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Abstract
In this paper, a new algorithm for calculating Adomian polynomials for nonlinear
operators will be established by parametrization. The algorithm requires less formula
than the previous method developed by Adomian [Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations, Academic Press, 1986, G. Adomian, R. Rach, On composite nonlinearities and
decomposition method. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 113 (1986) 504509, G. Adomian, Applications of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems Theory to Physics, Kluwer, 1988]. Many forms
of nonlinearity will be studied to illustrate the new algorithm. The new algorithm will be
extended to calculate Adomian polynomials for nonlinearity of several variables.
2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Adomian decomposition method; Adomian polynomials; Nonlinear operators; Nonlinearity of several variables
1. Introduction
The Adomian decomposition method [13] has been applied to a large
class of linear and nonlinear problems in mathematics, physics, biology and
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ygzhu@amss.ac.cn (Y. Zhu).
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2004.09.082
403
chemistry. For many problems, the decomposition method has shown reliable
results in providing analytical approximation that converges rapidly. It is well
known that the Adomian decomposition method decomposes the term u(x, t)
into an innite sum of components un(x, t) dened by
1
X
ux; t
un x; t:
1
n0
And the decomposition method decomposes the nonlinear term F(u(x, t))
into A0(u0) + A1(u0, u1) + A2(u0, u1, u2) + , that is
1
X
An u0 ; u1 ; . . . ; un ;
2
F ux; t
n0
3
:
n
n
ok
ok
okn
k0
k0
Proof 1. Since
1
n
1
X
X
X
kk uk
kk uk
kk uk ;
uk
k0
k0
kn1
k0
404
okn k0
okn
okn
k0
k0
P
on F nk0 kk uk
:
okn
k0
Therefore, we obtain
P1 k
on F
on F uk
k0 k uk
n
ok
okn
k0
on F
Pn
k0 k
n
ok
k0
uk
k0
So we have
F uk F
1
X
!
k
k uk
k0
1
X
k k Ak :
k0
In order to obtain An, we give n-order derivative of both sides of (5) with respect to k and let k = 0, that is
P1 k
on
on F uk
k0 k Ak
6
:
okn k0
okn
k0
okn k0
okn
k0
and
on
P1
k0 k
n
ok
Ak
So
on F
Pn
k0 k
n
ok
on
Pn
ok
k0
uk
k0
k0 k
n
on
Pn
Ak
k0 k
n
ok
:
k0
Ak
k0
405
For (9) when n = 0, we can get A0; when n = 1, we can obtain A1; go on this
course, we will get A2, A3, . . ., An1, An.
The following is the algorithm for calculating A0, A1, A2, . . ., An1, An:
Step 1: Input nonlinear term Nu = F(u) and n that is the order of Adomian
polynomials
Step 2: Set uP= u0 + ku1 + k2u2 + + knun
Step 3: Let nk0 kk Ak F u0 ku1 k2 u2 kn un
Step 4: For i = 0, 1, . . ., n do
(a) ith-order derivative of both sides of the above equality with respect to k:
Pn k
oi
oF u0 ku1 k2 u2 kn un
k0 k Ak
:
10
oki
oki
(b) For (10), let k = 0 and determine Ai by solving the equation with respect to
A i.
End do.
Step 5: Output A0, A1, . . ., An.
11
By (5) we have
1
X
2
kk Ak u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3 k4 u4 k5 u5
12
k0
k0
406
If we give two-order derivative of the two sides of (12) with respect to k and let
k = 0, by (9) we have
o2 A0 A1 k A2 k2
o2 u0 ku1 k2 u2 2
14
;
ok2
ok2
k0
k0
that is
2A2 2u21 4u0 u2
so
A2 u21 2u0 u2 :
If we give three-order derivative of the two sides of (12) with respect to k and
let k = 0, by (9) we have
2
o3 A0 A1 k A2 k2 A3 k3
o3 u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3
15
;
ok3
ok3
k0
k0
6A3 12u0 u3 12u1 u2 ;
A3 2u0 u3 2u1 u2 :
If four-order derivative of the two sides of (12) with respect to k is given and let
k = 0, by (9) we have
o4 A0 A1 k A2 k2 A3 k3 A4 k4
ok4
k0
2
4
2
3
4
o u0 ku1 k u2 k u3 k u4
16
;
ok4
k0
ok5
k0
407
17
By (5) we have
1
X
kk Ak u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3
k0
u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3
18
k0
k0
20
that is
2A2 6u0 u21 6u20 u2 2u21 4u0 u2
so
A2 3u0 u21 3u20 u2 u21 2u0 u2 :
408
; 21
ok3
k0
6A3 6u31 36u0 u1 u2 18u20 u3 12u0 u3 12u1 u2 ;
A3 u31 6u0 u1 u2 3u20 u3 2u0 u3 2u1 u2 :
Go on as the above, we will get A4, A5, . . .
3.2. Case of nonlinear derivatives
Example 1. For F(u) = uuxuxx, determine A0, A1, A2, A3, . . .
We rst set
uk
1
X
kk uk :
22
k0
By (5), we have
1
X
k0
k k Ak
1
X
!
kk uk
k0
1
X
k0
1
X
kk uk
x
k0
!
kk uk
23
xx
409
k0
k0
k0
k0
xx
25
Using the new algorithm, the Adomian polynomials for F u
are thus given by
uu2x
uuxx 2
A0 u0 u20x u0 u0xx ;
A1 u1 u20x 2u0 u0x u1x 2u0 u20xx u1 2u20 u0xx u1xx ;
A2 u2 u20x 2u1 u0x u1x u0 u21x 2u0 u0x u2x u21 u20xx 4u0 u0xx u1 u1xx
2u0 u20xx u2 u20 u21xx 2u20 u0xx u2xx ; . . .
3.3. Case of trigonometric and hyperbolic nonlinearity
Example 1. F P
u sin u sin2 ucos2 u.
k
Let uk 1
k0 k uk , by (5) we have
!
!
!
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
k
k
k
k
2
2
k Ak sin
k uk sin
k uk cos
k uk :
k0
k0
k0
26
k0
410
Example 2. FP
u sinh2 u sinh u cosh u.
k
Set uk 1
k0 k uk , by (5) we have
!
!
!
1
1
1
1
X
X
X
X
k
k
k
k
2
k Ak sin h
k uk sin h
k uk cosh
k uk :
k0
k0
k0
27
k0
28
k0
Using the new algorithm, we can obtain the Adomian polynomials for
F(u) = eu as followings:
A0 e u 0 ;
A1 u 1 e u 0 ;
1
A2 u2 eu0 u21 eu0 ;
2
1
A3 u3 eu0 u1 u2 eu0 u31 eu0 ;
6
1
1
1
u0
u0
A4 u4 e u1 u3 e u22 eu0 u2 u21 eu0 u41 eu0 ;
2
2
24
...
411
29
k0
Using the new algorithm, the Adomian polynomials for F(u) = ln u + eu are
thus given by the followings:
A0 ln u0 eu0 ;
u1
A1 u 1 e u 0 ;
u0
u2
u2
1
A2 12 u2 eu0 u21 eu0 ;
2
u0 2u0
3
u3 u1 u2
u
1
A3 2 13 u3 eu0 u1 u2 eu0 u31 eu0 ;
6
u0
u0
3u0
...
3.5. Case of composite nonlinearity
2u
Example 1. F u esin 2 .
Set u = u0 + ku1 + k2u2 + k3u3 + , by (5) we have
1
2
3
X
2 u0 ku1 k u2 k u3
2
kk Ak esin
;
30
k0
A0 esin 2 :
If we give one-order derivative of both sides of (30) with respect to k and let
k = 0, using (9) we have
2 u0 ku1
oA0 A1 k
oesin 2
;
ok
ok
k0
k0
A1 u1 esin
2 u0
2
sin
u0
u0
cos :
2
2
If two-order derivative of two sides of (30) with respect to k is given and let
k = 0, by (9) we have
2
2 u0 ku1 k u2
2
o2 A0 A1 k A2 k2
o2 esin
;
2
2
ok
ok
k0
k0
412
2 u0
2 u0
u21 sin2 u0 2 u0
u0 u2
u0 u2
u0
2 sin
e
cos2 1 esin 2 cos2 1 esin 2 sin2
2
2
2
4
2
4
2
u
u0
u0
sin2 20
u2 e
sin cos :
2
2
If give three-order derivative of two sides of (30) with respect to k and let k = 0,
by (9) we have
2
3
2 u0 ku1 k u2 k u3
2
o3 A0 A1 k A2 k2 A3 k3
o3 esin
:
3
3
ok
ok
k0
A2
k0
2 u0
2 u0
u0
u0
u0
3
u0
sin esin 2 3u1 u2 cos2 esin 2 u31 sin
2
2
2
2
2
u
2 u0
u0 sin2 u0
3
u0
u0
2 u0 sin2 20
2 3u u sin
e
e
u31 sin3 cos esin 2
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
u0
2
u0
u0 sin2 u0
u
u
u0
0
2 0
2 6u u sin
cos2 esin 2 u31 sin3
6u3 sin cos e
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 u0
u
0
cos3 esin 2 :
2
cos3
So
2 u0
2 u0
1
u0
u0
1
u0
1
u0
A3 u31 cos sin esin 2 u1 u2 cos2 esin 2 u31 sin
6
2
4
2
2
2
2
cos3
2 u0
2 u0
u0 sin2 u0 1
u0
1
u0
u0
2
u1 u2 sin2 esin 2 u31 sin3 cos esin 2
e
2
4
2
2
2
2
u3 sin
cos3
2 u0
2 u0
u0
u0
u0
u0
1
u0
cos esin 2 u1 u2 sin2 cos2 esin 2 u31 sin3
6
2
2
2
2
2
u0 sin2 u0
2:
e
2
413
e
e ;
2u0
2u0
A2 u21 esin u0 2u0 u21 cos u0 esin u0 2u0 u2 esin u0
1
u20 u21 sin u0 esin u0 u20 u2 cos u0 esin u0
2
1
1
1
u20 u21 esin u0 u20 u21 sin2 u0 esin u0 eu0 u21 ln u0
2
2
4
1
1
1
1 u2 1 u2
u21 ln u0 eu0 eu0 u2 ln u0 u2 ln u0 eu0 eu0 1 1 eu0
4
2
2
2 u0 2 u0
...
o u 2
Example 1. F u oxoy
, determine A0, A1, A2, A3, . . .
At rst, set u = u0 + ku1 + k2u2 + k3u3 + , from (5) we have
2
2
1
2
2
X
o u0
o2 u1
k
2 o u2
3 o u3
k
k
k
:
k Ak
oxoy
oxoy
oxoy
oxoy
k0
31
2
2
o u0
o2 u1
o oxoy k oxoy
oA0 A1 k
;
ok
ok
k0
k0
414
A1 2
o2 u0 o2 u1
:
oxoy oxoy
If give two-order derivative of both sides of (31) with respect to k and let
k = 0, by (9) we have
2
2 o2 u0
2 o2 u2
o2 u1
2
2
o
k
oxoy
oxoy
oxoy
o A0 A1 k A2 k
;
ok2
ok2
k0
k0
2A2 2
o2 u1
oxoy
4
o2 u0
oxoy
o2 u2
;
oxoy
that is
A2
o2 u1
oxoy
2
2
o2 u0 o2 u2
:
oxoy oxoy
If give three-order derivative of both sides of (31) with respect to k and let
k = 0, by (9) we can get
2
3 o2 u0
2 o2 u2
3 o2 u3
o2 u1
3
2
3
o
k
oxoy
oxoy
oxoy
oxoy
o A0 A1 k A2 k A3 k
;
3
ok3
ok
k0
k0
6A3 12
o2 u1
oxoy
o2 u2
oxoy
12
o2 u0
oxoy
o2 u3
;
oxoy
that is
A3 2
o2 u1 o2 u2
o2 u0 o2 u3
2
:
oxoy oxoy
oxoy oxoy
o u
Example 2. For F u u2 oxoyoz
, determine A0, A1, A2, A3,. . .,
At rst, we let
u u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3
from (5), we have
1
X
kk Ak u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3 2
k0
o3 u0 ku1 k2 u2 k3 u3
:
oxoyoz
32
415
Let k = 0, we have
A0 u20
o3 u0
:
oxoyoz
If one-order derivative of both sides of (32) with respect to k is given and let
k = 0, by (9) we have
2 3 0 ku1
o u0 ku1 o u
oxoyoz
oA0 A1 k
;
ok
ok
k0
k0
A1 2u0 u1
o3 u0
o3 u1
u20
:
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
If give two-order derivative of the two sides of (32) with respect to k and let
k = 0, by (9) we get
2 o3 u0 ku1 k2 u2
2
2
2
2
o
u
ku
k
u
0
1
2
oxoyoz
o A0 A1 k A2 k
;
2
2
ok
ok
k0
k0
2A2 2u21
A2 u21
o3 u0
o3 u1
o3 u0
o3 u2
4u0 u1
4u0 u2
2u20
;
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
o3 u0
o3 u1
o3 u0
o3 u2
2u0 u1
2u0 u2
u20
:
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
If give three-order derivative of both sides of (32) with respect to k and let
k = 0, by (9) we can obtain
o3 A0 A1 k A2 k2 A3 k3
ok3
k0
2
3
2 3
3
2
1 k u2 k u3
o u0 ku1 k u2 k3 u3 o u0 kuoxoyoz
:
3
ok
k0
o3 u0
o3 u 1
o3 u2
o3 u1
6u21
12u0 u1
12u0 u2
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
12u0 u3
o3 u0
o3 u3
6u20
:
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
416
Thus
A3 2u1 u2
o3 u0
o3 u1
o3 u2
o3 u1
u21
2u0 u1
2u0 u2
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
2u0 u3
o3 u0
o3 u3
u20
:
oxoyoz
oxoyoz
References
[1] G. Adomian, Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations, Academic Press, 1986.
[2] G. Adomian, R. Rach, On composite nonlinearities and decomposition method, J. Math. Anal.
Appl. 113 (1986) 504509.
[3] G. Adomian, Applications of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems Theory to Physics, Kluwer, 1988.
[4] R. Rach, A convenient computational form for the Adomian polynomials, J. Math. Anal. Appl.
102 (1984) 415419.
[5] V. Seng, K. Abbaoui, Y. Cherruault, Adomians polynomials for nonlinear operators, Math.
Comput. Model. 24 (1996) 5965.
[6] K. Abbaooui, Y. Cherruault, Convergence of Adomians method applied to dierential
equations, Comput. Math. Appl. 102 (1999) 7786.
[7] A.M. Wazwaz, The decomposition method for approximate solution of the Goursat problem,
Appl. Math. Comput. 69 (1995) 299311.
[8] A.M. Wazwaz, A new algorithm for calculating Adomian polynomials for nonlinear operators,
Appl. Math. Comput. 111 (2000) 5369.