Model Answer of Measurement and Control

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
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Subject Code: 12156
SUMMER 14 EXAMINATION
Model Answer
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the
model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try
to assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for
any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
1. a) Attempt any THREE of the following:
i) Define:
1) Calibration- The entire procedure laid down for making, adjusting or checking a scale so that
readings shown by an instrument or measurement system conform to an accepted standard is called as
calibration.
2) Hysteresis- It is the maximum difference for the same measured quantity (input signal) between
the upscale and downscale readings during a full range traverse in each direction.
The dependence of reading shown by the instrument upon previous inputs is also called as
hysteresis.
3) Resolution- The smallest change of input from non-zero value for which there will be a change in
output signal shown by an instrument
4) Fidelity- It is the degree of closeness with which the system indicates or records the signal which
is impressed upon it.
OR
It is the ability of the system to reproduce the output signal in the same form as the input signal.
(1 mark for each correct definition)
ii) Define Span How if differs from Range.
Range- It is the region between the limits (maximum and minimum) within which an instrument is
designed to operate for measurement.
1 Mark
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Model Answer
Span It is the algebraic difference between the upper (maximum) and lower (minimum) limits of
the instrument.
1 Mark
How span differs from Range can be explained by following example.
A pressure gauge designed to measure minimum pressure as 5 bar and maximum pressure as 100 bar has
the Range as 5 bar to 100 bar and
Span as 95 bar (100 -5 =95 bar)
2 Mark
iii) Define closed loop system. State its two advantages.

A closed loop system is the system in which there is comparison between the actual (controlled) and the
desired values of the variable. To accomplish it, the output signal is fed back and the loop is completed.
The error signal (derivation between the reference input and the feedback signals) then actuates the
control element to minimize the error and bring the system output to the desired value.
2 Mark
Fig . General Block diagram of closed loop system

( diagram preferred but not essential)
Advantages of closed loop system
High accuracy
Facilitates automation
Maintains the output at desired value
Large bandwidth
Less sensitive to parameter changes
(Any TWO - 1 Mark for each advantage )
iv) How linear displacement is converted into voltage induced in windings? Name the device.
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Model Answer
It is based on the principle of inductance which refers to the change in magnetic characteristics of an
electrical circuit in response to displacement. It refers to set up of an emf in a coil or in circuit element
due to varying flux field in a neighbouring coil.
The device has one primary and two secondary windings with the magnetic core free to move inside
the coils as shown in the figure. The core is attached to the moving part of which displacement is to be
measured. When a.c. current is supplied to the primary winding, the magnetic flux generated by this coil
is disturbed by the core so that voltages are induced in the secondary coils. The secondary windings are
symmetrically placed, are identical and are connected in phase opposition so that emfs induced in them
are opposite to each other. The net output from the transformer is then the difference between the
voltages of the two secondary coils. The position of the magnetic core determines the flux linkages with
each coil. When core is placed centrally, equal but opposite emfs are induced in secondary coils and
zero output is recorded. The variation of the core from centre position, voltage induced in secondary coil
towards which the core is displaced increases. A simultaneous decreased induced voltage in another
secondary coil. Thus displacement of core results in differential voltage in secondary coils.
2 Marks
Name of the device is Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
1/2 Mark
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Fig.
Model Answer
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)
(1&1/2 Marks)
Qu. 1 b) Attempt any ONE of the following:

i) How transducers are classified? Explain working of inductive type transducer with neat sketch.
Transducer
Mechanical
Elastic
Member
e.g. Springs,
Bourdon Tube
Thermal
e.g. Thermometer,
bimetal
thermometer
Electrical
Active
Hydro-pneumatic
e.g. Hydrometer,
venturi, orifice
plate
Thermocouple
Passive
Resistance
e.g. RTD,
Thermistor
Capacitive
e.g. liquid
level
measurement,
Microphone
Inductive
e.g. LVDT,
Inductive pick
up
Photo
voltaic
Voltage and
current
e.g. Photo
emissive cell
Piezoelectric
pick
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Model Answer
Inductive type transducerThe inductive pick up based on the principle of inductance. It consists of a small permanent magnet
with coil round it as shown in the figure. This is placed near a metallic toothed rotor whose speed is to
be measured. As the shaft rotates, the teeth pass in front of the pick-up and produce a change in the
reluctance of the magnetic circuit. The field expands or collapses and a voltage is induced in the coil.
The frequency of the pulses depends upon the number of teeth on the wheel and its speed of rotation.
Since number of teeth is known, the speed of rotation can be determined by measuring the pulse
frequency and it is given as
Speed (rpm)= No. of pulses per min./number of teeth
Fig. Inductive Transducer (Inductive pick-up Tachometer)

(Classification- 2 marks, Explanation 2 marks, and Fig. 2marks)
(Note: If students have explained inductive transducer of other type like LVDT, then marks
should be given as above)
ii) Compare hydraulic, pneumatic and electronic control systems.
Hydraulic
Pneumatic
Electronic
Fluid is control medium
Air is control medium
electronic
signals
through
conductors are control medium
Fluid is more compatible with Air is more compatible Electronic

signal
is
valves.
with valves.
compatible with valves.
Slow as compared to pneumatic Fast speed of response

system speed of response
less
slow speed of response
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Model Answer
Subject Code: 12156

4
simple design
simple design
Careful maintenance is required
less
maintenance
required
High initial cost
Low initial cost
High initial cost
short startup period
short startup period
Long startup period
smooth operation
noisy operation
smooth operation
Dirty work place
clean work place
clean work place
10 Cannot
be
hazardous area
installed
complex design
is Careful maintenance is required
in Can be installed in Can be installed in hazardous

hazardous area by proper area
care
11 Not suitable for food industries
suitable
industries
for
food
suitable for food industries
(Minimum 6 points, 1 Mark for each point)

2. Attempt any FOUR of the following:
a) Explain types of measurements. Also give significance of measurement.
Types of measurementi) Direct and indirect measurement- Direct measurement is the measurement in which measurand is
directly compared with primary/reference standards. In indirect measurement measurand is indirectly
compared with secondary standards through calibration.
ii) Primary, secondary and tertiary measurement - Primary measurement is the measurement in
which measurand is directly compared with primary/reference standards without any conversion or
translation of measurand. e.g. Estimating the temperature difference between two bodies by touch.
The indirect measurement involving one translation is called as secondary measurement. e.g. weight
measurement by spring balance in which weight is converted into displacement.
The measurement involving two conversions are called tertiary measurements. e.g. measurement by
Bourdon tube pressure gauges .
iii) Contact and Non- contact - In contact type measurement sensing element of measuring device has
physical contact with physical parameter which to be measured. In Non-contact type measurement
sensing element of measuring device has no physical contact with physical parameter which to be
measured.
(3 Marks- 1 mark for each type )
Measurement is the act of quantitative comparison between a predetermined standard and an unknown
magnitude of physical parameter.
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Model Answer
Significance of Measurement In the field of engineering design, research and development programme, the measurements and
correct interpretation are the source of great importance and necessary information.
In the process and production industries to achieve quality of the product.
For maintenance and automation purpose measurement plays important role.
(1 Mark)
b) Define:
i) Dead time- It is defined as the time required for an instrument to begin to respond to change in the
measured quantity. It represents the time before the instrument begins to respond after the measured
quantity has been altered.
2 Marks
ii) Dead zone It is the largest change of measurand to which the instrument does not respond. Dead
zone is the result of friction, backlash or hysteresis in the instrument.
2 Marks
c) Describe the term servomechanism.
A servo mechanism is a closed loop system. It is an automatic control system in which the controlled
variable is a mechanical position (displacement) or a time derivative of displacement such as velocity
and acceleration. The output is designed to follow a continuously changing input or desired variable.
The servo mechanisms are inherently fast acting and usually employ electric and hydraulic actuation.
These systems are essentially used to control the position or speed of a mechanism which is either too
heavy or too remote to be controlled manually; e. g. power assisted steering control in large cars,
aircrafts, ships etc. The complete automation of machine tools together with programmed instruction is
another notable example of servomechanism.
4 marks
d) Draw block diagram of automatic control system. Explain function of each block.
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Model Answer
Fig.- Block diagram representing Automatic control system

The closed loop systems involve a continuous manual control by human operators and are classified as
manual feedback of manual closed-loop systems. In many complex and fast moving systems, the dull
and time-consuming tasks are accomplished by placing some equipment in the system which would
perform the desired functions more rapidly and consistently. A closed loop system operating without
human is called automatic control system. The automatic control system can be represented with block
diagram as shown in the figure. The function of the each block is as follows
Error Detector- Error Detector compares the reference input r(t) and feedback signal b(t), results in
error signal e(t). When feedback signal is positive, the system is called positive feedback system and e(t)
= r(t) + b(t). When the when feedback signal is negative the system is called negative feedback system
and e(t) = r(t) b(t).
Control Elements: The error signal r (t) is applied to control element which is used to activate the
control element. Therefore, error signal is also called actuating signal.
Feedback Path Element: It is the transducer that produces feedback signal b (t) proportional to the
controlled output c (t).
Controller: The action of the controller will be to drive the controlled element in such a manner so that
error is reduced to zero i. e. the feedback signal is equal to reference input r (t).
Plant: It is the body or process or machine whose condition is controlled.
(Block diagram 2 marks , Function of each block -2 marks )
e) Explain the working of capacitance type level meter.
Fig. Capacitance type liquid level meter

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Model Answer
Capacitive liquid level measurement based on principle of change in capacitance due to change in
parameter to be measured. Capacitance changes either the dielectric constant ,the effective area A or
the distance between the plates d. In liquid level measurement change in capacitance is brought by
change in dielectric constant. A capacitive liquid level sensor has two parallel insulated metal electrodes
are held firmly at a known fixed distance apart. The dielectric constant between the electrodes varies
with the liquid level and so does the capacitance of the system. Grater the level the larger will be
capacitance, and less the level, the smaller will be the capacitance. The capacitance between the
electrodes thus provides a measure of the liquid level in the tank.
( Fig.- 2 Marks and explanation 2 marks )
f) How linear potentiometer is use for displacement measurement?
Linear potentiometer converts the linear motion into changes in resistance. It is simple voltage
divider with three terminals two are fixed and one is movable. Basically a resistive potentiometer (or
pot) is a variable resistor whose resistance is varied by the movement of a slider over a resistance
element as shown in the fig. Translatory devices have strokes from 2 mm to 50 cm,
In figure
Vi= Input voltage, V
Rp = Total resistance of potentiometer, in ohm
Xt = Total length of translational potentiometer, m
Xi = Displacement of slider from its zero position, m
Vo = Output voltage, V
As the distribution of resistance with respect to translational movement is linear the resistance per unit
length is Rp / Xt and output voltage is given by
Vo =Vi ( Xi /Xt )
Thus output voltage is the function of length of resistance i.e. displacement.
Fig. Potentiometer for Linear displacement measurement

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Model Answer
Subject Code: 12156
(Explanation 2 marks and Figure 2 marks)

Q. 3 a) Compare primary transducer and secondary transducer.
Primary Transducer
Secondary Transducer
1. It is the first element in the

measurement system.
element
2. It is in direct contact with the

measurand or unknown quantity.
3. Output of primary transducer is
given to secondary transducer
means
working
of
1. It is the second or intermediate
secondary
in the measurement
system.
2. It is not in direct contact with the
measured or unknown quantity.
3. Output of secondary transducer
is
not
given
to
primary
transducer depends upon primary
transducer, means working of
transducer.
primary transducer does not
4. In most
of the measurement
system mechanical devices act as a

primary transducer.
upon
secondary
transducer.
4. In most of the measurement
5. Example : Bourdons tube act as a

primary transducer
depend
senses the
pressure and converts into a

displacement of free end.
system electrical devices act as a

secondary transducer.
5. Example : LVDT acts as a
secondary transducer. Core of
LVDT
moves
by
the
displacement of free end of

bourdons tube which produces
an output voltage proportional to
displacement
which
in
turn
proportional to pressure.
Any four Points 01 M to each. 4 Marks

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Model Answer
b) Explain in brief revolution counter and timer.
The revolution counter is used with a timing device of some form to determine the number of
revolutions in a measured length of time. Thus it measures an average rotational speed rather than an
instantaneous rotational speed.
It consist of a worm gear attached to a spindle. The worm gear meshes with a spur gear, which in
turn moves a calibrated dial to indicat revolutions. Two dials outer and inner are provided, in which each
division on the outer dial represents one revolution of the spindle, while those on the inner dial represent
one revolution of the outer dial. A stop watch is attached to the revolution counter for indicating the
time.
For measuring the speed, a revolution counter is manually held and the worm gear attached to
the spindle is rotated by pressing the contact point of the spindle against the rotating shaft whose
rotational speed is to be measured. The worm gear moves a calibrated dial through the spur gear.
indicating total revolutions of the spindle which is in contact with the shaft. The stopwatch is started
and stopped simultaneously with the counter and thus the average speed is calculated.
The manual operation of starting and stopping the stopwatch simultaneously with the counter is
practically not always feasible. Therefore a tachoscope is provided in some models in which a counter is
combined with a time piece.
Suitable description 04 Marks.
c) Explain the function of Integral control action. ( 04 marks for suitable answer)
Offset of a plain proportional controller is removed in an integral controller. In integral control
mode, the value of the controller output is changed at a rate proportional to the error signal e. In the
proportional control without an integrator, there is a steady state error ,or offset,in the response of the
input signal,which can be eliminated by including integral control action in the controller.
In case of proportional control mode, does not take into consideration the past history, of error.It
leaves the accumulated effect of past errors uncorrected whereas the integral control mode, on the other
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Model Answer
hand, continuously looks at the total past history of the error by continuously integrating the area under
the error curve. It eliminates the offset by forcing the addition or removal of mass or energy, which
should have been added or removed in the past.
The mathematical expression of the integral only controller is given by.
Where
m = Output of controller
Ti = Integral time.
E = error.
d) How feedback control system is used for temperature control of boiler ? ( four marks for
appropriate answer)
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Model Answer
The actual temperature of steam is measured by suitable temperature measuring system and is fed to the
controller which compares the reference temperature. The value of reference temperature is specified by
appropriate setting of the thermostat. Based on the error signal,the controller generates correcting signal
which controls the valve.in order to change the valve setting for fuel supply to the heating system.
In this way, depending on the steam temperature, fuel supply to heating system is controlled to control
the input heat and hence steam temperature.
e) Explain the importance of humidity measurement in industry. Name some processes in which
humidity control is required for effective operation.
In general humidify refers to presence of moisture in atmosphere. Quantity of free water present in any
raw material is expressed as percentage of total mass of substance. The amount of free moisture (water)
present in any material is dependent upon its chemical and physical properties. To some extent it is a
measure of human comfort. The moisture content of a gas is the prime variable and should be known to
be controlled. The percentage of permissible water vapor in a gas normally depends on its use. If
production gases such as oxygen and ammonia contain moisture it is critical. Recording and measuring
moisture content of gas could minimize the dangers of corrosion and freezing and improve production
efficiency. The water vapor content of air is an important parameter in many processes. Humidity is an
important process variable.
Importance of humidity measurement 02 Marks.
Some examples are air conditioning for human comfort and for controlling product quality such as
foods, textiles, paper and tobacco and drying operations, Heat treatment of metals, Moisture control of
protective atmosphere is critical, water forming in pipelines of gas transmission lines is a hazard causing
freezing and corrosion. Proper control of critical operations with fabrics, papers, and chemicals mainly
depends upon suitable control of humidity of the surrounding environed. ( 02 Marks)
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Model Answer
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Q. 4 a)
i) Write any four advantages of liquid in glass thermometer method.

1. They are simple to use and have a low cost.
2. They are portable.
3. Simplicity in construction.
4. No need of auxiliary power.
5. Widely used in both laboratory and Industry.
6. Used for measurement of wide temperature range.
7. Various types of liquids are used depending upon application.
8. It can measure static temperatures with good accuracy.
Any four of the above each carries 01 Marks 4 M
ii) Explain the working principle of platinum resistance thermometer.
The resistance of certain metals changes with temperature change. Resistance thermometer
works on the principle of positive temperature coefficient of resistance ie as temperature increases,
resistance offered by thermometer also increases. Platinum is especially suited for RTD as it withstands
high temperature while maintaining excellent stability. The resistance of wire at t 0 C is given by.
Rt = Ro (1 + o t )
Where Rt =
Resistance at to C
Ro =
Resistance at Oo C
o =
Resistance temperature coefficient.
t = Change in temperature.
With the increase of temperature, the electrical resistance of certain metals increases in direct proportion
to the rise of temperature. Therefore, if the electrical resistance of a wire of known and calibrated
material is measured, the temperature of the wire can be determined.
In this type of thermometer, a temperature sensitive resistance element is fabricated in a suitable
form to insert in the medium whose temperature is to be measured and is connected by leads to a wheatPage 14 of 26

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Model Answer
stone bridge. The bridge consists of a sensing element resistance X having high temperature coefficient
and resistances A, B and C whose ohmic values do not alter with change of temperature. L1 and L2 are
the lead wires of the sensing element. Initially wheat stone bridge is in balanced condition, Now when
resistance X changes, the wheat stone bridge becomes unbalanced and thus galvanometer will give
deflection which can be calibrated to give temperature scale.
Suitable description 04 Marks.

(Note :- Figure not essential but if drawn, to be preferred)
iii) How flow is measured by electromagnetic flow meter? State its two advantages.
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Model Answer
It consists basically of a pair of insulated electrodes buried flush in the opposite sides of a nonconducting, non magnetic pipe carrying the liquid to be measured. The pipe is surrounded by an
electromagnet which produces a magnetic field. The arrangement is analogous to a conductor moving
across a magnetic field. Therefore a voltage is induced across the electrodes. This voltage is given by
E=Bl
Where B =
Flux density.
l =
Length of conductor.
Average velocity of conductor which is fluid in this case.
Thus assuming a constant magnetic field, the magnitude of the voltage appearing across the electrodes
will be directly proportional to product of average velocity and diameter. Thus flow is measured by
electromagnetic flow meter.
Suitable description 03 Marks. (Note :- Diagram not essential, but if drawn to be preferred)
Advantages of Electromagnetic flow meter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
They do not produce any obstruction to flow and hence cause no pressure drop.
Flow measurement of slurries and corrosive or abrasive liquids is easily made.
Bi-directional flow can be measured by reversing connections.
Readings are unaffected by variations in viscosity, density, temperature, pressure or
conductivity.
Any two advantages 1/2 M to each 1 M.
iv) Draw a neat sketch of venturi-meter. State its two advantages.
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Model Answer
(Neat sketch diagram 3M.)
Advantages of venture-meter :
1. Meter is not affected by wear and abrasion as the inside surface is smooth.
2. High pressure recovery is possible i.e. loss of head due to its installation in the pipe is small.
3. Less chances of clogging due to sediments.
4. Readily suitable for liquids, gases, process fluids.
5. High accuracy.
(any two advantages each carries M, 1 Mark)
Q. 4 b)
i) Suggest suitable system for the following applications giving in brief reason for selection
1. Temperature in furnace
2. Temperature in oven
3. Engine Temperature
Ans : Temperature in furnace: Furnce temperature ranges from 1000 C to 30000 C. For temperature
range of 1000 C to 15000C thermocouples are used. Various types of thermocouples are available
depending upon requirement proper choice of thermocouple is made. It offers following advantages.
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Model Answer
1. Their electrical output is adaptable to a variety of read out or controlled device.
2. They have high response speed.
3. They posses good accuracy.
4. They posses long transmission distance.
5. Hey have extremely wide temperature range from -2700 C to 2500 0 C.
6. They are inexpensive.
For temperature range of 15000C to 3000 0C , pyrometers are used.Pyrometers are preferred where
other temperature sensors are not convenient due to high temp.This is a non contact type of
measurement.We can measure temp. accurately from a distance. They offer following advantages.
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are able to measure high temperatures.

They posses fast response speed.
They have high output & moderate cost.
They are used for the targets not easily accessible such as furnace interiors.
Temperature in oven:
Variety of ovens are available having different temp. range ( 00 C to 3000C) Foe measurement of
oven temp. various sensors can be used like pressure thermometer. RTD, Thermistors,
Thermocouple etc.These sensors offer following advantages.
1. pressure thermometer Lower cost, smaller bulb size, fast speed of response, most linear
scale,
2. RTD- High accuracy, wide temp. range from -2000C to 6500 C. small in size, fast response,
good reproducibility, temp. composition not required.
3. Thermistors small size & fast response, low cost, grater sensitivity
4. Thermocouple J & T type thermocouples are used , inexpensive, good stability
Engine Temperature: It ranges from 500 to 12000C. Following temp. sensors can be used
1. Thermocouple : Type J , type K , type R and type S can be used.It gives high output.
2. RTD Platinum RTD can be used. It has high repeatability, linear characteristics, sensor
can be used to tale reading from distance.
( 02 marks for each, 01 mark for naming the sensor, 01 mark for reason)
ii) How the speed of shaft can be measured without contact? Explain any one method.
Contact less electrical tachometer does not have contact with shaft whose speed is to be measured. This
tachometer produces pulse from rotating shaft which is calibrated to give speed of shaft. Different
methods of contactless speed measurements are.
1. Inductive Pick Up :- Inductive pick up consists of permanent magnet with a coil wound on it.
This permanent magnet is placed near the metallic toothed rotor mounted on shaft whose speed
is to be measured.
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Model Answer
When rotor rotates, the reluctance of air gap between pick up and toothed rotor changes
giving rise to an induced emf in the pickup coil. This output is in form of pulse. The frequency of
induced emf will depend upon number of teeth of rotor and speed of rotor. The number of teeth
of rotor is constant, hence output emf is directly proportional to speed of shaft.
2. Photoelectric tachometer :- opaque disc having equidistant holes on its periphery is mounted
on rotating shaft. At one side of disc, a light source is fixed and on other side of disc in line of
light source, light sensor such as phototube is mounted. The opaque disc rotates along with shaft
and when opaque portion of the disc is between the light source and sensor, the sensor produces
and output pulse. The frequency at which these pulses are produced depends upon number of
holes in disc and its speed of rotation. Since number of holes in disc is fixed, the output pulse is
directly proportional to speed of disc and hence speed of shaft whose speed is to be measured.
The output pulse is calibrated in to give speed of shaft in RPM.
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Model Answer
3. Stroboscope : - The stroboscope is simple manually operated portable device which is used for
measurement of speed. Strobe scope has variable frequency flashing light. An oscillator is
provided to control flashing frequency. The speed is measured by adjusting frequency so that the
moving object is visible at specific intervals.
The flashing light is directed on rotating member, which usually has some spoke, gear
teeth or some other feature. If rotating member do not have any of such features, a paper having
black and white stripes is attached to it or some marking is done as a target. The frequency of
lamp flashing is adjusted until the target appears stationary. Under this condition speed is equal
to flashing frequency. The scale of stroboscope can be calibrated to read the speed directly.
Note : Any one of the method from above ( 06 marks for suitable answer)
( Diagram not essential but if drawn to be preferred otherwise suitable description is
sufficient )
Q 5 a) Thermocouple: ( 02 marks for definition, 01 mark each for two materisla)

Thermocouples are the temperature measuring devices works on the principle of seeback effect it states
that when two dissimilar metal wires (strips) are joined together so as to form junctions, if one junction
is kept at reference temperature and another junction is heated then voltage is developed at the free end,
the emf measured between two terminals of metal wires is proportional to change in temperature.
Thermocouple Materials:1) Copper Constantan 2) Iron Constantan 3) Chromel alumel 4) Platinum Rhodium 5)
Tungston - Rhenium
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Model Answer
( 01 mark for formula, 03 marks for correct calculations with answer)

c) Photoelectric Tachometer: ( 02 marks for diagram, 02 marks for explanation)
The Fig shows the photoelectric tachometer. An opaque disc having equidistance holes on its periphery
is mounted on rotating shaft. At one side of disc, a light sensor such as phototube is mounted. The
opaque disc rotates along with shaft and when opaque portion of the disc is between the light source and
sensor, the sensor produces an output pulse. The frequency at which these pulses are produced depends
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Model Answer
upon number of holes in disc and its speed of rotation, since number of holes in disc is fixed, the output
pulse is directly proportional to speed of disc and hence speed of shaft whose speed is to be measured.
The output pulse is calibrated in to give speed of shaft in rpm.
d) Characteristics of Sound:- ( 01 mark for each characteristics, any four)
The sound is characterized by the following parameters
1.its intensity in W/m2 or its pressure in bar
2. its frequency in cycles per second or Hz.
3.The nature of noise which may be either continuous or impulsive
4. Its noise rating which is also called annoyance rating based on sound pressure level and frequency
5.The loudness or loudness level.
e) Requirements to be considered while Designing a strain gauge: ( 01 mark for each, any four)
1) The strain gauge should have high value of gauge factor. A value of gauge factor indicates a large
change in resistance for a particular strain resulting in high sensitivity.
2) he resistance of the strain gauge should be as high as possible since this minimizes the effects of
undesirable variations of resistance in the measurement circuit.
3)The strain gauge should have low resistance temperature coefficient. This is essential to minimize
errors on account of temperature variation which affect the accuracy of measurements.
4) The strain gauge should not have any hysteresis effects in its response.
5) It should have linear characteristics i.e. the variation in resistance should be a linear function of the
strain.
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Subject Code: 12156
Model Answer
( 02 marks for each answer)
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Model Answer
Q.6 a) Optical Pyrometer:- ( 02 marks for diagram, 02 marks for explanation)
The most common type of optical pyrometer is the Disappearing Filament Pyrometer. The schematic
diagram of the pyrometer is shown in the fig. An image of the radiating source is produced by a lens and
made to coincide with the filament of an electric lamp. The current through he lamp filament is made
variable so that lamp intensity can be adjusted. The filament is viewed through an eye piece and a filter.
The current through filament is adjusted until the filament and image are of equal brightness. When the
brightness of image produced by the source and brightness produced by the filament are equal the
outline of the filament disappears as shown in fig. if the temperature of the filament is higher than that
required for the equality of brightness filament becomes too bright. If the temperature of filament is
lower filament becomes dark. Since the intensity of the any wavelength depends upon the temperature
of the radiating body and the temperature of the filament depends upon the current flowing through the
lamp, the instrument may be directly calibrated in terms of the filament current.
b) Advantages of Flow nozzles:-( 01 mark for each, any four)
1. They are used for measurement of flow of fluids containing solids that settle and also widely used for
high pressure/ temperature steam flow.
2. They can be used for flow measurements at high fluid velocities.
3. They are rugged in construction.
4. High resistant to erosion than the sharp edged orifice.
5. They are cheaper than venturimeters.
6. They have high coefficient of discharge than that of orifice meter.
7. Easier to installed as compare to venturimeters.
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Model Answer
C) Unbonded strain gauge:- ( 02 marks for diagram, 02 marks for explanation)

An unbonded metal strain gauge is shown in fig. This gauge consists of a wire stretched between two
points in an insulating medium such as air. The wires may be made of various copper nickel, chrome
nickel or nickel iron alloys. They are about 0.003 mm in diameter, have a gauge factor of 2 to 4 and
sustains a force of 2 mN. The length of wire is 25mm or less. the flexure element is connected via a rod
to a diaphragm which is used for sensing of pressure. The wires are tensioned to avoid buckling when
they experience a compressive force. The unbonded metal wire gauges, used in transducer applications,
employ preloaded resistance wires connected in a Wheatstone bridge. An initial preload, the strain and
resistance of four arms are normally equal, with the result output voltage of the bridge e0= 0.
Application of pressure produces a small displacement which is about 0.004 mm, the displacement
increases tension in two wires and decreases it in the other two; thereby increase the resistance of two
wires which are in tension and decreasing the resistance of the remaining two wires. This causes an
unbalance of the bridge producing an output voltage which is proportional to the input displacement and
hence to the applied pressure.
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Model Answer
d) Rosette:- ( 01 mark for definition, 03 marks for explanation)

When two or more grid elements are configured in a definite fashion for use at one point then it is called
a strain gauge rosette
Two element Rosette gauge:- These are used for the measurement of stresses in biaxial stresses fields,
where the directions of principle stress are known. Whenever the strain gradient along the surface is
high and it is important to approach a point as nearly as possible the grids are stacked one on the top of
the other, being insulated between each other. Where there is a high strain gradient perpendicular to the
surface, the gauges must be near to the surface possible i.e. in one plane
( Due credit should be given to other strain measurement methods such as three element, delta
rosette, rectangular rosette etc.)
e) Load Cell: - Load cell is a force transducer which utilizes deflection of an elastic member as a
primary sensing device and strain gauge as a secondary transducer.
Applications :1. Tool Dynamometers
2. Weighing machines for vehicles
3. Suspension bridges etc.
( 02 marks for definition, 02 marks for applications, any two)
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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

Important Instructions to examiners:

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

iii) Define closed loop system. State its two advantages.

Fig . General Block diagram of closed loop system

(Any TWO - 1 Mark for each advantage )

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Qu. 1 b) Attempt any ONE of the following:

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

Fig. Inductive Transducer (Inductive pick-up Tachometer)

Fluid is control medium

Air is control medium

Fluid is more compatible with Air is more compatible Electronic

Slow as compared to pneumatic Fast speed of response

slow speed of response

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

Careful maintenance is required

High initial cost

Low initial cost

High initial cost

short startup period

short startup period

Long startup period

Dirty work place

clean work place

clean work place

in Can be installed in Can be installed in hazardous

11 Not suitable for food industries

suitable for food industries

(Minimum 6 points, 1 Mark for each point)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

Fig.- Block diagram representing Automatic control system

Fig. Capacitance type liquid level meter

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Fig. Potentiometer for Linear displacement measurement

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)

Subject Code: 12156

(Explanation 2 marks and Figure 2 marks)

1. It is the first element in the

2. It is in direct contact with the

1. It is the second or intermediate

transducer depends upon primary

transducer, means working of

primary transducer does not

system mechanical devices act as a