Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates

Areas 1, 2 & 3 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by

convention)
Area 4 - Primary Motor Cortex
Area 5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
Area 6 - Pre-Motor and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)
Area 7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex
Area 8 - Includes Frontal eye fields
Area 9 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Area 10 - Frontopolar area (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
Area 11 - Orbitofrontal area (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior
frontal gyrus)
Area 12 - Orbitofrontal area (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior
frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
Area 13 and Area 14* - Insular cortex
Area 15* - Anterior Temporal Lobe
Area 17 - Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Area 18 - Visual Association Cortex (V2)
Area 19 - V3
Area 20 - Inferior Temporal gyrus
Area 21 - Middle Temporal gyrus
Area 22 - Superior Temporal Gyrus, of which the rostral part participates to Wernicke's area
Area 23 - Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex
Area 24 - Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex
Area 25 - Subgenual cortex
Area 26 - Ectosplenial area
Area 28 - Posterior Entorhinal Cortex
Area 29 - Retrosplenial cingular cortex
Area 30 - Part of cingular cortex
Area 31 - Dorsal Posterior cingular cortex
Area 32 - Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
Area 34 - Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
Area 35 - Perirhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
Area 36 - Parahippocampal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)
Area 37 - Fusiform gyrus
Area 38 - Temporopolar area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri
Area 39 - Angular gyrus, part of Wernicke's area
Area 40 - Supramarginal gyrus part of Wernicke's area
Areas 41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex
Area 43 - Subcentral area (between insula and post/precentral gyrus)
Area 44 - pars opercularis, part of Broca's area
Area 45 - pars triangularis Broca's area
Area 46 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Area 47 - Inferior prefrontal gyrus
Area 48 - Retrosubicular area (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
Area 52 - Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the insula)

(*) Area only found in non-human primates.

The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an
important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel
surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the
same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with
other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as "primary somatosensory cortex", as it received
the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields.
Postcentral gyrus
The lateral postcentral gyrus is bounded by:

medial longitudinal fissure medially (to the middle)

central sulcus rostrally (in front)
postcentral sulcus caudally (in back)
lateral sulcus inferiorly (underneath)

It is the location of primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of
touch. Like other sensory areas, there is a map of sensory space called a homunculus in this location. For
the primary somatosensory cortex, this is called the sensory homunculus. See a somewhat fanciful and
highly schematic representation of the sensory homunculus below.
Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2
Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 comprise the primary somatosensory cortex of the human brain. Because
Brodmann sliced the brain somewhat obliquely, he encountered area 1 first; however, from rostral to
caudal the Brodmann designations are 3, 1 and 2, respectively.
This area of cortex, as shown by Wilder Penfield and others, has the pattern of a homunculus. That is,
the legs and trunk fold over the midline; the arms and hands are along the middle of the area shown
here; and the face is near the bottom of the figure. While it is not well-shown here, the lips and hands
are enlarged on a proper homunculus, since a large number of neurons in the cerebral cortex are
devoted to processing information from these areas.
These areas contain cells that project to the secondary somatosensory cortex.
Clinical significance
Lesions affecting the primary somatosensory cortex produce characteristic symptoms including:
agraphesthesia, astereognosia, loss of vibration, proprioception and fine touch (because the third
neuron of the medial-lemniscal pathway cannot do its synapse in the cortex). It can also produce
hemineglect, if it affects the non-dominant hemisphere.
It could also reduce nociception, thermoception and crude touch, but since information from the

spinothalamic tract is interpreted mainly by other areas of the brain (see insular cortex and cingulate
gyrus), it is not as relevant as the other symptoms.

Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2 of human brain. Brodmann area 3 is in red, area 1 in green, and area 2 in
yellow.
Brodmann area 4
comprises the primary motor cortex of the human brain.
Brodmann area 4 is about the same as the precentral gyrus. The borders of this area are: the precentral
sulcus in front (anteriorly), the medial longitudinal fissure at the top (medially), the central sulcus in back
(posteriorly), and the lateral sulcus along the bottom (laterally).
This area of cortex, as shown by Wilder Penfield and others, has the pattern of a homunculus. That is,
the legs and trunk fold over the midline; the arms and hands are along the middle of the area shown
here; and the face is near the bottom of the figure. Because Brodmann area 4 is in the same general
location as primary motor cortex, the homunculus here is called the motor homunculus.
The term area 4 of Brodmann-1909 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of
the guenon. It is located predominantly in the precentral gyrus. Brodmann-1909 regarded it as
topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the human gigantopyramidal area 4 and noted
that it occupies a much greater fraction of the frontal lobe in the monkey than in the human. Distinctive

features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is unusually thick; the layers are not distinct; the cells are
relatively sparsely distributed; giant pyramidal (Betz) cells are present in the internal pyramidal layer (V);
lack of an internal granular layer (IV) such that the boundary between the external pyramidal layer (III)
and the internal pyramidal layer (V) is indistinct; lack of a distinct external granular layer (II); a gradual
transition from the multiform layer (VI) to the subcortical white matter.

Brodmann area 4 of human brain. Lateral surface.

Part ofPrecentral gyrus

Brodmann area 5
is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory
processing.
Human
Brodmann area 5 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. It is situated immediately posterior to
the primary somatosensory areas (Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2), and anterior to Brodmann area 7.

Image of brain with Brodmann area 5 shown in red

Human
Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the
primary motor cortex (BA4), it is composed of the premotor cortex and medially the supplementary
motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of
complex, coordinated movements.
Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks in internal granular
cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral
cortex. In the human brain it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus which are not occupied
by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior
frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the
hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the
granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909).

Brodmann area 7
is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space.
It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are
in relation to parts of the body.
Human
Brodmann area 7 is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. Situated posterior to the primary
somatosensory cortex (Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2), and superior to visual cortices (Brodmann areas 17,
18 and 19), this region is believed to play in visuo-motor coordination (e.g., in reaching to grasp an
object).

Image of brain with Brodmann area 7 shown in red

Brodmann area 8
is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex
movements.
Human
Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the
premotor cortex (BA6), it includes the frontal eye fields (so-named because they are believed to play an
important role in the control of eye movements). Damage to this area, by stroke, trauma or infection,
causes tonic deviation of the eyes towards the side of the injury. This finding occurs during the first few
hours of an acute event such as cerebrovascular infract (stroke) or hemorrhage (bleeding).
Distinctive features
Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): compared to Brodmann area 6-1909, area 8 has a diffuse but
clearly present internal granular layer (IV); sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) has densely
distributed medium sized pyramidal cells; the internal pyramidal layer (V) has larger ganglion cells
densely distributed with some granule cells interspersed; the external granular layer (II) is denser and
broader; cell layers are more distinct; the abundance of cells is somewhat greater.
Functions
The area is involved in the management of uncertainty. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
demonstrated that that brodmann area 8 activation occurs when test subjects experience uncertainty,
and that with increasing uncertainty there is increasing activation.[2]
An alternative interpretation is that this activation in frontal cortex encodes hope, a higher-order
expectation positively correlated with uncertainty.[3]

image of brain with Brodmann area 8 shown in red Lateral surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas
numbered. (8 is labeled in upper left.)

Human
Brodmann area 9, or BA9, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It contributes to the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Brodmann area 10,

or BA10, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA10 encompasses the most anterior part of
the frontal cortex, known as the frontopolar region. This area is believed to play a part in strategic
processes involved in memory retrieval and executive function.
This area is also called frontopolar area 10, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally
defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the most rostral portions of the superior frontal
gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. In humans, on the medial aspect of the hemisphere it is bounded
ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus (H). It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus.
Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, caudally by the middle frontal
area 46, and ventrally by the orbital area 47 and by the rostral area 12 or, in an early version of
Brodmann's cortical map (Brodmann-1909), the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909.

Image of brain with Brodmann area 10 shown in red

Brodmann area 11
is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and
decision making.
Human

Brodmann area 11, or BA11, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. BA11 covers the medial
part of the ventral surface of the frontal lobe.
Prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909 is a subdivision of the frontal lobe in the human defined on the
basis of cytoarchitecture. Defined and illustrated in Brodmann-1909, it included the areas subsequently
illustrated in Brodmann-10 as prefrontal area 11 and rostral area 12.
prefrontal area 11 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex of
the human. As illustrated in Brodmann-10, It constitutes most of the orbital gyri, gyrus rectus and the
most rostral portion of the superior frontal gyrus. It is bounded medially by the inferior rostral sulcus (H)
and laterally approximately by the frontomarginal sulcus (H). Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on the
rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the
triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the rostral area 12 and caudally by the
subgenual area 25. In an earlier map, the area labeled 11, i.e., prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909,
was larger; it included the area now designated rostral area 12.

Image of brain with Brodmann area 11 shown in red

Brodmann area 12
is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies
the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either
topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external
pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains
widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells,
including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the
internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border
with the internal granular layer (IV).
Brodmann area 13
is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex as defined on the guenon monkey and on the basis of
cytoarchitecture. Along with Brodmann area 14 and 15, Brodmann area 13 is found only in primates and
no equivalent structure exists in humans.
Location

Located in the posterior of the insular cortex, Brodmann area 13 shares with other parts of the insular
cortex a wide molecular layer (I) and very wide multiform layer (VI).
Layers
The external granular layer (II) is relatively dense. The external pyramidal layer (III) has a central stripe of
less cellular density that separates two sublayers, IIIa and IIIb. The internal granular layer (IV) is
sufficiently wide and dense to separate clearly sublayer IIIb from layer V. The boundary between layers
V and VI is defined by larger ganglion cells, more pyramidal in shape, in layer V giving way to smaller,
more spindle-shaped cells that become denser and more homogeneous deeper in layer VI. Often the
spindle cells are arrayed horizontally as in the claustrum (VICl), which Brodmann considered a likely
extension of layer VI beyond the extreme capsule (VICe) (Brodmann-1905).

Brodmann's Area 14
is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It was defined by Brodmann in the
guenon monkey. No equivalent structure exists in humans.
Anatomy
Area 14 is located in the insular cortex and is not normally visible on the brain's surface. It is hidden at
the bottom of the Sylvian fissure between the frontal and parietal lobes.
Brodmann's areas were defined based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. Area 14 differs most
clearly from Brodmann area 13-1905 in that it lacks a distinct internal granular layer (IV). Other
differences are a less distinct external granular layer (II), a widening of the relatively cell-free zone of the
external pyramidal layer (III); cells in the internal pyramidal layer (V) are denser and rounded; and the
cells of the multiform layer (VI) assume a more distinct tangential orientation
Function
Area 14 is believed to serve as association cortex for the visceral senses and olfaction along with Area
13. They also serve to aggregate autonomic information.

Brodmann's Area 15
is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain.
Area 15 was defined by Brodmann in the guenon monkey, but he found no equivalent structure in
humans. However, functional imaging experiments have found structures that may be homologous.
Anatomy

Gross Anatomy
Area 15 is located in the part of the insula nearest the temporal lobe and part of the anterior temporal
lobe facing the insula.[1] It is buried in the Sylvian Fissure and thus not visible on the surface of the brain
without dissection.
Cytoarchetecture
Area 15, like all Brodmann's areas is defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture of the region of cortex. The
cortex in area 15 is thinner than in the rest of the insula and temporal lobe. The molecular layer (I) is
unusually wide; the external granular layer (II) and the external pyramidal layer (III) are less dense, and
the internal granular layer (IV) is totally absent, so that the medium-sized pyramidal cells of layer III and
the internal pyramidal layer (V) merge with a few isolated granular cells scattered at their boundary. The
multiform layer (VI) divides into a more densely cellular outer sublayer (VIa) and a less dense inner
sublayer (VIb). As in Brodmann area 14, the sublayer VIb merges with the adjacent claustrum. The cells
in all of layer VI form tangential rows similar to the formation seen in area 10 and area 11.[1]
Existence in Humans
Brodmann Area 15 is one of the areas that was not found in humans; however, at least once research
group has found an area in approximately the correct anatomical location with similar functions.[2]
Function
Area 15 is the cortical target of information coming through Hering's nerves.[3] It therefore receives
input from the carotid sinus relaying blood pressure and blood chemistry information to the brain.[4] The
nerve gets this information from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors located in the carotid artery. This
region has been shown to be active during panic attacks.[2]
Brodmann area 17
The term visual cortex refers to the primary visual cortex (also known as striate cortex or V1) and
extrastriate visual cortical areas such as V2, V3, V4, and V5. The primary visual cortex is anatomically
equivalent to Brodmann area 17, or BA17. Brodmann areas are based on a histological map of the
human brain created by Korbinian Brodmann.
Introduction
The primary visual cortex, V1, is the koniocortex (sensory type) located in and around the calcarine
fissure in the occipital lobe. It receives information directly from the lateral geniculate nucleus.

The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from primary visual
cortex.
V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the dorsal stream and the ventral stream:

The dorsal stream begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then to the dorsomedial area
and Visual area MT (also known as V5) and to the inferior parietal lobule. The dorsal stream,
sometimes called the "Where Pathway", is associated with motion, representation of object
locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide
saccades or reaching. [1]
The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through Visual area V2, then through Visual area V4,
and to the inferior temporal lobe. The ventral stream, sometimes called the "What Pathway", is
associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of
long-term memory.

The dichotomy of the dorsal/ventral pathways (also called the "where/what" or "action/perception"
streams) [1] was first defined by Ungerleider and Mishkin [2] and is still contentious among vision
scientists and psychologists. It is probably an over-simplification of the true state of affairs in the visual
cortex. It is based on the findings that visual illusions such as the Ebbinghaus illusion may distort
judgements of a perceptual nature, but when the subject responds with an action, such as grasping, no
distortion occurs. However, recent work [3] suggests that both the action and perception systems are
equally fooled by such illusions.
Neurons in the visual cortex fire action potentials when visual stimuli appear within their receptive field.
By definition, the receptive field is the region within the entire visual field which elicits an action
potential. But for any given neuron, it may respond to a subset of stimuli within its receptive field. This
property is called tuning. In the earlier visual areas, neurons have simpler tuning. For example, a neuron
in V1 may fire to any vertical stimulus in its receptive field. In the higher visual areas, neurons have
complex tuning. For example, in the inferior temporal cortex (IT), a neuron may only fire when a certain
face appears in its receptive field.
The visual cortex receives its blood supply primarily from the calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral
artery.

Primary visual cortex (V1)

The primary visual cortex is the best studied visual area in the brain. In all mammals studied, it is
located in the posterior pole of the occipital cortex (the occipital cortex is responsible for processing
visual stimuli). It is the simplest, earliest cortical visual area. It is highly specialized for processing
information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition.
The functionally defined primary visual cortex is approximately equivalent to the anatomically defined
striate cortex. The name "striate cortex" is derived from the stria of Gennari, a distinctive stripe visible
to the naked eye that represents myelinated axons from the lateral geniculate body terminating in layer
4 of the gray matter.
The primary visual cortex is divided into six functionally distinct layers, labelled 1 through 6. Layer 4,
which receives most visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), is further divided into 4
layers, labelled 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4C. Sublamina 4C receives most magnocellular input from the LGN,
while layer 4C receives input from parvocellular pathways.
Function
V1 has a very well-defined map of the spatial information in vision. For example, in humans the upper
bank of the calcarine sulcus responds strongly to the lower half of visual field (below the center), and
the lower bank of the calcarine to the upper half of visual field. Conceptually, this retinotopy mapping is
a transformation of the visual image from retina to V1. The correspondence between a given location in
V1 and in the subjective visual field is very precise: even the blind spots are mapped into V1.
Evolutionarily, this correspondence is very basic and found in most animals that possess a V1. In human
and animals with a fovea in the retina, a large portion of V1 is mapped to the small, central portion of
visual field, a phenomenon known as cortical magnification. Perhaps for the purpose of accurate spatial
encoding, neurons in V1 have the smallest receptive field size of any visual cortex regions.
The tuning properties of V1 neurons (what the neurons respond to) differ greatly over time. Early in
time (40 ms and further) individual V1 neurons have strong tuning to a small set of stimuli. That is, the
neuronal responses can discriminate small changes in visual orientations, spatial frequencies and colors.
Furthermore, individual V1 neurons in human and animals with binocular vision have ocular dominance,

namely tuning to one of the two eyes. In V1, and primary sensory cortex in general, neurons with similar
tuning properties tend to cluster together as cortical columns. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel proposed
the classic ice-cube organization model of cortical columns for two tuning properties: ocular dominance
and orientation. However, this model cannot accommodate the color, spatial frequency and many other
features to which neurons are tuned. The exact organization of all these cortical columns within V1
remains a hot topic of current research.
Current consensus seems to be that early responses of V1 neurons consists of tiled sets of selective
spatiotemporal filters. In the spatial domain, the functioning of V1 can be thought of as similar to many
spatially local, complex Fourier transforms. Theoretically, these filters together can carry out neuronal
processing of spatial frequency, orientation, motion, direction, speed (thus temporal frequency), and
many other spatiotemporal features. Experiments of V1 neurons substantiate these theories, but also
raise new questions.
Later in time (after 100 ms) neurons in V1 are also sensitive to the more global organisation of the scene
(Lamme & Roelfsema, 2000). These response properties probably stem from recurrent processing (the
influence of higher-tier cortical areas on lower-tier cortical areas) and lateral connections from
pyramidal neurons (Hupe et al 1998).
The visual information relayed to V1 is not coded in terms of spatial (or optical) imagery, but rather as
the local contrast. As an example, for an image comprising half side black and half side white, the divide
line between black and white has strongest local contrast and is encoded, while few neurons code the
brightness information (black or white per se). As information is further relayed to subsequent visual
areas, it is coded as increasingly non-local frequency/phase signals. Importantly, at these early stages of
cortical visual processing, spatial location of visual information is well preserved amid the local contrast
encoding.
Brodmann area 18

Brodmann area 18 is shown in orange in this image which also shows ares 17 (red) and 19 (yellow)
Human

Brodmann area 18, or BA18, is part of the occipital cortex in the human brain. It accounts for the bulk of
the volume of the occipital lobe.
This area is also known as parastriate area 18. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the cuneus, the lingual gyrus and
the lateral occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by the
striate area 17, from which it is distinguished by absence of a band of Gennari, and on the other by the
peristriate area 19 (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 19

Brodmann area 19 is shown in yellow in this image which also shows areas 17 (red) and 18 (orange)
Human
Brodmann area 19, or BA19, is part of the occipital lobe cortex in the human brain. Along with area 18,
it comprises the extrastriate (or peristriate) cortex. In normally-sighted humans, extrastriate cortex is a
visual association area, with feature-extracting, shape recognition, attentional, and multimodal
integrating functions.
This area is also known as peristriate area 19, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally
defined occipital region of cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in parts of the lingual gyrus, the
cuneus, the lateral occipital gyrus (H) and the superior occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe where it is
bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on one side by
the parastriate area 18 which it surrounds. Rostrally it is bounded by the angular area 39 (H) and the
occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
Function
Area 19 is a histologically delineated band anterolaterally abutting visual area 18. Single-cell
electrophysiological recordings from area 19 in the cat suggest sensitivity to motion-delineated forms;
recordings from primates have yielded varying results, indicating that this area may be a heterogeneous
collection of visual areas, with multiple incomplete representations of the visual scene.
In humans, this band putatively contains regions of the visual areas designated V3, V4, V5 (also known
as the middle temporal area, or MT) and V6 (also known as dorsomedial area) in the primate. Functional

magnetic resonance imaging shows the existence of various retinotopic maps within area 19. In general,
the diverse fields that comprise area 19 have reciprocal connections with areas 17 and 18, as well as
posterior parietal and inferior temporal association areas.
Area 19 has been noted to receive inputs from the retina via the superior colliculus and pulvinar, and
may contribute to the phenomenon of blindsight. In patients blind from a young age, the area has been
found to be activated by somatosensory stimuli.
Because of these findings, it is thought that area 19 is the differentiation point of the two visual streams,
of the 'what' and 'where' visual pathways. The dorsal region may contain motion-sensitive neurones,
and ventral areas may be specialised for object recognition.

Brodmann area 20

Human
Brodmann area 20, or BA20, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses
most of the ventral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in high-level visual processing and
recognition memory.
This area is also known as inferior temporal area 20, and it refers to a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds
approximately to the inferior temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded medially by the
ectorhinal area 36 (H), laterally by the middle temporal area 21, rostrally by the temporopolar area 38
(H) and caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Human
Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses
most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language.
Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40
and BA41.
This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal
gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20,
caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann1909).

Brodmann area 22
rodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in
auditory processing.
Human
Brodmann area 22 is a region of the human brain (the 22nd numbered Brodmann area). On the left side
of the brain this area helps with generation and understanding of individual words. On the right side of
the brain it helps tell the difference between melody, pitch, and sound intensity. Researchers believe
this part of the brain is active in processing language.
This area is also known as superior temporal area 22, and it refers to a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds
approximately to the lateral and caudal two thirds of the superior temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally
by the temporopolar area 38 (H), medially by the posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H),
ventrocaudally by the middle temporal area 21 and dorsocaudally by the supramarginal area 40 (H) and
the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
The posterior section of Brodmann area 22 is home to Wernicke's area (most commonly in the left
hemisphere only).

Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior
cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial
wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.
Human
This area is knows as ventral posterior cingulate area 23. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally
defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies most of the posterior cingulate
gyrus adjacent to the corpus callosum. At the caudal extreme it is bounded approximately by the
parieto-occipital sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded dorsally by the dorsal posterior cingulate area
31, rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and ventrorostrally in its caudal half by the
retrosplenial region (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 24

Brain: Brodmann area 24

Brodmann areas - Medial surface.
Part of

Cingulate gyrus

Artery

Anterior cerebral

NeuroNames

ancil-81

Brodmann area 24 is part of the anterior cingulate in the human brain.

Human
In the human this area is known as ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and it refers to a subdivision of
the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex (area cingularis anterior ventralis). It
occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of corpus callosum. Its outer
border corresponds approximately to the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by
the pregenual area 33, externally by the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, and caudally by the ventral
posterior cingulate area 23 and the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
Francis Crick, one of the discoverers of DNA, listed area 24 as the seat of free will because of its
centrality in abulia and amotivational syndromes.

Brodmann area 25
Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is an area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its
cytoarchitectonic characteristics. It is also called the subgenual area or area subgenualis. It is the 25th
"Brodmann area" defined by Korbinian Brodmann (thus its name). BA25 is located in the cingulate

region as a narrow band in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus.
The posterior parolfactory sulcus separates the paraterminal gyrus from BA25. Rostrally it is bound by
the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann. [1]
History
Brodman described this area as it is labeled now in 1909. Originally in 1905, Brodman labeled the area
as part of area 24. In 1909, he divided the area into area 24 and 25.[2]
Pathology
One study has noted that BA25 is metabolically overactive in treatment-resistant depression and has
found that chronic deep brain stimulation in the white matter adjacent to the area is a successful
treatment for some patients.[3]
ectosplenial area 26.
Human
In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the
retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus
adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29
(Brodmann-1909).
Guenon
Brodmann area 28 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of
cytoarchitecture. Brodmann regarded its location adjacent to the hippocampus as imprecisely
represented in the illustration of the cortex of the guenon brain in Brodmann-1909. It is located on the
medial aspect of the temporal lobe.
Human
In the human it and the dorsal entorhinal area 34 (H) together constitute approximately the entorhinal
area (Brodmann-1909).
Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905)
The molecular layer (I) is unusually wide; the external granular layer (II) contains nests of, for the most
part, multipolar cells: the external pyramidal layer (III) contains medium sized pyramidal cells which
merge with cells of the internal pyramidal layer (V); a clear cell free zone represents sublayer 5b of layer
V; the multiform layer is wide and has a less clear two sublayer structure; the internal granular layer (IV)
is totally absent.

Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion
of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the
isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and
externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30 (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the
isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the granular retrolimbic area
29, dorsally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and ventrolaterally by the ectorhinal area 36
(Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of
the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the
cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal
sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by
the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5
and caudally by the superior parietal area 7 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers
to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it
forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its
inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the
margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate
area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8,
granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09).
Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably
active during the Stroop task.

This area is known as dorsal entorhinal area 34. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
hippocampal region of the human cerebral cortex. It is located in the entorhinal area on the medial
aspect of the temporal lobe. It and the entorhinal area 28 together constitute approximately the
entorhinal area (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 35, together with Brodmann area 36, is most frequently referred to as perirhinal cortex.
Human
This area is known as perirhinal area 35. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located along the rhinal sulcus.
Cytoarchitectually it is bounded medially by the entorhinal area 28 and laterally by the ectorhinal area
36 (H).
This area learned to select reward object.

Ectorhinal area 36 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex.
With its medial boundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus it is located primarily in the
fusiform gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally and caudally by the inferior temporal area 20,
medially by the perirhinal area 35 and rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
Together with Brodmann area 35, it comprises the perirhinal cortex.

Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain.
This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus
and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the
temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally
by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21 and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the
hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 38, or BA38, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. BA 38 is at the anterior
end of the temporal lobe, known as the temporal pole.
This area is also known as temporopolar area 38 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined
temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the most rostral portions of the superior
temporal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the inferior
temporal area 20, the middle temporal area 21, the superior temporal area 22 and the ectorhinal area
36 (Brodmann-1909).

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Brodmann area 39, or BA39, is part of the parietalcortex in the human brain. BA39 encompasses the
angular gyrus, lying near to the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes.
This area is also known as angular area 39 (H). It corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the
caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus. Dorsally it is bounded approximately by the intraparietal
sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the supramarginal area 40 (H), dorsally and caudally
by the peristriate area 19, and ventrally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 39 plays a role in semantic aphasia. It was regarded by Alexander Luria as a part of the
temporo-parieto-occipital area, which includes Brodmann area 40, Brodmann area 19, and Brodmann
area 37.

Brain:

Brodmann area 40

Drawing of a cast to illustrate the relations of the

brain to the skull. (Supramarginal gyrus labeled at
upper left, in yellow section.)
Latin

gyrus
supramarginalis

NeuroNames

ancil-68

Dorlands/Elsevier

g_13/12405503

Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40
is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the
inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe.
It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior
subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39
(H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and
the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909).
The parietal operculum (PO)
Anatomy
This region, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the
secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal
ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and
area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas.
Function
Single cell recording in primates show neurons with larger receptive fields than primary somatosensory
cortex, responding to bilateral tactile stimuli, and showing attentional modulation.
In humans, PO is activated during somatosensory stimulation, texture discrimination tasks, and in motor
tasks involving sensory feedback. It is also involved in tactile learning and memory, and may also
perform co-ordinate transformations from the somatotopic to other spatial frames.
Additional images

Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from above

Brain: Primary auditory cortex

Brodmann areas 41 & 42 of the human brain.

The Primary Auditory Cortex is highlighted in

magenta, and has been known to interact with all
areas highlighted on this neural map.

NeuroNames

ancil428

The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory
(sound) information.
Function of the Primary Auditory Cortex
As with other primary sensory cortical areas, auditory sensations reach perception only if received and
processed by a cortical area. Evidence for this comes from lesion studies in human patients who have
sustained damage to cortical areas through tumors or strokes, or from animal experiments in which
cortical areas were deactivated by cooling or locally applied drug treatment. Damage to the Primary
Auditory Cortex in humans leads to a loss of any 'awareness' of sound, but an ability to react reflexively

to sounds remains as there is a great deal of subcortical processing in the auditory brainstem and
midbrain.
Neurons in the auditory cortex are organised according to the frequency of sound to which they respond
best. Neurons at one end of the auditory cortex respond best to low frequencies; neurons at the other
respond best to high frequencies. There are multiple auditory areas (much like the multiple areas in the
visual cortex), which can be distinguished anatomically and on the basis that they contain a complete
"frequency map." The purpose of this frequency map (known as a tonotopic map) is unknown and is
likely to reflect the fact that the sensory epithelium of the auditory system, the cochlea, is arranged
according to sound frequency. The auditory cortex is involved in tasks such as identifying and
segregating auditory "objects" and identifying the location of a sound in space.
Human brain scans have indicated that a peripheral bit of this brain region is active when trying to
identify musical pitch. Individual cells consistently get excited by sounds at specific frequencies, or
multiples of that frequency.
The primary auditory cortex is about the same as Brodmann areas 41 and 42. It lies in the posterior half
of the superior temporal gyrus and also dives into the lateral sulcus as the transverse temporal gyri (also
called Heschl's gyri).
The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe. There are additional areas of the human
cerebral cortex that are involved in processing sound, in the frontal and parietal lobes. Animal studies
indicate that auditory fields of the cerebral cortex receive ascending input from the auditory thalamus,
and that they are interconnected on the same and on the opposite cerebral hemispheres.The auditory
cortex is composed of fields, which differ from each other in both structure and function.[1]
The number of fields varies in different species, from as few as 2 in rodents to as many as 15 in the
rhesus monkey. The number, location, and organization of fields in the human auditory cortex are not
known at this time. What is known about the human auditory cortex comes from a base of knowledge
gained from studies in mammals, including primates, used to interpret electrophysiologic tests and
functional imaging studies of the brain in humans.
When each instrument of the symphony orchestra or the jazz band plays the same note, the quality of
each sound is different but the musician perceives each note as having the same pitch. The neurons
of the auditory cortex of the brain are able to respond to pitch. Studies in the marmoset monkey have
shown that pitch-selective neurons are located in a cortical region near the anterolateral border of the
primary auditory cortex. This location of a pitch-selective area has also been identified in recent
functional imaging studies in humans.[2][3]
The auditory cortex does not just receive input from lower centers and the ear, but also provides it.
Brodmann area 41
This area is also known as anterior transverse temporal area 41 (H). It is a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally-defined temporal region of cerebral cortex, occupying the anterior transverse
temporal gyrus (H) in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe.
Brodmann area 41 is bounded medially by the parainsular area 52 (H) and laterally by the posterior
transverse temporal area 42 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 42
This area is also known as posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H). It is a subdivision of the
cytoarchitecturally-defined temporal region of cerebral cortex, located in the bank of the lateral sulcus
on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Brodmann area 42 is bounded medially by the anterior
transverse temporal area 41 (H) and laterally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909).
Relationship to auditory system

Areas of localization on lateral surface of hemisphere. Motor area in red. Area of general sensations in
blue. Auditory area in green. Visual area in yellow.
The auditory cortex is the most highly organized processing unit of sound in the brain. This cortex area is
the neural crux of hearing, and, in humans, language and music.
The auditory cortex is divided into three separate parts, the primary, secondary and tertiary auditory
cortex. These structures are formed concentrically around one another, with the primary AC in the
middle and the tertiary AC on the outside.
The primary auditory cortex is organized, which means that certain cells in the auditory cortex are
sensitive to specific frequencies. This is a fascinating function which has been preserved throughout
most of the audition circuit. This area of the brain is thought to identify the fundamental elements of
music, such as pitch and loudness.[4] This makes sense as this is the area which receives direct input
from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. The secondary auditory cortex has been indicated
in the processing of harmonic, melodic and rhythmic patterns.[4] The tertiary auditory cortex
supposedly integrates everything into the overall experience of music.[4]
An evoked response study of congenitally deaf kittens by Klinke et al. utilized field potentials to measure

cortical plasticity in the auditory cortex. These kittens were stimulated and measured against a control
or un-stimulated CDC and normal hearing cats. The field potentials measured for artificially stimulated
CDC was eventually much stronger than that of a normal hearing cat.[5] This is in concordance with
Eckart Altenmullers study where it was observed that students who received musical instruction had
greater cortical activation than those who did not.[6]
The auditory cortex exhibits some strange behavior pertaining to the gamma wave frequency. When
subjects are exposed to three or four cycles of a 40 hertz click, an abnormal spike appears in the EEG
data, which is not present for other stimuli. The spike in neuronal activity correlating to this frequency is
not restrained to the tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex. It has been theorized that this is a
resonant frequency of certain areas of the brain, and appears to affect the visual cortex as well.[7]
Gamma band activation (20 to 40 Hz) has been shown to be present during the perception of sensory
events and the process of recognition. Kneif et al, in their 2000 study, presented subjects with eight
musical notes to well known tunes, such as Yankee Doodle and Frere Jacques. Randomly, the sixth and
seventh notes were omitted and an electroencephalogram, as well as a magnetoencephalogram were
each employed to measure the neural results. Specifically, the presence of gamma waves, induced by
the auditory task at hand, were measured from the temples of the subjects. The OSP response, or
omitted stimulus response, was located in a slightly different position; 7 mm more anterior, 13 mm
more medial and 13 mm more superior in respect to the complete sets. The OSP recordings were also
characteristically lower in gamma waves, as compared to the complete musical set. The evoked
responses during the sixth and seventh omitted notes are assumed to be imagined, and were
characteristically different, especially in the right hemisphere.[8] The right auditory cortex has long been
shown to be more sensitive to tonality, while the left auditory cortex has been shown to be more
sensitive to minute sequential differences in sound specifically speech.
Hallucinations have been shown to produce oscillations which are parallel (although not exactly the
same as) the gamma frequency range. Sperling showed in his 2004 study that auditory hallucinations
produce band wavelengths in the range of 12.5-30 Hz. The bands occurred in the left auditory cortex of
a schizophrenic and were controlled against 13 controls (18) . This aligns with the studies of people
remembering a song in their minds; they do not perceive any sound, but experience the melody, rhythm
and overall experience of sound. When schizophrenics experience hallucinations, it is the primary
auditory cortex which becomes active. This is characteristically different from remembering a sound
stimulus, which only faintly activates the tertiary auditory cortex.[9] By deduction, an artificial stimulation
of the primary auditory cortex should elicit an incredibly real auditory hallucination. The termination of
all audition and music into the tertiary auditory cortex creates a fascinating nexus of aural information.
If this theory is true, it would be interesting to study a subject with a damaged, TAC or one with
artificially suppressed function. This would be very difficult to do as the tertiary cortex is simply a ring
around the secondary, which is a ring around the primary AC.
Tone is perceived in more places than just the auditory cortex; one specifically fascinating area is the
rostromedial prefrontal cortex.[10] Janata et al, in their 2002 study, used an fMRI machine to study the
areas of the brain which were active during tonality processing. The result of which displayed several
areas which are not normally considered to be part of the audition process. The rostromedial prefrontal
cortex is a subsection of the medial prefrontal cortex, which projects to the amygdala, and is thought to
aid in the inhibition of negative emotion.[11] The medial prefrontal cortex is thought to be the core
developmental difference between the impulsive teenager and the calm adult. The rostromedial
prefrontal cortex is tonality sensitive, meaning it is activated by the tones and frequencies of resonant

sounds and music. It could be hypothesized that this is the mechanism by which music ameliorates the
soul (or, if one prefers, the limbic system)

Human
In the human subcentral area 43 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined postcentral region of
cerebral cortex. It occupies the postcentral gyrus and the precentral gyrus between the ventrolateral
extreme of the central sulcus and the depth of the lateral sulcus at the insula. Its rostral and caudal
borders are approximated by the anterior subcentral sulcus (H) and the posterior subcentral sulcus
respectively. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the agranular frontal area 6 and caudally, for
the most part, by the caudal postcentral area 2 and the supramarginal area 40 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
One of the functions is as the "gustatory cortical area".

Brodmann area 44, or BA44, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to
premotor cortex (BA6) and on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9.
This area is also known as pars opercularis (of the inferior frontal gyrus), and it refers to a subdivision of
the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds
approximately to the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Thus, it is bounded caudally by the
inferior precentral sulcus (H) and rostrally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H). It
surrounds the diagonal sulcus (H). In the depth of the lateral sulcus it borders on the insula.
Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally and dorsally by the agranular frontal area 6, dorsally by the
granular frontal area 9 and rostrally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral
surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46.
This area is also known as pars triangular (of the inferior frontal gyrus). In the human, it occupies the
triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus
(H), a portion of the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending
limb of lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus.
Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44 (BA44), rostrodorsally by the
middle frontal area 46 (BA46) and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (BA47) (Brodmann-1909).
Functions
Together with BA 44 it comprises Broca's area, a region which is active in semantic tasks, such as
semantic decision tasks (does this word represent an abstract or concrete entity?) and generation tasks
(generate a verb associated to a noun).
The precise role of BA45 in semantic tasks remains controversial. For some researchers, its role would
be to subserve semantic retrieval or semantic working memory processes. Under this view, BA44 and
BA45 would together guide recovery of semantic information and evaluate the recovered information
with regards to the criterion appropriate to a given context [1][2]. A slightly modified account of this view
is that activation of BA45 is needed only under controlled semantic retrieval, when strong stimulusstimulus associations are absent [3]. For other researchers, BA45's role is not restricted to semantics per
se, but to all activities which require task-relevant representations from among competing
representations

Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is sandwiched between
BA10 and BA45.
This area is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of
the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46
roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), though the borders of area 46 are
based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal
area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex.
Cytoarchitecturally, area 46 it is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the
frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy
between the exetent of Brodman's area 8 (1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940)[1]
Function
The DLPFC plays a role in sustaining attention and working memory. Lesions to the DLPFC impair shortterm memory and cause difficulty inhibiting responses. Lesions may also eliminate much of the ability to
make judgements about what's relevant and what's not

Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral
surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and
beside BA11.

This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal
portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal
gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the
prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909).
It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as "Area 12" in the monkey, and therefore,
following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as
"BA47/12."
BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently
in musical syntax

Retrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the

cerebral cortex.
In the human it is located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded
rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum. While described by Brodmann
(Brodman-09), it was not included in his areal maps of human cortex (Brodmann-1909; Brodmann-10).

Parainsular area 52 (H) is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral
cortex.
It is located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Its medial
boundary corresponds approximately to the junction between the temporal lobe and the insula.
Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally by the anterior transverse temporal area 41 (H) (Brodmann1909).

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