Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Openings in the Base of the Skull and the structures that pass through them
Openings in the Skull
Structures Transmitted
Ethmoid
Optic Canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Foramen Spinosum
Foramen Lacerum
Foramen Magnum
Olfactory nerves
Hypoglossal Canal
Jugular Foramen
Occipital
Between petrous part of temporal and
condylar part of occipital
Inferior Oblique
Sphincter Pupillae of
Iris
Dilatory Pupillae of
Iris
Ciliary Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Striated Skeletal Muscle)
Tendinous ring on
Superior surface of
CNIII
posterior wall of orbital eyeball just posterior to
cavity
corneoscleral junction
Tendinous ring on
Inferior surface of
CNIII
posterior wall of orbital eyeball just posterior to
cavity
corneoscleral junction
Tendinous ring on
Medial surface of eyeball CNIII
posterior wall of orbital just posterior to
cavity
corneoscleral junction
Tendinous ring on
Lateral surface of eyeball CNVI
posterior wall of orbital just posterior to
cavity
corneoscleral junction
Posterior wall of orbital Passes through pulley
CNIV
cavity
and is attached to
superior surface of
eyeball beneath superior
rectus
Floor of orbital cavity
Lateral surface of eyeball CNIII
deep to lateral rectus
Intrinsic Muscles of Eyeball (Smooth Muscle)
Parasympathetic via
CNIII
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic via
CNIII
Action
Raises cornea upward
and medially
Depresses cornea
downward and medially
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks medially
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks laterally
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks downward
and laterally
Rotates eyeball so that
cornea looks upward
and laterally
Constricts pupil
Dilates pupil
Controls shape of lens;
in accommodation,
makes lens more
globular
Muscles of Eyelids
Orbicularis Oculi
Palpebral Part
Orbital Part
Levator Palpebrae
Superioris
Medial palpebral
ligament
Medial palpebral
ligament and adjoining
bone
Back of orbital cavity
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Striated muscle
oculomotor nerve,
smooth muscle
Sympathetic
Frontal belly
Origin
Insertion
Muscle of Scalp
Epicranial aponeurosis
Innervation
Action
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Separate lips
Facial nerve
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve
Facial nerve
Corrugator Supercilii
Superciliary arch
Skin of eyebrow
Facial nerve
Compressor Nasi
Facial nerve
Dilator Naris
Procerus
Orbicularis Oris
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Maxilla, mandible and skin
Aponeurosis of bridge of
nose
Ala of nose
Skin between eyebrows
Encircles oral orifice
Dilator Muscles of Lips
Orbital Part
Levator Labii
Superioris Alaeque
Nasi
Levator Labii
Superioris
Zygomaticus Minor
Zygomaticus Major
Levator Anguli Oris
Risorius
Depressor Anguli Oris
Depressor Labii
Inferioris
Mentalis
Buccinator
Platysma
Masseter
Temporalis
Elevates mandible to
occlude teeth
Anterior and superior
fibers elevate mandible;
posterior fibers retract
mandible
Pulls neck of mandible
forward
Elevates mandible
Muscles of Tongue
Muscle
Longitudinal
Origin
Median septum and
submucosa
Insertion
Intrinsic Muscles
Mucous membrane
Innervation
CNXII
CNXII
Protrudes apex of
tongue through mouth
Depresses tongue
Transverse
Vertical
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Extrinsic Muscles
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Blends with other
muscles of tongue
Side of tongue
Action
CNXII
CNXII
Pharyngeal plexus
Digastric
Posterior belly
Origin
Deep fascia over
pectoralis major and
deltoid
Manubrium sterni and
medial third of the
clavicle
Insertion
Body of mandible and
angle of mouth
Innervation
Facial nerve cervical
branch
Action
Depresses mandible and
angle of mouth
Mastoid process of
temporal bone and
occipital bone
Mastoid process of
temporal bone
Intermediate tendon is
held to hyoid by fascial
sling
Facial nerve
Depresses mandible or
elevates hyoid bone
Anterior belly
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Body of mandible
Styloid process
Mylohyoid line of body
of mandible
Geniohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Inferior belly
Nerve to mylohyoid
Facial nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Intermediate tendon is
held to clavicle and first
rib by fascial sling
First rib
C4, 5 & 6
Scalenius Medius
Transverse processes of
upper six cervical
vertebrae
First rib
Scalenius Posterior
Transverse process of
lower cervical vertebrae
Second rib
Superior belly
Scalenius Anterior
Cranial Nerves
Nerve
Olfactory
Components
Sensory
Optic
Oculomotor
Sensory
Motor
Trochlear
Motor
Trigeminal
Ophthalmic
division
Sensory
Maxillary division
Sensory
Mandibular
division
Motor
Sensory
Abducent
Motor
Facial
Motor
Sensory
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Vestibulocochlear
Vestibular
Cochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Secretomotor
parasympathetic
Sensory
Vagus
Motor
Sensory
Accessory
Cranial root
Spinal root
Hypoglossal
Motor
Motor
Motor
Function
Smell
Vision
Lifts upper eyelid, turns eyeball
upward, downward and medially;
constricts pupil; accommodates eye
Assists in turning eyeball downward
and laterally
Opening in Skull
Openings in cribriform plate
of ethmoid
Optic canal
Superior Orbital Fissure
Superior Orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Jugular Foramen
Hypoglossal Canal
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus Anterior)
Muscle
Pectoralis Major
Insertion
Lateral lip of the bicipital
groove of humerus
Pectoralis Minor
Origin
Clavicle, sternum and
upper six costal
cartilages
3rd, 4th and 5th ribs
Subclavius
Clavicle
Serratus Anterior
Coracoid process of
scapula
Innervation
Medial and lateral pectoral
nerves form brachial
plexus
Medial pectoral nerve
from brachial plexus
Action
Adducts arm and rotates it
medially; clavicular fibers
also flex arm
Depresses point of
shoulder; if the scapula is
fixed, it elevates the ribs of
origin
Depresses the clavicle and
steadies this bone during
movements of the shoulder
girdle
Draws the scapula forward
around the thoracic wall;
rotates the scapula
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles
Muscle
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboid Minor
Rhomboid Major
Origin
Occipital bone,
ligamentum nuchae,
spine of 7th cervical
vertebra, spines of all
thoracic vertebra
Iliac crest, lumbar fascia,
spines of lower six
thoracic vertebrae,
lower three or four ribs,
and inferior angle of the
scapula
Transverse processes of
first four cervical
vertebrae
Ligamentum nuchae and
spines of 7th cervical
vertebra and 1st thoracic
vertebra
2nd to 5th thoracic spines
Insertion
Upper fibers into lateral
third of clavicle; middle and
lower fibers into acromion
and spine of the scapula
Innervation
Spinal part of accessory
nerve (motor) and C3 and
C4 (sensory)
Action
Upper fibers elevate the
scapula; middle fibers pull
the scapula medially; lower
fibers pull medial border of
the scapula downward
Extends, adducts and
medially rotates the arm
Thoracodorsal nerve
Origin
Lateral third of clavicle,
acromion, spine of
scapula
Insertion
Middle of lateral surface of
shaft of humerus
Innervation
Axillary nerve
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa of
scapula
Spurascapular nerve
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Teres Major
Greater tuberosity of
humerus; capsule of
shoulder joint
Greater tuberosity of
humerus; capsule of
shoulder joint
Medial lip of bicipital
groove of humerus
Teres Minor
Axillary nerve
Subscapularis
Action
Abducts arm; anterior fibers
flex and medially rotate
arm; posterior fibers extend
and laterally rotate arm
Abducts arm and stabilizes
shoulder joint
Suprascapular nerve
Short head
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Triceps
Long head
Lateral head
Medial head
Origin
Insertion
Anterior Compartment
Innervation
Supraglenoid tubercle of
scapula
Musculocutaneous nerve
Supinator of forearm
and flexor of elbow
joint; weak flexor of
shoulder joint
Coracoid process of
scapula
Coracoid process of
scapula
Front of lower half of
humerus
Action
Infraglenoid tubercle of
scapula
Upper half of posterior
surface of shaft of
humerus
Lower half of posterior
surface of shaft of
humerus
Olecranon process of
ulna
Radial nerve
Ulnar head
Ulnar head
Flexor Digitorum
Superficialis
Humeroulnar
head
Radial head
Origin
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial border of
coronoid process of
ulna
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Insertion
Medial epicondyle of
humerus
Medial aspect of
olecranon process and
posterior border of ulna
Medial epicondyle of
humerus; medial border
of coronoid process of
ulna
Oblique line on anterior
surface of shaft of radius
Flexor Pollicis
Longus
Flexor Digitorum
Profundus
Pronator Quadratus
Distal phalanges of
medial four fingers
Innervation
Median nerve
Median nerve
Median nerve
Action
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Anterior interosseus
branch of median nerve
Ulnar (medial half) and
median (lateral half)
nerves
Anterior interosseus
branch of median nerve
Origin
Lateral supracondylar
ridge of humerus
Insertion
Base of styloid process
of radius
Innervation
Radial nerve
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Lateral supracondylar
ridge pf the humerus
Posterior surface of
base of 2nd metacarpal
bone
Radial nerve
Action
Flexes forearm at elbow
joint; rotates forearm to
the midprone position
Extends and abducts
hand at wrist joint
Origin
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Digitorum
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Digiti
Minimi
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Extensor Carpi
Ulnaris
Anconeus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Supinator
Abductor Pollicis
Longus
Extensor Pollicis
Brevis
Extensor Pollicis
Longus
Extensor Indicis
Insertion
Posterior surface of
base of third metacarpal
bone
Middle and distal
phalanges of medial
four fingers
Extensor expansion of
little finger
Innervation
Deep branch of radial
nerve
Action
Extends and abducts hand
at wrist joint
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Posterior surface of
shaft of radius and ulna
Posterior surface of
shaft or radius
Extends
metacarpophalangeal joint
of little finger
Extends and adducts hand
at wrist joint
Extends elbow joint
Posterior surface of
shaft of ulna
Posterior surface of
shaft of ulna
Supination of forearm
Extends and abducts thumb
Extends
metacarpophalangeal joint
of thumb
Extends distal phalanx of
thumb
Extends
metacarpophalangeal joint
of index finger
Interossei (8)
Palmar (4)
Dorsal (4)
Abductor Pollicis
Brevis
Flexor Pollicis
Brevis
Origin
Flexor retinaculum,
palmar aponeurosis
Tendons of flexor
digitorum profundus
Insertion
Skin of palm
Proximal phalanges of
thumb and index, ring
and little fingers and
dorsal extensor
expansion of each
finger
Proximal phalanges of
index, middle and ring
fingers and dorsal
extensor expansion
Extensor expansion of
medial four fingers
Innervation
Superficial branch of
ulnar nerve
1st and 2nd (i.e. lateral
two) median nerve; 3rd
and 4th deep branch of
ulnar nerve
Action
Corrugates skin to improve
grip of palm
Flexes metacarpophalangeal
joints and extend
interphalangeal joints of
fingers except thumb
Abduction of thumb
Flexes metacarpophalangeal
joint of thumb
Flexor retinaculum
Adductor Pollicis
Abductor Digiti
Minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi
Opponens Digiti
Minimi
Flexor retinaculum
Shaft of metacarpal
bone of thumb
Base of proximal
phalanx of thumb
Median nerve
Opponens Pollicis
Distribution
Roots
Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)
Rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, levator scapulae
Long Thoracic Nerve (C5, 6, 7)
Serratus anterior
Upper Trunk
Suprascapular Nerve (C5, 6)
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
Nerve to Subclavius (C5, 6)
Subclavius
Lateral Cord
Lateral Pectoral Nerve (C5, 6, 7)
Pectoralis major
Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, 6, 7)
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis; supplies skin along
lateral border of forearm when it becomes the lateral cutaneous
nerve of the forearm
Lateral root of Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7)
(See medial root of median nerve)
Posterior Cord
Upper Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6)
Subscapularis
Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6, 7, 8)
Latissimus dorsi
Lower Subscapular Nerve (C5, 6)
Subscapularis and teres major
Axillary Nerve (C5, 6)
Deltoid and teres minor; upper and lateral cutaneous nerve of
arm supplies skin over lower half of deltoid muscle
Radial Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8; T1)
Triceps, anconeus, part of brachialis, ECRL; via deep radial nerve
branch supplies extensor muscles of forearm: supinator, ECRB,
ECU, ED, EDM, EI, AbPL, EPL, EPB; skin, lower lateral cutaneous
nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of arm, and posterior
cutaneous nerve of forearm; skin on lateral side of dorsum of
hand and dorsal surface of lateral three and a half of fingers;
articular branches to elbow, wrist and hand
Medial Cord
Medial Pectoral Nerve (C8; T1)
Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of arm joined by intercostals
Skin of medial side of arm
brachial nerve from second intercostals nerve (C8; T1, 2)
Medial Cutaneous Nerve of forearm (C8; T1)
Skin of medial side of forearm
Ulnar Nerve (C8; T1)
FCU and medial half of FDP, FDM, ODM, AbDM, AdP, 3rd and 4th
lumbricals, interossei, PB, skin of medial half of dorsum of hand
and palm, skin of palmar and dorsal surfaces of medial one and a
half fingers
Medial root of Median Nerve (with lateral root) forms
PT, FCR, PL, FDS, AbPB, FPB, OP, first two lumbricals (by way of
Median Nerve (C5, 6, 7, 8; T1)
anterior interosseus branch), FPL, FDP (lateral half), PQ, palmar
cutaneous branch to lateral half of palm and digital branches to
palmar surface of lateral three and a half fingers; articular
branches to elbow, wrist and carpal joints
9
Muscles of the Gluteal Region
Muscle
Gluteus
maximus
Origin
Outer surface of ilium,
sacrum, coccyx,
sacrotuberous ligament
Gluteus medius Outer surface of ilium
Insertion
Iliotibial tract and gluteal
tuberosity of femur
Nerve Supply
Inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus
minimus
Action
Extends and laterally rotates hip
joint; through iliotibial tract, it
extends knee joint
Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts pelvis
when walking to permit opposite leg
to clear ground
Abducts thigh at hip joint; tilts pelvis
when walking to permit opposite leg
to clear ground
Assists gluteus maximus in extending
the knee joint
Lateral rotator of thigh at hip joint
Sacral plexus
Sacral plexus
Origin
Anterior superior iliac
spine
Insertion
Upper medial surface of
shaft of tibia
Nerve Supply
Femoral nerve
Iliacus
Femoral nerve
Psoas
Transverse processes,
With iliacus into lesser
Lumbar plexus
bodies, and intervertebral trochanter of femur
discs of the 12th thoracic
and five lumbar vertebrae
Superior ramus of pubis
Upper end of linea aspera Femoral nerve
of shaft of femur
Pectineus
Quadriceps
femoris
Rectus
femoris
Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
medialis
Vastus
intermedius
Action
Flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh
at hip joint; flexes and medially
rotates leg at knee joint
Flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is fixed,
it flexes the trunk on the thigh as in
sitting up from lying down
Flexes thigh on trunk; if thigh is fixed,
it flexes the trunk on thigh as in
sitting up from lying down
Flexes and adducts thigh at hip joint
Origin
Inferior ramus of pubis,
ramus of ischium
Body of pubis, medial to
pubic tubercle
Inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Upper part of shaft of tibia Obturator nerve
on medial surface
Posterior surface of shaft Obturator nerve
of femur (linea aspera)
Posterior surface of shaft Obturator nerve
of femur (linea aspera)
Inferior ramus of pubis,
Posterior surface of shaft Adductor portion:
ramus of ischium, ischial
of femur, adductor tubercle obturator nerve
tuberosity
of femur
Hamstring portion:
sciatic nerve
Outer surface of obturator Medial surface of greater Obturator nerve
membrane and pubic and trochanter
ischial rami
10
Action
Adducts thigh at hip joint; flexes leg
at knee joint
Adducts thigh at hip joint and assists
in lateral rotation
Adducts thigh at hip joint and assists
in lateral rotation
Adducts thigh at hip joint and assists
in lateral rotation; hamstring
portion extends thigh at hip joint
Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
Semitendinosus
Origin
Long head: ischial
tuberosity
Insertion
Head of fibula
Adductor tubercle of
femur
Nerve Supply
Action
Long head: tibial
Flexes and laterally rotates leg
portion of sciatic nerve at knee joint; long head also
extends thigh at hip joint
Short head: common
peroneal portion of
sciatic nerve
Tibial portion of sciatic Flexes and medially rotates leg
nerve
at knee joint; extends thigh at
hip joint
Tibial portion of sciatic Flexes and medially rotates leg
nerve
at knee joint; extends thigh at
hip joint
Tibial portion of sciatic Extends thigh at hip joint
nerve
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Medial cuneiform and base Deep peroneal nerve
of first metatarsal bone
Extensor
Anterior surface of shaft of Base of distal phalanx of
hallucis longus fibula
great toe
Extensor
digitorum
brevis
Calcaneum
Action
Extendsb foot at ankle joint; inverts
foot at subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints; holds up medial
longitudinall arch of foot
Extends toes; extends foot at ankle
joint
Extends foot at ankle joint; everts
foot at subtalar and transverse
tarsal joints
Extends big toe; extends foot at
ankle joint; inverts foot at subtalar
and transverse tarsal joints
Origin
Lateral surface of shaft of
fibula
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Base of first metatarsal and Superficial peroneal
the medial cuneiform
nerve
Superficial peroneal
nerve
11
Action
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
everts foot at subtalar and
transverse tarsal joints; supports
lateral longitudinal and transverse
arches of foot
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
everts foot at subtalar and
transverse tarsal joint; supports
lateral longitudinal arch of foot
Origin
Insertion
Nerve Supply
Superficial Group
Via tendo calcaneus into Tibial nerve
posterior surface of
calcaneum
Tibial nerve
Tibial nerve
Popliteus
Deep Group
Posterior surface of shaft Tibial nerve
of tibia above soleal line
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Tibialis
posterior
Tibial nerve
Action
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
flexes knee joint
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
flexes knee joint
Together with gastrocnemius and
plantaris is powerful plantar flexor
of ankle joint; provides main
propulsive force in walking and
running
Flexes leg at knee joint; unlocks
knee joint by lateral rotation of
femur on tibia and slackens
ligaments of joint
Flexes distal phalanges of lateral
four toes; plantar flexes foot at
ankle joint; supports medial and
lateral longitudinal arches of foot
Flexes distal phalanx of big toe;
plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
supports medial longitudinal arch of
foot
Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint;
inverts foot at subtalar and
transverse tarsal joints; supports
medial longitudinal arch of foot
Origin
Medial tuberosity of
calcaneum and flexor
retinaculum
Medial tubercle of
calcaneum
Insertion
Nerve Supply
First Layer
Base of proximal phalanx of Medial plantar nerve
big toe
Plantar (3)
Peroneus
longus tendon
Tibialis
posterior
tendon
Adjacent sides of
metatarsal bones
Bases of proximal
Lateral plantar nerve
phalanges first: medial side
of second toe; remainder:
lateral sides of second,
third, and fourth toes also
dorsal extensor expansion
Inferior surfaces of third, Medial side of bases of
Lateral plantar nerve
fourth, and fifth metatarsal proximal phalanges of
bones
lateral three toes
12
Action
Origin
Anterior part of upper
surface of the calcaneum
and from the inferior
extensor retinaculum
Insertion
Nerve Supply
By four tendons into the Deep peroneal nerve
proximal phalanx of big toe
and long extensor tendons
to second, third, and fourth
toes
13
Action
Extends toes
Pudendal nerve
Distribution
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles
Gluteus maximus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus and superior gemellus muscles
Quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles
Skin over medial aspect of buttock
Skin over posterior surface of thigh and popliteal fossa, also over lower part
of buttock, scrotum, or labium majus
Hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, biceps femoris [long head], adductor
magnus [hamstring part]), gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis
posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and via medial and
lateral plantar branches to muscles of sole of foot; sural branch supplies skin
on lateral side of leg and foot
Biceps femoris muscle (short head) and via deep peroneal branch: tibialis
anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus
tertius, and extensor digitorum brevis muscles; skin over cleft between first
and second toes. The superficial peroneal branch supplies the peroneus
longus and brevis muscles and skin over lower third of anterior surface of
leg and dorsum of foot
Muscles of perineum including the external anal sphincter, mucous
membrane of lower half of anal canal, perianal skin, skin of penis, scrotum,
clitoris, and labia majora and minora
Distribution
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles of anterior
abdominal wall; skin over lower anterior abdominal wall and buttock
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis muscles of anterior
abdominal wall; skin of upper medial aspect of thigh; root of penis and
scrotum in the male; mons pubis and labia majora in the female
Skin of anterior and lateral surfaces of the thigh
Cremaster muscle in scrotum in male; skin over anterior surface of thigh;
nervous pathway for cremasteric reflex
Iliacus, pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris muscles, and intermediate
cutaneous branches to the skin of the anterior surface of the thigh and by
saphenous branch to the skin of the medial side of the leg and foot; articular
branches to hip and knee joints
Gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor longus, obturator externus, pectineus,
adductor magnus (adductor portion), and skin on medial surface of thigh;
articular branches to hip and knee joints
Quadratus lumborum and psoas muscles
14
Back
Muscles Connecting the Upper limb to the Vertebral Column/ Superficial (Appendicular) Group of Back Muscles
*Trapezius
*Latissimus Dorsi
*Levator Scapulae
*Rhomboid Major
*Rhomboid Minor
Intermediate (Respiratory) Group of Back Muscles
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Serratus Posterior
Lower portion of
Upper border of
Superior
ligamentum nuchae,
ribs 2 to 5 just
spinous process of
lateral to their
C7 to T3 and
angles
supraspinous
ligaments
Serratus Posterior
Spinous process of
Lower border of
Inferior
T11 to L3 and
ribs 9 to 12 just
supraspinous
lateral to their
ligaments
angles
Innervation
Anterior rami of
upper thoracic
nerves (T2 to T5)
Action
Elevates ribs 2 to 5
Anterior rami of
lower thoracic
nerves (T9 to T12)
Depresses ribs 9 to
12 and may prevent
lower ribs from
being elevated when
the diaphragm
contracts
Insertion
Mastoid process,
skull below lateral
1/3 of superior
nuchal line
Innervation
Posterior rami
middle cervical
nerves
Transverse
processes of C1 to
C3
Posterior rami
middle cervical
nerves
Action
Together- draw
head backwards
extending neck;
individually- draw
and rotate head to
one side (turn face
to same side)
Together- extend
neck; individuallydraw and rotate
head to one side
(turn face to same
side)
Splenius Cervicis
Spinous processes
of T3 to T6
Spinalis Thoracis
Spinalis Cervicis
Spinalis Capitis
Angles of ribs 3 to 6
Blends with iliocostalis in lumbar
region and is attached to transverse
processes of lumbar vertebrae
Transverse processes of upper 4 or
5 thoracic vertebrae
Transverse processes of upper 4 or
5 thoracic vertebrae and articular
processes of lower three or four
cervical vertebrae
Spinous processes of T10 or T11 to
L2
Lower part of ligamentum nuchae
and spinous processes of C7
(sometimes T1 to T2)
Usually blends with semispinalis
capitis
Insertion
Angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs
Rotatores Lumborum
Rotatores Thoracis
Rotatores Cervicis
Posterior tubercle
of atlas (C1)
Obliquus Capitis
Superior
Transverse process
of atlas (C1)
Obliquus Capitis
Inferior
Spinous process of
axis (C2)
Insertion
Spinous processes of upper 4
thoracic and lower 2 cervical
vertebrae
Spinous processes of C2 (axis) to
C5
Medial area between the superior
and inferior nuchal lines of occipital
bone
Base of spinous processes of all
vertebrae from L5 to C2
Insertion
The rib below vertebra of
origin near tubercle
Insertion
Lateral portion of
occipital bone below
inferior nuchal line
Medial portion of
occipital bone below
inferior nuchal line
Occipital bone
between superior
and inferior nuchal
lines
Transverse process
of atlas (C1)
Action
Contraction elevates rib
Innervation
Posterior ramus of
C1
Posterior ramus of
C1
Function
Extension of head;
rotation of face to
same side as muscle
Extension of head
Posterior ramus of
C1
Extension of head
and bends it to same
side
Posterior ramus of
C1
Rotation of face to
same side
15
16
Thorax
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb to the Thoracic Wall/ Muscles of the Pectoral Region (except Serratus Anterior)
*Pectoralis Major
*Subclavius
*Pectoralis Minor
Muscles of the Thorax/ Thoracic Wall
Muscle
Origin
External Intercostal
Inferior margin of
rib above
Internal Intercostal
Lateral edge of
costal groove of rib
above
Innermost
Intercostal
Medial edge of
costal groove of rib
above
Internal surface
(near angle) of
lower ribs
Lower margins and
internal surfaces of
cocostal cartilages
of 2nd to 6th ribs
Subcostales
Transversus
Thoracis
Diaphragm (most
important muscle of
respiration)
Xiphoid process;
lower six costal
cartilages, first three
lumbar vertebrae
Levatores Costarum
(12)
Tip of transverse
process of C7 and
T1-11 vertebrae
Serratus Posterior
Superior
Serratus Posterior
Inferior
Insertion
Superior surface f
rib below
Innervation
Intercostal nerves;
T1-T11
Superior surface of
rib below deep to
the attachment of
the related external
intercostal
Internal aspect of
superior surface of
rib below
Internal surface of
2nd to 3rd rib below
Intercostal nerves;
T1-T11
Function
Most active during
inspiration; supports
intercostals space;
moves ribs
superiorly
Most active during
expiration; supports
intercostals space;
moves ribs inferiorly
Intercostal nerves;
T1-T11
Related intercostal
nerves
Inferior aspect of
deep surface of
body of sternum,
xiphoid process and
costal cartilages ribs
4-7
Central tendon
Related intercostals
nerves
Depresses costal
cartilages
Phrenic nerve
Rib below
Posterior rami of
thoracic spinal
nerves
Very important
muscle of
inspiration;
increases vertical
diameter of thorax
by pulling central
tendon downward;
assists in raising
lower ribs. Also
used in abdominal
straining and weight
lifting
Raises ribs and
therefore
inspiratory muscles