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Composite Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These definitions cover generic terms, including terms
of commercial importance, that appear in one or more standards on composites containing high-modulus (greater than
20-GPa (3 3 106 psi)) fibers.
1.2 The definitions cover, in most cases, special meanings
used in the composites industry. No attempt has been made to
include common meanings of the same terms as used outside
the composites industry.
1.3 Definitions included have, in general, been approved as
standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-HDBK-17 3
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
645 laminatea balanced symmetric laminate composed of
only +45 plies and 45 plies.
angleply laminateany balanced laminate consisting of plus
and minus theta plies where theta is an acute angle with
respect to a reference direction.
balanced laminateany laminate that contains one ply of
minus theta orientation with respect to the laminate principal
axis for every identical ply with a plus theta orientation.
braided fabricsee braided fabric under fabric.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.01 on
Editorial and Resource Standards.
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 3878 04a.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International as The Composite Materials Handbook
MIL 17. Also available as MIL-HDBK-17 from Standardization Documents Order
Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 191115094
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
D 3878 07
fiber-reinforced compositeany composite material consisting of a matrix reinforced by continuous or discontinuous
fibers.
filamentary compositea composite material reinforced
with continuous fibers.
unidirectional fiber-reinforced compositeany fiberreinforced composite with all fibers aligned in a single
direction.
continuous filament yarn, ntwo or more continuous filaments twisted into a single fiber bundle.
crossply laminatea laminate composed of only 0 and 90
plies. This is not necessarily symmetric.
dam, na solid material (such as silicone rubber, steel, or
aluminum), used in processing composites, to contain the
matrix material within defined boundaries or to prevent
crowning of a processing bag.
damage, nin structures and structural mechanics, a structural anomaly in material or structure created by manufacturing or service usage.
damage resistance, nin structures and structural mechanics, a measure of the relationship between the force, energy,
or other parameter(s) associated with an event or sequence of
events and the resulting damage size and type.
generally is, different than for the same level of tensile load.
Damage resistance is often confused with damage tolerance. Damage tolerance is directly related only to the size and type of damage
while being only indirectly related to how the damage was created (see
damage resistance). Thus, damage tolerance is distinct from damage
resistance.
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damage tolerance, n1) in structures and structure materials, a measure of the relationship between damage size and
type and the level of a performance parameter, such as
stiffness or strength, at which the structure or structural
material can operate for a particular loading condition; 2) in
structural systems, a measure of the ability of such systems
to function at designated performance parameters (for example, magnitude, length of time, and type of loading(s))
without system failure in the presence of a particular or
specified level of damage.
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Tow,
strand,
sliver
Single
yarn
Plied
yarn
RovingE
end
Chopped
fiber
Whisker
Discontinuous Filaments
Little
Twisted
or No
Twist
D
Twisted
Little or
No Twist
*B
PC
*
P
(single crystal)
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D 3878 07
D 3878 07
resin contentsee matrix content.
roving, nin fibrous composites, large filament count tow.
(See also tow and filament count.)
satin, adjdescription of a weave pattern in which warp yarns
pass unbound (float) over several fill yarns before crossing
under a single fill yarn.
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reinforcement, nin a composite material, the discrete constituent of a composite material, either fiber or particle,
which is contained within the matrix, with a purpose of
increasing the strength, or stiffness, or both.
resina solid or pseudosolid organic material often of high
molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flow when
subjected to stress, usually has a softening or melting range,
and usually fractures conchoidally.
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D 3878 07
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