w=5kN/m
2m

2m

C
BMD
10kNm
COMPRESSION
A.

N.
TENSION
By: Dr. Huma Khalid

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Therefore,themaximumtensilestressbetween(atthebottomofthebeam)is:

stensile _ max =

M
10*106
ymax =
*300 =3.33N/mm2
6
I
900*10

NotethatmaximummomenthasbeenconvertedintoNmmtoensureconsistencyofunitsused.

Similarly,themaximumcompressivestress(atthetopofthebeam)is:

scompressive_ max =

M
10*106
ymax =
*300 =3.33N/mm2
6
I
900*10

Thedistributionofstressesandthemaximumvaluesaresummarizedinthefollowingsketch.
3.33
C

300
N.

A.
300

T
3.33

Crosssectiondimensions
(mm)

MaximumStressesatB
(N/mm2)

Determiningthelocationofthetensileandcompressive(i.e.toporbottom)isveryimportantfrom
a design viewpoint. For instance concrete is weak in tension and strong in compression and thus
reinforcingsteelbarsareoftenusedtoresistthetensioninthebeam.Therefore,ifthepresentbeam
ismadeofreinforcedconcrete,thenthesteelmustbepositionedatthebottom(especiallyaroundB
wherethestressishighest).
Notethatthe maximum stresses at top and bottom of the section are equal in magnitude. This is
becausethesectionissymmetricalabouttheN.A.
Thevalueofmaximumstresseswilldifferforunsymmetricalsectionsasdiscussednext.

PARALLELAXISTHEOREM
y

c
dA
H
h1

y
N.A.

G
h2

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

Generalbeamcrosssection
(symmetricalaboutyaxis)
6

Fig.4

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

l Sofar,wehaveonlyconsideredacrosssectionwhichissymmetricalabouttheneutralaxis
(e.g.rectangularsection).
l NowconsideringthegeneralcrosssectionofFig.4,whichissymmetricalonlyabouty
axisbutnotabouttheN.A.
l Thesecondmomentofareaofthecrosssectionalareaabouttheccaxis(i.e.anaxisparallel
totheneutralaxisandatadistanceofHfromit)is:
2

Ic-c = (H - y) dA. (12)

whichyields: Ic-c = (H2 - 2Hy+ y2 )dA= H2 dA- 2H ydA+ y2dA.(13)
H2 dA=H2A..... (14)

l But:
andfromeq.(3):

ydA= 0 whichisthefirstmomentofareatheabouttheneutralaxis

andfromeq.(5):

dA= I whichisthesecondmomentofareaabouttheneutralaxis.

l Therefore,eq.(13)canberewrittenas:

Ic-c = AH2 + I.(15)

l Eq.(15)isusefulincalculatingthesecondmomentofareaforunsymmetricalsectionsby
splittingthemupintosimplercomponentsasshowninthefollowingexample.

Example4
CalculatethesecondmomentofareaIforthefollowingTsection.
400
100
Fig.5
240

150

100

ALLDIMS.AREINMM

Solution
Inordertocalculatethedistance betweenthe neutralaxisandthetopofthecrosssectionyo (see
sketchbelow),thefirstmomentofareaofthesectionwillbetakenaboutthetopoftheflange.
400
100

yo
A.

N.
240

100

150

Fig.6

ALLDIMS.AREINMM

Takingthefirstmomentofareaaboutthetopofthecrosssectionyields:

ydA= y A........(16)
o

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Notethat ydA= 0 onlywhen yo =0 ,i.e.whenthefirstmomentistakenabouttheneutralaxis.

Therefore,eq.(16) canberewrittenas:

y oA= yflangeAflange + yweb Aweb .......(17)

Thus: yo[(400 *100) +(240*100)] = [50*(400*100)] + [((240/2) + 100) *(240*100)]

Whichyields: yo =113.75 mm
Nowthesecondmomentofareaofthesectioncanbecalculatedbyworkingoutthesecondmoment
ofareaoftheflangeandwebcomponentsandusingtheparallelaxistheorem.Thisisexpressedby
meansofthefollowingequation:

) (

2
I = Iflange + AflangeH2flange + Iweb + AwebHweb
...(18)

Thesecondmomentofareaoftheflangeaboutitsown centroidis:
Iflange =(400*1003)/12= 33,333,333.33mm4

theareaoftheflange: Aflange =400*100=40,000mm2

andthedistancebetweentheflangecentroidandtheneutralaxisofthetotalsectionis:
Hflange =113.75 50=63.75mm

Similarly,thesecondmomentofareaoftheweb aboutitsownneutralaxisis:
Iweb =(100*2403)/12= 115,200,000mm4
theareaoftheweb: Aweb =240*100=24,000mm2
andthedistancebetweenthewebcentroidandtheneutralaxisofthetotalsectionis:
Hweb =[(100+240) 113.75] 120=106.25mm
Therefore,substitutingtheseparametersvaluesineq.(18),thesecondmomentofareaoftheT
sectionis:I=[33,333,333.33+(40,000*63.752)]+[115,200,000+(24,000*106.252)]
=582,033,333.3 mm4.

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Example5
ThebeamwiththeTsectionofExample4isloadedasshownbelow.Determinethemagnitude
andlocationof:
a) themaximumbendingmomentsonthebeam.
b) themaximumtensileandcompressivebendingstressesonthebeam.
w=3.0kN/m
Fig.7
A

B 1.5m

3.0m

Solution
a) In order to draw the bending moment diagram, the beam reactions at A and B (VA and VB ,
respectively)arecalculated.Assumebothreactionsareactingupwards.Therefore,fromequilibrium
offorcesintheverticaldirection:
VA+ VB= w(3.0+ 1.5) = 3*(3.0+ 1.5) =13.5kN.....(19)
Fromequilibrium ofmomentsaboutA:
2
(
(
3.0+ 1.5)
3.0+ 1.5)
VB *3.0=w(3.0+ 1.5)
= 3.0*

Therefore:
Substitutingineq.(19):

VB =

(3.0+ 1.5)2

kNm ....(20)

=10.125 kN

VA =13.5- 10.13 =3.375kN

Therefore,thebendingmomentatadistancexbetweensupportsA andBis:
x2
Mx ( A-B) = VAx- w = 3.375x- 1.5x2 ......(21)
2

InordertodeterminethelocationofthepeakbendingmomentbetweensupportsAandB,thefirst
derivativeofeq.(21)iscalculatedandequatedtozero(i.e.pointofinflexion).
Therefore:

dMx( A-B)
dx

= 3.375- 3.0x= 0......(22)

Therefore,thelocationofthepeakbendingmomentisatx=3.375/3.0=1.125mfromsupportA.
Thevalueofthepeakbendingmomentisdeterminedbysubstitutingthisvalueofxintoeq.(21).
Consequently:

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

Mmax( A-B) = [3.375*1.125] - 1.5*(1.125)

] =1.90kNm

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Similarly,thevalueofthepeakbendingmomentatsupportBisdeterminedbysubstituting3.0mas
thevalueofxintoeq.(29).Thisyields:

MB =[3.375*3.0] - 1.5*(3.0)

]=3.375kNm

Itisclearthatthe bending momentvaluechangessignsomewhere betweensupportAand B.To

determine the location of the pointof zero bending moment,the value of the bending moment is
substitutedaszeroineq.(21)andsolvingtheequationforx.
Therefore, the value of x at zero bending moment is: Mx( A-B) = 0= 3.375x- 1.5x2 x = 0 and
x =3.375/1.5 =2.25mfromA.

Now,thebendingmomentdiagramcanbeconstructedasshownbelow.
y
w=3.0kN/m

B 1.5m

3.0m

1.125m
3.38kNm
E

D
BMD
1.90kNm
2.25m

Fig.8

2.25m

COMPRESSION

TENSION
A.

N.
COMPRESSION

TENSION

Thesketchalsodepictstheimplicationsofthechangeofthesignofthebendingmomentdiagram.
Clearly, this affects the status of the top or bottom of the beam, i.e. whether it is in tension or
compression.Asexplainedinexample4,thisisveryimportantfromadesignpointofview:for
instanceconcreteisweak intensionandstrong incompressionandthusreinforcingsteel barsare
oftenusedtotakeupthetensioninthebeam.Therefore,inthesketch,thesteelmustbepositioned
atthebottombetweenAandE,whileitshouldbepositionedatthetopbetweenEandC.

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

10

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

b)Nowthebendingstressescanbecalculatedbasedoneq.(9).FromFig.6inthesolution
toExample4, thedistancebetweentheneutralaxisandtheextremetopandbottom fibresis:
ymax_top =113.75 mm, ymax_bottom =(100+240) 113.75=226.25 mm

Thevalueofthesecondmomentofareaofthesectionis:I=582,033,333.3mm4.
Thus,fromeq.(9),themaximumtensilestressbetweenAandE(atthebottom ofthebeam)is:

stensile_ max( A-E) =

M max( A- E)
I

ymax_bot =

1.90*106
*226.25 =0.74N/mm2.
582,033,333.3

andthemaximumcompressivestressbetweenAandE(atthe top ofthebeam)is:

scompressive_ max( A-E) =

M max( A- E)
I

ymax_top =

1.90*106
*113.75 =0.37 N/mm2.
582,033,333.3

Similarly,fromeq.(9),themaximumtensilestressbetweenEandC(atthetopofthebeam)is:

stensile_ max( E-C) =

M max( E-C)
I

3.38*106
ymax_top =
*113.75 =0.66N/mm2.
582,033,333.3

andthemaximum compressivestressbetween EandC(atthebottomofthebeam)is:

scompressive_ max( E-C) =

M max( E-C)
I

ymax_bottom =

3.38*106
*226.25 =1.31N/mm2.
582,033,333.3

Thedistributionofstressesandthemaximumvaluesaresummarizedinthefollowingsketch.

400

0.37

100

0.66
T

113.75

A.

N.
240

100

150

Crosssectiondimensions
(mm)

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

226.25

T
0.74
StressesatD
(N/mm2)

11

C
1.31
StressesatB
(N/mm2)

Fig.9

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
l Theoverallprocessofdesigninga beam involvesnumerous factors,suchasthe materials,
theloads,thetypeofthestructure andenvironmentalconditions.
l However, in many cases the task eventually reduces to the selection of a particular beam
shapeandsize,subjecttotheconstraintthattheactualstressesinthebeammustnotexceed
thepermissible(orallowable)stress.
l Inthepresentdiscussion,onlybendingstressesareconsidered.However,amorethorough
designalsorequiresthattheshearstressesarekeptbelowtheirpermissiblevalues(aswillbe
seeninthenextpartofthecourse)andthattheeffectsofbucklingandlocalizedstressesbe
considered.
l Ifthematerialsallowablestressisthesameintensionandcompression,suchassteel,then
itislogicaltouseasectionwhichissymmetricalaboutitsmidheight.
l Ontheotherhand,ifthematerialhasdifferentvaluesofpermissiblestressesintensionand
compression(e.g.concrete),then it isdesirabletouseanunsymmetricalsection(e.g.aT
section).Thusforconcretesteelreinforcementisusedtoaddressthetensionweakness.
l The relative efficiency of different crosssections in bending is considered. In general, a
beam is moreefficientifthe material is locatedawayfrom itsneutralaxis, i.e.where it is
morehighlystressedandthusprovidingalargersectionmodulus.ItfollowsthatanIsection
ismoreefficientthanarectangularsectionofthesamearea.Similarly,arectangularsection
ismoreefficientthanacircularsectionofthesamearea.
l Question:
Thefollowingsectionshavethesamearea(i.e.aspecificamountofmaterialisprovidedand
the shape is to be decided). Comment on the suitability of each in terms of bending
resistance.Whichismoreeffectiveinresistingbendingmoments,increasingbord?

d N.

A.
Fig.10

b
BeamA

BeamB

BeamC

BeamD

l Answer:
BeamAistheleastefficientandbeamDisthemostefficient.Notethatthereisalimiton
narrowingthesectionbecausethatcancauseittofailbytwistingratherthanbending(this
knownaslateraltorsionalbucklingwhichisastabilityproblem,especiallyforsteelsections
sincetheyareusuallynarrowerthanconcreteones).

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

12

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

COMPOSITESECTIONS(forgeneralreadingonlyNONEXAMINABLE)
Compositebeamsarethosemadeofmorethan onematerial.Examplesaresandwichbeams(e.g.for
aircraftsparts)andreinforcedconcrete(RC) beams,seethesketchbelow.

Fig.11
RCbeamsection

Sandwichsection

Thebeamtheoryusedthusfar,todevelopthebendingequationforasinglematerialsection,isalso
applicabletothepresentcompositesection.Therefore,fromeq.(8),thenormalstresseswithin
eachmaterialare:

sx1 =

E1
E
y and sx2 = 2 y........(23)
R
R

Obviously,forasymmetricalsection,theneutralaxiswillbeatmidheight.Ingeneral,thelocation
oftheneutralaxis(ofthewholecompositesection)canbedeterminedfromeq.(1),i.e.:
E1

E2

s dA= R ydA +
x

ydA = 0.....(24)
R

Fromeq.(2),thebendingmomentformulais:
E
E
E E
M = 1 y2dA + 2 y2dA = 1 I1 + 2 I2 ..(25)
R 1
R 2
R R

where I1 and I2 are the second moments of area of each material about the neutral axis of the
wholecompositesection.Therefore,fromeq.(25),thecurvature1/Rcanbedetermined,i.e.:
1
M
=
.(26)
R E1I1 + E2I2
Now,bysubstitutingthevalueofcurvatureofeq.(26)intoeq.(23),thenormalstresseswithin
eachmaterialare:

sx1 =

ME1
ME2
y and sx2 =
y....(27)
E1I1 + E2I2
E1I1 + E2I2

Transformedsectionmethod
DefineamodularratioasthatbetweentheEvalueofthetwomaterialsofthesection,i.e.:
n =

Thus,eq.(24)becomes:

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

E2
...(28)
E1

s dA= ydA + nydA =

x

13

......(29)
0

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

which showsthattheneutralaxiswillhavethesamelocationin atransformedsection (ofmaterial 1

only), as in the original section (of both materials) if each element of area dA in material 2 is
multipliedbythefactorn.
This transformation is useful as it allows the introduction of an equivalent section comprised of
onlyonematerial(byfactoringtheareaofmaterial2byn).Thisequivalentsectioncomprisingone
material(i.e.material1)cannowbeanalyzedintheusualmannerforasectionofonematerialand
correspondingbendingstressescanbeestablished.
However,oncethestressvaluesarecalculated,thestressesofmaterial2mustbetransformedback.

s2 E2
=
= n..(30)
s 1 E1

Thisisdoneasfollows:

s1 E1 and s 2 E 2

Therefore:

s2 =ns 1...(31)

Example4
The sketch below shows a crosssection of a composite beam used for thermal insulation in an
industrial building. The beam is simply supported and loaded at the top with a point load which
causes a bending moment of 5 kNm. Determine the maximum normalstresses on the beam. The
modulusofelasticityofsteelis Es =200kN/mm2 andfor thefillermaterialis Ef =10kN/mm2.
Appliedload
Steel

b=100
t=10

Filler
d=250
Fig.12
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

t=10

Compositebeamcrosssection
Solution
Thetransformedequivalentsection(bytransformingsteeltoequivalentfillermaterial)isshownin
thesketchbelow.Notethat thedirectionoftheloadwillcausetensionatthetopofthecrosssection
andcompressionatthebottom ofthesection.
Transformed
steelarea

nb
COMPRESSION yo
N.

t=10
A.
d=250

Fig.13

TENSION

ALLDIMS.AREINMM
t=10

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

Equivalenttransformed
14
crosssection

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Fromsymmetry,theN.A.isatmidheightofthetransformedsection,thereforethedistancetothe
topandbottomofthesectionis:

yo =

From eq. (28), the modular ratio is:

250 + 10+ 10
=135mm.
2

n=

Es 200
=
= 20. (Note that the denominator of the
Ef
10

modularratioisalwaystheEvalueofthematerialthatmakesupthewholetransformedsection,i.e.
fillermaterialinthiscase).
Theareaofthetotalsteelareaintheoriginalsectionis: As = tb= 10 *100 =1000mm2.Therefore,
theareaoftheequivalentareaof fillerinthetransformedsectionis:
As_ equivalent = nAs = 20*1000 =20000mm2.

Similarly, the equivalent second moment of area of steel about its neutral axis: I s_equivalent = nIs ,
where Is isthemomentofareaoftheoriginalsteelsection.Thelatteris:
Is =

bt3 100*103
=
=8333.33mm4.
12
12

Is_ equivalent = nIs = 20*8333.33 =166666.67mm4.

Therefore:

Nowthesecondmomentofareaofthesectioncanbecalculatedbyworkingoutthesecondmoment
ofareaofthetwocomponentareasandusingtheparallelaxistheorem.Thisapproachisexpressed
bymeansofthefollowingequation:

Itotal_equivalent = If + 2 Is_equivalent + As_equivalent yo

bd3 100*2503
If =
=
=130208333.3mm4
12
12

But:

Therefore,thesecondmomentofareaofthewholetransformedsectionis:
2

10

Itotal_equivalent =130208333.3+ 2166666.67+ 20000135- =806541666.64mm4

2

Now the bending stresses can be calculated based on eq. (9) and Fig.13. Therefore, the
maximumnormalstressinfiller(bothcompressiveatthetopandtensileatthebottom)is:
M
5*106
( yo - t) =
sf _ max =
*(135- 10) =0.77 N/mm2.
Itotal_equivalent
806541666.64

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

15

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Similarly, the maximum normal stress in the transformed steel (both compressive at the top and
tensileatthebottom)is:
M
5*106
yo =
*135 =0.84 N/mm2.
ss_ equivalent_max =
Itotal_equivalent
806541666.64
Transformed
steelarea

0.84
0.77

nb
t=10

yo=135
N.

A.
d=250
T
t=10
0.77
0.84

Equivalenttransformed
crosssection
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

Stresses(N/mm2)

Therefore,fromeq.(31),the maximumnormalstressintheoriginalsteel(bothcompressiveat
thetopandtensileatthebottom)is:
ss _ max =s s_equivalent_max *n= 0.84*20 =16.80 N/mm2.

16.80

b=100

0.77

t=10
Steel

C
N.

A.

d=250
Filler

t=10

0.77
16.80
Compositebeamcrosssection
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

Stresses(N/mm2)

16

NED University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Example Problems

1) Foracircleofdiameterd,thesecondmomentofareais I =

pd4
64

(seeproof).Calculatethe

10

elasticsectionmodulus Z forthefollowingsection:

Fig.14
50
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

2) Thesketchbelowshowsthecrosssectionofastructural steelmember.Thissectionistobe
usedasabeamspanning10mbetweensimplesupportsandcarryingasuperimposedloadof
3kN/mthroughoutthespan.Determinethemaximumstressesatthetopandbottomofthe
sectiondueto thesuperimposedload.
300

300

100
Fig.15
100
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

400

100
100 100
3) The sketch below shows a crosssection of a beam that is under a maximum bending
momentof 7MNm.Thebeamismadeofmildsteel.Testinghasshownthatthepermissible
tensileandcompressivestressofthesteelis250N/mm2.
a. isthecrosssectioncapableofresistingtheappliedbendingmoment
b. if the answer to a. above is No, then find the minimum thickness of the stiffening
steel plate (i.e. additional material) that can be bolted or welded to the top of the
crosssectioninordertoensureitiscapableofresistingtheappliedbendingmoment
300

300
t

100
Fig.16
100
ALLDIMS.AREINMM

400

100
t

By: Dr. Huma Khalid

17