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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Manual Contents
Volume 1
Part 1: General Information and Index of Signs
Part 2: General Road Signs
Part 3: Signs Relating to Specific Types of Roads and Road Users
Part 4: Information and Direction Signs
Part 5: Traffic Signals

Volume 2
Part 6: Road Markings
Part 7: Design Guide for Traffic Signs
Part 8: Road Signs and Markings Specifications
Part 9: Traffic Control Devices for Works on Roads and Temporary Traffic Management

Volume 3
CAD Drawings

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Volume 1
Part 1: General Information and Index of Signs
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. v
1

General Information ..................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Requirements and Purpose of Traffic Control Devices................................................ 1
1.2 Standardization of Application and Design ................................................................. 2
1.3 Approval for Placement ............................................................................................... 3
1.4 New Signs..................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Advertising Signs .......................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Dual Language Signs .................................................................................................... 3
1.7 Classification ................................................................................................................ 4
1.7.1
Traffic Control Classification ........................................................................ 4
1.7.2
Route Classification ...................................................................................... 5
1.8 Traffic Controls for General Use .................................................................................. 5
1.8.1
The Function and Classification of Signs ...................................................... 5
1.8.2
Excessive Use of Signs .................................................................................. 5
1.8.3
Design of Signs ............................................................................................. 6
1.8.4
Retroreflectivity and Illumination ................................................................ 6
1.8.5
Maintaining Minimum Reflectivity............................................................... 7
1.8.6
Sign Shapes................................................................................................... 8
1.8.7
Sign Colors .................................................................................................... 9
1.8.8
Dimensions ................................................................................................. 10
1.8.9
Symbols ...................................................................................................... 10
1.8.10 Word Messages .......................................................................................... 11
1.8.11 Messages Containing Numerals ................................................................. 11
1.8.12 Sign Borders ............................................................................................... 11
1.8.13 Sign Conspicuity ......................................................................................... 11
1.8.14 Standardization of Location ....................................................................... 12
1.8.15 Overhead Sign Installations........................................................................ 16
1.8.16 Mounting Height ........................................................................................ 17
1.8.17 Lateral Clearance ........................................................................................ 17
1.8.18 Orientation ................................................................................................. 18
1.8.19 Mounting Signs........................................................................................... 20
1.8.20 Gantry Mounted Signs ............................................................................... 21
1.8.21 Sign Backgrounds ....................................................................................... 21
1.8.22 Maintenance of Signs ................................................................................. 22

Index of Signs ............................................................................................................. 23

2.1 Sign Numbering System ............................................................................................. 23
2.2 Regulatory Signs ........................................................................................................ 23

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2.2.1
General ....................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2
Sign Function .............................................................................................. 23
2.2.3
Sub-Classification of Regulatory Signs ........................................................ 24
2.2.4
Index of Regulatory Signs ........................................................................... 24
2.3 Warning Signs ............................................................................................................ 34
2.3.1
General ....................................................................................................... 34
2.3.2
Sign Function .............................................................................................. 35
2.3.3
Index of Warning Signs ............................................................................... 35
Signs for Intersections, Interchanges, and Ramps on Expressways and Freeways............. 43
2.4.1
General ....................................................................................................... 43
2.4.2
Index of Signs for Intersections, Interchanges, and Ramps on
Expressways and Freeways ........................................................................ 43
2.5 Signs for Auxiliary Lanes............................................................................................. 44
2.5.1
General ....................................................................................................... 44
2.5.2
Index of Signs for Auxiliary Lanes ............................................................... 44
2.6 Signs for Toll Roadways ............................................................................................. 45
2.6.1
General ....................................................................................................... 45
2.6.2
Index of Signs for Toll Roadways ................................................................ 45
2.7 Pedestrian Control, Protection, and Facilities ........................................................... 46
2.7.1
General ....................................................................................................... 46
2.7.2
Index of Signs for Pedestrian Control, Protection, and Facilities ............... 46
2.8 Bike Control and Facilities .......................................................................................... 47
2.8.1
General ....................................................................................................... 47
2.8.2
Index of Signs for Bike Control and Facilities ............................................. 48
2.9 Local Area Traffic Management ................................................................................. 50
2.9.1
General ....................................................................................................... 50
2.9.2
Index of Signs for Local Area Traffic Management .................................... 50
2.10 School Zones .............................................................................................................. 50
2.10.1 General ....................................................................................................... 50
2.10.2 Index of Signs for School Zones .................................................................. 50
2.11 Bus Lanes and Facilities.............................................................................................. 52
2.11.1 General ....................................................................................................... 52
2.11.2 Index of Signs for Bus Lanes and Facilities ................................................. 52
2.12 High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes................................................................................... 54
2.12.1 General ....................................................................................................... 54
2.12.2 Index of Signs for High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes ...................................... 54
2.13 Truck, Freight Lanes, and Facilities ............................................................................ 56
2.13.1 General ....................................................................................................... 56
2.13.2 Index of Signs for Truck, Freight Lanes, and Facilities ................................ 56
2.14 Tram or Light Rail Transit Crossings and Facilities ..................................................... 59
2.14.1 General ....................................................................................................... 59
2.14.2 Index of Signs for Tram or LRT Crossings and Facilities .............................. 59
2.15 Railway or Metro Line Crossings and Facilities .......................................................... 60

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2.16

2.17
2.18
2.19

2.15.1 General ....................................................................................................... 60

2.15.2 Index of Signs for Railway or Metro Line Crossings and Facilities ............. 61
Guide Signs ................................................................................................................ 62
2.16.1 General ....................................................................................................... 62
2.16.2 Index of Guide Signs ................................................................................... 62
Service Symbols for Guide Signs ................................................................................ 71
Tourist Symbols for Guide Signs ................................................................................ 73
Works on Road and Temporary Management Signs ................................................. 75
2.19.1 Index of Works on Road and Temporary Management Signs ................... 75

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 91

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Part 2: General Road Signs

Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................... viii
1

Introduction .................................................................................................................1
1.1 Primary Definitions ...................................................................................................... 1

Regulatory Signs ...........................................................................................................3

2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Mandatory Signs .......................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Prohibitory Signs .......................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Supplementary Plates .................................................................................................. 3
2.5 Sign Sizes and Siting Requirements ............................................................................. 4
2.5.1
Placement of Regulatory Signs ..................................................................... 7
2.6 Sign Mounting .............................................................................................................. 7
2.7 Legal ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.8 STOP and GIVE WAY Signs ........................................................................................... 7
2.8.1
The STOP Sign ............................................................................................... 8
2.8.2
The GIVE WAY Sign ..................................................................................... 10
2.9 Mandatory Signs ........................................................................................................ 11
2.9.1
Compact Roundabout................................................................................. 12
2.9.2
Turn Right (Left).......................................................................................... 12
2.9.3
Single Diverge ............................................................................................. 12
2.9.4
Multiple Diverge ......................................................................................... 13
2.9.5
Turn Right (Left) Ahead .............................................................................. 13
2.9.6
Keep Right (Left) ......................................................................................... 15
2.9.7
Pass Either Side........................................................................................... 16
2.9.8
One-Way Roadway ..................................................................................... 16
2.9.9
Ahead Only ................................................................................................. 17
2.9.10 U-Turn......................................................................................................... 17
2.9.11 Posted Speeds ............................................................................................ 18
2.9.12 Priority of Passage ...................................................................................... 18
2.10 Prohibitory Signs ........................................................................................................ 19
2.10.1 Prohibition of Turning ................................................................................ 20
2.10.2 Prohibition of Entry Signs ........................................................................... 21
2.10.3 No Entry ...................................................................................................... 21
2.10.4 No Overtaking............................................................................................. 21
2.10.5 End of No Overtaking ................................................................................. 23
2.10.6 No Motor Vehicles ...................................................................................... 23
2.10.7 No Buses ..................................................................................................... 24
2.10.8 No Trucks .................................................................................................... 24
2.10.9 No Entry by any Power-Driven Vehicle Drawing a Trailer other than a
Semi-Trailer or Single-Axle Trailer .............................................................. 25
2.10.10 Axle Load Limit ........................................................................................... 25

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2.11

2.12
2.13
2.14

2.15

2.16
3

2.10.11 Weight Limit ............................................................................................... 25

2.10.12 Height Limit ................................................................................................ 26
2.10.13 Length Limit ................................................................................................ 26
2.10.14 Width Limit ................................................................................................. 26
2.10.15 Exclusion from Lanes .................................................................................. 27
2.10.16 Alternative Routes...................................................................................... 27
2.10.17 No Pedal Bikes ............................................................................................ 27
2.10.18 No Animals ................................................................................................. 28
2.10.19 No Pedestrians ........................................................................................... 28
2.10.20 No Sounding of Horns ................................................................................ 28
Prohibition of Waiting and Loading ........................................................................... 28
2.11.1 No Waiting.................................................................................................. 29
2.11.2 No Loading ................................................................................................. 30
2.11.3 Prohibition of Waiting on Verge or Footway ............................................. 31
2.11.4 No Waiting Except Taxis, Ambulances, or Police Vehicles ......................... 32
2.11.5 No Waiting by Trucks and Buses ................................................................ 32
Tow Away Zone.......................................................................................................... 33
Clearway and No Stopping Signs ............................................................................... 33
Police and Custom Signs ............................................................................................ 34
2.14.1 Police Vehicles ............................................................................................ 34
2.14.2 Customs ...................................................................................................... 34
2.14.3 Supplementary Distance Plate ................................................................... 34
Priority Roadway Signs .............................................................................................. 35
2.15.1 Priority Roadway ........................................................................................ 35
2.15.2 End of Priority Roadway ............................................................................. 35
End of All Prohibitions ............................................................................................... 35

Warning Signs ............................................................................................................ 37

3.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 37
3.2 Sign Sizes and Siting Requirements ........................................................................... 37
3.3 Sign Mounting............................................................................................................ 41
3.4 Placement of Warning Signs ...................................................................................... 41
3.5 Priority Intersections ................................................................................................. 42
3.5.1
Control Ahead ............................................................................................ 42
3.5.2
Side Roadways Ahead ................................................................................ 43
3.5.3
Roundabouts .............................................................................................. 44
3.5.4
U-turn Ahead .............................................................................................. 46
3.5.5
Merging Traffic ........................................................................................... 46
3.6 Deviation of Route ..................................................................................................... 47
3.6.1
Single Bend ................................................................................................. 47
3.6.2
Intersection on a Bend Ahead .................................................................... 47
3.6.3
Double Bend ............................................................................................... 48
3.6.4
Multiple Chevron Signs .............................................................................. 49
3.6.5
Single Chevron Sign .................................................................................... 51

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3.7
3.8

3.9

3.10
3.11
3.12

3.13

3.14
3.15
4

Roadway Narrows ...................................................................................................... 53

Two-Way Traffic and Divided Roadway ..................................................................... 53
3.8.1
End of Divided Roadway ............................................................................. 53
3.8.2
Two-Way Traffic on Route Crossing Ahead ................................................ 55
3.8.3
Start of Divided Roadway ........................................................................... 55
3.8.4
Narrow Bridge ............................................................................................ 55
3.8.5
Opening Bridge Ahead................................................................................ 56
3.8.6
Tunnel Ahead.............................................................................................. 56
3.8.7
Maximum Height ........................................................................................ 57
3.8.8
Traffic Signals Ahead .................................................................................. 57
Pedestrians................................................................................................................. 58
3.9.1
Pedestrian Crossing .................................................................................... 58
3.9.2
Children ...................................................................................................... 59
3.9.3
Vulnerable Pedestrians............................................................................... 59
Animals....................................................................................................................... 59
Speed Humps ............................................................................................................. 60
Roadway Surface........................................................................................................ 61
3.12.1 Uneven Surface .......................................................................................... 61
3.12.2 Soft Verges.................................................................................................. 61
3.12.3 Slippery Surface .......................................................................................... 61
3.12.4 Loose Gravel ............................................................................................... 62
3.12.5 Paved Roadway Ends .................................................................................. 62
3.12.6 Rumble Strips ............................................................................................. 62
Other Hazards ............................................................................................................ 62
3.13.1 Low Flying Aircraft ...................................................................................... 62
3.13.2 Falling or Fallen Rocks ................................................................................ 63
3.13.3 Drifting Sand ............................................................................................... 63
3.13.4 Overhead Cables......................................................................................... 64
3.13.5 Extent of Hazard ......................................................................................... 64
3.13.6 Quayside or River Bank .............................................................................. 64
3.13.7 SlowMoving Vehicles ................................................................................ 64
3.13.8 Bikes............................................................................................................ 65
3.13.9 Level Crossings............................................................................................ 65
3.13.10 Fire Station ................................................................................................. 65
3.13.11 Side Winds .................................................................................................. 66
3.13.12 Hazard Warning Other Danger ................................................................ 66
Hazard Warning Markers ........................................................................................... 67
Hazard Identification Beacons ................................................................................... 67

Speed Control .............................................................................................................69

4.1 General....................................................................................................................... 69
4.2 Objectives of Speed Management ............................................................................. 69
4.3 Types of Posted Speed ............................................................................................... 69
4.4 Gateway Signing......................................................................................................... 69

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4.5
4.6

4.7
4.8
4.9

Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 70

Posted Speed Signs .................................................................................................... 71
4.6.1
Maximum Posted Speed ............................................................................ 71
4.6.2
Minimum Posted Speed ............................................................................. 73
4.6.3
Truck Posted Speeds .................................................................................. 74
4.6.4
Rural Threshold Treatment Posted Speeds................................................ 75
4.6.5
Posted Speed Signs for School Zones ......................................................... 75
4.6.6
Posted Speed Signs for Pedestrian Zones .................................................. 75
Variable Posted Speeds ............................................................................................. 75
Speed Cameras .......................................................................................................... 76
Applications of Posted Speed Signing........................................................................ 77

Parking ...................................................................................................................... 79
5.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 79
5.2 Legal ........................................................................................................................... 79
5.3 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 79
5.4 General Parking Places without Time Limit ............................................................... 80
5.4.1
Parking Place for Buses, Trucks, Bikes, and Motorcycles ........................... 81
5.4.2
Parking Places for Disabled People ............................................................ 81
5.5 Limited Waiting.......................................................................................................... 82
5.6 Permit Parking ........................................................................................................... 82
5.7 Pay and Display Parking ............................................................................................. 83
5.8 Shared Use Parking .................................................................................................... 83
5.9 Parking Information Signs.......................................................................................... 84

Intersections Conventional Roadways ...................................................................... 85

6.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 85
6.2 Control by STOP and GIVE WAY Signs ....................................................................... 85
6.3 Regulation of Movement at Intersections................................................................. 85
6.4 Intersection Warning Signs ........................................................................................ 86
6.5 Traffic Control at Roundabouts ................................................................................. 86
6.6 Signalized Intersections ............................................................................................. 87
6.7 Hazard Markers ......................................................................................................... 87
6.8 Typical Signing and Road Marking Layout Diagrams for Conventional Roadway
Intersections .............................................................................................................. 87
6.8.1
Major Rural Roadway Intersection ............................................................ 87
6.8.2
Major Urban Intersection with Traffic Signals Divided Roadway............ 89
6.8.3
Regulatory and Warning Signs and Road Markings for a Two-Lane
Roundabout................................................................................................ 90

Intersections, Interchanges, and Ramps Expressways and Freeways ......................... 91

7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 91
7.2 Control of Movement and Traffic Access at Ramp Terminals ................................... 91
7.2.1
Start of Freeway Sign and End of Freeway Sign ......................................... 92

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7.3

7.4

7.5

Signs for Traffic on Expressways and Near Interchanges .......................................... 92

7.3.1
Merging Traffic ........................................................................................... 92
7.3.2
Merged Lane............................................................................................... 93
Advance Signs for Expressway and Freeway Terminals............................................. 93
7.4.1
End of Freeway X km .................................................................................. 93
7.4.2
Reduce Speed Now..................................................................................... 94
7.4.3
Wrong Way Go Back ................................................................................... 94
Typical Signing and Road Marking Layout Diagrams for High-Speed Roadway
Interchanges and Ramps............................................................................................ 95
7.5.1
Freeway Terminals ..................................................................................... 95
7.5.2
Typical Rural Interchange ........................................................................... 96
7.5.3
Typical Urban Cross-Street with Ramp Treatment..................................... 97

Auxiliary Lanes ...........................................................................................................99

8.1 General....................................................................................................................... 99
8.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 99
8.3 Signs for Slow Vehicle Lanes, Overtaking Lanes, and Turnouts ............................... 100
8.3.1
Signs for Slow Vehicle Lanes..................................................................... 100
8.3.2
Signs for Overtaking Lanes ....................................................................... 101
8.3.3
Signs for Turnouts..................................................................................... 101
8.4 Signs for Auxiliary Lanes in Merges ......................................................................... 102

Toll Roadways .......................................................................................................... 105

9.1 General..................................................................................................................... 105
9.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................. 105
9.3 Regulatory Signs for Toll Plazas ............................................................................... 106
9.3.1
Posted Speed Signs ................................................................................... 106
9.3.2
STOP Signs ................................................................................................ 106
9.3.3
Toll Rate Signs........................................................................................... 107
9.4 Pay Toll Advance Warning Signs .............................................................................. 107
9.5 Toll Facility and Plaza Directional Signs ................................................................... 108

Bibliography....................................................................................................................... 109

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Part 3: Signs Relating to Specific Types of Roads and Road Users

1

Pedestrian Control, Protection, and Facilities ................................................................ 1

1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1
Primary Definitions....................................................................................... 2
1.2 Sign Size ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Regulatory Signs .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1
GIVE WAY to Pedestrians ............................................................................. 3
1.4 Warning Signs .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1
Pedestrian Crossings (Zebra) ........................................................................ 4
1.4.2
Children Crossing.......................................................................................... 4
1.4.3
Vulnerable Pedestrians ................................................................................ 4
1.5 Pedestrian Information Signs ...................................................................................... 5
1.5.1
Pedestrian Crossing ...................................................................................... 5
1.5.2
Pedestrian Signal Instruction ....................................................................... 6
1.5.3
Road Markings for Pedestrian Crossings...................................................... 6
1.5.4
Footbridge .................................................................................................... 6
1.5.5
Subway ......................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Pedestrian Zones ......................................................................................................... 7
1.6.1
Regulatory Signs for Pedestrian Zones......................................................... 7
1.6.2
Posted Speed Signs for Pedestrian Zones .................................................... 8
1.7 Pedestrian Direction Signs ........................................................................................... 9

Bike Control and Facilities........................................................................................... 11

2.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Bike Signing on Arterial, Collector, and Local Roadways ........................................... 13
2.3.1
No Pedal Bikes Regulatory Sign .................................................................. 13
2.3.2
Warning of the Presence of Bikes or Bikes Crossing .................................. 13
2.3.3
Bikes Excluded from a Restriction or Prohibition....................................... 14
2.3.4
Cyclists Dismount ....................................................................................... 14
2.4 Bike Path Treatments Crossing the Roadway ............................................................ 15
2.5 Road Markings for Bike Paths Crossing the Roadway ............................................... 15
2.6 Bike Path and Footway Provisions ............................................................................. 15
2.6.1
GIVE WAY Sign ............................................................................................ 15
2.6.2
Bike Path Only ............................................................................................ 16
2.6.3
Shared Path ................................................................................................ 16
2.6.4
Separated Path ........................................................................................... 16
2.7 End of Bike Path......................................................................................................... 16
2.8 Bike Path Crossed by Pedestrians .............................................................................. 17
2.9 Warning Signs for Cyclists .......................................................................................... 17
2.10 Road Markings for Bike Provisions on Bike Paths ..................................................... 18
2.11 Layout Diagrams of Signing and Road Markings for Bike and Pedestrian
Provision on Bike Paths ............................................................................................. 19

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2.11.1 Bike Shared Path......................................................................................... 19

2.11.2 Separated Bike and Pedestrian Path .......................................................... 20
2.11.3 Exclusive Bike Path ..................................................................................... 21
2.11.4 Bike Refuge ................................................................................................. 22
2.12 Bike Prohibition on Freeways and Expressways ........................................................ 23
2.12.1 No Pedal Bikes Regulatory Sign .................................................................. 23
2.13 Navigational Aids for Cyclists ..................................................................................... 23
2.13.1 Direction Signs ............................................................................................ 23
2.13.2 Bike Route Markers .................................................................................... 24
3

Local Area Traffic Management ...................................................................................25

3.1 General....................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Local Area Traffic Management Devices ................................................................... 26
3.3.1
Vertical Displacement Devices General ................................................... 26
3.3.2
Signing for Vertical Displacement Devices ................................................. 27
3.3.3
Rumble Strips ............................................................................................. 27
3.3.4
Horizontal Displacement Devices ............................................................... 28
3.4 Signing for Horizontal Displacement Devices ............................................................ 28
3.4.1
Roadway Narrowing ................................................................................... 28
3.4.2
Traffic Island and Refuges .......................................................................... 29
3.4.3
BuildOuts and Pinch Points ...................................................................... 29
3.4.4
Chicanes...................................................................................................... 29
3.4.5
Road Markings Applicable to LATM Devices .............................................. 30
3.5 Applications of Signs to LATM Devices ...................................................................... 31
3.5.1
Signing for Speed Humps............................................................................ 31
3.5.2
Pinch points ................................................................................................ 33
3.5.3
Chicane ....................................................................................................... 34
3.5.4
Build-Outs ................................................................................................... 35
3.5.5
Gateway...................................................................................................... 35

School Zones ..............................................................................................................37

4.1 General....................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 37
4.3 School Zone Signs....................................................................................................... 38
4.3.1
Sign Clutter within School Zones ................................................................ 38
4.3.2
Children Crossing ........................................................................................ 38
4.3.3
Speed Humps.............................................................................................. 39
4.3.4
School Bus................................................................................................... 39
4.3.5
School Zone Posted Speed ......................................................................... 39
4.3.6
Posted Speed at End of School Zone .......................................................... 40
4.3.7
Road Markings for School Zone Posted Speed ........................................... 40
4.3.8
No Stopping Outside Schools ..................................................................... 40

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Bus Lanes and Facilities .............................................................................................. 43

5.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 43
5.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 43
5.3 Signing for With-Flow Bus Lane ................................................................................. 44
5.3.1
With-Flow Bus Lane Ahead ........................................................................ 45
5.3.2
With-Flow Bus Lane.................................................................................... 45
5.3.3
Appropriate Traffic Lanes at Intersection Ahead ....................................... 46
5.3.4
Bus Lane on Roadway at Intersection Ahead ............................................. 46
5.3.5
End of Bus Lane .......................................................................................... 46
5.3.6
Road Markings for With-Flow Bus Lanes ................................................... 47
5.4 Bus Priority at Intersections ...................................................................................... 47
5.4.1
Bus Exemption from Turning Prohibition................................................... 48
5.4.2
Straight Ahead Prohibition ......................................................................... 48
5.5 Bus Only Routes ......................................................................................................... 48
5.5.1
Road Markings for Bus-Only Roadways ..................................................... 49
5.5.2
Pedestrians in the Vicinity of Buses ........................................................... 49
5.6 Bus Stop ..................................................................................................................... 50
5.6.1
Typical Signing Layouts for With-Flow Bus Lanes and Bus Priority
at Signalized Intersections.......................................................................... 50

High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes .................................................................................... 55

6.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 55
6.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 55
6.2.1
Approach Signing........................................................................................ 56
6.2.2
Signing Within an HOV Lane....................................................................... 57
6.2.3
End of HOV Lane ........................................................................................ 58
6.2.4
Road Markings for HOV Lanes.................................................................... 59
6.3 Typical Signing and Road Marking Layouts for HOV Lanes ....................................... 59

Truck, Freight Lanes, and Facilities .............................................................................. 61

7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 61
7.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 61
7.3 Regulatory Signs for the Control of Trucks ................................................................ 62
7.4 Signs for Truck Lanes ................................................................................................. 64
7.4.1
Truck Lane Ahead ....................................................................................... 64
7.4.2
Truck Lane .................................................................................................. 65
7.4.3
End of Truck Lane ....................................................................................... 65
7.4.4
Road Markings for Truck Lanes .................................................................. 66
7.5 Truck Route Signs ...................................................................................................... 66
7.6 Directional and Other Signs for Truck Facilities......................................................... 68
7.6.1
Weighbridge ............................................................................................... 68
7.6.2
Signs for Truck Services .............................................................................. 68

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Tram or Light Rail Transit Crossings and Facilities.........................................................69

8.1 General....................................................................................................................... 69
8.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 69
8.3 Regulatory Signs for Tram or LRT Only Routes .......................................................... 72
8.4 Pedestrian Signs for Tramways or LRT Lines.............................................................. 75
8.5 Signs, Light Signals and Road Markings for Tramway or LRT Line Crossings ............. 75
8.5.1
Warning Signs for Tramway or LRT Line Crossings ..................................... 76
8.5.2
Pedestrian Wayfinding Signs for Tramway or LRT Line Stations ................ 79
8.5.3
Tram or LRT Stop Sign................................................................................. 80
8.5.4
Flashing Traffic Light Signals for Tramway or LRT Line Crossings............... 80
8.5.5
Road Markings for Tramway or LRT Line Crossings.................................... 81
8.5.6
Typical Signing Layouts for Tramways or LRT Lines.................................... 81

Railway or Metro Line Crossings and Facilities .............................................................85

9.1 General....................................................................................................................... 85
9.2 Sign Sizes .................................................................................................................... 85
9.3 Passive Control Devices ............................................................................................. 87
9.3.1
Regulatory and Warning Signs for Railway and Metro Line Crossings ....... 87
9.4 Active Control Devices ............................................................................................... 93
9.4.1
Flashing Traffic Light Signals ....................................................................... 93
9.4.2
Miniature Stoplights ................................................................................... 94
9.5 Devices for Pedestrian and Bike Control at Railway or Metro Line Crossings ........... 95
9.5.1
Active Control Devices ................................................................................ 95
9.5.2
Passive Control Devices .............................................................................. 95
9.5.3
Road Markings for Railway or Metro Line Crossings .................................. 96
9.6 Pedestrian Wayfinding Signs for Railway and Metro Line Stations ........................... 96
9.7 Typical Signing Layouts at Railway or Metro Line Crossings...................................... 96

Bibliography....................................................................................................................... 101

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Part 4: Information and Direction Signs

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. v
1

General Introduction .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Primary Definitions ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Classification for Signing Purposes .............................................................................. 1
1.3 Strategic Routes Expressways, Rural Freeways, and Major Urban Arterials ............ 2
1.4 Arterial Routes Minor Arterials and Boulevards in Urban Areas, Rural Arterials ..... 2
1.5 Local Routes Collectors and Local Roadways ........................................................... 3
1.6 Size of Signs ................................................................................................................. 3
1.7 Arabic and English Legend ........................................................................................... 3
1.8 Amount of Legend ....................................................................................................... 3
1.9 Longitudinal Sign Spacing ............................................................................................ 4
1.10 Sign Mounting.............................................................................................................. 4

Directional Signing ....................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Types of Directional Signing ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.1
Advance Direction Signs and Far Advance Direction Signs .......................... 6
2.2.2
Direction Signs.............................................................................................. 6
2.2.3
Route Confirmation Signs............................................................................. 7
2.3 Provision of Directional Signing ................................................................................... 7
2.4 Location and Installation of Directional Signs ............................................................. 8
2.4.1
ADS and FADS Requirements for Grade-Separated Interchanges ............... 8
2.4.2
ADS Requirements for At-Grade Intersections ............................................ 8
2.4.3
Direction Signs for Grade-Separated Interchanges...................................... 9
2.4.4
Direction Signs for At-Grade Intersections ................................................ 10
2.4.5
Route Confirmation Signs........................................................................... 10
2.5 Design of Directional Signing ..................................................................................... 10
2.5.1
Introduction ............................................................................................... 10
2.5.2
Sign Installation Type ................................................................................. 10
2.5.3
Selection of Sign Installation Type ............................................................. 11
2.5.4
Sign Face Design ......................................................................................... 11
2.5.5
Summary of Sign Face Design Requirements ............................................. 18
2.5.6
Choice of Destinations ............................................................................... 19
2.5.7
Legibility Distance and Character Size ....................................................... 19
2.5.8
Roadway Symbols ...................................................................................... 19
2.5.9
Borders ....................................................................................................... 19
2.5.10 Color Coding ............................................................................................... 20
2.5.11 Use of Arrows ............................................................................................. 21
2.6 Additional Signs ......................................................................................................... 22
2.6.1
Intersection Countdown Markers .............................................................. 22
2.6.2
Intersection Merge Signs ........................................................................... 23

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2.7
2.8
2.9

2.6.3
Route Identification Symbols ..................................................................... 24
2.6.4
Route Confirmation Signs ........................................................................... 25
2.6.5
Intersection and Interchange Identification Signs ..................................... 26
2.6.6
Permitted Abbreviations for Interchange Identification Signs ................... 26
2.6.7
Gore Exit Signs ............................................................................................ 26
2.6.8
Reference Route Markers........................................................................... 27
Permitted Use of Regulatory or Warning Legends on Directional Signing ................ 28
Permitted Use of Other Signs on Directional Signing: Toll Roadways ....................... 32
Typical Layout Drawings ............................................................................................ 33

Community and Local Wayfinding ...............................................................................35

3.1 Street Names ............................................................................................................. 35
3.1.1
Provision of Street Name Signs .................................................................. 35
3.1.2
Design of Street Name Signs ...................................................................... 35
3.1.3
Permitted Abbreviations for Street Name Signs ........................................ 36
3.2 Town or Area Names ................................................................................................. 37
3.3 District Navigation ..................................................................................................... 37
3.4 Facility Navigation ...................................................................................................... 38
3.4.1
Determining the Use of Facility Signs ......................................................... 38
3.4.2
Acceptable Provision of Facility Signs for Permitted Facilities ................... 40
3.4.3
Facilities Signs ............................................................................................. 41
3.4.4
Parking Facilities ......................................................................................... 41
3.4.5
Tourist Signs ............................................................................................... 42
3.4.6
Other Facilities............................................................................................ 42
3.4.7
Service Signs for Rest Areas........................................................................ 42
3.4.8
Summary of Signing Provision for Facilities, Services, and Tourist
Information................................................................................................. 43
3.4.9
Approved Symbols ...................................................................................... 44
3.4.10 Approved Tourist Symbols ......................................................................... 46

General Information Signs...........................................................................................51

4.1 Permitted Use of General Information Signs ............................................................. 51
4.1.1
New Road Layout Ahead ............................................................................ 52
4.1.2
Signs for Toll Roadways .............................................................................. 52
4.1.3
Signs for Emergency Roadside Telephones ................................................ 53
4.1.4
Signs for Military Purposes ......................................................................... 53
4.1.5
Fire Station Hard Standing.......................................................................... 53
4.1.6
Fire Engine Access Keep Clear................................................................ 54
4.1.7
Park and Ride .............................................................................................. 54
4.1.8
Electronic Parking Information ................................................................... 54
4.1.9
Abnormal Loads Parking Point ................................................................... 55
4.1.10 Start of Divided Roadway ........................................................................... 55
4.1.11 Private Access Signs .................................................................................... 56
4.1.12 Red Light Camera Sign ................................................................................ 56

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4.2
4.3
5

4.1.13 Truck Parks ................................................................................................. 56

4.1.14 Directions to Emergency Exit for Pedestrians from a Tunnel .................... 57
4.1.15 Safety Campaigns ....................................................................................... 57
4.1.16 Advertising Signs ........................................................................................ 57
Use of Times and Dates on General Information Signs ............................................. 57
Permitted Abbreviations for Information Signs ........................................................ 58

Temporary Signs ........................................................................................................ 59

5.1 Emergency Management Signs ................................................................................. 59
5.2 Special Events ............................................................................................................ 60
5.2.1
Special Provision for the 2022 World Cup ................................................. 60
5.3 Use of Dynamic Message Signs.................................................................................. 61
5.3.1
Use of DMS ................................................................................................. 61
5.3.2
Types of DMS Messages ............................................................................. 61
5.3.3
Acceptable Applications ............................................................................. 61
5.3.4
DMS Messages Content ............................................................................. 62
5.3.5
Pictograms and Legends............................................................................. 62

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 65

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Part 5: Traffic Signals

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii
1

Traffic Signals Basics...................................................................................................1

1.1 Traffic Control Signals Needs Studies ....................................................................... 1
1.1.1
Criterion 1 Intersection Vehicular Traffic Flow Volumes........................... 1
1.1.2
Criterion 2 Pedestrian Flow Volumes ........................................................ 3
1.1.3
Criterion 3 School or Civic Amenity Access ............................................... 4
1.1.4
Criterion 4 Coordination and Management of Traffic Flow ...................... 5
1.1.5
Criterion 5 Known Crash Locations............................................................ 6
1.1.6
Speed Criteria ............................................................................................... 6
1.1.7
Scenario Modeling ........................................................................................ 6
1.1.8
Pollution and Emissions ................................................................................ 7

Traffic Control Signals General ....................................................................................9

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traffic Signals ........................................................ 9
2.2 Traffic Signal Groups .................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Traffic Phases ............................................................................................................. 11
2.4 Meaning of Traffic Signal Lanterns ............................................................................ 12
2.4.1
Green Traffic Signal .................................................................................... 12
2.4.2
Flashing Green Traffic Signal ...................................................................... 13
2.4.3
Yellow Traffic Signal.................................................................................... 13
2.4.4
Red Traffic Signal ........................................................................................ 13
2.4.5
Arrow Aspects ............................................................................................ 13
2.4.6
Green Man Traffic Signal ............................................................................ 14
2.4.7
Flashing Green Man Traffic Signal .............................................................. 14
2.4.8
Red Man Traffic Signal ................................................................................ 14
2.5 Traffic Signal Sequence .............................................................................................. 14
2.5.1
General ....................................................................................................... 14
2.5.2
Standard Traffic Signal Sequence ............................................................... 15
2.6 Traffic Signal Head Dimensions.................................................................................. 16
2.7 Arrow Indication Signals ............................................................................................ 17
2.7.1
Use of Arrow Indications ............................................................................ 17
2.7.2
Use of Arrows with Disk Aspects ................................................................ 19
2.7.3
U-turn Arrows ............................................................................................. 21
2.8 Low-level Repeater Units ........................................................................................... 21
2.9 Traffic Signal Specifications........................................................................................ 22
2.10 Dimensions and Layout of Signal Aspects.................................................................. 23
2.11 Positioning and Number of Traffic Signals ................................................................. 25
2.12 Signal Head Alignment and Visibility ......................................................................... 25
2.12.1 Primary Signals ........................................................................................... 26
2.12.2 Secondary Signals ....................................................................................... 27
2.12.3 Multiple Lane Considerations ..................................................................... 30

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2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19

Roadway Clearance ................................................................................................... 30

Vertical Positioning .................................................................................................... 31
Mounting of Traffic Signal Heads on Roadway Lamp Columns ................................. 32
Mounting of Traffic Signal Heads on Passive Posts ................................................... 33
Mounting of Traffic Signal Heads on Mast Arms ....................................................... 33
Orientation of Traffic Signal Aspects ......................................................................... 34
Other Signal Equipment............................................................................................. 34
2.19.1 Backing Boards ........................................................................................... 34
2.19.2 Lantern Hoods ............................................................................................ 34
2.19.3 Screens and Louvers................................................................................... 35
2.20 Signal Timing Restrictions .......................................................................................... 35
2.20.1 Minimum Timings....................................................................................... 35
2.20.2 Intergreen Times ........................................................................................ 36

Traffic Signal Sequences and Lane Signalization........................................................... 39

3.1 Protected Left Turns .................................................................................................. 39
3.2 Multiple Left-turn Lanes ............................................................................................ 40
3.3 Leading and Lagging Left Turns ................................................................................. 41
3.4 Split Phasing............................................................................................................... 42
3.5 Diamond Phasing ....................................................................................................... 43
3.6 Right-turn Lanes and Pedestrian Crossings ............................................................... 43
3.7 All-Red Pedestrian Phase ........................................................................................... 44
3.8 Traffic Signal Control Strategies ................................................................................ 44
3.8.1
Fixed-time Operation ................................................................................. 46
3.8.2
Semi-Vehicle Actuation .............................................................................. 47
3.8.3
Vehicle Actuation (VA) ............................................................................... 47
3.8.4
Adaptive/Reactive Traffic Signal Control ................................................... 48
3.8.5
Cableless Linking Facility (CLF) ................................................................... 49
3.8.6
Pre-emptive Control ................................................................................... 50
3.8.7
Signal Controller Modes ............................................................................. 50
3.8.8
Green Wave Facility ................................................................................... 51
3.8.9
Modeling to Derive Traffic Signal Timings.................................................. 51

Traffic Signal Control at Roundabouts ......................................................................... 53

4.1 Deciding to Signalize .................................................................................................. 53
4.1.1
Delay........................................................................................................... 53
4.1.2
Capacity ...................................................................................................... 53
4.1.3
Safety.......................................................................................................... 54
4.1.4
Pedestrians and Cyclists ............................................................................. 54
4.1.5
Coordination of Signals on a Roundabout ................................................. 54
4.1.6
Signal Control Sequence with Flashing Yellow ........................................... 55
4.1.7
Full-time or Part-time Signal Control ......................................................... 56
4.1.8
Flashing Yellow Signals for Priority Control................................................ 57
4.1.9
Full or Partial Signalization ......................................................................... 58

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4.1.10
4.1.11

Segregated Right Turns .............................................................................. 58

Modeling..................................................................................................... 58

Special Considerations for Traffic Signal Control ..........................................................59

5.1 High-Speed Roadways................................................................................................ 59
5.2 Grade Separation and Ramp Metering ...................................................................... 59
5.3 Large Intersection Considerations ............................................................................. 61
5.4 U-turning Traffic......................................................................................................... 61
5.5 Pedestrian Facilities ................................................................................................... 62
5.5.1
Guidance for Installation ............................................................................ 62
5.5.2
Unsignalized Facility at a Signalized Intersection ....................................... 63
5.5.3
All-Red (to Traffic) Pedestrian Phase .......................................................... 63
5.5.4
Walk-With-Traffic Pedestrian Signal Groups........................................... 63
5.5.5
Mid-Block Pedestrian Crossings ................................................................. 64
5.5.6
Displaced Pedestrian Facility ...................................................................... 66
5.5.7
Pedestrian Crossings on Right-Turn Filter Lanes ........................................ 66
5.5.8
Pedestrian Crossing Length ........................................................................ 67
5.5.9
Far-Side Pedestrian Crossings (Far-Side Signals) ........................................ 68
5.5.10 Intelligent Pedestrian Crossings with Pedestrian Detection and Closely
Associated Pedestrian Signals .................................................................... 70
5.5.11 Audible Signals............................................................................................ 73
5.5.12 Tactile Signals ............................................................................................. 74
5.5.13 Elderly and Less Able-bodied Pedestrians .................................................. 74
5.5.14 Road Markings for Crossings ...................................................................... 74
5.5.15 Central Refuges .......................................................................................... 74
5.5.16 Pedestrian Fencing ..................................................................................... 74
5.5.17 Flashing Yellow Signals Used for Traffic Control ........................................ 75
5.5.18 Countdown Signals Pedestrian ................................................................ 75

Vehicle Detection for Traffic Signal Control..................................................................79

6.1 Ground-Based Detection Systems ............................................................................. 79
6.1.1
Inductive Loops........................................................................................... 79
6.1.2
Inductive-Loop Type Detector Layouts ...................................................... 80
6.1.3
Magnetometer Detectors........................................................................... 80
6.2 Above-Ground Detection Systems............................................................................. 80
6.2.1
Microwave (Radar) Vehicle Detectors........................................................ 80
6.2.2
Infra-Red Detectors .................................................................................... 80
6.2.3
Video Detectors .......................................................................................... 80

Traffic Signals for Public Transport .............................................................................. 81

7.1 Tram/Light Rail Signals ............................................................................................... 81
7.2 Bus Signals.................................................................................................................. 83
7.3 Bus Lanes and Priority................................................................................................ 83

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Traffic Signal Design Review, Commissioning and Operation ....................................... 87

8.1 Design Review............................................................................................................ 87
8.1.1
Predesign Site Review ............................................................................. 87
8.1.2
Post-design Independent Design Review ................................................... 87
8.1.3
Post-installation Review ............................................................................. 88
8.2 Basic Site Information ................................................................................................ 88
8.3 Traffic Signal Design Process ..................................................................................... 90
8.4 Equipment Procurement ........................................................................................... 91
8.4.1
Traffic Signal Controllers ............................................................................ 91
8.4.2
Traffic Signal Controller Location ............................................................... 92
8.4.3
Controller Installation ................................................................................ 92
8.4.4
Traffic Signal Power Requirements for Permanent Traffic Signal
Installations ................................................................................................ 93
8.4.5
Connection to Power Supply ...................................................................... 94
8.4.6
Ducting ....................................................................................................... 94
8.4.7
Traffic Signal Post Installation .................................................................... 95
8.4.8
Tactile paving ............................................................................................. 96
8.4.9
Intersection Cabling ................................................................................... 96
8.4.10 Typical Intersection Layouts ....................................................................... 97
8.4.11 Arterial Crossroads ..................................................................................... 97
8.4.12 Compact Urban Crossroads........................................................................ 99
8.4.13 T Intersection ............................................................................................. 99
8.5 Commissioning......................................................................................................... 100
8.5.1
Factory Acceptance Tests ......................................................................... 100
8.5.2
Site Acceptance Tests ............................................................................... 101
8.6 Operational Maintenance........................................................................................ 101
8.6.1
Period of Coverage ................................................................................... 102
8.6.2
Maintenance Contractor .......................................................................... 102
8.6.3
Works to be Covered................................................................................ 102
8.6.4
Replacement or Repair and Installation of any Failed Equipment........... 102
8.7 Preventative Maintenance ...................................................................................... 102
8.7.1
On-call Maintenance ................................................................................ 102
8.7.2
Quarterly Maintenance ............................................................................ 103
8.7.3
Six-monthly Maintenance ........................................................................ 103
8.7.4
Annual Maintenance ................................................................................ 103
8.7.5
Call Out Times .......................................................................................... 104
8.7.6
Total Signal Failure ................................................................................... 104

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 105

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Volume 2
Part 6: Road Markings
Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................x
1

General Road Markings .................................................................................................1

1.1 General......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1
Introduction .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Visibility of Road Markings........................................................................................... 2
1.2.1
Removal of Road Markings........................................................................... 3
1.2.2
Legal Issues ................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3
Prescribed Markings and Road Studs ........................................................... 3
1.2.4
Placing of Road Markings and Studs ............................................................ 3
1.2.5
Illumination, Colors and Dimensions............................................................ 4
1.2.6
Dimensions ................................................................................................... 4

Longitudinal Markings ..................................................................................................5

2.1 Lane Lines..................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Warning Lines .............................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Prohibitory Line.......................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Edge of Roadway Markings ........................................................................................ 11
2.5 Raised Profile Edge Lines ........................................................................................... 13
2.6 Hatched Markings ...................................................................................................... 14
2.7 Chevron Markings ...................................................................................................... 17
2.8 No Overtaking/ No Passing ........................................................................................ 18
2.9 Road Studs ................................................................................................................. 21
2.9.1
Reflecting Road Studs ................................................................................. 21
2.10 Placement of Road Studs ........................................................................................... 22
2.11 Parking Bays ............................................................................................................... 24
2.11.1 Bay markings .............................................................................................. 24
2.11.2 Disabled Parking Bay Symbol ..................................................................... 28
2.12 Curb Markings at Intersections .................................................................................. 28

Intersection and Interchange Markings .......................................................................29

3.1 Intersections .............................................................................................................. 29
3.1.1
Intersection STOP Lines .............................................................................. 29
3.1.2
STOP Symbol Marking ................................................................................ 31
3.1.3
GIVE WAY/ Yield Lines ................................................................................ 31
3.1.4
GIVE WAY Markings at Roundabouts ......................................................... 32
3.1.5
GIVE WAY Triangles .................................................................................... 33
3.1.6
U-turns ........................................................................................................ 34
3.1.7
Roundabout Circulatory Markings ............................................................. 35
3.1.8
Yellow Transverse Bar Markings................................................................. 45

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3.2

3.3

3.4

3.1.9
Box Marking ............................................................................................... 48
3.1.10 STOP Lines at Signals .................................................................................. 51
3.1.11 Lines through Intersections........................................................................ 53
3.1.12 Rural Intersection Layouts ......................................................................... 53
Auxiliary Lanes ........................................................................................................... 56
3.2.1
Single-Lane Dualling ................................................................................... 56
3.2.2
Diverging and Merging Auxiliary Lanes at Priority Intersections ............... 58
3.2.3
Dedicated Right-Turn Lanes at Traffic Signals ............................................ 60
3.2.4
Dedicated Right-Turn Lanes at Roundabouts ............................................ 62
3.2.5
Turnout Lanes............................................................................................. 65
Interchanges .............................................................................................................. 68
3.3.1
Merging/Diverging Slip Ramps ................................................................... 68
3.3.2
Lane Gains .................................................................................................. 71
3.3.3
Lane Drops.................................................................................................. 74
Expressway Intersections .......................................................................................... 77
3.4.1
Typical Rural Intersection ........................................................................... 77
3.4.2
Typical Urban Cross Roadway with Ramp Treatment ................................ 78
3.4.3
Trap Lanes at Expressway Exits .................................................................. 79

User-Specific Markings ............................................................................................... 80

4.1 Toll Lanes ................................................................................................................... 80
4.1.1
Worded Legend .......................................................................................... 81
4.1.2
Longitudinal Markings ................................................................................ 82
4.1.3
Markings for Toll Plazas.............................................................................. 88
4.2 Pedestrian Paths / Facilities and Animal Crossings ................................................... 89
4.2.1
Signalized Crossings.................................................................................... 89
4.2.2
Zebra Markings........................................................................................... 90
4.2.3
Zigzag Markings .......................................................................................... 91
4.2.4
Camel Crossing ........................................................................................... 94
4.3 Bike Paths and Facilities............................................................................................. 94
4.3.1
Bike Path and Sidewalk Provisions ............................................................. 95
4.3.2
Shared Path .............................................................................................. 100
4.3.3
Separated Paths ....................................................................................... 101
4.3.4
Exclusive Bike Paths ................................................................................. 102
4.3.5
Bike Paths Crossing Roadways ................................................................. 103
4.3.6
Signalized Bicyclist Crossing Facilities ...................................................... 105
4.4 Bus Lanes and Facilities ........................................................................................... 108
4.4.1
With-Flow Bus Lanes ................................................................................ 108
4.4.2
Bus Only Roadways .................................................................................. 114
4.4.3
Bus Stop Markings .................................................................................... 114
4.5 Transit Lanes and Facilities ...................................................................................... 116
4.5.1
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes ................................................................. 117
4.6 Truck Lanes .............................................................................................................. 119
4.7 Tram Lanes and LRT, Crossings, and Facilities ......................................................... 119

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4.8

4.7.1
Integrated Tramways................................................................................ 119
4.7.2
Off-Roadway Tramways ........................................................................... 121
4.7.3
Tram Stops ................................................................................................ 124
Railways and Metro Lines, Crossings, and Facilities ................................................ 124
4.8.1
Level Crossings/ Railroad Crossings.......................................................... 125
4.8.2
Longitudinal Road Markings ..................................................................... 129
4.8.3
Yellow Box Markings ................................................................................ 129
4.8.4
Worded Text on the Roadway .................................................................. 132

Channelization.......................................................................................................... 133
5.1 Channelization Lines ................................................................................................ 135
5.2 Tubular Channelization Device ................................................................................ 135
5.3 Lane Arrows ............................................................................................................. 136
5.4 Roundabout Lane Arrows ........................................................................................ 137
5.5 Mandatory Turns ..................................................................................................... 137
5.6 Bifurcation Arrows ................................................................................................... 138
5.7 Deflection / Warning Arrows ................................................................................... 139

Delineators ............................................................................................................... 142

6.1 Design....................................................................................................................... 142
6.2 Application ............................................................................................................... 143
6.3 Placement and Spacing ............................................................................................ 143

Local Area Traffic Management ................................................................................. 148

7.1 Roundels on the Roadway ....................................................................................... 148
7.2 Speed Humps ........................................................................................................... 149
7.3 Build-Outs ................................................................................................................ 152
7.4 Chicanes and Pinch Points ....................................................................................... 153
7.5 Gateways.................................................................................................................. 154
7.5.1
Urban Gateways ....................................................................................... 154
7.5.2
Rural Threshold Treatment ...................................................................... 155
7.6 Worded Marking ...................................................................................................... 157
7.7 Speed Measurement Markings for the Police ......................................................... 157

School Areas/Zones .................................................................................................. 159

8.1 School Keep Clear Marking ...................................................................................... 159
8.2 School Area Entry Marking ...................................................................................... 160

Colored Roadways .................................................................................................... 161

9.1 Colored Surfacing ..................................................................................................... 161

10

Islands ...................................................................................................................... 162

10.1 Types of Markings .................................................................................................... 162
10.1.1 Warning Lines ........................................................................................... 162
10.1.2 Hatched Markings..................................................................................... 162

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10.1.3 Chevron Markings .................................................................................... 162

10.2 Taper Lengths .......................................................................................................... 164
10.3 Succession of Islands ............................................................................................... 164
10.4 Painted Islands ......................................................................................................... 164
11

Rumble Strip Markings ............................................................................................. 167

11.1 Transverse Rumble Strips ........................................................................................ 167

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 171

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Part 7: Design Guide for Traffic Signs

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. ix
1

General ........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1

Design Wind Loading ....................................................................................................3

2.1 General......................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Standard Wind Loads ................................................................................................... 3
2.3 Non-standard Wind Loads ........................................................................................... 4
2.4 Reference Wind Speeds ............................................................................................... 4
2.5 Effective Surface Area .................................................................................................. 4
2.6 Application of Wind Loading ........................................................................................ 5
2.6.1
Safety Factors ............................................................................................... 5
2.6.2
Distribution of Loading ................................................................................. 5

Support Loads...............................................................................................................7
3.1 General......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.1
General Design Information ......................................................................... 7
3.1.2
Other Sign Support Structures ..................................................................... 7
3.1.3
Other Support Structures ............................................................................. 8
3.1.4
Passive Safety ............................................................................................... 8
3.2 Structural Performance................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1
General ......................................................................................................... 8
3.2.2
Conformity .................................................................................................... 8
3.2.3
Loading ......................................................................................................... 9
3.2.4
Wind Loads ................................................................................................... 9
3.2.5
Point Loads ................................................................................................... 9
3.2.6
Performance ............................................................................................... 10
3.2.7
Partial Safety Factors .................................................................................. 11
3.2.8
Partial Action Factor ................................................................................... 11
3.2.9
Shape Factor ............................................................................................... 11
3.2.10 Deflections .................................................................................................. 11
3.2.11 Temporary Deflections ............................................................................... 16
3.2.12 Permanent Deflections ............................................................................... 17
3.3 Physical Performance................................................................................................. 17
3.4 Shear Capacity............................................................................................................ 17
3.5 Vehicle Impact ........................................................................................................... 17
3.6 Support Sizes and Configurations for Smaller Signs .................................................. 17
3.7 Hangers, Brackets, and Fixings................................................................................... 17

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Support Manufacture ................................................................................................. 19

4.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Corrosion Resistance ................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Base Plates ................................................................................................................. 19
4.4 Tops ........................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Safety for Vehicle Occupants ..................................................................................... 19
4.5.1
General ....................................................................................................... 19
4.5.2
Composite Structures ................................................................................. 19
4.6 Fixings ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.7 Marking and Labelling ............................................................................................... 20
4.8 Product Information .................................................................................................. 20
4.9 Conformity ................................................................................................................. 20
4.10 Safety of Materials..................................................................................................... 20

Foundations ............................................................................................................... 21
5.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.2 Design Principles ........................................................................................................ 21
5.2.1
Foundations for Small Signs ....................................................................... 21
5.2.2
Planted Foundations .................................................................................. 21
5.2.3
Spread Foundations ................................................................................... 22
5.3 Reinforced Concrete .................................................................................................. 22

Standard Supports and Foundations ........................................................................... 23

6.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 Sign Centroid Height .................................................................................................. 23
6.3 Standard Foundation Layout ..................................................................................... 24
6.4 Equivalent Rectangular Posts .................................................................................... 24
6.5 Equivalent Areas for Small Signs................................................................................ 26
6.6 Tables of Support Sizes and Foundations .................................................................. 26

Storage and Handling ................................................................................................. 43

7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 43
7.2 Handling and Transportation of Signs ....................................................................... 43
7.3 General Requirements for Storage of Finished Signs and Component Parts ............ 44
7.4 Indoor Storage of Finished Signs ............................................................................... 44
7.5 Outdoor Storage of Finished Signs ............................................................................ 44
7.6 Transportation of Finished Signs ............................................................................... 45
7.7 Installation of Finished Signs ..................................................................................... 45
7.8 Temporary Signage .................................................................................................... 46

Clear Zones ................................................................................................................ 47

8.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 47
8.2 Design Criteria ........................................................................................................... 48

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Erection of Signs and Supports ....................................................................................51

9.1 General....................................................................................................................... 51
9.2 Loads .......................................................................................................................... 51
9.3 Assembly .................................................................................................................... 51
9.4 Health and Safety and Construction Regulations ...................................................... 51
9.5 Roadway Closure and Traffic Management Regulations ........................................... 51
9.6 Provision of Design Drawings, Documents and Specifications .................................. 51
9.7 Reference to Foundation Construction ..................................................................... 51
9.8 Reference to Guides and Specifications for Complex Structure ................................ 52
9.9 Fitting and Attaching Sign Plates ............................................................................... 52
9.10 Damage during Erection ............................................................................................ 52

10

Design of Sign Faces ....................................................................................................53

10.1 General....................................................................................................................... 53
10.2 Basic Principles........................................................................................................... 53
10.2.1 Character Size ............................................................................................. 53
10.2.2 Amount of Legend ...................................................................................... 54
10.2.3 Text Blocks .................................................................................................. 55
10.2.4 Route Numbers........................................................................................... 57
10.2.5 Direction arrows ......................................................................................... 57
10.2.6 Roadway Symbols ....................................................................................... 59
10.2.7 Borders ....................................................................................................... 60
10.3 Sign Face Layout......................................................................................................... 60
10.3.1 Sign G300 Lane Specific Signing............................................................... 60
10.3.2 Sign G301 Destination signing ................................................................. 63
10.3.3 Sign G302 Map Sign, Grade Separated Interchange ............................... 65
10.3.4 Sign G303 Map Sign, Free Flow Grade Separated Interchange ............... 67
10.3.5 Sign G303.1 Map Type Sign ..................................................................... 68
10.3.6 Sign G304 Four Arm Roundabout ............................................................ 68
10.3.7 Sign G306 Stack Signs .............................................................................. 73
10.3.8 Sign G307 Lane Signs ............................................................................... 74
10.3.9 Sign G308 Flag Sign .................................................................................. 75
10.3.10 Sign G403 Route Confirmatory Sign ........................................................ 76
10.3.11 Sign G406 - Route Reference Marker ......................................................... 76
10.3.12 Supplementary Plate .................................................................................. 77
10.4 Symbols and Panel Design ......................................................................................... 77
10.4.1 Leisure, Service, and Tourist Symbols ........................................................ 77
10.4.2 Design of Panels ......................................................................................... 79
10.5 Warning and Regulatory Signs on Directional Signs .................................................. 81
10.5.1 Warning Signs on Stack Type Signs ............................................................ 83
10.5.2 Regulatory Signs on Stack-Type Signs ........................................................ 85
10.5.3 Regulatory and Warning Signs on Stack Type Signs ................................... 87
10.5.4 Warning and Regulatory Signs on Dedicated Lane Advance
Direction Signs and Lane Specific Signs ...................................................... 87

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10.5.5
10.5.6
10.5.7
10.5.8

Warning and Regulatory Signs on Flag Type Signs ..................................... 89

Warning Signs on Map Type Signs (Horizontal and Vertical Arms)............ 90
Regulatory Signs on Map Type Signs (Horizontal and Vertical Arms) ........ 91
Warning and Regulatory Signs on Map Type Sign (Inclined Route Arms) . 93

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Part 8: Road Signs and Markings Specifications

Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................v
1

Introduction .................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1

Traffic Signs ..................................................................................................................3

2.1 Numbering System....................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Graphic Design ............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1
General ......................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Legend.......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1
General ......................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2
Character Sets............................................................................................... 4
2.3.3
Manufacturing Tolerances ........................................................................... 4
2.4 Sign Plate Size .............................................................................................................. 5
2.4.1
General ......................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2
Backing Boards ............................................................................................. 5
2.4.3
Light Spill Screens ......................................................................................... 6
2.5 Borders, Edge Strips, and Corners ............................................................................... 6
2.5.1
Borders ......................................................................................................... 6
2.5.2
Edge Strips .................................................................................................... 6
2.5.3
Corners ......................................................................................................... 6
2.6 Colors ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.6.1
Nonreflective Colors ..................................................................................... 6
2.6.2
Retroreflective Colors ................................................................................... 7
2.6.3
Fluorescent Colors ........................................................................................ 8
2.6.4
Backs of Signs ............................................................................................... 9
2.6.5
Acceptance Criteria ...................................................................................... 9
2.7 Sign Plate Construction ................................................................................................ 9
2.7.1
General ......................................................................................................... 9
2.7.2
Metal signs.................................................................................................. 10
2.7.3
Nonmetallic signs ....................................................................................... 10
2.7.4
Manufacturing Tolerances ......................................................................... 10
2.7.5
Acceptance Criteria .................................................................................... 10
2.8 Application of Sign Faces ........................................................................................... 11
2.8.1
General ....................................................................................................... 11
2.8.2
Retroreflective Material ............................................................................. 11
2.8.3
Nonreflective Material ............................................................................... 11
2.8.4
Application of Materials to Sign Plates....................................................... 11
2.8.5
Transilluminated Signs................................................................................ 11
2.9 Sign Illumination ........................................................................................................ 11
2.9.1
Externally Illuminated Signs ....................................................................... 11
2.9.2
Transilluminated Signs................................................................................ 12

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2.9.3
Acceptance Criteria .................................................................................... 13
2.10 Assembly and installation .......................................................................................... 13
2.10.1 Assembly .................................................................................................... 13
2.10.2 Installation.................................................................................................. 13
2.10.3 Siting ........................................................................................................... 13
2.10.4 Verge-mounted Signs ................................................................................. 13
2.10.5 Gantry-mounted Signs ............................................................................... 13
2.11 Orientation ................................................................................................................ 14
2.12 Temporary Traffic Signs ............................................................................................. 14
2.12.1 General ....................................................................................................... 14
2.12.2 Sign Plate Construction .............................................................................. 14
2.12.3 Assembly and Installation .......................................................................... 15
2.12.4 Temporary Covering of Signs ..................................................................... 15
3

Road Markings ........................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Surface-Applied Markings.......................................................................................... 17
3.1.1
General ....................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Materials .................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1
Thermoplastic............................................................................................. 18
3.2.2
Paint ........................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3
Ballotini ...................................................................................................... 19
3.2.4
Preformed .................................................................................................. 19
3.3 Material Application to the Roadway Surface ........................................................... 19
3.3.1
Thermoplastic Markings ............................................................................. 19
3.3.2
Painted Markings ....................................................................................... 20
3.3.3
Preformed Markings .................................................................................. 20
3.4 Performance .............................................................................................................. 21
3.4.1
Hiding Power of the Paint .......................................................................... 21
3.4.2
UV Ageing of the Paint ............................................................................... 21
3.4.3
Thickness of Thermoplastic Material ......................................................... 22
3.4.4
Retroreflectivity (Related to Nighttime Visibility) ...................................... 22
3.4.5
Luminance Factor (Related to Daytime Visibility) ...................................... 22
3.4.6
Chromaticity (Color) ................................................................................... 23
3.4.7
Skid Resistance ........................................................................................... 23
3.5 Removal ..................................................................................................................... 23
3.6 Maintenance .............................................................................................................. 24
3.7 Road Studs (Raised Pavement Markers).................................................................... 25
3.7.1
General ....................................................................................................... 25
3.7.2
Material ...................................................................................................... 26
3.7.3
Self-Adhesive Surface-Mounted Retroreflective Studs.............................. 26
3.7.4
Anchored Surface-Mounted Retroreflective Studs .................................... 26
3.7.5
Active Studs ................................................................................................ 27
3.7.6
Nonreflective Studs .................................................................................... 27
3.7.7
Installation.................................................................................................. 28

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3.8

Performance .............................................................................................................. 29
3.8.1
Removal ...................................................................................................... 29
3.8.2
Maintenance............................................................................................... 29
3.8.3
Replacement............................................................................................... 30

Bibliography.........................................................................................................................31

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Part 9: Traffic Control Devices for Works on Roads and Temporary

Traffic Management
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. v
1

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Document Structure .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Principles of Temporary Traffic Management RESPECT ........................................... 2
1.5 Definitions.................................................................................................................... 3

Principles of Temporary Traffic Management ................................................................ 4

2.1 Safe Systems ................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Objectives of Temporary Traffic Management ........................................................... 4
2.3 Types of Work .............................................................................................................. 5
2.3.1
Static ............................................................................................................. 5
2.3.2
Inspection and Maintenance........................................................................ 5
2.3.3
Mobile .......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.4
Emergency .................................................................................................... 5
2.3.5
Area-Wide Traffic Management Plan........................................................... 6
2.3.6
Duration ....................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Type of Work Considerations ...................................................................................... 6
2.5 Staging of Works .......................................................................................................... 8
2.6 Traffic Diversion Plans ................................................................................................. 8
2.6.1
Definitions and Objectives of a Traffic Diversion Plan ................................. 8
2.6.2
QPro and Roadway Opening Permits ........................................................... 8
2.6.3
What to Include in a Traffic Diversion Plan .................................................. 9
2.6.4
Generic Traffic Diversion Plans .................................................................... 9
2.6.5
Amendments .............................................................................................. 10
2.6.6
Identification of Stakeholders .................................................................... 10
2.6.7
Stakeholder Engagement ........................................................................... 10
2.7 Traffic Diversion Plan Design Considerations ............................................................ 10
2.7.1
Types of Roadways ..................................................................................... 11
2.7.2
Consistency ................................................................................................ 12
2.7.3
Departures from Standard ......................................................................... 12
2.7.4
Work Zone Road Safety Audits................................................................... 13
2.7.5
Risk Assessments........................................................................................ 13
2.7.6
Incident Documenting Process................................................................... 14
2.7.7
Mitigating Measures .................................................................................. 14
2.8 Training and Accreditation ........................................................................................ 15

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Processes....................................................................................................................17
3.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Planning ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.1
Instigating the Process ............................................................................... 18
3.2.2
Preparation of Traffic Diversion Plan ......................................................... 18
3.2.3
Work Zone Stage 2 Road Safety Audit........................................................ 18
3.2.4
Review of Traffic Diversion Plans ............................................................... 18
3.3 Approval ..................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1
Submission for Approval ............................................................................ 20
3.3.2
Review and Analysis ................................................................................... 20
3.3.3
Approval ..................................................................................................... 20
3.4 Implementation ......................................................................................................... 20
3.4.1
Temporary Traffic Management Implementation ..................................... 20
3.4.2
Verification of Compliance ......................................................................... 20
3.5 Inspection and Enforcement...................................................................................... 21
3.5.1
Routine On-Site Inspections ....................................................................... 21
3.5.2
Work Zone Stage 3 Road Safety Audit........................................................ 21
3.5.3
Monitoring and Nonconformance Reporting ............................................. 22
3.6 Clearance and Reopening .......................................................................................... 22
3.6.1
Notification of Completion ......................................................................... 22
3.6.2
Clearance .................................................................................................... 23
3.6.3
Reopening................................................................................................... 23
3.7 Emergencies and Unplanned Works .......................................................................... 23

Principles of Work Zones.............................................................................................25

4.1 General Principles ...................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Multiple Work Zones ................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Lateral Components ................................................................................................... 25
4.3.1
Works Area ................................................................................................. 25
4.3.2
Lateral Safety Buffer ................................................................................... 26
4.4 Longitudinal Components .......................................................................................... 27
4.4.1
Advanced Warning Area ............................................................................. 27
4.4.2
Transition Area (Taper)............................................................................... 28
4.4.3
Longitudinal Safety Buffer .......................................................................... 28
4.4.4
Works Area ................................................................................................. 29
4.4.5
Termination Area........................................................................................ 29
4.5 Roadway Narrowing on Single-Lane Roadways ......................................................... 29
4.6 Lane Reduction on Divided Roadways ....................................................................... 30
4.7 Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety ..................................................................................... 30
4.8 Speed Limits through Work Zones ............................................................................. 31
4.8.1
Speed Enforcement .................................................................................... 31
4.9 Work Zone Implementation, Maintenance, and Clearance ...................................... 32
4.9.1
Implementation .......................................................................................... 32
4.9.2
Maintenance............................................................................................... 32

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4.9.3
5

Clearance .................................................................................................... 33

Equipment ................................................................................................................. 35
5.1 Principles.................................................................................................................... 35
5.2 Conflict with Permanent Traffic Control Devices ...................................................... 35
5.3 Signing........................................................................................................................ 36
5.3.1
Sign Sizes .................................................................................................... 37
5.3.2
Sign Locations ............................................................................................. 37
5.3.3
Warning Signs ............................................................................................. 38
5.3.4
Mandatory and Regulatory Signing ............................................................ 38
5.3.5
Diversion Signing ........................................................................................ 38
5.3.6
Information Signing .................................................................................... 38
5.3.7
Sign Supports.............................................................................................. 38
5.4 Temporary Safety Barriers ......................................................................................... 40
5.4.1
End Treatments .......................................................................................... 41
5.5 Traffic Channelization Devices................................................................................... 41
5.5.1
Temporary Water-Filled Barricades ........................................................... 42
5.5.2
Traffic Cones............................................................................................... 42
5.5.3
Permeable Delineation............................................................................... 42
5.5.4
Road Markings............................................................................................ 42
5.6 Nighttime Work Zones............................................................................................... 43
5.7 Other Devices and Equipment ................................................................................... 44
5.7.1
Portable Traffic Signals ............................................................................... 44
5.7.2
Electronic Arrow Boards............................................................................. 45
5.7.3
Dynamic Message Signing .......................................................................... 45
5.7.4
Speed Cameras ........................................................................................... 45
5.7.5
Work Vehicles............................................................................................. 46
5.7.6
Truck-Mounted Attenuators ...................................................................... 46
5.7.7
High-Visibility Clothing ............................................................................... 47

References .......................................................................................................................... 49

Volume 3
CAD Drawings

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