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010
COMPUTE REFEREACE
MOTRICUIATIOR
THIRD EDITION
Sri Nasariya
B.Sc.
Michigan State University
ORIENTAL
ACADEMIC PUBLICATION
ISBN 978-967-0317-18-2
Complete Reference: Matriculation Biology 2, Third Edition
Copyright 2013 by Oriental Academic Publication.
All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form
or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher
Published 2013
Printed in Malaysia
Preface
Table of Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 Biodiversity
1.1
1.2
1.3
Kingdom Plantae 24
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.5.3
1.5.4
1.5.5
1.5.6
1.5.7
1.6
Kingdom Fungi 19
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.43
1.5
1.4
Kingdom Animalia 38
1.6.1 Characteristics of animals 38
1.6.2 Characteristics of Porifera 39
1.63 Phylum Cnidaria / Coelentrata 41
1.6.4 Phylum Platyhelminthes 45
1.6.5 Phylum Nematoda 48
1.6.6 Phylum Annelida 49
1.6.7 Phylum Arthropoda 52
1.6.8 Phylum Mollusca 58
1.6.9 Phylum Echinodermata 61
1.6.10 Phylum Chordata 64
1.6.11 Evolutionary relationship in Kingdom Animalia 70
CHAPTER 9 Ecology
-
2.1.1
2.2.1
The biotic component 83
2.2.2
The abiotic environments 84
Interaction among the biotic components 84
2.2.3
2.2.4 Lake ecosystem 86
2.2.5 Terrestrial ecosystem of tropical rainforest 88
2.3 Energy flow through ecosystem 89
2.3.1
Trophic levels, food chain, food web and ecological pyramids 89
The sun as a source of energy 92
2.3.2
Energy transfer 92
2.3.3
2.4 Biogeochemical cycles 93
2.4.1
Carbon cycle 94
2.4.2
Nitrogen cycle 95
2.5 Biodiversity : conservation and management 96
2.5.1
Introduction 96
2.5.2 Sustainable management 97
2.5.3
Conservation and preservation 97
Multiple Choice Questions 100
Structured Questions 102
Review Questions 103
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
Introduction 106
Terms related to population growth 106
Factors affecting population 107
Population growth curves 108
Limiting factors affecting population size 110
CHAPTER 4 Variation
4.1 Introduction 116
4.1.1
Continuous variation 116
4.1.2
Discontinuos variation 117
4.1.3
Source of variation 118
4.2 Selection 119
4.2.1
Natural selection 119
4.2.2
Artificial selection 121
4.3 Speciation 123
Biological species concept 123
4.3.1
4.3.2
The Process of Speciation 124
4.3.3
Factors involved in the formation of new species 126
Multiple Choice Questions 131
CHAPTER 5 Biocatalysis
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CHAPTER 7 Photosynthesis
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Introduction 186
Outline of photosynthetic process 186
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CHAPTER 10 Homeostasis
10.1 Concept of homeostasis 252
10.2 Negative feedback mechanism 253
CHAPTER 11 Coordination
1/./ Nervous system 276
11.1.1
11.1.2
11.13
11.1.4
11.1.5
11.1.6
CHAPTER 12 Immunity
Appendix
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