I

1/SrMPt-E STRESS

12

13

=m.ans
' 2P
Siee\
N
soo (110) = $9
filvninrrr
!"y1,ooo\
\o(\orrl'P
loo(2oo)
?. lorooo

PROELEMS
104. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load
of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to

l2o

pfo!zo

N
?. 3( rooo

MN/m2'

Ans.

r 19

105. A homogeneous 800-kg bar,4B is supported at either end by a cable as shown in

Fig. P-105. Calculate the srnallest area ofeach cable ifthe stress is not to exceed
90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

,\ns'

Aa,

43'6 mmz; '4o

= 32;

fture

mm

mm2

109. Determine the largest weight I7 that can be supported b], the two wires shown in
Fig.P-lOg,Thestressineitherwireisnottoexceed30ksi.Tbecross-sectionalarsiu
of wirts l8 and AC are 0.4 in.2 and 0.5 in.2, respectively.
wiR Ac
Ans. W = 11 .l ktW
Trr -- W

[B
.

\^/i(

\._w

s\q{o si$[b
11g:
Steel

1o('q)

L=3m

,n, .

fr'f

Q'0521w

I\lg:

6',rL

11.

tl

T1g

o't's1.lw

cable if its diameter is 0.6 in. and the bar weighs 6000

lb.

. 6*9

A6q

o.?tqqw' fo (o's)
W. n-lkiF!

t'its

106. The homogcneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a smooth Jir rt C"oa
a cable that runs frorn ,{ to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the

srnto

'lric. 0.t1qq w

O.bBtr\^r

Figure P-105

10m

E;=*z.o*_J*r.',"

P-lm F-2.5 m---*..|*-2.0 m--rF-I'b m+l

Figure P-l(D

ll0.

square steel bearing plate iies between an 8-ih. diameter wooden post and
a concrcte footing as showD in Fig. P-l 10. Determine the maximum value of the

A l2-in.

axiat load P

if the strccs ir, wood is limited to l80O psi aod that in concrele to

650 psi.
P=

f* " qo,qrr-j

lt

c"nortk-

Figure

Po:

!07. A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated.
If p = 3000 lb and the cross-sectional area ofthe rod is 0.5 in.2, determine the stress
in each section.

Ans.

o*

D=8in.

Pr. Cclc

P-lM

oa = 24.0 lcsi; au. : 18.0 ksi

bso

Po.
P.

Llzl)

93 ,u0olL

plate

P- '

q3,c,oolL

[o. 5o{. lool

f" io,(l1l

l*, u*l*

tt-J*

2.s

ft-*l

fs,.5w Aw
1*. \toolt t (s)-l
lv.r. qq 111'1(L

P,

lL

Figure P-I07

alurminum rod is rigictly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown
in Fig. p-108. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the nnaxirnum
value of P that u'ill not exceed a stres.s in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminurn of 90 MPa'
or in bronze of lfil MPa.

l0B. An

Ans. P= l0"0kN

flgur P-tl0

!l{r . g

24Br:

14

sP

bt

ltr(30)

ro

{Dr

::ek

Bo. or

' 3aj

Yt\.- : o
cone.

Dr=3g{Kconp-

For thc tru$ .huwn in Frg: P-l I l, calculstc thc strcsccs in mcmbrr cE, DE, ail
Dr. Thc crm-cctional erca of each member b 1.8 h.2. Indicatc rcnsion (T) or

comprersion (C).

'{h

Ans.

, u. ot

!r - {gK

r{

rlslrPr.E STnESS

3-''

lll.
Ii.,.

tFv:o

oss

9260 Ds CD; oor

doinl r3ce +30:qo

1grtton

22.2 Lsi (T); opp

18.5 ksi (C)

ll3.

60E

AB

E
6ft

8ft

30

"v,

kip;

Is'c+

Ans.

,2oK :F1

pp3

t-f'6a*p.hOp

:
2\'o

los(10@)

Acr- iliin.,

6,,9; }ok

llt.
11n, 666.*
b

coop,

,/

=cD'c(1uoo)

%,.Ls#;lp|

'/

^f,
60tN

t$e6Pos'*w
EtlP' o

-l:

ll
L_ _'

l\t'::l');:)
trs)'3w
i rlg +z(w'''2201 l1l:
rhrrc P'lr3 Ths- o's124w
e.srl0LTeB" W

Thc homogcncous br ABCD shown ia Fi& P-l 14 is rup,portod by r ceblc that runr
from ,{ to Bsround the gmooth pcg at E, n verticrl cablc at C, rnd a smooth inclinod"
surfacc at D. Determine the mass of the hcaviest bor thst crn be supported if the

! lob(2'n) strcss in cach cable is li!tritcd to 100 MP& Tbc arca of cablc AB is 250 mm2 rnd
that of the cable at C is 3fi) mm2.
tr3hb\.Xlt{
+r-Aru. 6.47 M8
Skue3qE-1

lz

= 6cFo

\rrt: b3L&q.iz N

0. \af6r.r 2 \oo!1oo)

nn=

-tlj

rtX

\A{-- 13X.t<3'6oN

,[s, 1.gin]

AB

ro-sa*

.o

"f-rg

tfn'o
Ar-.

C,

AG'gi.rsior, Anc.

lrc..

S"iSir.r;

0> ftr =o L ,^= p r'

{6 cD" 5Go0

. \cl$lh) I \t2^t) t l(qoJ

!ft:o
-I.l-u As" br
.16

lo

* l.ll in.z;A6-

L) igo{+ 'l.i?

Aq+zo,J-

ZO.Ae,

A,te

*a=lg.uK

Ran LBD' 20

corrpT

'\o..N-z.erkrTlc
1c= o-\13ro${

lf1 . o
' .. .
.'HN.{o+2,3GS
O rr^oso

t,

Ir2.6s+ tlpF

Bc: rgc-

\rg
,,. * - z.etLr

the croec-scctionel arcas of members ,{ G, BC, and CE ficr the tnrss Srown
in Fig; P- I I 2. Thc srecses are oot to exceod 20 ksi in rcnsion or 14 ksi iu compression"
*A reduoed strcss ia comprcssion is specificd to raducc thc dangcr of buckling.

15

qBc : r(00)

Txgcil6o'+\$Llo
:$I
,.t"u+ \1g +\e

I12. Dctermine

{0.8?6I)p/\ ktst"n7,

BD, rd CF fc tbe tru: ,hown in FL. P-I13.

Thc crosc.stionrl rrct of ch nembcr ir

BC,

Scr roskn

: rrftj1 so,L\6oo)

tr*"o

nrcocr ia membqr

o
lodicrtc the tcncion or comp,rescioa"
Elt, " o
ltg.l= 1ro4+r1}fl "1

Irtlr,c P-lf f

1\g' 20(

Ccp.

- ..-rr\
,F:z:rs,ll coW'

! l9t t//
F 6Dr : Srt

ufr ry

F'tDd thc

acti^

?5(toro). ECO(fkp)

SrcAflNo srnE8s

t.9 y'

cE' (ulk

ZL, rO
t(r<) tqu{o)
\tRD -

a(r,o)

lr\D "

bt.

6cE,

xr

({su)

9D =

lr1e.o

r(fr

l,rc^

B.,)

E(,o)

Fbur P-lla

f,6,; ]2.t1r conl'

r'tril
0c
F
26

'

6.norg, ltcg.,

u'[ " hhc/

kipr

[g6,. o'l6rf

1.'[

SHEARING STRESS

Shearing ctrcssditrcrsfrom both tcnsile and oomprcssivc gtressin thEt it iscauccd

by forces acting along or psrallcl to the area resirting the foreeq whcrcas- tcnsile

and oompressivc strrEscs arc causcd by forcc pcrpendicular to the arcas oB

trro

-'

'1oY

-1

Ittur P-lrz

which they act. For this rcason, tcnsilc and compressive strcsscc are froquentty
calldrcrmal Jrresses, whereas a scaring stncss may be alldatangmtial strex"
A shcaring str,ess ir produced whenevcr the appriGd loads causc one section
of r body to tend to slidc past its adjaccnt scction. scvcrat cxamples rro sho$,n
in Ftr l-l l. In (a) tnc rivct resistr shear actw ito cm,coctionat arca, whercas

lisrMPl sr-nE8s

16

FROBLEMS

fi

l-l lc, a hole is to be pur,ched out ofa ptate having a shearing strenglh
of 40 ksi. The connpressive stress in the punch is limiuxl tc i0 ksi. (a) cornpute ihc
maxirnum thickness of plate frora whiclr a liole 2.5 i*. in rCiameter can Lre punctled.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 in. ti:"icli, determine the diaunster of the smatlmt hole that

116. As in Fig.

ean be punched.

ll7.

[18. A 20O-mnrd.iameter pullcy

---4.-

->::r?
'
r-ir

is preveated

tiom rota-ting relative to a 6Gmmdiameter

shaft by a ?0-rnm-lcng key, as sho,wn in Fig. F-! 18. If a torque f = 2.2 kN.m is
applied to the shaft" deterrnine the width fl ifl th allowable shearing stress in the
key is 60 MPa. 'l : O.os F
F: r3.ilkrl
Y= 1[
2.2 z .J,Olt

(c)

(a)

rigure

Ans. (a) r = 0.781 in.; (b) d = 0.800 in.

Find the srr,all$t diarnerer holt that ean be used in the crevis in Fig. l-l lb ifp:
400 kN. The shearing strength for the bolt is 3t!0 Mpa. Io<r(roo) .?ro!L\nlr)) LrZl1co$

Shaft

ExamPles of shear.

200 rnm dia.

v= F

. J3.3Jrn

A. lob
areas; case (a)
in the clevis at (b) the bolt resists shear across two cross'sec{ional
case (b) 4oubte shear. ln (c) .a circular slug is
called single iiea,
*uv

u,

T.

resisting area is similar to the milled

applied
coir. tn each case, the shear occurs over an i*1ry"tfl.1trthe
that
shear
"
induced
"ag"
load."fThis may be called direct shear in contrast to the
*"v o""u, over sections inclined with the resultant load. as was illustrated in

about to be punched

a plate; ihe
o"i of^nd

Fig. l-4a.

in the preceding article

The discussion concerning uniforrn normal stresses
stress will exist when the
might lead us to conclude also lhat a uniform shearing
of the cros section being
resultant shearing torceTpasses through the centroid
7 (Greek lowercase letter tan) could
sheared. lf this were true, the shearing stress
be found from
V
t:--A

(r-2)

practically lever uniformly dis'

Actually, the shearing stress across a section is
5rt;; Eq' ( l-2) must.b interprtd as gving merelv the
tributed (e.g.,

see

Att.

?s.gs (,.0)
f,s

) tt

,'o

air,"r"";;;;,
are.,"J."il;;;it;;rditions

.: (qo crses)

5Fn

lq.tr6 kn
I

I9.

46u

'o

1l$: sl.oI&

\ls-

40,kN

kn

200

Is.

t15. what force

rhtck?

is rcquired to punch a
is 350

rh::|:H*

2&mmdiamas boh ioe dstc thd

MN/n'

is 25

nm

',?)

Io

I z[ t nrrOttfi

t
I

Q9.o2ttPt4

Figure P-l19
I

tg

se. o1((

|e-250 mm-d

PROBLEiiC

Figure P-t 18

r a2.1q( l(t\

.196n5 BS

Compute the shearing stress in the pin at ,8 ibr thc mernLrer supmrted iu shown in
Fig. P-l I9. The pin diameter is 20 ntm.
Ans. 94.1 lvlPa

th={frffiP

l'll

--r''

Shaft 60 mm dia

r'(A8vr0'25(10

I\lv:

ft.{0m

KeY

(l-2) provided
.averageshearing ,rr"o ini, ooes not iimit the usefurhess oggq.
nonuniform
actual
that takes into account the
we us an average ,t.uriig.t
uniformity
"o
approach
does
distribution. vror*u.r, it I *r"*itg stress distribution
of the
an!.thldepth
thi applied shearing loads
and
Fig
pncvail
in
that
shearins a$ea
in the following Problems

il;;;;,

LONPA

l-*+r,-+*#.'
Ffuire

?0. The mernbers ol the strucr.: .r in l'ig. F-I ?0 weigh 200 tblft. metmifle {!ir,; 'r:''
streariq6 strcss is limite<i tir iliri'
"liameter pin that can ia riq:'t ;, ,4 if the
Assurnr si:rs,le shear.

,qn:,.

aas. r50 kr{

rlslUpt'EslElt

t6
t.f,.f1,.Referrio8 to Fig.

P-l2t, computc the rnaximun fora

P tbat can bc applicd by

tb

mschipeoprator if thc shcaring s$es in the prn at B and the axial strcss in tb
oontrol r(d *t C ilE limitrd to 4000 pai nnd 5000 psi, respoctively. Thc diamaco
are 0.25 in. fen the pin, and 0.50 ia. for the control rod. Assume singlc sfieer for
ths rin at 8.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

1.5

19

BEARTNG STRESS

Bearing stress diftbrs from compressive stress in that the latter is the internal
stress caused by a compressive force, whereas the fclrmer is a contact pressure
between separate bodies. Some examples of bearing stress are the soil presure
beneath piers and the forces on bearing plates. We now consider the contact
pressures between an axle and its bearing, or between a qivet or bolt and the
contact surface of the plate against which it pushes.
In Fig" l-12, the result ofan excessive bearing stress is to cause yielding of
the plate or of the rivet, or both. The intensity with which the rivet bears agaiust
the rivet hole is not constant, but it actually varies from zero at the edges ofthe

2in

Figure P-f 2l
tri12.

Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, arc glucd togethcr along the joint
inclined at the anglc 0 as shown in Fig" P-122. Using the frcc-body diagram concept iltustrated in Fig. l-4a, show that thc strearing strcss on thc gluedjoint is r =
P sin 2012A, where ;{ is the cross-scctional arca

Projected area of
rivet hole

Figure

l-12

Exaggerated bearing defcrrmaticln of upper plate. P6 =

,4gt:

Qd\ot.

holc to a maximum directll, in back r>f the dvet. T'he difficulty inhercnr in a
variable stress distribution is avoided by the common practice ol'assuming the
lx:aring stress ob to bb uniforrnly distributed over a reduced area equal to the
prolrcted area of the rivet hol*. Then the bearing load is erpresscd b1,

fi

Pc =

Flgisre P-I22

Apt:

Ud)or

(1-3)

. This result is analogcus to that lbr a c-vlinder subjected to a unifbnn internal

t)rcssure(seelhenextarticle,especiallyFig. !-15).There,asweshall see,thenet
lirrcc is equal to the unilkrrm pressure multiplied by the projected alea"
100 mm

rtrc
123.

A rcctsnSular pie* of wood, 50 mm by l(D mm in

P-r23

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

croas soction, is uscd'ar e

comprcssion block as shown in Fig. P-123. Dctsrmine the maximum axial fora P
thet can bc ssfely applicd to the block if the compressive strcss in thc wood is limitld
ss ?0 MN/m2 and rhe sherriug $tre$s perntbl to thc graitr b limitod to 5 MN/n2.
Tbe grain makes an rngle of 20" with thc horizontal, rs chos'n. (Iliaf..

Ur tb

ri*!rlt$ of Fr$blem 122.)

;/.tts.

P-77,tkN

124. Figure l-13 shows a W460 X 97 beam rivet*d ro a W6l0 X 125 girder b-v 100
X 90 X lO-mm angJes with l9-mrn<liameter rivets. There are two angles. one on
either side of the beam. (Refer to Apgrndix B fcrr the propertres of structural secrions.)
For each rivet, assume r : 80 MPa and ot : l7{} MPa. Tlie web o[ the girder is
I 1.9 mm thick, and the web of the beam is | 1.4 nrnr thick" Determine the aiiowable

cntl reaction.

20

1/SIMPLE STRESS

PROBLEMS

21

60 MPa for shearing of the rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each
plate; and (b) the largcst average tensile stress in the plates.

An$.

\{,460 X 9? beam
web = 11.4 mm

W610 x 125 girder

web = 11.9 mm

(a) 7.85 mm; (b) 26.7 MPa

126. The lap joint shown in Fig. P-I26 is fastened by four l-in.-diameter rivers. Calculate
the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to I 8 ksi. Assume the
applied load is uniformly distributEd arnong the four rivets.

rone on either side of beam)

Figure

l-13

Strcngth ofbeam and girder connedion.

7

Solution: At the

girder, the shearing resistance is that ofeight rivers in single shear;

rn.

Figure P-I26

Ircnce we have

\
IP=..trl P: 8(;/(re x
1zr

lo-r)'?(8o

106)

= 18l kN

fhe br:anng resistance at the g,irder depends on the minimum thickness of

lhe conrreclion. which in this case is the lO-mm thickness of the clip angle. We
ohtain lor eight rive'rs in bearing:

LI': Aoi

P=

S(19

x t0-rxtox l0-1xl70x

106)

= 258 kN
At the beam. there are four rivets in double shear, giving a total oleight singleshe;rr areas. Therefore the shear re$istance here is identical to that at the girder.
(:lir"t.'

The hcaring resisknce at the beam depends on the web thickness of the beam.

this is smaller than the combined thickness of the two clip angles, fior the four

rivcls irr bearing. we obtain'

lI'

,=

Ao6l

= a09 x l0-3xl1.4 x l0-3x170 x

127. lnthe clevis shown in Fig. !-l lb on page 16, find the minimum bolt diameter and
the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without
excecding a shearing stress of 12 ksi arrd a bearing stress of20 ksi.

Ans. d:0.862 in.;1:0.406

l2E. A Wl8 X 86 beam

is riveted to a W24

in.

X I l7 girder by a connection similar to that

in Fig. l-13. The diameter of the rivets is { in., and the angles are each 4 X 31, X I
in. For each rivet, ilssume that the allowable stresses are t = 15 ksi and or : 32 ksi.
Find the allowable load on the connection.
129. A [-in.-diamcter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is
uscd to fasten two timbers together as shown in Fig. P-l29. The nut is tightened to
cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head
of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the washers
if their inside diameter is f; in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800 psi.

106)

= i47 kN
The safe beam reactioa is the smallest of these values, that is' 147 kN; it is
linrited by the bearing of the rivets against the W460 X 97 beam.

PROBLEMS
20-mmdiameter ritetJUins the platcs that arc each I l0 :
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bcariru in the platc matcrial and.

! 25. Ir; Fig.

l-l

?, a$surne that a

Figure P-f 29

1/SIMPLE STRESS

22

rf{l- Figure

joint 8'
P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at

Using allowable stresses ot, :76 MPa and ot = l4O MPa, how rnany l9-mmdiameler rivets are required to faste n member 8C to the gusset plate? Member BE?
What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?
Ans. For BC, 7 rivea; for BE,5 rivets

THIITWALLED PRESST'RE

VESSELS

2g

The elementary force acting norrnal to an element of the cylinder located

at an angle 0 from the horizontal diameter is

dF:pa=rulae
A similar force (not shown) acts on the symmetrically placed element on thc
other side of the vertical centerline. Sirrce the horizontal components of sur:h
pairs of forces cancel out, the bursting force F is the surnmation
of the vertical

14 mm

4m

{F:

s["4
96 k N

2(,0

kN

96

components of these elementary forces:

gusset
plate

.: I- Qriaa),i,

p=pDL

kN
/5\ ii).Y.rJ mm
plane

It is apparent that the total bursting force .F, acting normal to the cufling,
A-A, is resisted by the equal forces p acting on each sut surfacc of rhc

cylinder wall. Applying a vertical summation of forces, we obtain

(41

tigure P-I30 and P-l3l

Repear Problem
unchanged.

: rtL;
[-*, r];

which reduces to

75x75x6mm

l.lt.

ll0 il tie

tZr,=Ot
rivet diamerer is

ll

mrn and atl other data remain

P=pDL=2P

(t-4)

A simpler method of determining the bursting fbrce I- is indicated in Fig.

l-15. Here the lower half of the cylinder is occupied by a fluid. Since a fluid
transmits pressure equally in all directions, the pressure distribution on the
cy!-

i4der is the same as thar in Fig l-14. From the accompanying free-body diagram,
it is apparent that the bursting force acting over the flat surface ofthe fluid,
equals the pressure intensity p multiplied uy itre area DL over which it
acts, or

1.6 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS

P = pDL as before.

A cylindrical tank canying a gas or fluid,un<Ier a pressure p is subjected to tenSile

irrces that resist the bursting forces developed across longitudinal and transverse
s.'clicns. Consider first a typical longitudinal section l-l through the pressureloai,led cllinder in Fig. l-14a. A free-body diagram of the half-cylinder isolated
b1' tlrc cutting plane A--4 is shou'n in Fig. l-14b.

(a)

(b)

figure

dF:p dA:pL(Dzl

(a)
nrc f-la Analrticet dclcrmination

G)
of burstinc force F.

d0

1-f5

Direct evaluation of bursting forcr

The stress in the longitudinal section that resists the bursting force
obtained by dividing it by the area of the two cut surfaces. This givJs

fflpDL
:
L'

n)

o,

='fr

1.,

I'is

rr8lrlPtE 8TRE88

24

or

c,

=*

1 THIi}WAI

I FD PRESSURE VESSELS

2a

(r-s)

This stress is usually called the tangmtial stress becausc it acts tangpnt to th
surface of the cylinder; other oommon niutres are circumfercntial strcss' hoop
stress, and girth stress. The stress computed by Eq. (l-5) is the average stress;

Dished or
end

for cylinders having a well thickness equal to l/10 or less of the inner radiuq it
is practically equal to the maximum stress at the inside surface. (Soc Ar; l3-l.l
for the stress distribution in thick-walled cylinders.)
Ifwe consider next a free-body diagram ofa transverse section (Fi8. l-16)'
we sff that the bursting force acting over the end of the cylinder is rcsisted by
the rcsultant P of the tearing forceS acting over t}te transverse section. The arca
of a transverse section is the wall thickness multiplied by the mean circumference,

Figule

P=(tDt)or

l-f5

Bursting force on

trans.

Rounded o

COnveX On(

Flgure 1-17

Figurc

when the ends of the cylinder are not squared offas in Fig. l-17, but an
rounded or dished as in Fig. l - l 8. the bursting force on a transverse section ma1
still be compuled as the product of the internal pressure multiplied by the pro
jected area ofthe transverse section. Thus, using the concept discussed in
con
nection with Fig. l-15, we may imagine, in Fig. l-lg, that the volume betweer
the transverse section A-A and the rounded end is ftlled with a fluid. The resultanr
longitudinal force will equal the producr of rhe pressure intensity multiplicd b1
the shaded area ofthe transverse section.
Using an analysis simiiar to that lbr cylinders, we can easily derivc rhr
expression for the stress in the wall of a thin-walled spherical pressure vessct. Ar
shown in Fig. l-19, the bursting force ,F = prDz/4 (the product of pressure anc
projected area). Th,e bursting force is resisted by the force p distributed acrosr

verse section.

,=o*
or r(D + t)t;
we obtain

if

P . onl)t

tis small compared to D, it is closely approximated by rDt. Thus

Il = ,l

^@r=,@

rff

rDtor = -tr- P
pD

,r: 4

(1{)

parallel to
denotes what is called the longitudinal srress because it acts
thc longitudinal axis of the cylindcr.
is oneCtmparing Eqs. (l-5) and (l-6) shows that the longitudinal stress
that'
stating
to
half the value of the tangential stress. In effect, this is equivalent
occur
point,
failure
'rill
if the pressure in a cytinder is raised to the bursting
cylinlongitudinal section or longitudinal seam of the cylinder. when a
strcngth
Fig"
l-17'.lhe
"
"to.rg t"nt Is composed oftwo sheel rivetcd together, as in
joint' In other
oitfr. tongrtudinal joint should be twice the strength of the girth
strong as the
joirit
as
twice
is nor
words, as is often the cas, the longitudinai
of the
strengh
the
girrn jtin, rhe permissible internal pressure will depend on

.*here

l-ll

(b)

l-l'

the thickness of the vessel. We ,gain use rDl to approximate the area of tht
transverse section. Thus the stress o in the wall of the vessel is given by

tP: Fl

J;"i

otrDt

: ,oO'
4
pD
4t

il

long:iu.1.ral jcint.

(c)

Figurc

o1

lr-7

Note that this equation is identical to that for the longitudinal stress in a r:ylinder

tra /t-6\

rlsmPtE saEstt

fr

As another application of the concept of a fluid to transmit pnessure, oonsider a pump chamber cast in several parts, with projecting fianges that ar
bottd together as shown in Fig. l-20. The bursting force to bc resisted by the
bolts in section A-A is proportional to the cross.sectional area at A-A atd is
pQrIX/4\; similarly, the bursting force resisted by the bolts
expressed by Fr

in section B-B is Fz: P?rfrl4).

TU,SilNATTVE PRC'BLEM

2'i

Hcncc the strcss is

"=f=

pAu2

o:br'

(l{)

Thus the stress varies directly with the mass density and the square of the pe
ripheral velocity. In applying Eq. (l-s), care must be taken to use consisren
units.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

F:miu'

132. A large pipe, called a penstock in hydraulic work, is 1.5 m in diameter. Hcre it

ir

composed of wooden staves bound together by sreel hoops, each 300 mm2 in crosc
rctional area, and is used to conduct water from a reservoir to a powerhousc. ll
the maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130 Mpa, what is the maximunr
spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30 m? (The mass density of watcr

is lmO kg/m'.)
Figurc l-21 Frce-body diagram ofonc'
half of rotating ring.

Figure l-20

solution: The pressure

_Jp =

corresponding to a head ofwater of30 m is given by

pshl

p = ( l0oo kslmrxg.8, mls2x30 m)

294

The principles just discussed for determining the tangential stress in thinwalled cylinders may also be applied to computing the contact pressure exirted
by hoops shrunk upon cylinders or the tensile stress developed in a thin rotating
ring. In the latter case, for example, the bursting force is generated by the cen'
trifugal force developed in one-half the ring. Its value may be obtained (Fig.
l-21) by assuming the mass of the half-ring is concentrated at its center of
gravity, located by i Therefore we have

F=

mfi,f

tO3

N/m2

294 kPa

If the maximum spacing between hoops is denoted by l, then, as shown in

Fig. l'22" each hoop must resist'the bursting force on the tength l,. Since the tensitc
force in a hoop is given by P

Ao, we obtain from the free-body diagram

P=Ao

(a\

in which co is the angular velocity in radians per second and m is the mass of
one half the ring. For a thin ring m is given by

m:

pV = prAr"

where p (Greek lowercase letter rho) is the mass per unit volume of the ring,l
is'lhe cross-sectional area of the ring, and r" is the radius of the mean circumference. For a semicircular ring i : 2r"fu. Suhstituting these values reduces
Eq. (a) to

F=(pArr)k).=2pAo2

P=Ao
Figure

f-22

Spacing ofhoops in a pensroci

(D)

lpDL = ZPl
where u

r"c,r

is the peripherat velocity of the ring.

From equilibrium of the free-body diagram in

2P= F

Fig l-21

(294

we have

which gives

x l0-6x130 x
I--0.177m=l77mm

l03xr.5)L = z(no

l0o)
Ans.

28

I/S|MPLE STREEiS

PROBLEMS

SUUUAnY

l{2'

133. A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20
mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential
stresses in the steel. (b) To what valrrc may the internal pressurc
be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/mr? 1c; If the intsrnal
were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that would

and longitudinal

ffi:rr:*

Ans.

(a) a5.0 MN1m2,22.5 MN/m2; (b) 12.0 MN/m2

134. the wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank

internal pressure if the stress is limited to 80O0 psi.

is

A pipc carrying stcar' at 3.5 Mpa

has an outsidc diamfier of 450
mm and a wa
thickness of l0 mm. A
Bsket ir i".enua-Jt*""n the flange u, or.."o
of the pip
and a flat plate usod to cap the ena.
Ho* m"ny 40-mm{iameter borts must b
used to hord tie cap on if the allowabre
*r".r in the borts is g0 Mpa, of which 5
MFa is the initial stress? what
stress is deveroped in the pipe? wh
is it rccessary to tighten.thc_bott"ir"u-nr"itia
iri.trv, a"a what wilr happen if the steam pressur
shourd causc flre stress in the borts,o
i*i." the value of the

initial ,,ress?

Ans. l7 bolts; 75.3 Mt,

fr in. Calculate the allowable

Ans.

208 psi

SUT,IIIARY

135. Calculate the minimum wall thickness lor a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas
at a pressure

to

ll

ol

1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited

ksi.

136. A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that ha" a thickrress of
20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m.
Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the iongitudinal
stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is.limited to 60 MPa.
137. A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are I in. thick. Find
the maximum heighi to which the tank may be filted if the circumferential stress is
timited to 6000 psi. The specific weight o[ water is 62.4 lb/ft3.

Ans.

52.4

fr,

138. ThestrengthofthelongitudinaljointinFig. I-l7is33kips/ft,whereasfiorthegirth

joint it is l6 kips/ft. Calculate the.maximum diameter of the cylindrical tank if the
internal pressure is 150 psi'
Ans.. 35.6 in.

Axial loads result in a uniform

stress

Shearing stresss and bearing stresses are also

computed by dividing thr
area, but the resurts represent average var-rres.
In particularl
'y,the bearing area of a rivet against a plate is giuen
uy
pruj.*J'o..u or.rhr
rivet hole.

o, the resisting

tli

Stresses in thin-r'la[ed pressure vessers

are assume. to bc un,brnrrl, 111,,
tributed and may be obtained by apprying the
equilibrium c.nditio.s ro ar!f)r().
free-body diagrams, for eiampie, ie Rg.'r-r4.
For
(riumsr(,r
riate
D and wall thickness ,, the tangentiar stress o, and
".viirJ.r.strcss (r/ irrl
the longitudirral
given by

140. At what angular velocity will the stress in a rotating stel ring equal 150 MPa iiits

Ans.

l4l.

The tank shown in Fig. N-l4l is fabricated from |-in. steel plate. Calculate the
maximum longitudinal and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of
125 psi.

/,/

fr

tt*

</
+
I

1.5

628 radls

o
Z

fr

----.{

ri.n

(t I

139. Find the limiting peripheral velocity of a rotating steel ring if the allowable strcss is
20 ksi and steel weighs 490 lb/ft3. At what revolutions per minute (rpm) will the
. stress reach 30 ksi if the mean radius is l0 in.?
mean radius is 220 mm? The density of steel is 7.85 Mg/m3.

distribution that may be deternrincd

(It =

pD
2t

o!=

pD
4t

(t{

o=4

pD
4,

(t-7

For spherical vessls, the stress is

t-:i