Chapter 1 : Basic Research

Carr and Kemmis (1986) describe action research as being about:

the improvement of practice;
the improvement of the understanding of practice;
the improvement of the situation in which the practice takes place.
1. Selecting an area or focus
Identifying an area of interest
Focus on students
Look at both immediate and cumulative effects
2. Collecting data
Collect existing archival data
Use additional multiple data sources
Collect data regularly
Promote collective ownership of data
Monitor data collection
3. Organizing data
Count instances, events, and artifacts
Display data in tables and charts
Arrange data by classroom, grade level, and school
Organize for analysis
4. Analyzing and interpreting data
Analyze and question the data as a professional collective

Decide what can be celebrated and what needs attention

Determine priority area(s) for action
4.5 Studying the professional literature
Identify professional literature that relates to or matches the interest
Gather research reports, research syntheses, articles, videotapes, etc.
Analyze and interpret these materials for understanding and action
Determine the most promising actions
5. Taking action
Combine data analysis with that from professional literature
Select best options for action
Craft short- and long-term action plans
Implement some actions immediately
Assess implementation of selected actions
Rinse and Repeat (start cycle two all over again)

DATA COLLECTION
Cornering Your Question/Problem

Match data sources to the research question.

Collect data from as many sources as possible.

Keep a data log that includes the date, time and data information collected.

Organize your data around themes, key issues or topics.

Document analysis
student achievement data diagnostic assessment
samples of student work attendance records
anecdotal records files
activity reports pre-test and post-test
self-evaluation standardized test scores
Observations
checklists anecdotal records
sociograms rubrics
video tapes photographs
Interviews
students teachers
administrators parents
experts focus groups
surveys questionnaires

Survey and Questionnaire Tips

Surveys and questionnaires are useful tools for collecting data from a
large number of people.

Questions must be limited to the research question and design.

Field test the questions with three to five people.


Provide a short explanation of the research study, explain the purpose of the questionnaire and
how the data will be used.

The formats of different questions will yield different types of data.

Using a computer may save time in organizing and analysing the data.

Advantages
Efficient means of gathering large amounts of data
Respondents can be anonymous
Rating scales yield data that can be displayed in tables and charts
Useful for pre- and post-intervention data gathering
Disadvantages
Not a good source of quantitative data; best used to identify trends or themes
Can lack the richness of personal interviews or direct observation
Open-ended questions are time consuming to analyze
Questions must be worded clearly to avoid misinterpretation

Interview Tips
Interviews are purposeful conversations between the respondents and
researcher.

Plan the interview by developing a set of questions that focus on the

research problem you have identified.

Field test the interview questions with three to five people not

involved in the study.

Group interviews can work well with students, depending on the

research question.

During the interview, take time to develop a rapport with respondents.

Consider taping the interview (with the permission of your

participants).

Advantages
Provides the opportunity for in depth
conversation with respondents
Can yield rich data
Questions can be clarified if necessary
Researcher can ask additional questions
Useful for gathering data from younger
students

Disadvantages
Interviews and data analysis can be time
consuming
If the interview is poorly planned, the data
may be difficult to analyze
Respondents do not have anonymity

Possibility of interviewer bias

Data does not lend itself easily to
quantification
Observation Tips
Observation is looking with a purpose (Grady 1998, 2324). Observations are very effective when
combined with other data-collection methods.

Develop an observation plan and a data-collection template.

Conduct observations at different times of the day.

Consider asking a colleague to conduct the observation.

Consider using a camera or video tape when ethically appropriate.

Be aware that the observers presence can affect the process.

Advantages
Provides a holistic picture
Is effective in classroom and playground situations
Can document non-verbal behaviors
Increases the researchers sensitivity to multiple variables

Disadvantages
It might be difficult to isolate specific behaviors
Must use multiple observations for validity

Time consuming and labor intensive

May be distracting to participants
Observation

1 . What is the purpose of doing research ?

- Reporting - collecting information for reporting purposes only.
- Exploration - citing preliminary information and background events.
- Descriptive - provide information about the subjects and items of interest , 4 . Like profile and
characteristics of the subjects in the study population , the profile of the problems and events of
interest.
- Explanatori - explore, nmenjelas and explain the reasons things go wrong .
- Predicted - make predictions about the likelihood of the occurrence of a phenomenon .

2 . Discuss the basic research and applied research.

- Basic research - research done to develop, test and improve the understanding of the theory . It is not
concerned with aspects of the application of the theory .

- Applied research - research done to solve everyday problems, it emphasizes application of the theory
to solve problems .

3 . Explain the difference between quantitative & qualitative research study .

quantitative research
a. information collected in the form of numerical data that are concrete ,
b . concerned with the results of numerical statistics ,
c . usually implemented through standard tools such as structured questionnaires .
d . concerned with statistical tests .

e . the sample size used is usually greater than qualitative research .

qualitative research
a. information collected in the form of abstract verbal data ,
b . concerned about -face interaction ,
c . usually carried out through interviews and observations .
d . concerned about -face interactions and observations of certain behaviors.
e . the sample size used is usually smaller than qualitative research .
f . more of a description and interpretation of the narrative .
. Discuss the meaning and the role of action research ?

Action research is
a. research done to solve everyday problems researchers , to improve their daily practices .
b . it looks like a reflection of self - questioning , criticizing and explore the assumptions that are based
on ideas, understanding and practice of the researchers themselves .
c . It emphasizes reflection and follow-up after the study is done .
d . it seeks to change the behavior of respondents in the study during the study done .

5 . Discuss the use of research and how research is done ?

Research purposes :
- Give us the knowledge and skills to make the right decisions in a variety of contexts
- Acquire problem solving, clarification or new knowledge that helps us to improve the performance

- Describe the phenomenon systematically and logically based on survey data

Research done by collecting informational ( data ) systematically as a step towards the study completed
the problem .

6 . What is the purpose of the inquiry method in research ?

Scientific inquiry in the research :

- Scientific process used to develop and test hypotheses / assumptions through inductive - deductive
reasoning
- How to analyze data in a scientific problem
- Understand the phenomenon and make predictions
- For valid generalization enghasilkan

7 . Describe the characteristics of good research .

- The purpose of the study clearly

- Planning a systematic methodology
- Research ethics standards are complied with
- Sampling appropriate
- The findings are discussed in a clear
- Limitation of the study stated clearly

8 . Discuss ethical issues in research .

Discuss terms ;
- Confidentiality of study participants - keep all the information of study participants .
- Voluntary participation of participants without coercion.
- Fraud on the study participants and fraud by study participants .
- Anonymity, anonymous survey participants .
- Behavior and objectivity of the researcher .
- Maintain the mental and physical condition before and after the study.

Chapter 2 Preparation of Research Proposal

1 . Why is the proposed research is required before actual studies done?

Research proposal :
- Being a guide to the study to be undertaken
- Identify the problems the study
- Stating the research questions to be answered by the study
- To review the literature , the previous studies and information related to the problems of the study will
be done .
- Build a hypothesis ( predicted answer to the research question , if applicable)
- Develop research designs
- Determining the data collection techniques
- Determine the appropriate data analysis procedures and justification

2 . What does the research suggest ?

- Propose research is a summary of the study will be done .

- Usually accommodate 3 main topics :

a. research problem - reads the research problem, including the purpose , questions , limitations and
importance of the study .
b . review of literature - Displays the literature or previous studies related to the topic chosen.
c . research methodology - Explaining in detail about the study design, including sample selection, data
mengumpulan procedures and ways of analyzing data .

- The contents include : The study , objective of the study , research questions , literature review ,
research methodology and reference list

Chapter 3 The study

1 . Why do we need to specify the research problem ?

- Problems study guide researchers to plan appropriate research .

- The study guide researchers to understand the in-depth field research , through a literature review of
past studies on a common issue of the study .
- He led us to determine the purpose of the study to be done .
- It provides an overview with a focus on variables and direction of research .

2 . Specify the function to set the objectives of the study.

- It allows the researcher to collect information relevant to the purpose of the study.
- He led the researchers to develop a questionnaire item .
- It helps researchers to plan appropriate research methods to study the problem stated .
3 . What is a hypothesis ?

- The hypothesis is a statement that is expected to be the solution of problems.

- It said the outlook on the relationship between the variables in the study
- It can be tested statistically.
- It is stated in the two hypotheses , the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis .
- An alternative hypothesis can be expressed in the form of non- directional and directional .

4 . A researcher wants to determine whether there are differences in the concentration of attention on
the teaching of the group of boys or girls in the class. state :
The null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis ( directional and non- directional )

The null hypothesis : There is no significant difference penumpun attention to the teaching of the group
of boys or girls in the class .

Alternative hypothesis ( undirected ) : significant difference penumpun attention to the teaching of the
group of boys or girls in the class .

Alternative hypothesis ( directional ) : the group of boys have the penumpun attention to teaching
higher than the female .

Chapter 4 Review of Literature

1 . List information can be obtained through a review of literature.

Previous studies related to the research to be performed , including :

a. The research methodology
b . introduction
c . The research design
d . The study population / sample
e . The instrument
f . Data collection techniques
g . Methods of data analysis

2 . Discuss the meaning of the relevant literature and the next state primary function derived from the
literature review .

Related literature , a rough sketch of the previous studies , including the theories, principles and
methodology of the study.

Three main functions are derived from the literature review are:
a. understand the field of study to be done , understand the concepts / variables under study ,
understand theories and models related to the concept under study .

b . obtain information about the findings of previous studies - studies in Malaysia last year and the
previous study abroad, including the following aspects: research methodology , identification , study
design , study population / sample , research instruments , data collection techniques , data analysis
methods

c . understand the methods of previous studies , which can be used as a reference in designing the study
to be done .

3 . What purpose do the review of literature ? Please discussions aspects of the review and provide
appropriate examples .

The literature review conducted for a better understanding of the field of study to be done .

Aspects to be reviewed and examples :

a. Important concepts used in the study to be carried out - to draw conclusions about the concept so
much sense.
Example : the concept of discipline problems, such as hyperactivity , behavior etc descriptive .

b . Theories / models - explain why the phenomenon occurs .

Example: the theory governing student discipline , instructional models , etc. .

C. key principles - that can be used in the study

Example: principles produce research tools, questionnaires , etc. .

d . How to make a literature review, refer to module 1 (p. 56: understand the field of study )

4 . List literature sources .

Source literature :
a. Journal of education
b . thesis
c . Academic training , mini- thesis
d . Educational books ( scientific books )
e . Proceedings of the seminar
f . Body source documentation: ERIC , PRO - QUEST
g . EPRD research report , the MOE
h . Electronic Resources : YAHOO, LYCOS ...

5 . Discuss the importance of the previous studies :

Conflict of Interest:
a. Understanding Concepts Related to the study to be done . Example: the concept of " cooperative
learning " active learning " etc. . For example, the concept of " thinking skills " include " originality " , "
smoothness " , " smoothness " and so on .

b . Understand the relevant theories , eg the study of " career satisfaction " , need to know the theory of
career satisfaction : For example : the theory of the relationship between job satisfaction and the factors
that cause it to happen .

c . Understanding the relevant model . EXAMPLE 1 : cooperative teaching methods , the learning model
of teamwork, mutual learning model and learning model Jigsaw . Example 2 : methods of teaching , the
Model Sim and Model Robert Glaser

d . Understand the previous studies include:

- The design
- The sample
- The instrument
- Method of collecting data
- Analysis of data
e . Understanding the design of previous studies . Example: experimental design , quasi-experimental ,
non- experimental ( survey , history , tennis , cases etc)

f . understand the sample and sampling prosedul previous studies . Example: Method of sampling
(probability , not the probability ) , the sample size ( number of samples ) , sample type ( type of
respondents ) .

g . Method mengumpu survey data , eg qualitative methods ( verbal data ) , quantitative methods ( data
numerika ) , data collected in groups , individually , the method interviews , observations ,
questionnaires , etc. .

h . The instrument ( the instrument ) , the type of device used to collect data : questionnaires , interview
forms , checklists , etc. .

i . The data analysis method : such as , qualitative analysis , namely i ) Descriptive analysis : describe the
study population ; ii ) Analysis of intervention : making inference to the sample characteristics to
population studies .

Chapter 5 Methods Study

1 . List all the important aspects that need to be planned carefully in research methods ( survey
methodology ) .

Important aspects:
- Research design
- Population and study sample
- Instrument
- Reliability and validity study
- A pilot study
- Research procedures or data collection procedures
- Analysis of data

2 . Discuss three research design .

- Quantitative design - Data collected numeric form . It is concerned with the results of numerical
statistics . Biadanya data collected through the standard , such as questionnaires. Three of these designs
are experimental designs , quasi-experimental , correlation and vote ( by module ) .

- Qualitative design - Data collected numeric form . Data is typically collected through interviews and
observations . It can collect data more rich and deep. Qualitative design including design theory gronded
, ethnographic and narrative (as modules) .

- The design combined quantitative and qualitative - data combining quantitative and qualitative data in
a single study . This design includes the design of mixed methods and action research ( modules ) .

Note : ( Do not write in answers )

[ Actually three research design is the design of experimental , quasi-experimental and nonexperimental . Quantitative and qualitative research design is not (how to perform the study ) , but
refers to the methods of collecting data ( not as modules. ) ]

3 . Discuss the five types of design ethnography .

- Ethnographic confession - report ethnographer experience while conducting field work , during the
observation of the study participants .
- Ethnographic living history - the study of an individual who is in the context of a culture .
- Ethnographic case study - an analysis of an individual case , a particular group of an event, an activity
or process .
- Critical Ethnography - a study of a group of a particular subject , and the influence of their cultural
practices .
- Ethnographic novel - writing fiction that focuses on the cultural aspects of a group of subjects .
( Please refer to the module , page 72)

4 . Describe one method of sampling (how to choose a sample ) of the study population .

- Simple random sampling

under this method, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected as
respondents in the study sample . It is the best sampling method to get the sample to represent the
population . Prosedulnya as follows :
a. identification of the population
b . determine the number of members of the population
c . list the members of the population
d . give a number to each member of the population .
e . Determine the sample size
f . get the number of respondents from a random number table .
g . select members of the population according to numbers from the random number table , so the
sample size is obtained.

Refer to page 75 for the module to another sampling

5 . Explain the concept of i ) reliability and ii ) the validity of the research

Reliability :
- Keupuyaan instrument to obtain the same information ( consistency ) over time for a sample of the
same .
- If a research tool to collect data similar before and after a period of time (eg three months) from a
sample of the same study , the instrument has high reliability.
- There are three types of reliability , the stability , equivalence and internal consistency ( description ,
refer to the module p. 78) .

Validity :
- The ability of the instrument to measure the true value of a variable .
- If the instrument is built for measuring thinking skills ( actual value ) , but the items actually measure
the capability built in concentrating, then the instrument has a low validity .
- Validity of research including content validity, criterion validity , construct validity and face validity (
description , refer to the module ms79 ) .

6 . What is meant by a pilot study ?

A pilot study :
- Small-scale studies done before the actual research conducted .
- To ensure that the instrument has high reliability and validity .
- A pilot study respondents have features equivalent to the actual survey respondents .
- After the pilot study , the instrument was purified according to the information gathered through
research.

Chapter 6 Qualitative Research

1 . What are the aspects to be considered while choosing a qualitative research design ?

considerations :
- The period of study was carried out .
- Type of data collected
- Nature of the instrument
- Area studies
- Characteristics of the study population and sampling
- Strategies and methods of data collection
- Costs diperlukn
- How to organize, analyze and interpret data

2 . What is meant by triangulation in qualitative research ?

Triangulation in qualitative research :

- Several different data collection strategies done to blunt the data for a particular variable . It is done to
improve the validity and reliability study .
- Four types of triangulation : data triangulation , triangulation of research , theory triangulation ,
triangulation method ( description , refer to the module ms93 ) .

3 . Describe the types of measuring instruments used in qualitative research .

a. Tools of the interview - the interview notes form commonly used . Remarks made by three types of
interviews are structured interviews , unstructured interviews and semi -structured interviews ( or semistructure ) .

b . The observation instrument - a commonly used form of observation posts . Two types of
observations are systematic observation and participant observation . Observations can be structured ,
unstructured and semi -structured .

c . The assessment tool documentation - documents including diaries , letters memos, photos, movies,
and internet records . It provides information and evidence about the events that took place.

4 . Describe the three types of procedures (methods) sampling in qualitative research .

purposive sampling
- The researchers chose subjects based on the purpose of the study .
- The researcher uses specific knowledge about a group to select subjects that meet kriterian needed for
their research.
- For example, a group of students who smoke only in selected schools as intended sample in the study "
The problem of smoking among school students A"

snowball sampling
- Respondents were asked to suggest others who memunyai features suitable to the study.
- It is used when the researcher can not be a list of required subjects .
- Example: The respondents were asked to suggest other people who have similar characteristics to it ,
which is selling pirated VCDs .

Sampling quotas
- The selection of the sample according to the division of categories ( quota ) based on the desired
characteristics .
- The selection of subjects was based on quotas , categorized by the researcher , according to certain
characteristics .
- Example: select male students aged 17-18 years skilled computer .

(Note : In qualitative research , the sample size is usually small and simple random sampling is usually
not required )

5 . List the steps in the process of qualitative data analysis .

The steps :
i . pre - analysis
ii . finish level data
iii . the exhibition level data
iv . verify the data
v . the findings ( including interpretations )

( Description , please refer to the module , page 100 )

Chapter 7 Quantitative Study

1 . Indicate the factors that affect the validity of the quantitative findings .

Factors that affect the internal validity :

a. traces the history of
b . effect of maturity
c . impact testing
d . impact tool
e . Effect of statistical regression
f . effect of election
g . The effects of mortality
h . The interaction effects of maturity - election

Factors that influence the external validity :

a. interaction effects
b . testing the interaction effects
c . the effect of reaction
d . effects of multiple treatment interference .
( Description , refer to the module , page 108 )

2 . Explain i ) descriptive study design , and ii ) the design of experimental studies .

i ) descriptive study design

- Performed to describe the characteristics of the study population .

- Includes case studies , case series , cross , retrospective cohort ( description , refer to the module ,
page 110 )
- Use descriptive statistics to describe the characteristics of the population.

ii ) The design of experimental studies

- Samples have a control group and the treatment group .
- Comparison made on both groups .
- Pre-test and post-test commonly used for comparison .
- Independent variable manipulated and measured its effect on dependent variables .
- Experimental study design :
a ) the design of the control group did not consist of the design of the pre - post ( pre- post ) and a group
of time series.
b ) the design of a control group consisting of post-test only design , pre- post , and Solomon groups
factorial .
( Description , please refer to the module , page 111 )

Chapter 8 Analysis of Quantitative Data

1 . Discuss the purpose of quantitative and statistical analysis of the data used for the analysis of
quantitative data .

Quantitative data analysis :

- Describes the characteristics of the population.
- Describes the sample statistics without making any interpretation of the parameters of the population
( according to the module ) .

The statistics are used :

- The frequency , percentage, mean , mode, median , standard deviation , and so on .

2 . How would you describe the distribution of data in descriptive research ?

The distribution can be described using the measure :

a. central tendency : mean , mode, median , quartiles, generator , etc. percentile .
b . dispersion : Range, inter quartile range , standard deviation , variance, coefficient of variation etc. .

3 . Describe the components in the analysis of quantitative data .

- Quantitative data analysis consisted of descriptive analysis and inferential analysis .

a. Descriptive analysis : analysis of the data that describes the characteristics of a population based on
the numerical data collected directly from the population .
- Descriptive statistics were used : frequency , percentage, mean , mode, median , standard deviation
etc. .
b . Inferential analysis : consists of :
i ) to test the hypothesis of a relationship - test the linear correlation , regression is easy to use .
ii ) hypothesis testing for the difference . - Chi square test , t-test and test AVOVA used .

4 . Determine the mean, variance and standard deviation for the following scores :

65 , 45 , 35 , 50 , 45 , 34 , 56, 57 , 89, 90

please refer to page 126-130 for an example calculation . ( module oum )

5 . Determine the mean, variance and standard deviation for the sidelines scores of students in science
subjects below, thereafter, report on students' skills in these subjects .

Science scores enrollment gap

30-39 15
40-49 20
50-59 26
60-69 24
70-79 15

Please refer to pp. 126-130 for an example calculation . ( modulo m)

report:
If the calculations show the standard deviation is small ( < 10 ) , the students have the same skills ,

If the standard deviation of a large ( > 10 ) , the students have different skills .

6 . A researcher wants to determine whether there is a relationship between academic performance and
emotional intelligence among the students. state :
The null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis

Null hypothesis : There is no nexus between emotional intelligence and academic achievement among
students .

Alternative hypothesis ( not directed ) : There is a nexus between academic achievement and
kecerdasanemosi among students .

7 . Huraikan function following statistical tests : t - test , ANOVA test , Khi Power of Two Trials , Trials
Linear Correlation .

a. Exam - t - used to tell the difference of two sets of data subjects for a particular variable . Example :
tell the difference collection of men and women in terms of skill sets of thinking .
b . ANOVA Exam - used to tell the difference the data of three or more than three sets of subject for a
particular variable . Example : the people tell the difference A, B , C and D in terms of thinking skills .
c . Khi Authorization Exam Two - to see the nexus between the two variables that have some of the
ratings in each of these variables . Example : surely recognize the relationship between jantina ( 2 ranks,
men and women ) , and job satisfaction stage ( 3 ratings , namely satisfied , simple satisfied and
dissatisfied liver )
d . Exam linear correlation - a correlation between two variables . Example : the relationship between
achievement in the subjects of mathematics and intelligence IQ .

Chapter 9 Assessment Report Writing

1 . Acknowledge the important aspects that need to be taken during heavy write review report ( which
form the style of writing ) .

Important aspects :
- Take the weight of the structure of paragraph ( do not use complex paragraph )
- Piles of active verbs and life ( away from passive clause )

- Use language that is good at ( do not use the language of the market )
- Subtract berklausa adjectival clause , or phrase Adverba
- Take care of the long - short perenggan ( not too long )
- Use transitions between perenggan .
- Keep the content to be conveyed ( not convoluted )
- Writing the brief, concise and precise .

2 . What is an " advanced backup " in the assessment report ?

- Reserves to be done in the future to strengthen the results of present study .

- Backup commonly made based on the study limitations and weaknesses arising from the study in
terms of methodology .
- Reserves also made a decision based on outstanding study , to know for sure because kewujudannya .

3 . Bincangkan content anstrak study .

Abstract :
- Summary of the study of truth .
- He is a summary of the edict load is important , such as objective assessment , they form the study ,
the study sample , study tools , a data collection and data analysis . Summary results of the study ,
implications and reserves are also included .
- Written in an perenggan sake only .
- It is usually written in two languages , namely Bahasa Malaysia and English .

Action review process

1) Designing

actions performed before the study, investigators need someone to make a design issue or problem to
be studied.
2) Acting
after the design was made, investigators need to carry out studies based on what has been designed.
3) Abattoir
abattoir act as collection edict, the results of this observation than investigators can mengenalpasti what
needs to be done and implement what has been carefully designed.
4) Reflection
after all the design is made, investigators need to do the same reflection to know there are studies that
do reach matlamat or otherwise.
The types of assessment measures
1) Individuals - be alone reviewing it.
2) Collaborative - conduct studies in berkumpulan namely more than two people.
3) Schools
4) Regional