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IIT - MATHS
SET - 3
INDEX
1.
VECTOR ALGEBRA ...........................................................................................
2.
MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS .......................................................................
24
3.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ...............................................................................
52
4.
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION ...........................................................................
78
5.
DEFINITE INTEGRATION ...............................................................................
106
6.
AREAS UNDER CURVES ..................................................................................
128
7.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ..........................................................................
158
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
VECTOR ALGEBRA
VECTORS_THEORY
A scalar is a quantity, which has only magnitude but does not have a direction. For ILLUSTRATION time, mass, temperature, distance and specific gravity etc. are scalars.
A Vector is a quantity which has magnitude, direction and follow the law of parallelogram
(addition of two vectors). For ILLUSTRATION displacement, force, acceleration are vectors.
(i)
(ii)
There are different ways of denoting a vector : a or a or a are different ways.

We use for our convenience a, b , c etc. to denote vectors, and a, b, c to denote their
magnitude. Magnitude of a vector a is also written as a .

A vector a may be represented by a line segment OA and arrow gives direction of this vector..
Length of the line segment gives the magnitude of the vector.
A
Here O is the initial point and

A is the terminal point of OA
ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS

Let OA a , AB b and OB c .
Here c is sum (or resultant) of vectors a and b . It is to be noticed that the initial point of
coincides with the terminal point of and the line joining the initial point of to the terminal point
of represents vector in magnitude and direction.
B
c = ab
b
O
TYPE OF VECTORS
(i)
Equal Vectors
Two vectors are said to be equal if and only if they have equal magnitudes and same direction.
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
(ii)
AB = CD
As well as direction is same
Zero Vector (null vector)
A vector whose initial and terminal points are same, is called the null vector. For ILLUSTRATION.
Such vector has zero magnitude and no direction, and denoted by 0 .

AB BC CA AA

or AB BC CA 0
C
(iii)
Like and Unlike Vectors

Two vectors are said to be
(i)
Like, when they have same direction.
(ii) Unlike, when they are in opposite directions.

and are two unlike vectors as their directions are opposite, and are like vectors.
(iv)
Unit Vector
4
VECTORS_THEORY
A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is unity. We write, unit vector in the direction of as
. Therefore = .
(v)
Parallel vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be parallel, if they have the same support or parallel support.
Parallel vectors may have equal or unequal magnitudes and direction may be same or opposite. As shown in figure
(vi)
Position Vector
If is any point in the space then the vector is called position vector of point , where O is the
origin of reference. Thus for any points A and B in the space,
(vii) Coinitial vectors

Vectors having same initial point are called coinitial vectors. As shown in figure:
Here and are coinitial vectors.
D
d
SOME PROPERTIES OF VECTORS

(i)
(Vector addition is commutative)
a b b a
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
(ii)

a b c a b c (Vector addition is associative)
(iii)
a b a b , equality holds when a and b are like vectors
(iv)
a b a b , equality holds when a and b are unlike vectors
(v)
m na mna n ma (where m , n are scalars)
(vi)
m a b ma mb (where m , n are scalars)
(vii)
m a b ma mb (where m is a scalar)
COLLINEAR VECTORS
Two vectors are said to be collinear if and only if there exists a scalar m such that a mb .
Thus
(i) any vector a and zero vector are always collinear..
(ii) like and unlike vectors are collinear.
Note that xa yb 0 x y 0 if and only if a and b are noncollinear. Thus repre-
sentation of any vector as a linear combination of noncollinear vectors a and b is unique.
COPLANAR VECTORS

are coplanar if there exists a relation
Three vectors a,
b, c
xa yb zc = 0
(where x, y, z are scalars, not all zero)
Thus,
(i) any two vectors a and b and a zero vector are always coplanar..
(ii) if any two of a , b and c are collinear, then a , b and c are coplanar..
(iii) there exists a plane which can contain all coplanar vectors.
Note that xa yb zc 0
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 if and only if vectors a , b and c are
noncoplanar.
Any vector r , coplanar with noncollinear vectors a and b , can be expressed as a linear
combination of vectors a and b uniquely..

i.e., for same scalars m and n
VECTORS_THEORY
B
b
nb
r
O
ma
Any vector r in space can be written as a linear combination of three noncoplanar vectors

a , b and c uniquely..
i.e., r la mb nc for some scalars l , m and n .
COLLINEARITYAND COPLANARITY OF POINTS

(i)
The necessary and sufficient condition for three points with position vectors and to be
collinear is that there exist scalars x, y, z, not all zero, such that , where x + y + z = 0.
(ii)
The necessary and sufficient condition for four points with position vectors and to be coplanar is that then exist scalars x, y, z and u, not all zero, such that , where x + y + z + u = 0.
SECTION FORMULA
and .
Let A, B and C be three collinear points in space having position vectors a,
b
r
Let
or,
AC n
CB m
m AC n CB
or,
m AC n CB
. . . (i)
(As vectors are in same direction)
Now, OA AC OC AC r a
. . . (ii)
. . . (iii)
ma nb
Using (i), we get r =

mn
ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT VECTORS

Let OX, OY and OZ be three mutually perpendicular straight lines. Given any point
P(x, y, z) in space, we can construct the rectangular parallelopied of which OP is a diagonal and OA
= x, OB = y, OC = z.
7
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
Here A, B, C are (x, 0, 0), (0, y, 0) and (0, 0, z) respectively and L, M, N are (0, y, z),
(x, 0, z) and (x, y, 0) respectively.
Let i , j, k denote unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ respectively..
We have r OP xi yj zk as OA xi , OB yj and OC zk .

ON OA AN

OP ON NP

So, OP OA OB OC NP OC, AN OB

r | r | OP x 2 y 2 z 2
r
xi yj zk
r
= li mj nk
|r |
x2 y2 z 2
r lr i mr j nr k
l cos
m cos
n cos
x
x2 y 2 z 2
(where is the angle between OP and xaxis)
y
x2 y 2 z 2
( is the angle between OP and yaxis)
z
x2 y 2 z 2
( is the angle between OP and zaxis)
l ,m,n are defined as the direction cosines of the line OP and x, y, z are defined as direction ratios
of the line OP.
If P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) then PQ = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k
8
VECTORS_THEORY
Therefore PQ =
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2 z2 z1 2
Hence direction ratios of the line through P and Q are x2 x1, y2 y1 and z2 z1 and its
direction cosines are
x2 x1 y2 y1
z2 z1
,
and
.
PQ
PQ
PQ
SOME PROPERTIES OF DIRECTION COSINES AND RATIOS

(i) lr,mr,nr are the projection of r on x, y and zaxis.
(ii) r = l i m j n k
(iii) l 2 m 2 n 2 = 1
l m n
, then a, b, c are the
a b c
ratios of the line whose direction cosines are l ,m and n .
(iv) If a, b and c are three real numbers such that
direction
SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (DOT PRODUCT)

The scalar product, a .b of two nonzero vectors a and b is defined as a b cos ,

where is angle between the two vectors, when drawn with same initial point.
Note that 0 .
is defined as zero.
If at least one of a and b is a zero vector, then a.b
PROPERTIES
(i)

a. b b . a
(ii)
2
a 2 a.a a a 2
(iii)
ma .b m a.b a. mb
(iv) cos
(v)
(scalar product is commutative)
(where m is a scalar)

a.
b
a .b
a.b 0 Vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other..
[ a , b are nonzero vectors].

(vi) i . j = j.k k .i = 0

(vii) a. b c a.b a.c
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
(viii)
a b . a b a 2 b

a2 b 2
(ix) Let a a1 i a2 j a3 k , b b1 i b2 j b3 k

Then a. b a1 i a2 j a3 k . b1 i b2 j b3 k
= a1b1 a2b2 a3b3
Algebraic projection of a vector along some other vector

a.b
a.b
ON OB cos b
a b |a|
VECTOR (CROSS) PRODUCT
The vector product of two nonzero vectors a and b , whose module are a and b respectively, is the vector whose modulus is ab sin , where 0 is the angle between
vectors a and b . Its direction is that of a vector n perpendicular to both a and b , such
are in righthanded orientation.
that a,
b ,n
By the righthanded orientation we mean that, if we turn the vector a into the vector b
through the angle , then n points in the direction in which a right handed screw would move
if turned in the same manner.

Thus a b a b sin n
If at least one of a and b is a zero vector, then a b is defined as the zero vector..
PROPERTIES
(i)

ab b a
(ii)
ma b m a b a mb (where m is a scalar)
10
VECTORS_THEORY

(iii) a b 0 vectors a and b are parallel. (provided a and b are nonzero vectors).
(iv) i i j j k k 0 .
(v) i j k j i , j k i k j ,k i j i k .

(vi) a b c a b a c .
(vii) Let a = a1 i + a2 j a3 k and b b1 i b2 j b3 k , then

i
j

a b a1 a2
b1 b2
k
a3
.
b3
= i a2b3 a3b2 j a3b1 a1b3 k a1b2 a2b1

a b
(viii) sin = . (Note : we cannot find the value of by using this formula)
a b
(ix) Area of triangle =
(x)
1
1
1
ap ab sin a b
2
2
2

Area of parallelogram = ap ab sin a b .
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

and is defined as a b .c
The scalar triple product of three vectors a,
b
c
Let a = a1 + a2 j + a3 , b = b1 + b2 j + b3 , c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 .
i
i
k
k
k
11
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
k
a
a3 i 2
b2
b3
i
j

a b a1 a2
Then
b1 b2
a

a b .c c1 2
b2
a3
a
j 1
b3
b1
a3
a a
a
c2 1 3 c3 1
b3
b1 b3
b1
a3 a1
k
b3
b1
a1
a2
b1
b2
c1
a2
b2
a2
a3
b2
c2
b3
c3

Therefore a b .c b c .a c a .b b a .c c b .a a c .b

Note that a b .c b c .a a. b c , hence in scalar triple product dot and cross are inter

changeable. Therefore we denote a b .c by a b c .
PROPERTIES

a b . c represents the volume of the parallelopied, whose adjacent sides are rep and in magnitude and direction. Therefore three vectors
resented by the vectors a,b
c
(i)

a,b , c are coplanar if and only if
(ii) Volume of the tetrahedron =
1
6
a1
c = 0 i.e., b1
c1
a2
a3
b2
c2
b3
=0
c3

a b c .

(iii) a b c d a c d b c d
(iv)
a a b = 0.
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT

The vector triple product of three vectors a ,b and c is defined as a b c . If at least
and is a zero vector or and are collinear vectors or is perpendicular
one of a,b
c
c
a
b

to both b and c , only then a b c 0 . In all other cases a b c will be a nonzero
vector in the plane of noncollinear vectors b and c and perpendicular to the vector a .

Thus we can take a b c b c , for some scalars and . Since a a b c ,

a. a b c
0 a. b a. c 0
12
VECTORS_THEORY

a. c , a. b , for same scalar .

Hence a b c
a. c b a.b c , for any vectors
a,b and c satisfying the
conditions given in the beginning.
In particular if we take, a b i , c j , then = 1.

Hence a b c a. c b a. b c
RECIPROCAL SYSTEM OF VECTORS
Let a ,b and c be a system of three noncoplanar vectors. Then the system of vectors

a, b and c which satisfies a.a b .b c .c = 1 and

a. b a. c b . a b . c c . a c . b = 0, is called the reciprocal system to the vectors

a,b , c . In term of a,b , c the vectors a,b, c are given by

a =
b c
,b
a b c

c a
,c
a b c

a b
a b c .
PROPERTIES
(i) a.b a.c b.a b.c c.a c.b = 0
(ii) The scalar triple product [a b c] formed from three noncoplanar vectors a, b, c is
the reciprocal of the scalar triple product a b c formed from reciprocal system.
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
Let the vector equations of two lines be r a b and r c d . These two lines are
parallel to the vectors b a1i b1 j c1k and d a2i b2 j c2 k respectively. Therefore,
angle between these two lines is equal to the angle between b and d . Thus, if is the angle

b. d
cos
between the lines, then
b d .
In Cartesian Form it is given as cos l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
a1a2 b1b2 c1c2

a12 b12 c12
a22 b22 c22
, where l1 ,m1 ,n1 and l2 ,m2 ,n2 are direction cosines
and a1 ,b1 ,c1 and a2 ,b2 ,c2 are direction ratios of the given lines.
*
13

If the lines are perpendicular, then b .d = 0.
(vector form)
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
i.e., l1l2 m1m2 n1n2 = 0 or a1a2 b1b2 c1c2 = 0 (Cartesian form)
*
If the lines are parallel, then b and d are parallel, therefore b = d for some scalar .
a1 b1 c1
i.e., a b c .
2
2
2
14
VECTORS_THEORY
15
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
ASSIGNMENT
16
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SECTION-B
MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
1.
The vectors li + j + 2k, i + lj k and 2i j + lk are coplanar if

a)= -2
2.
d)
=0
b) 2, -3
c) all x < 0
d) all x > 0
Let a = 2i j + k, b = i + 2j k and c = i + j 2k be three vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c

whose projection on a is of magnitude 2 / 3 is
a) 2i + 3j 3k
4.
c) 1 - 3
The values of x for which the angle between the vectors a = xi 3j k and b = 2xi + xj k is acute, and
the angle between the vector b and the axis of ordinates is obtuse, are
a) 1, 2
3.
b) = 1 + 3
b) 2i + 3j + 3k
c) 2i j + 5k
d) 2i + j + 5k
Let a = 4i + 3j and b be two vectors perpendicular to each other in xy-plane. The vectors c in the same
plane having projections 1 and 2 along a and c are
a) -
5.
2
11
i+ j
3
2
b)2 = 1 - 22
c) (8, 8, 9)
If a, b c are three unit vectors such that a x (b x c) =
1
2
d)2 =
1 cos 2
2
d) at the tip of R(2)
b and c being non parallel then
b) angle between a and c is p/4

d) angle between a and b is p/3
2 cos
b) p = 1 2 cos , q 1 2 cos
2 cos
d) p = q 1 2 cos
The vectors ai + 2aj 3ak, (2a + 1) i + (2a + 3)j + (a + 1) k and (3a + 5) i + (a + 5) j + (a + 2) k are
non-coplanar for a in
a) {0}
17
2
11
i+ j
3
2
If a, b and c be non-coplanar unit vectors equally inclined to one another at an acute angle q. If a x b +
b x r = pa + qb + rc then
a) p = r
1
c) r = 1 2 cos
9.
d)
c) 2 = - cos 2
b) at the tip of R(4)
a) angle between a and b is p/2

c) angle between a and c is p/3
8.
2
11
i+ j
5
5
The point of intersection of the lines l1 : r(t) = (i 6j + 2k) + t(i + 2j + k)

l2 : R(u) = (4j + k) + u (2i + j + 2k)
a) at the tip of r(7)
7.
c) -
Let the unit vectors A and B be perpendicular and the unit vector C be inclined at an angle q to both A
and B. If C = aA + bB + g(A x B) then
a) =
6.
b) 2i j
b) (0, )
c) (-, 1)
d) (1, )
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
10.
If K is the length of any edge of a regular tetrahedron then the distance of any vertex from the opposite
face is
a) 3/2 K
11.
7
75
c)
2
K
3
d)
3K
b) cos-1
26
27
c) cos-1
3
15
2
d) cos-1 3
If the unit vectors a and b are inclined at an angle 2 q and < 1, then if 0 q p, q lies in the interval

a) 0,
6
13.
2 2
K
3
Two sides of a triangle are formed by the vectors a = 3i + 6j 2k and b = 4i j + 3k. Acute angles of
the triangle are
a) cos-1
12.
b)
5
,
b)
6

c) ,
6 2
5
d) ,
2 6
If (a x b) x (c x d) = ha + kb = rc + rd where a and b are non-collinear and c and d are also non-collinear

then
a) h = [b c d]
b) k = [a c d]
c) r = [a b d]
d) s = [a b c]
18
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SECTION-C
PASSAGE TYPE QUESTIONS
PASSAGE 1:
Let C: r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j + z(t) k
Be a differentiable curve i.e xlim
0
r t h r h
exist for all t. The vector
h
R(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j + z(t) k

If not O, is tangent to the curve C at the point P(x((t), y(t), z(t)) and r(t) points in the direction of
increasing t.
1.
The point P on the curve r(t) = (1 2t) i + t2 j + 2e(t-1) k

at which the tangent vector r (t) is parallel to the radius vector r(t) is
a) (-1, 1, 2)
b) (1, -1, 2)
c) (-1, 1, 2)
d) (1, 1, 2)
2.
A parametrized tangent vector to r(t) = ti + t2j + t3k at (2, 4, 8) is

a) R(u) = 2i + 4j + 8k + u(i + j + 4k)
b) R(u) = i + 2j + 4k + u(i + 4j + 12k)
c) R(u) = i + 4j + 12k + u(2i + 4j + 8k) d) R(u) = 2i + 4j + 8k + u (i + 4j + 12k)
3.
The tangent vector to r(t) = 2t2 i + (1 t) j + (3t2 + 2) k at (2, 0, 5) is

a) 4i + j 6k
b) 4i j + 6k
c) 2i j + 6k
d) 2i + j 6k
PASSAGE 2:
Equation of a line can be obtained as the intersection of two planes, or passing through a point and
parallel to given plane. Similarly equation a plane can be obtained having different condition e.g. passing through
three points or through a point and perpendicular to two planes.
4.
The line through the point c, parallel to the plane r.n = 1 and perpendicular to the line, r = a + tb is
a) r = c + ta x n
5.
b) r = a + t(n1 n2)
c) r = a + tn2
d) r = a + t(n1 x n2)
b) r . (a b) = q
d) r.((b a) x n) = [a n b]
The plane which passes through a and is perpendicular to the plane r.n = q and is parallel to the line r =
b + tc is
a) r .b = [a n c]
19
d) r = a + t(c x n)
The plane which passes through the two points a and b and is perpendicular to the plane r.n = q is
a) r.((b a) x n) = q
c) r.((b a) x n) = [a b n]
7.
c) r = c + tn
The line through the point a and parallel to the planes r.n1 = q1, r.n2 = q2 is
a) r = a + tn1
6.
b) r = c + tb x n
b) [r n c] = [a n c]
c) r.a = [b n c]
d) [r c n] = [a n c]
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
SECTION-D
MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
2.
If a and b are two units vectors inclined at angle a to each other then
2
i) a b < 1 if
ii) a b a b if
a)
<<
3
b) /2 <
iii) a b 2
c) = /2
iv) a b <
d) 0 q < p/2
a, b, c, d are given vectors. Match solution of equation in coloumn 1 to its solution in column 2.
c.a
i) r x a + (r . b) c = d
a) r = c - a . b b
ii) r = r x a + b
b) r = a . a a + a x
iii) r x b = c x b, r . a = 0
c) r = - b 2 (a x b) + yb, y is a parameter
a .r
1 a .b
iv) r x b = a, where a, b are such that a is perpendicular to b = 1 a 2 a b a x b

3.
Given two vectors a = i + j - k, b = i j + k, c = i + 2j k

i) a vector perpendicular to the vector a and coplanar with a and b
4.
ii) a vector perpendicular to a and the vector in (i)
a) (1/ 2 ) (-i + 2j + 3k)

b) 1/ 2 (i + k)
iii) a vector perpendicular to b and c
c)
iv) a vector perpendicular to a and a + c
d) (1/ 2 ) (j + k)
1
6
(2i + j + k)
The area / volume of

i) triangle with vertices whose position vector w.r.t O is i + 2j + 3k, 2i j k, i + j - k a) 3 /2
ii) tetrahedra with vertices O, i + j k, i j + k, -i + j + k
b) 2/3
iii) tetrahedra with vertices i + k, 2i j, i + 2j + 5k, i + 2j + k
iv) triangle with vertices i, j, i + j + k
5.
c) 89 /2
d) 6
Let a, b, c be any three vector then match the following vectors

i) a x (b + c) + b x (c + a)
ii) a x (b x c) + b x (c x a)
iii) (a x b) x (c x b)
iv) (a x b) x (c x a)
a) [c b a ] a
b) [a c b] b
c) (a x b) x c
d) (a + b) x c
20
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SECTION-E
WRITE THE ANSWER
1.
If d = (a x b) + (b x c) + r(c x a),[a b c] = 1/8 and d. (a + b + c) = 8 then + + r is equal

to.
2.
b = 4i + 3j and c be two vectors perpendicular to each other in the xy-plane. If ri, i = 1,2
........n are the vectors in the same plane having projections 1 and 2 along b and c respectively
n
then ri
i 1
is equal to .
3.
If A = (1, 1, 1) and C = (0, 1,-1) are given vectors and B is a vector satisfying A x B = C and
A.B = 3 then 9 B 2 is equal to.
4.
If [b c d] = 24 and (a x b) x (c x d) + (a x c) x (d x b) + (a x d) x (b x c) + ka = 0 then k is
equal to.
5.
Suppose that a, b, c do not lie in the same plane and are non zero vectors such that
a
= 1, b - 2, c = 2, a. b = 1, b. c = 2 and the angle between a b and b c is p/6. If d
is any vector such that d. a = d . b = d. c and d 2 = 2 k for any scalar a, then k is equal
to.
6.
If a = i + 2i 3k, b = 2i + j k and u is a vector satisfying a x u = a x b and a. u = 0 then 2

2
u is equal to.
7.
If the vectors ai + j + k, i + bj + k and i + j + ck, )a b c 1) are coplanar, find the value of

1
1
1
is
1 a 1 b 1 c
8.
Anon zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection of the plane determined by the vectors
i, i + j and the plane determined by the vectors i j, i - k. If the acute angle between a and the
vector i 2i + 2k is q find 2 cos q
9.
Let OA = a, OB = 10a + 2b and OC = b, where O, A and C are non-collinear points. Let p

denote the area of the quadrilateral OABC, and let q denote the area of the parallelogram
with OA and OC as adjacent sides. If p = kp find K.
10.
Let a = i j, b = i + 2j + 2k, c = 2i + j + 2k and d = 2i j + k. If p is the shortest distance

between the lines
r = a + t b and r = c + p d find 2p2
11.
21
If a, c, d are non-coplanar vectors satisfying d.(a x (b x(c x d))) = k [a c d] and b. d = 14 find

k.
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
12.
A particle is displacement from the point whose position vector is 5i 7j 7k to the point
whose position vector is 6i + 2j 2k under the action of constant forces 10i j + 11k, 4i +
5j + 6k and 2i + j 9k. Find the total work done .
13.
In a triangle ABC, a point P is taken on the side AB such that AP: BP such that CQ : BQ = 2
: 1.If R is the point of intersection of lines AQ and CP. Suppose that the area of the triangle
ABC is D, if it is known that the area of triangle BRC is one unit. Find the value of 4 D
14.
ABCD is a regular hexagon. If AB = 4 units find AD EB FC
15.
In a DABC, the median CM is perpendicular to the angle bisector AL and CM and CM : AL

= 1: 3 find 85 cos A.
SECTION-B KEY
a,b,c
b,c
a,c
b,c
a,b,c,d
a,b,c
a,c
a,b,c
10
11
12
13
a,b
a,b
b,c
b,d
SECTION-C KEY
22
VECTOR ALGEBRA
SECTION-D KEY
1.
(i) (a), (ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (d)
2.
(i) (b), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (c)
3.
(i) (c), (ii) (d), (iii) (a), (iv) (b)
4.
(i) (c), (ii) (b), (iii) (d), (iv) (a)
5.
(i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (b), (iv) (a)
SECTION-E KEY
64
20
33
48
10
11
12
13
14
15
14
97
17
16
77
23
IIT - MATHS - SET - III
MATRIX AND
DETEMINANTS
24
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Matrix
A system of m n numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m rows and n columas
is called an m n matrix. It can be read as m by n matrix.It is represents as A = [aij]m n and
a11 a12 . . . a1n
can be written in expanded form as A a 21 a 22 . . . a 2n

a m1 a m2 . . . a mn
2 1 0
1 1 3
is a 3by 3 matrix.
e.g.,
6 5 1
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRICES

(i)
Square Matrix: A matrix for which the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns (each equal to n) is called a square matrix of order n.

1 0 2 3
2 1 4 5
is a square matrix of order 4.
e.g. A =
3 2 4 1
1 0 0 2
(ii) Null Matrix: The matrix whose all elements are zero is called null matrix or zero matrix.
It is usually denoted by O.
(iii) Identity Matrix : A square matrix in which all the elements along the main diagonal
(elements of the from aii) are unity is called an identity matrix or a unit matrix. An identity
matrix of order n is denoted by In.
1 0 0
e.g. I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
(iv) Scalar matrix : A matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal and other entries are
zero, is called a scalar matrix
k 0 0
e.g. A 0 k 0
0 0 k
(v) Triangular Matrix: A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal or below
the main diagonal are all zero is called a triangular matrix.
25

Note:
(i)
[aij]n n is said to be upper triangular matrix if i > j aij = 0,
(ii) [aij]n n is said to be lower triangular matrix if i < j aij = 0.

1
0
e.g.
0
2 1 3
2 1 0
is an upper triangular matrix.
0 3 1
0 0 3
(vi) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix of any order with zero elements every where, except on the main diagonal, is called a diagonal matrix.
3 0 0
e.g. 0 5 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3.

0 0 1
(vii) Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row and n columns is called a row matrix of
length n
e.g., [2 1 3 0]14
is a row matrix of length 4.
(viii) Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column and m rows is called a column
matrix of length m.
1
3
e.g. x is a column matrix of length 4.
2

1
(ix) Sub Matrix: A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or both of a
given matrix A is called a sub matrix of A.
2 0 4
e.g., If A 5 6 8 , then
3 2 29
2 0
5 6 is a submatrix of A which is obtained by omitting
third row and third column of A.
EQUALITY OF TWO MATRICES

Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal. If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.
ADDITION OF MATRICES
If A and B are two matrices of the same order m n, then their sum is defined to be the matrix
of order m n obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
26
a11 a12
e.g. If A a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a13
b11
a 23 and B b 21
b31
a 33
a 11 b11
then A B a 21 b 21
a 31 b31
a 12 b12
a 22 b 22
a 32 b 32
b12
b 22
b32
b13
b 23 ,
b33
a 13 b13
a 23 b 23
a 33 b 33
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

(i)
Matrix Addition is Commutative

If A and B are two m n matrices, then A + B = B + A.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative

If A, B, C are three matrices, each of the order m n, then (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii) Existence of additive identity
If O is the m n null matrix, then A + O = A = O + A for every m n matrix A. O is called
additive identity.
MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR

If A = [aij]m n and is a scalar, then A = [ aij]m n
2 1 3
e.g. A 2 5 1 3A =
0 1 2
6 3 9
6 15 3 .
0 3 6
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES

Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bjk]np be two matrices such that the number of columns in A is equal
to number of rows in B. Then the m p matrix C = [cik]m p ,
n
where cik = a ij .b jk (where i = 1, 2, 3 ... m, k = 1, 2, 3 ... p), is called the product of the
j1
matrices A and B. We have
a11
a
21
...
a m1
a12
a 22
...
am2
...
a 1n
... a 2n
... ...
... a mn mn
b11
b
21
...
b n1
b12
b 22
...
bn2
... b1p
c11
c
... b 2p
12
...
... ...
... b np
c m1
n p
n
where Cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj =
27
a
k 1
ik
b kj
c12
c 22
...
cm 2
...
c1p
... c 2p
... ... ,
... c mp
m p

Properties of Matrix Multiplication
(i)
Matrix multiplication is associative

i.e.,
(AB)C = A(BC), A, B and C are m n, n p and p q matrices respectively.
(ii) Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition of matrices

i.e.,
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(iii) Existence of multiplicative identity of square matrices.

If A is a square matrix of order n and In is the identity matrix of order n, then
A In = In A = A.
(iv) Whenever AB and BA both exist, it is not necessary that AB = BA.
(v) The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix while neither of them is a zero matrix.
0 1
1 0
0 0
e.g., If A =
and B
then AB
, while neither A nor B is a null ma0 0

0 0
0 0
trix.
(vi) In the case of matrix multiplication of AB = 0, then it doesnt necessarily imply that A =
0 or B = 0 or BA = 0.
TRACE OF A MATRIX
Let A be a square matrix of order n. The sum of the diagonal elements of A is called the trace
of A.
n
Trace (A) =
ii
a11 a 22 ... a nm .
i 1
TRANSPOSE AND CONJUGATE OF A MATRIX

The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, by interchanging rows and columns, is called the
transpose of A and is denoted by A or AT .
1 2
1 4 7
e.g., If A 4 5 , then A
2 5 823
7 8 32
Properties of Transpose of a matrix
(i)
(A) A
(ii)
(A B) A B
(iii)
(A) A, being any scalar
(iv)
(AB) BA
28

Conjugate of a Matrix
The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, containing complex number as its elements, on
replacing its elements by the corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called the conjugate of A and is denoted by A .
1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
e.g., A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i , then A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i
8
7 8i
7
8
7 8i
7
Properties of Conjugate of a matrix
(i)
A A
(iii)
A A,
being any scalar
(ii)
A B
(iv)
(AB) A B
AB
Transpose Conjugate of a Matrix

The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called transposed conjugate of A and is
denoted by A . The conjugate of the transpose of A is the same as the transpose of the
conjugate
of
A
i.e., A A A
If A = [aij]m n , then A [b ji ]nm , where bji = aij
i.e., the (j, i)th element of A = the conjugate of (i, j)th element of A.
8
1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
1 2i 4 5i
e.g., If A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i , then A 2 3i 5 6i 7 8i
8
3 4i 6 7i
7 8i
7
7
Properties of Transpose Conjugate of a matrix
(i)
(A ) A
(iii) (kA) kA , k being any scalar
(ii)
(A B) A B
(iv)
(AB) B A
SPECIAL MATRICES
Symmetric Matrix
A matrix which is unchanged by transposition is called a symmetric matrix. Such a matrix is
necessarily square
2 1 3
1 4 1
e.g.,
3 1 5
Thus if A = [aij]m n is a symmetric matrix then m = n, aij = aji i.e., A A .
29
Skew Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric, if aij = aji for all i and j
0 2 3 1
e.g. 2 0 4 3
3 4 0 1
1 3 1 0
Thus if A = [aij]m n is a skew symmetric matrix, then m = n, aij = aji i.e., A A .
Obviously diagonal elements of a square matrix are zero.
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal, if AA = AA I , where I is a unit matrix.
Note: (i) If A is orthogonal, then A is also orthogonal.
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal matrices then AB and BA are also orthogonal matrices.
Unitary Matrix
A square matrix A is called unitary matrix if AA A A I .
Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 =
A.
2 2 4
e.g. The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Involutary Matrix
A matrix A such that A2 = I, is called involutary matrix.
Nilopotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix, if there exists a positive integer m such that Am
=O. If m is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the
nilpotent matrix A.
30
DETERMINANT
Equations a1x + b1y = 0 and a2x + b2y = 0 in x and y have a unique solution if and only if
a1b2 a2b1 0. We write a1b2 a2b1 as
a1
a2
b1
and call it a determinant of order 2.
b2
Similarly the equations a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 have
a unique solution if a1(b2 c3 b3c2) + b1 (a3c2 a2c3) + c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2) 0
a1
b1
c1
i.e., a 2
a3
b2
b3
c2 0
c3
The number ai, bi, ci (i = 1, 2, 3) are called the elements of the determinant.
The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is called the minor of the
element at the ith row and jth column. We shall denote it by Mij. The cofactor of this element
is (1)i+j Mij, denoted by Cij.
Let A = [aij]33 be a matrix, then the corresponding determinant (denoted by det A or | A |) is
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
a 31
a 32
a13
a 23 .
a 33
It is easy to see that | A | = a11C11+ a12 C12 + a13C13 (we say that we have expanded the
determinant | A | along first row). Infect value of | A | can be obtained by expanding it along any
row or along any column. Further note that if elements of a row (column) are multiplied to the
cofactors of other row (column) and then added, then the result is zero.
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if its rows are changed into columns and the
columns into rows.
a1
b1
c1
a1
a2
a3
e.g., a 2
a3
b2
b3
c2 b1
c3 c1
b2
c2
b3 . Thus any property true for rows will also be true for colc3
umns.
(ii) If all the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are zero, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
31
0 b1
e.g., 0 b 2
0 b3
c1
a1
c2 0, 0
b1
0
c1
0 0
c3
b3
c3
a3
(iii) If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant is zero.
e.g.,
a1
a1
c1
a2
a3
a2
a3
c2 0
c3
(iv) The interchange of any two rows (columns) of a determinant results in change of its sign
a1
i.e, a 2
a3
b1
b2
c1
b1
c2 b2
a1
a2
c1
c2
b3
c3
a3
c3
b3
(v) If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplies by a non-zero constant, then the determinant gets multiplied by that constant.
a1
kb1
c1
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1
c1
ka 1
kb1
kc1
e.g., a 2
a3
kb 2
kb3
c2 k a 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
c2 and k a 2
a3
c3
b2
b3
c2 a 2
c3 a 3
b2
b3
c2
c3
(vi) If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is a sum of two terms, then determinant can be written as sum of two determinant in the following way:
a1
b1
c1 d1
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1
d1
a2
a3
b2
b3
c2 d 2 a 2
c3 d 3 a 3
b2
b3
c2 a 2
c3 a 3
b2
b3
d2
d3
In general
r 1
f (r) g(r) h(r)

a2
a3
b2
b3
c2
c3
f (r) g(r) h(r)

r 1
r 1
a2
a3
b2
b3
r 1
c2
c3
(vii) The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column operation of the form
Ci Ci C j C k ( j, k i) or
R i R i R j R k ( j, k i).
row
operat ion
of
t he
form
32
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1 2a1 3c1
c1
e.g. a 2
a3
b2
b3
c2 a 2
c3 a 3
b 2 2a 2 3c 2
b3 2a 3 3c3
c 2 , obtained after C2 C2 + 2C1 + 3C3.

c3
(viii) Product of two determinants
a1
b1
c1
l1
l2
l3
a2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 m1 m 2
c3
n1 n 2
m3
n3
a1l1 b1m1 c1n1
a1l2 b1m 2 c1n 2
a1l3 b1m 3 c1n 3
a 2l1 b 2m1 c 2 n1 a 2 l2 b 2 m 2 c 2 n 2
a 3l1 b3 m1 c3n1 a 3l2 b3m 2 c3n 2
a 2l3 b 2 m3 c 2 n 3
a 3l3 b3m3 c3n 3
(row by column multiplication)
a1l1 b1l2 c1l3
a1m1 b1m 2 c1m3
a1n1 b1n 2 c1n 3
a 2 l1 b 2l2 c 2l3
a 3l1 b3l2 c3l3
a 2 m1 b 2 m 2 c 2 m3
a 3m1 b3m 2 c3m3
a 2 n1 b 2 n 2 c 2 n 3
a 3n1 b3n 2 c3n 3
(row by row multiplication)
We can also multiply determinants column by row or column by column.

(ix) Limit of a determinant
lim f (x) lim g(x) lim h(x)
f (x) g(x) h(x)
x a
xa
x a
Let (x) l (x) m(x) n(x) , then lim (x) lim l(x) lim m(x) lim n(x) ,
xa
x a
x a
x a
u(x) v(x) w(x)
lim u(x) lim v(x) lim w(x)
x a
x a
x a
provided each of nine limiting values exist finitely.

(x) Differentiation of a determinant
f (x)
Let
g(x)
(x) l(x) m(x) n(x) ,

u(x) v(x) w(x)
f (x) g(x)
then (x) l (x)

u(x)
33
h(x)
h(x)
f (x) g(x) h(x)

f (x) g(x) h(x)
m(x) n(x) l (x) m(x) n (x) l (x) m(x) n(x)
v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x)
u (x) v(x) w (x)

(xi) Integration of a Determinant
f (x) g(x) h(x)

Let (x) a
l
b
m
c
n
, where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants,
f (x)dx g(x)dx h(x) dx

a
then
(x) dx
a
l
b
m
c
n
Note that if more than one row (column) of (x) are variable, then in order to find (x) dx
a
first we evaluate the determinant (x) by using the properties of determinants and then we
integrate it .
SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
(i)
Skew symmetric Determinant
A determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
0
e.g.,
b 0
c a
a 0
0
(iii) Circulant Determinant

A determinant is called circulant if its rows (columns) are cyclic shifts of the first row (columms).
a
e.g.,
(iv)
(v)
b c
b c a
. It can be show that its value is (a3 + b3 + c3 3abc) .
c a b
1
a
1
b
1
c (a b) (b c) (c a)
a2
b2
c2
a
a3
b
b3
c (a b) (b c) (c a) (a b c)
c3
34
(iv)
a
a3
b
b3
1
c2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
c3
INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A be any nrowed square matrix. Then a matrix B, if exists, such that AB = BA = In, is
called the inverse of A. Inverse of A is usually denoted by A1 (if exists).
We have |A| In = A(adjA)
|A| A1 = (adjA). Thus the necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to
possess the inverse is that |A| 0 and then A1 =
Adj(A)
A square matrix A is called non|A|
singular if |A| 0. Hence a square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular.

Properties of Inverse of a Matrix
(i)
Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(ii) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and
(AB)1 = B1 A1.
(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)1 = (A1)T.
(iv) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adjA| = |A|n1
(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, t hen
adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
SYSTEM OF LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Consider the system of linear non-homogenoeus simultaneous equations in three unknowns x,
y and z, given by a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ,
a1
Let A a 2
a 3
b2
b3
c1
x
d1
c 2 , X y , B d 2 ,
z
d 3
c3
a1
b1
c1
d1
b1
c1
Let | A | = a 2
a3
b2
b3
c2 , x d 2
c3
d3
b2
b3
c 2 , obtained on replacing first column of by

c3
B.
35
b1
a1
d1
c1
a1
b1
d1
Similalry let y a 2
a3
d2
d3
c 2 and z a 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
d2 .
d3
It can be shown that AX = B, x x , y. y , z z .
(i)
Determinant Method of Solution

We have the following two cases :
Case I
If 0, then the given system of equations has unique solution, given by
x x / , y y / and z z / .
Case II
If 0, then two sub cases arise:
(a) at least one of x , y and z is non-zero, say x 0. Now in x. x , L.H.S. is zero
and R.H.S. is not equal to zero. Thus we have no value of x satisfying x. x . Hence given
system of equations has no solution.
(b) x y z 0. In the case the given equations are dependent. Delete one or two
equation from the given system (as the case may be) to obtain independent equation(s). The
remaining equation(s) may have no solution or infinitely many solution(s). For example in x +
y + z = 3, 2x + 2y + 2z = 9, 3x + 3y + 3z = 12, x y z 0 and hence equations are
dependent (infact third equation is the sum of first two equations). Now after deleting the third
equation we obtain independent equations x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y + 2z = 9, which obviously
have no solution (infact these are parallel planes) where as in x + y + z = 3, 2x y + 3z = 4,
3x + 4z = 7, x = y z 0 and hence equations are dependent (infact third equation
is the sum of first two equations). Now after deleting any equation (say third) we obtain
independent equations x + y + z = 3, 2x y + 3z = 4, which have infinitely many solutions
(infact these are non parallel planes) For let z = R, then x
7 4
2
and y
. Hence
3
3
we get infinitely many solutions.
(ii)
Matrix Method of Solution

(a) 0, then A1 exists and hence AX = B A1 (AX) = A1 B x = A1 B and
therefore unique values of x, y and z are obtained.
(b) If 0, then from the matrix [A : B], known as augmented matrix (a matrix of order
36

3 4). Using row operations obtain a matrix from [A : B], whose last row corresponding to
A is zero (which is possible as 0 ). If last entry of B in this matrix is non-zero, then the
system has no solution else the given equations are dependent. Proceed further in the same
way as in the case of determinant method of solution discussed earlier.
Aliter of (ii (b)) : We have AX = B ((adj A)A)X = (adj A)B X = (adj A)B.
If = 0, then X = 03 1, zero matrix of order 3 1. Now if (adj A)B = 0, then the system
AX = B has infinitily many solution, else no solution.
Note : A system of equation is called consistent if it has a least one solution. If the system has no
solution, then it is called inconsistent.
Illustration 8:
Solve the system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 2z = 2
3x + 3y + 4z = 1
with the help of matrix inversion.
Solution :
The given system of equations in the matrix form can be written as
1 2 3 x 1
2 3 2 y 2
AX = B
3 3 4 z 1
1 2 3
x
1
where A 2 3 2 , X y and B 2 .
3 3 4
z
1
Now |A| = 1(12 6) 2 (8 6) + 3(6 9)
= 6 4 9 = 7 0.
Hence the given system has unique solution.
C11 C12
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |A|. then C C 21 C 22
C31 C32
37
C13
C23
C33
Here
3 2
6
3 4
C 23
C12
2 2
2
3 4
C31
C13
2 3
3
3 3
C32
C11
C 21
C 22
2 3
1 ;
3 4
C33
1 2
3
3 3
2 3
5
3 2
1 3
4
2 2
1 2
1
2 3
1 3
5
3 4
6 2 3
C 1 5 3
5 4 1
6 1 5
Adj A = C 2 5 4
3 3 1
6 1 5 6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7
AdjA
1
A
2 5 4 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
|A|
7
3 3 1 3/ 7 3/ 7 1/ 7
6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7
A B 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
3/ 7 3 / 7 1/ 7
1
2

1
x 3 / 7
y 8 / 7

( A1 B = X)
z 2 / 7
x = 3/7, y = 8/7, z = 2/7
SYSTEM OF LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
38

Consider the system of linear homogeneous simultaneous equations in three unknowns x, y
and z, given by a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0.
In this case, system of equations is always consistent as x = y = z = 0 is always a solution. If
the system has unique solution (the case when coefficient determinant 0), then x = y = z =
0 is the only solution (called trivial solution). However if the system has coefficient determinant
= 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions. Hence in this case we get solutions other
than trivial solution also and we say that we have non-trivial solutions.
39
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
ASSIGNMENT
40
MATRICES
WORKEDOUT ILLUATRATION
ILLUSTRATION : 01
With 1 , 2 as cube roots of unity, inverse of which of the following matrices exists?
1
a)
2

2
b)
1
c) 2
d) None of these.
Solution :
Ans:(d)
1
2
0,
2
1
2
0 Hence inverse does not exist.
1
0, 2
ILLUSTRATION : 02
2 3 4
5 3 8
, then trace of A is,
If A =
9 2 16
a) 17
b) 25
c) 8
d) 15
Solution :
Ans:(d)
[sum of leading diagonal elements is called Trace of matrix] 2 3 16 15
ILLUSTRATION : 03
If A is an orthogonal matrix, then
a) |A| =0
b) |A|= 1
c) |A| = 2
Solution :
Ans:(b)
A A' I
A A' | I |
| A| | A| 1
| A| 1
ILLUSTRATION : 04
41
| A' || A|
for any square matrix
d) None of these.
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
2 2 4
1 3 4
is an idempotent matrix then x =
If A =
1 2 x
a) -5
b) -1
c) -3
d) -4
Solution :
Ans:(c)
Here A2 A
2
16 4x 2 2 4
2
1
3
16 4x 1 3 4
4 x 8 2x 12 x 2 1 2 x
On comparing 16 4x 4 x 3
ILLUSTRATION : 05
If A is non-singular matrix, then Det A1
1
a) Det A2
b) Det A2
1
c) Det
A
1
d) Det A
Solution :
Ans:(d)
1
1
1
1
det AA det I det A det A 1 det A det A
ILLUSTRATION : 06
1 2 3
2 4 6
is equal to
The rank of
3 6 9
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) None of these.
Solution :
Ans:(a)
1 2 3
A 2 4 6
3 6 9
42
MATRICES
R21 2 1 2 3
0 0 0 p A 1
~

R31 3 0 0 0
ILLUSTRATION : 07
If A2 A I 0,then A1
a) A I
b) I A
c) I A
d) None of these
Solution :
Ans:(c)
1
2
1
A2 A I 0 A A A I A .0 A A1 A A1 I 0
A I A 1 0
A1 A I
ILLUSTRATION : 08
8
6
If the matrix A=
2
2
7 4
is singular, then =
4
a) 3
b) 4
c) 2
d) 5
Solution :
Ans:(a)
If matrix A is singular. Then |A| =0
8
| A| 6
2
7 4 0 8 7 16 6 6 8 2 24 14 0

ILLUSTRATION : 09
If A is a 3 x 3 matrix and det 3A k det A , k
a) 9
b) 6
Solution :
Ans:(d)
det 3A k det A
33 det A k det A
k 27
ILLUSTRATION : 10
43
c) 1
d) 27
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
The equations 2x y 5, x 3 y 5, x 2 y 0 have
a) no solution
b) one solution
c) two solutions
d) infinity many solutions
Solution :
Ans:(b)
2x y 5
.........( i )
x 3y 5
.........( ii )
x2y 0
.........( iii )
Solving 1 & 2 , we get x 2 & y 1

Which is satisfied (3).
44
MATRICES
SECTION A
ONE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
1
- 1
If A =
2
-1
2
then det adj adjA is
1
2
-1
a) 17 1
2.
b) 17 2
1
2
If the matrix
3
3
4
5
a)-2
4.
5.
sin3
cos 3
d)
- cos3
- sin3
- sin3
- cos3
b) A2 + B2
c) A2 + 2AB + B2
d) A + B
Let A be a matrix of order 3 and let D denote the value of determinant A. Then det. (-2A)
b) -2D
c) 2D
d) 8D
1
0
The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix
0
2
3
The matrix
- 4
a) symmetric
45
d) -4
If A and B are two square matrices such that B = -A-1BA, then (A + B)2 is equal to
a) 2
8.
c) 2
sin
cos
, then A3 =
If A =
cos
- sin
cos 3
sin 3
cos 3 sin3 cos 3
a)
b) - sin3
3
3
cos3 c) - sin3
sin cos
a) -8D
7.
b)If A is a scalar matrix so is A-1

d) If |A| equals 2, so does |A-1|
2
8
is singular then l is
10
b) 4
a) 0
6.
d) 17 4
If A is an invertible matrix, which of the following is not true ?

a) If A is symmetric so is A-1
c)If A is a triangular matrix so is A-1
3.
c) 17 3
b) 0
-3
2
5
c) 1
2
1
0
-3
2
is :
1
d) 7
4
- 5
is:
2
b) skew symmetric c) non- singular
d) singular
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
9.
2
0
If A =
0
0
2
0
a) 5A
10.
0
0
then A5 =
2
b) 10A
c) 16A
d) 32A
2
If A = 2 and |A3| = 125, then a is equal to
a) 1 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
11.
0
1 0
If A = 1 1 , B 3 1 , then value of a for which A2 = B is
a) 1
12.
b) 2A
1
b) a = cos2q, b = sin2q
d) a non zero perfect square
d) null matrix
- b
then :
a
c)a = sin2q, b = cos2q
c) | A | n 2 A
b) | A | n A
b) -2
d) none of the above
0
2
1
d) None of the above
2 1
1 1
= 0 is :
0 1
c) 3
d) -3
If D = diag. d 1 , d 2 , d 3 ,............d n where d i 0 for all i 1,2,................n, then D-1 is equal to

a) diag. d 11 d 21 ................d n1
18.
c) unit matrix
The value of x for with [ 1 1 x ] 0

2
a) 2
17.
c) 1
If A is a square matrix of order n x n, then adj(adjA) is equal to :

a) | A | n 1 A
16.
2) positive
- tan 1
tan
1
If I =
1 - tan
1
tan
a) a =1, b =1
15.
d) no real values
If A is a square matrix, then adj. AT (adjA)T is equal to :

a) 2 |A|
14.
c) I
Determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is

a) zero
13.
b) 1
b) D
c) I n
d) 0
If A = diag. d 1 , d 2 , d 3 ...........d n then A n is equal to :

a) A 1
b) I n
c) diag.d1n , d 2n ,.............d nn
46
MATRICES
19. If A, B are two square matrices such that AB = A and BA = B, then :
a)A, B are idempotent
c) only B is idempotent
20.
1
If A =
1
1
and n N then An is equal to :
1
a) 2 n A
21.
b) 2 n1 A
c) nA
b) 1
c) 0
b) symmetric
cos x
If A = - sinx
a) sin x cos x
28.
b) skew symmetric
b) skew symmetric
b) AA1
sinx
and A (adjA) = k
cosx
c) a diagonal matrix
1
0
d) A A1
0
then the value of k is :
1
c) 2
d) 3
Each diagonal element of a Hermitian matrix is
1 1
5 2
Let A =
- 2 - 1
a) scalar
47
c) A1A
b) 1
a) a real number
c) a non-zero real number
29.
c) a diagonal matrix
Let A be a square matrix. Then which of the following is not a symmetric matrix :
a)A + A1
27.
d) skew - symmetric
If A is symmetric matrix and n N, then An is

a) symmetric
26.
c) I
The inverse of a symmetric matrix is

a) symmetric
25.
b) A is a null matrix
d) A is a triangular matrix
If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then the matrix AB BA is :

a) 0
24.
d) no real values
If a matrix A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric, then :

a) A is a diagonal matrix
c) A is a unit matrix
23.
d) none of these
If the system of homogeneous equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and ax + z = 0 has infinite number of

solutions, then the value of a is
a) 1
22.
b) only A is idempotent
b) an imaginary number
3
6
then A is :
- 3
b) diagonal
c) nilpotent
d) idempotent
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
30.
If A = aij is a scalar matrix, then trace of A is :

n
31.
b)
cost
If Rt
- sint
37.
38.
c) R (s) + R( t)
b) A 2 B 2
b) non-singular
c) A 2 2 BA B 2
d) A 2 AB BA B 2
c) symmetric
d) not defined
If A and B are square matrices of the same type, then :
a1
a
If in 2
a3
b1
b2
b3
b)A + B = A B
c) A B = B A
d) AB = BA
c1
c 2
the co-factor of a r is Ar , then c1 A1 c 2 A2 c3 A3 is
c 3
b) D
d) D2
c) D
cos 2
cos 2
cossin
cossin
are two matrices such that the

If A =
and
B
=
sin 2
sin 2
cossin
cossin
product AB is a null matrix, hen a - b is :
a) 0
b) an odd multiple of
c) multiple of p
2
cos
If A =
- sin
sin
1 n
then lim n A is
cos
n
a) a zero matrix
b) an identity matrix
cos
F sin
Let
0
- sin
a) F 1
39.
If A is a singular matrix, then adj A is :
a) 0
36.
d) a ii
ij
A and B are square matrices of order n x n, then (A B)2 is equal to
a) A + B = B + A
35.
a
j
b) R( s t)
a) singular
34.
c)
ij
sint
then R(s) R(t) equals :
cost
a) A 2 2 AB B 2
33.
a
i
a) R ( s + t )
32.
a) a ij
2
If
3
1 - 3
A
2 5
1
0
0
0
where a R. Then F 1 is equal to
1
cos
0
b) F
2 1
=
- 3 0
0
c)
- 1
c) F 2
0
then the matrix A equals :
1
48
MATRICES
1
a)
1
40.
42.
2
1
4/7
1
b)
2/7 1/7
1
2
If f x = x 2 4 x 5 then f A , where A =
2
b) I
b) [0, 2]
1
c)
2
0
d)
1
2
then the matrix A is :
- 7
4
1
2/7
1
d)
4/7 1/7
x
x
x
is singular is :
x
x
c) x
d)0
2
2
equals.
1
1
2
c) I
d) 2I
c) (2,4)
4) (2,3)
b) A = O and B = O
d) A O, B O
b) one
c) two
d) infinite
Let a., b,c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x,y and z
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z2
1 , 2 2 2 1 , 2 2 2 1 has :
a2 b2 c2
a
b
c
a
b
c
a) no solution
c) infinitely many solutions
49
1
1
The number of solutions of the equations x 2 x3 1 , x1 2 x 3 2, x1 2x 2 =0

a) zero
46.
0
1
If the matrix AB = O and one of them is non singular then

a) A = O or B = O
c) it is not necessary that either A = O or B = O
45.
1
c)
1
sin
1
1
- sin 1
sin
The value of the determinant A, A =
lies in the interval
- 1
- sin 1
a) [0, 4]
44.
1
1
x
x
The value of x for which the matrix
x
a) x 3
b) x
3
a) O
43.
1
b)
0
- 1
Let A be an invertible matrix and suppose that the inverse of 7A is
4
1
a)
4
41.
1
0
b) unique solution
d) finitely many solutions
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
47.
0
- 5
The matrix
7
- 7
0
11
is known as
- 11 0
a) symmetric matrix
c) upper triangular matrix
48.
If A5 = O such that A n I for 1 n 4, then I A1 equals :

a) A4
c) I +A
49.
b) diagonal matrix
d) skew symmetric matrix
b) A3
d) I A A 2 A 3 A 4
cos sin
An
n
n
equals
A lim bij . Then lim
Let A = sin cos Let A bij2 x 2 .Define lim
n
n
n
2x2
n
to
0 1
a) zero matrix
b) unitary matrix
c) 1 0
d) limit does not exist
SECTION B
1.
1 1 1
1 1 1
then
If A =
1 1 1
a) A3 = 9A
c) A + A = A2
2.
b) A3 = 27A
d) A-1 does not exist
1

For all values of l, the tank of the matrix A =
1 2
a) for l = 2, r (A) = 1
c) for l 2, -1, r(A) = 3
8
8 6
9 4 2 21
b) for l = -1, r(A) = 2

d) none of these
50
MATRICES
KEY
1
10
11
16
17
20
21
24
25
26
27 28
31
32
35
36
39
40
41
42 43
46
47
48 49
18 19
33 34
22 23
37 38
KEY
a,c,d
51
a,b,c
12 13
14
15
29
30
44
45
QUADRATIC EQUATION
52
QUADRATIC EQUATION
Basic concepts
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 0 and a, b, c are real numbers, is called
a quadratic equation over reals.
The numbers a, b and c are called the coefficients of the quadratic equation. A root of the
quadratic equation is a number (real or imaginary) such that a 2 + b + c = 0.
The roots of the quadratic equation are given by
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
The quantity D (= b2 4ac) is known as the discriminant of the equation.
Basic Results
(i)
The quadratic equation has real and equal roots if and only if D = 0
(ii) The quadratic equation has real and distinct roots if and only if D > 0
(iii) The quadratic equation has complex roots with non-zero imaginary parts if and only if
D < 0.
(iv) If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation, where i 1 , then
p iq is also a root of the quadratic equation.
(v) If p q is an irrational root of the quadratic equation, then p q is also a root of the
quadratic equation provided that all the coefficients are rational, q not being a perfect square.
(vi) The quadratic equation has rational roots if D is a perfect square of a rational number
and a, b, c are rationals.
(vii) If a = 1 and b, c are integers and the roots of the quadratic equation are rational, then the
roots must be integers.
(viii) If the quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two distinct numbers (real or imaginary), then it becomes an identity i.e., a = b = c = 0
(ix) Let and be two roots of a given quadratic equation. Then + =
b
c
and .
a
a
(x) A quadratic equation, whose roots are and can be written as (x ) (x ) =

0 i.e., ax2 + bx + c a(x - ) (x ).
METHODS OF INTERVALS (wavy curve method)

In order to solve inequalities of the form
Px
P x
0,
0 , where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials, we use the following method:
Qx
Qx
53

If x1 and x2 (x1 < x2) are two consecutive distinct roots of a polynomial equation, then within this
interval the polynomial itself takes on values having the same sign. Now find all the roots of the
polynomial equations P(x) = 0 and Q(x) = 0. Ignore the common roots and write
x 1 x 2 x 3 . . . . . x n
Px
f x
x 1 x 2 x 3 . . . . . x m ,
Qx
Where a1, a2, . . . . . an, b1, b2, . . . . . , bm are distinct real numbers. Then f(x) = 0 for x = a1,
a2, . . . . . , an and f(x) is not defined for x = b1, b2, . . . . . , bm. Apart from these (m + n) real numbers
f(x) is either positive or negative. Now arrange a1, a2, . . . . . , an, b1, b2, . . . . . , bm in an
increasing order say c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, . . . . . , cm+n. Plot them on the real line. Draw a curve
starting from right of cm+n along the real line which alternately changes its position at these
points. This curve is known as the wavy curve.
The intervals in which the curve is above the real line will be the intervals for which f(x) is positive
and the intervals in which the curve is below the real line will be the intervals in which f(x) is
negative.
QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
The expression ax2 + bx + c is said to be a real quadratic expression in x where a, b, c
are real and a 0,
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c R (a 0).
2
2
b 4ac b 2
b
D
f(x) can be re-written as f(x) = a x 2a 4a 2 a x 2a 4a 2 , where
D = b2 4ac is the discriminant of the quadratic expression.

Therefore y = f(x) represents a parabola whose axis is parallel to the y-axis, with vertex at A
b D
,
.
2a 4a
Note that if a > 0, the parabola will be concave upwards and if a < 0 the parabola will be
concave downwards and it depends on the sign of b2 - 4ac that the parabola cuts the x-axis
at
two
points
2
2
2
(b 4ac > 0), touches the x-axis (b 4ac = 0) or never intersects with the x-axis (b - 4ac <
0). This gives rise to the following cases:
(i) a > 0 and b24ac < 0
54
QUADRATIC EQUATION
y = f(x)
f(x) > 0 x R
x
b/2a
In this case the parabola always remains concave upwards and above the x-axis
(ii) a > 0 and b2 4ac = 0
y = f(x)
f(x) 0 x R
x
b/2a
In this case the parabola touches the x-axis and remains concave upwards.
(iii) a > 0 and b2 4ac > 0.
Let f(x) = 0 has two real roots and ( < ).
Then f(x) > 0 x ( , ) ( , ),
y = f(x)
b/2a
f(x) < 0 x ( , ) and f(x) = 0 for x {, } .
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two points and and remains concave upwards.
b/2a
x
(iv) a < 0 and b2 4ac < 0
y = f(x)
f(x) < 0 x R.
In this case the parabola remains concave downwards and always below the x-axis.
(v) a < 0 and b2 4ac = 0
b/2a
f(x) 0 x R.
y = f(x)
55
In this case the parabola touches the x-axis and remains concave downwards.
(vi) a < 0 and b2 4ac > 0
Let f(x) = 0 have two real roots and ( < ).
Then f(x) < 0 x ( , ) ( , ),
f(x) > 0 x ( , ) and f(x) = 0 for x {, } .
b/2a
y = f(x)
In this case the parabola cuts the x-axis at two point and and remains concave downwards.
Notes: (i) if a > 0, then minima of f(x) occurs at x = b/2a and if a < 0, then maxima of f(x)
occurs at x = b/2a
(ii) If f(x) = 0 has two distinct real roots, then a.f(d) < 0 if and only if d lies between the roots
and a.f(d) > 0 if and only if d lies outside the roots.
4.
INTERVALS OF ROOTS
In some problems we want the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 to lie in a given interval.
b
a
c
a
2
For this we impose conditions on a, b and c. Since a 0, we can take f(x) = x x .
(i) Both the roots are positive i.e., they lie in (0, ) if and only if roots are real, the sum of
the roots as well as the product of the roots is positive.
+ =
and =
b
0
a
c
> 0 with b2 4ac 0.
a
Similarly, both the roots are negative i.e., they lie in ( , 0) if and only if roots are real, the
sum of the roots is negative and the product of the roots is positive.
i.e.,
(ii)
b
0
a
and =
c
> 0 with b2 4ac 0.
a
Both the roots are greater than a given number k if and only if the following three conditions
are satisfied:
b
k and f(k) > 0.

D 0,
2a
56
QUADRATIC EQUATION
b/2a
k b/2a
(iii) Both the roots are less than a given number k if and only if the following conditions are
satisfied:
b
D 0,
< k and f(k) > 0.
2a
(iv) Both the roots lie in a given interval (k1, k2), if and only if the following conditions are
satisfied:
b
D 0, k1 <
< k2 and f(k1) > 0, f(k2) > 0.
2a
b/2a
k1 b/2a
k2
k1
k2
(v) Exactly one of the roots lies in a given interval (k1, k2) if and only if f(k1). f(k2) < 0.
k2
k1
x
k1
k2
(vi) A given number k lies between the roots if and only if f(k) < 0.
In particular, the roots of the equation will be of opposite signs if and only if 0 lies between the
roots
f(0) < 0.
QUADRATIC INEQUATIONS
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c be a quadratic expression. Then inequations of the type f(x) 0
or f(x) 0 are known as quadratic inequations. The study of these can be easily done by
taking the corresponding quadratic expression and by applying the basic results of quadratic
expression.
CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOT(S)

Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 and dx2 + ex + f = 0 have a common root (say). Then
2
a + b + c = 0 and d e f 0
57

Solving for 2 and , we get
bf ce dc af ae bd
bf ce
dc af
and
(dc af)2 = (bf ce) (aebd)
ae bd
ae bd
2
i.e.,
which is the required condition for the two equations to have a common root.
a b c
Note:
Condition for both the roots to be common is
d e f
THEORY OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

Consider the equation
anxn + an1 xn1 + an2xn2 .... + a1x + a0 = 0
... (1)
(a0, a1 , .... , an are real coefficients and an 0)

Let 1 , 2 , ......., n be the roots of equation (1), Then
anxn + an1 xn1 + an2xn2 + ... + a1x + aa an ( x 1 ) (x 2 ) ... (x n )
... (2)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get

a
1 = 1 2 3 ..... n n 1
an
1 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 ... 2 3 ... n 1 n
a n2
an
...............
1 2 ..... r ... n r 1 n r 2 ... n (1) r
1 2 ..... n (1) n
In general
.
1
a nr
an
a0
an
... i (1)i
a n i
an
e.g., If , , and are the roots of ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0, then

b /a
c / a
d / a
e
a
58
QUADRATIC EQUATION
Remarks
A polynomial equation of degree n has n roots (real or imaginary).
If all the coefficients are real then the imaginary roots occur in pairs i.e., number of
imaginary roots is always even.
If the degree of a polynomial equation is odd then the number of real roots will also be
odd. It follows that at least one of the roots will be real.
If is a repeated root, repeating r times of a polynomial equation f(x) = 0 of degree n
i.e., f(x) = ( x ) r g ( x ) , where g(x) is a polynomial of degree nr and g ( ) 0, then

f( ) = f ( ) = f ( ) = ... = f (r1) ( ) = 0 and f r ( ) 0 and vice versa.
Thus polynomial in x of degree n can be factorized into a product of linear/quadratic
form.
Remainder Theorem
If we divide a polynomial p(x) in x by (x ), then remainder obtained is p( ). Note

that if p( ) 0, then x is a factor of p(x).
If a polynomial of degree n has n + 1 roots say x1, x2, ... xn+1 , xi xj if i j, then the
polynomial is identically zero. i.e., p(x) 0.
(In other words, the coefficients a0, ... an are all zero).
2 2 2 < 0, which is not possible if all , and are reals. So atleast one root
i
s
non-real. As imaginary roots occurs in pair, given cubic equation has two non-real roots and
one real root.
59
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
3-A
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ASSIGNMENT
60
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
ILLUSTRATION : 01
If a and b 0 are the roots of the equation x 2 ax b 0 , then the least value of x 2 ax b x R is
9
9
1
1
a)
b)
c)
d)
4
4
4
4
Ans: (b)
Solution :
Since a and b are the roots of the equation.
x 2 ax b 0
Therefore, a b a and ab = b
b 0
Now, ab b a 1 b 0 a 1
Putting a=1 in a+b =-a, we get b=-2
Since y x 2 ax b is a parabola opening upward.
So, ymin
D
4
[ Using : ymin
D
for y ax 2 bx c ]
4a
a 2 4b
9
= 4 4
ILLUSTRATION : 02
If , are the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0 , then the value of the determinant.
1
cos cos
cos
1
cos
cos
cos
a) sin
is
c) 1 cos
b) sin sin
d) None of these
Ans: (d)
Solution :
We have
1
cos cos
cos
1
cos
cos
cos
cos
sin
0 cos
sin
cos
1
sin
0
0 cos
0
1
sin
0
0
0
= (0) (0) = 0 for all values of ,

61
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
ILLUSTRATION : 03
Let a cos
2
2
i sin
, a a 2 a 4 & a 3 a 5 a6 . Then the equation whose roots are , is
7
7
a) x 2 x 2 0
b) x 2 x 2 0
c) x 2 x 2 0
d) x 2 x 2 0
Ans: (d)
Solution :
We have : a cos
2
2
i sin
,
7
7
7
2
2
i sin
a cos
cos 2 i sin 2 1 0i 1
7
7
Now + = a a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a6
1 a6 a a7 a 1
a
1 a 1 a 1 a
1 1
a7 1
and . a a 2 a 4 a 3 a 5 a 6 a 4 1 a a 3 1 a 2 a 3
= a 4 1 a 2 a 3 a a 3 a 4 a 3 a 5 a6
= a 4 1 a a 2 3a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6
= a 4 a 5 a6 3a7 a 8 a 9 a10
= 3 a a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a6
a7 1 a 8 a7 a a, a 9 a7 a 2 a 2 and a 10 a7 a 3 a 3
1 a6
3
=
1 a
a a7
a 1
3
3
1 a
1 a
= 3 1 2 So, the required equation is
x 2 x 0
or
x2 x 2 0
ILLUSTRATION : 04
Let , be the roots of ax 2 bx c 0 ; , be the roots of px 2 qx r 0 ; and D1 ,D2 the respective
discriminants of these equations. If , , and are in A.P. then D1 : D2 =
a2
a) 2
b
a2
b) 2
p
b2
c) 2
q
d)
c2
r2
62
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ans: (b)
Solution :
We have
b
c
, . ,
a
a
q
r
and
p
p.
Now , , , are in AP
2
4 4
b 2 4c q 2 4r
b 2 4ac q 2 4rp
2
2
a
a
p
p
a2
p2
D1 D2
2 2
a
p
D1 a 2
D2 p 2
ILLUSTRATION : 05
If every pair from among the equations x 2 px qr 0, x 2 qx rp 0 and
x 2 rx pq 0 has a
common root, then the sum of the three common roots is

a) 2 p q r
c) p q r
b) p q r
d) pqr
Ans: (b)
Solution :
The given equations are
x 2 px qr 0;
x 2 qx rp 0
and
x 2 rx pq 0
Let , be the roots of i : , be the roots of (ii) and , be the roots of (iii). Since , is a
common root of i and (ii).
2 p qr 0 and 2 q rp 0
p q r q p 0 r
Now, , = qr
r = r = qr
r=q
Since , and are roots of (ii). Therefore,

= rp r = rp = p
++ = q+r+p = p+q+r..
Note: ++ can also be equal to -1/2 (p+q+r) and 0.
ILLUSTRATION : 06
If a Z and the equation x a x 10 1 0 has integral roots, then the values of a are
a) 10,8
Ans: (c)
63
b) 12,10
c) 12,8
d) None of these.
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
Solution :
Since a and x are integers. Therefore, x a x 10 1 0
x a x 10 1
x a 1
x 9
a=8 or a=12.
and x 10 1 or
x a 1
and x 10 1
and a 8 or x 11 and a 12
ILLUSTRATION : 07
If the equation
3x
27 3 p 15 x 4 0 has equal roots , then p=
a) 0
b) 2
c) -1/2
d) None of these.
Ans: (d)
Solution :
The given equation will have equal roots iff
Disc = 0
2
27 3
27 31/ p 27 or 3 31/ p 1 or 31/ p
1/ p
15 144 0 27 31/ p 15 12
1
1
0 or 2
9
p
But 1/p cannot be zero. So, p = -1/2.
ILLUSTRATION : 08
The number of solutions of the equation 5 x 5 x log10 25, x R is
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) infinitely many
Ans: (a)
Solution :
LHS of the given expression, being the sum of a number and its reciprocal, is greater than or equalto 2 whereas
RHS is less than 2. So, the given equation has no solution.
ILLUSTRATION : 09
The integer k for which the inequality x 2 2 4k 1 x 15k 2 2k 7 0 is valid for any x, is
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) none of these
Ans: (b)
64
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Solution :
Let f x x 2 2 4k 1 x 15k 2 2k 7 0 . Then,
coeff . of x 2 0
f x 0 Disc 0
2
4 4k 1 4 15k 2 2k 7 0
k 2 6k 8 0 2 k 4.
ILLUSTRATION : 10
The condition that x 3 px 2 qx r 0 may have two of its roots equal to each other but of opposite signs
is
b) r 2 p 3 pq
a) r = pq
c) r p 2 q
d) None of these.
Ans: (a)
Solution :
Let ,, be the roots of the given equation such that =-. Then.
+ + = p = p.
Since is a root of the given equation, so it satisfies the equation i.e,
3 p 2 q r 0 p 3 p 3 pq r 0 r pq
ILLUSTRATION : 11
4
The number of real roots of 6 x 8 x 16 is

a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
d) None of these.
Ans: (b)
Solution :
Let y=7-x. Then the given equation becomes
y 1
y 1 16 y 4 6 y 2 7 0
y 2 1 y 2 7 0 y 2 1 0
y 2 7 0
y 1
7 x 1 x 6 ,8
ILLUSTRATION : 12
The value of a for which the equation 1 a 2 x 2 2ax 1 0 has roots belonging to (0,1) is
65
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
a) a
1 5
2
b) a 2
c)
1 5
a2
2
d) a 2
Ans:(b)
Solution :
Let f x 1 a 2 x 2 2ax 1 0 then, f x 0 has roots between 0 and 1 if.
(ii) 1 a 2 f 0 0 and 1 a 2 f 1 0
(i) Disc 0
Now, Disc 0 4a 2 4 1 a 2 0 , which is always true.
1 a f 0 0
2
1 a 2 0
a 2 1 0 a 1 or a 1
and
1 a f 1 0 1 a 2a a 0
2
a a 1 a 1 a 2 0
a 1
or a 2 or 0 a 1
From (I) and (ii) , we get: a 1
or a 2 .
ILLUSTRATION : 13
If the product of the roots of the equation is 31, then the roots of the equation are real for k equal to
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Ans: (d)
Solution :
Produce of roots = 31
2e 2log k 1 31
2k 2 1 31 2k 2 32 k 2 16 k 4.
But k> 0. Therefore, k=4.

Now, Disc = 8k 2 8e 2log k 4 8k 2 8e 2log k 4 8k 2 4 0 k
Hence, k = 4.
ILLUSTRATION : 14
The roots of the equation a b
x 2 15
a b
x 2 15
2a, where a 2 b 1 , are
66
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
a) 2, 3
b) 4, 14
c) 3, 5
d) 6 , 20
Ans: (b)
Solution :
We have, a b
a b a b a
b
1
a b a b
a b
So, by putting a b
x 2 15
a 2 b 1
y, the given equation becomes.
1
2a y 2 2ay 1 0
y
2
a 2 1 y a a2 1
y a
ya b
y a b a b
2
x 2 15 1 or x 15 1 x 4, x 14
a 2 1 b
x 2 15
a b ,a b
ILLUSTRATION :15
The value of
8 2 8 2 8 2 8 is
a) 10
b) 6
c) 8
d) 4.
Ans:(d)
Solution :
Let x =
8 2 8 2 8 2 8 . Then,
x 8 2x x 2 8 2x x 2 2x 8 0
x 4.
x 0
ILLUSTRATION : 16
2
The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation 5 2 x 4 5 x 8 2 5 0 is
a) 2
b) 4
Ans: (b)
Solution :
Let , be the roots of the given equtaion. Then,
67
c) 7
d) 8
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
4 5
82 5
and
5 2
5 2
Let H be the H.M. of a and b. Then.

H
2 16 4 5
4 5
ILLUSTRATION : 17
In a traingle PQR, R / 2 . If tan (P/2) and tan (Q/2) are the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0
a 0 . then
a) a+b=c
b) b+c=0
c) a+c=b
d) b=c
Ans: (a)
Solution :
P Q
R / 2 P Q 2 2 2 4
tan P / 2 tan Q / 2
P Q
tan 2 2 tan 4 1 tan P / 2tan Q / 2
b
a
c
1
a
P
Q
tan 2 tan 2
1 b / a and
P
Q c
tan tan
2
2 a
c
b
a
a
a c b
ab c
ILLUSTRATION : 18
If the roots of the equation x 2 2ax a 2 a 3 0 are real and less than 3, then
a) a<2
b) 2 a 3
c) 3 a 4
d) a 4
Ans: (a)
Solution :
Let f x x 2 2ax a 2 a 3 0 . Since f x has real roots both less than 3. Therefore,
Disc >0 and f 3 0
68
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
a 2 a 2 a 3 0 and
a 3 and
a 3 and a 2 or a 3
a 2.
a 2 5a 6 0
a 2 a 3 0
SECTION A - SINGLE
ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.
If and are the roots of x 2 x 1 0 then 2 13 3 13 and 3 31 2 31 are the roots of :

a) x 2 x 1 0
2.
r 12
r
c) b2/ac
b) b 2 ac
b) 5/2
d) non-negative
d) b 2 4ac
1
is :
4x 2x 1
c) 13/14
2
d) None of these
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
b) /3
c) /2
d) /6
b) d/a
c) a/d
d) None of these
The values of a for which the quadratic equation 2 x 2 a 3 8a 1 x a 2 4a 0 posses roots of

opposite signs are given by
a) a > 0
69
c) zero
If x 2 x 1 is factor of ax 3 bx 2 cx d , then the real root of ax 3 bx 2 cx d 0 is

a) -d/a
9.
b) non-positive
If the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x 2 sin 2x 1 sin 0 is least then
a) /4
8.
d) (1,3)
If the product of the roots of the equation x 2 2 2kx 2e 2 log k 1 0 is 31, then the roots of the
equation are real for k equal to
a) 1
7.
b) ,1 2,3
The greatest value of the expression

a) 4/3
6.
x2
4 is :
x 1
c) ,1
If r is the ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0, then

a) 1
5.
d) x 2 5 x 7 0
If x, y and z are real numbers, then x 2 4 y 2 9 z 2 6 yz 3 zx 2 xy is always

a) Positive
4.
c) x 2 5 x 7 0
The set of values of x which satisfy 5 x 2 3 x 8 and

a) 2,3
3.
b) x 2 5 x 7 0
b) a > 5
c) 4 < a < 8.5
d) 0 < a < 4
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
3
10.
The number of positive integral solutions of

a) 4
11.
b) 3
12.
13.
b) 4 5
A solution of the equation
d) 1
x 2 14 x 9
are
x 2 2x 3
c) 0, -
x a x b x c x d
xab
xcd
d) -
is
c) acb d bd a c
The integer k for which the inequality x 2 24k 1x 15k 2 2k 7 0 is valid for any x is
b) 3
c) 4
d) None of these
If the quadratic expression x 2 2 ax 3a 10 0 , x R then

b) |a+ < 5
c) - 5 < a < 2
If and be the roots of the equation then the value of

a) 0
16.
0 is
b) cd a b abc d
a) a > 5
15.
x 55 2 x 7 6
a) ab(c d ) cd a b
a) 2
14.
c) 2
The maximum and minimum values of

a) 3,1
x 2 3x 4 x 2
b) 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
is
2 2 b 2 2 b
c) 2
If the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0 be of the form
d) 2 < a < 3
d) 3
1
2
and
then the value of a b c
1
is :
a) b 2 2ac
17.
b) =
d) 2b 2 ac
c)
d)
If a,b, p,q are non-zero numbers, the two equations 2a 2 x 2 2abx b 2 0 and p 2 x 2 3 pqx q 2 0,
have
a) no common root
c) two common roots iff 3 pq 2ab
19.
c) 4b 2 2ac
Let a,b,c be real numbers, a 0. If is a root of a 2 x 2 bx c 0 , is root of a 2 x 2 bx c 0 and

0 , then the equation a 2 x 2 2bx 2c 0 has a root that always satisfies :
a)
18.
b) b 2 4ac
b) one common root iff 2a 2 b 2 p 2 q 2

d)two common roots iff 3qb 2ap
The values of a for which one root of the equation x 2 a 1 x a 2 a 8 0 exceeds 2 and the
70
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
other is less than 2 are given by
a) a >3
20.
b) 0 < a < 10
4
c) 2 < a < 3
4
The equation 3 x 2 x 5 2x has :

a) only real roots
c) two real & two non-real roots
21.
Given that ax 2 bx c 0 has no real root and a b c 0 , then :

b) c >0
c) c <0
d) c 0
If a b c 0, then the roots of the equation 3ax 2 4bx 5c 0 are

a) positive
24.
c) x 1, 0
b) x 0
a) c =0
23.
b) only non-real roots

x
x2
|
x
|
The solution of
is :
x 1
| x 1|
a) x 0
22.
b) negative
If the roots of the equation
c)real and distinct
d) complex
1
1
1
are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, than their

xa xb c
product is
a)
25.
1
a b2
2
b)
b) is greater than 61
b) 12,10
Give that for all real x, the expression

the expression
1
d) - ab
2
c) is less than 61
d) can not be estimated
c) 12,8
d) None of these
x 2 2x 4
lies between 1/3 and 3. The values between which
x 2 2x 4
9.3 2 x 6.3 x 4
lies are:
9.32 x 6.3 x 4
a) 1/3 and 3
28.
1
ab
2
If a Z and the equation x a x 10 1 0 has integral roots, then the values of a are
a) 10,8
27.
c)
If is a root of the equation x11 x10 x 8 x7 x 5 x 4 x 2 x 20 0 then 12 =

a) is equal to 61
26.
1 2
a b2
2
b) 2 and 0
c) 1 and 1
d) 0 and 2
Let a,b be integers and f x be a polynomial with integral coefficients such that f b f a 1 .
Then the value of b-a is
a) 1
71
b) 1
c) 1, -1
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
29.
If the equations ax 2 2bx 3c 0 and 3x 2 8 x 15 0 have a common root, where a,b,c are the
lengths of the sides of a ABC , then sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C is equal to
a) 1
30.
b) 3/2
b) 4
b) 1
c) 2
d) None of these
b) [1,2]
c) [-1,-2]
d)[1, -2]
In the equation 4 x 2 2 2 x 3 +48 the value x will be :

a) -3/2
34.
d) none of these
x R :| x 2 | x =
a) [-1,2]
33.
c) 6
2x 3
6 x2 x 6
The number of real roots of the equation

is
x 1
x 1
a) 0
32.
d)2
The number of quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their roots is :
a) 2
31.
c) 2
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1
If roots of t he equation x n 1 0 are 1, a1 ,a2 ,a3 ............an 1 , then the value of
1 a1 1 a2 1 a3 ........1 an1 will be

b) n2
a) n
35.
b) (2,c)
c) (2,9)
d) (1,3)
The value of m for which the equation x 3 mx 2 3x 2 0 has two roots equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign is
a) 1/2
37.
d) 0
If 9 x 4 x 3 x 2 35 0 then the solution pair is

a) (1,2)
36.
c) nn
b) 2/3
If a
c) 3/4
d) 4/5
cos 2 i sin 2
.Then quadratic equation whose roots are a a 2 a 4 and

7
7
a 3 a 5 a6 is
a) x 2 x 2 0
38.
If x
a) 0
39.
b) x 2 x 2 0
c) x 2 x 2 0
d) x 2 x 2 0
1
3 1 2 1
1
5 , then x 3 5 x 2 x =
x
x
x
x
b) 5
The roots of the equation x
c) 5
d) 10
x x are :
72
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
a) 0 and 4
b) 0 and 1
40.
1
y 1
3
d) 2q
1
1
b) y or 3 y c) y
3
3
2
d) y 1
2
b) 1
c) 0
d) 3
The number of solutions of the equation sin e x 5 x 5 x is :

a) 0
44.
c) q
The number of real roots of the equation x 1 x 2 x 3 0 is

a) 2
43.
b)1
If y = f(x) = tanx cot3x, then

a)
42.
d) 1 and 4
If ,are the roots of the equation x 2 px p 2 q 0 then the value of 2 2 q is equal to

a) 0
41.
c) 0, 1 and 4
b) 1
c) 2
d) infinitely many
The complete set of values of k for which the quadratic equation x 2 kx k 2 0 has equal roots is
given by
a) 2 12
45.
b) 2 12 ,2 12
2
d) 2 12
2
If a R and a1 ,a2 ,a3 ...an R then x a1 x a2 .... x an assumes its least value at x =
a) a1 a2 a3 ....... an
c) n(a1+a2+a3+...+an)
46.
c) 2 12
b) 2 a1 a2 a3 ..... an
The ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0 is same as the ratio of the roots of the equation px 2 qx r 0. If D1 and D2 are discriminants of ax 2 bx c 0 and px 2 qx r 0 respectively, then D1 : D2
a) a2/p2
47.
2
Which statement is true for the equation x
a) two real roots

48.
x2
x 1
3?
b) two imaginary roots c) all roots are real
d) nothing can be said
b) 0 | |
c) 0
d) 0 | |
The number of positive integral roots of x 4 x 3 4x 2 x 1 0 are

a) 0
73
c) c2/r2
If and are the roots of the equation x 2 bx c 0 where c < 0 < b, then
a) 0 <
49.
b) b2/q2
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
50.
If the roots of the equation x 2 2ax a 2 a 3 0 are real and less than 3, then
a) a<2
51.
b) 2 a 3
b) An 1 bAn aAn 1
r
7 4 3
p
b)
The equation x 3 / 4log2 x
p
7 4 3
r
log2 x
5
4
c) all p and r
b) exactly three real solutions

d) non-real roots
b) complex roots
c) purely imaginary roots
d) only one root
If y 2 x 3 3 x 2 5, then [ x y ] is ([x] denotes the integral part of x)

a) 10
56.
d) no p and r
Let a,b and c be real numbers such that 4a 2b c 0 and ab 0 Then the quadratic equation
ax 2 bx c 0 has
a) real roots
55.
d) An 1 bAn aAn 1
2 has
a) only one real solution

c) exactly one rational solution
54.
c) An 1 aAn bAn 1
If p,q,r are positive and are in A.P. the roots of the quadratic equation px 2 qx r 0 are real for :
a)
53.
d)a >4
If and are the roots of the equation x 2 ax b 0 An n n and then which of the following is
true ?
a) An 1 aAn bAn 1
52.
c) 3 a 4
b) 15
Let
1
a,b,c
1 cos x ax
8
c) 12
be
2
non-zero
bx c dx
real
1 cos x ax
8
d) none of these
number
such
that
bx c dx, then the quadratic equation
ax 2 bx c = 0 has :
a) no root in (0, 2)
c) two roots in (0,2)
57.
The equation x 1
a) Unique
58.
b) at least one root in (0,2)

d)two imaginary roots
log x1 3 2 x x 2
x 3 | x | has
b) Two solutions
c) No solution
d) More than two
The value of a for which the equation 1 a 2 x 2 2ax 1 0 has roots belonging to (0,1) is
a) a 2
b) a 2
c) a
1 5
2
d)
1 5
a2
2
74
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
SECTION A - MULTIPLE
1.
The equation x 1log3 x 2 9 / 2 log3 x 5] 3 3 has

A) at least one real solution
c) exactly one irrational solution
2.
b) exactly three real solutions

d) complex roots
Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real x.

If g(x) = f(x) - f(x) + f(x), then for any real x.
A) g(x) >0
3.
b) a-3/4
b) [0, 1]
b) 4a3 + 3a
b) (-1 + i 3 ) / 2
75
d) -a - (1/2)
c) 2 +
d) (-1 -i 3 )/2
b) at least one root in (-1, 1)

d) none of these
b) at least one root which is negative fraction

d) at least one root which is an integer
b) || > 1
c) || < 1
d) none of these
The solution of the equation (6-x)4 + (8-x)4 = 16 are

A) 2
11.
c) a - (1/2)
If 0 < a < b < c, and the roots a, b of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are non real complex numbers, then
A) || = ||
10.
d) (-, )
If A, G and H are the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean between two unequal
positive integers. Then the equation Ax2 - |G| x - H = 0 has
A) both roots are fractions
c) exactly one positive root
9.
c) [1, 2]
If 2a+3b+6c = 0 (a, b, c R) then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has

A) at least one in [0, 1]
c) at least one root in [0, 2]
8.
d) a-1
The roots of the equation (x2+1) = x(3x2+4x+3), are given by

A) 2 -
7.
c) a-1/2
If a is one root of the equation 4x2 + 2x - 1 = 0, then its other root is given by
A) 4a3 - 3a
6.
d) g(x) < 0
The real values of l for which the equation, 3x3 + x2 - 7x + l = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] lie in
the interval(s)
A) (-2, 0)
5.
c) g(x) 0
For a > 0, the roots of the equation logaxa + logx a2 + logx2 a3 = 0, are given by
A) a-4/3
4.
b) g(x) 0
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
The solutions of the equation 1! + 2! + 3! + ..... + (x-1) ! + x! = k2 and k l are
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
A) 0
12.
c) 2
d) 3
If a, b, c R and the equality ax2 - bx + c = 0 has complex roots which are reciprocal of each other then
one has
A) |b| |a|
13.
b) 1
b) |b| |c|
c) a = c
d) b a
If a, b, c are positive rational numbers such that a > b > c and the quadratic equation (a+b-2c) x2 +
(b+c-2a) x+(c+a-2b) = 0 has a root in the interval (-1, 0) then
A) b + c > a
b) c + a < 2b
c) both roots of the given equation are rational
d) The equation ax2 + 2b + c = 0 has both negative real roots
14.
How many roots does the following equation possess ?

A)
15.
c) 3
d) 4
The equation |x+1| |x-1| = a2 - 2a - 3 can have real solutions for x if a belongs to
A) (-, - 1] [3, )
c) [1- 5 , -1] [3, 1 +
16.
b) 2
3|x| |2-|x|| = = 1
5]
b) [1- 5 , 1+ 5 ]
d) none of these
If a, b, c are rational and no two of them are equal then the equations (b-c)x2 + (c-a) x+a-b = 0 and
a(b-c)x2+b(c-a) x+c (a-b) = 0
A) have rational roots
c) have exactly one root common
b) will be such that at least one has rational roots

d) have at least one root common
76
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
KEY
1
10
11
12 13
16
17
20
21
24
25
26
27 28
31
32
35
36
39
40
41
46
47
48 49
50
51
54
55
56
10
11
18 19
33 34
22 23
37 38
52 53
42 43
14
15
29
30
44
45
14
15
57 58
KEY
1
a,b,c a,b a,c a,b,d a,d a,b,c,da,b,c b,c a,b c,d
16
a,c
77
12 13
b,d a,b,cb,c,d b,c a,c
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
78
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
d
[F(x)] f (x) . Then F(x) is called an integral
dx
of f(x). Symbolically, it is written as f (x)dx F(x) .
Let F(x) be a differentiable function of x such that
Constant of Integration: As the differential coefficient of a constant is zero. We have

d
d
F(x) f (x) =
[F(x) c] f (x)
dx
dx
f (x)dx F(x) c
This constant c is called the constant of integration and can take any real value.
PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

(i)
kf (x) dx k f (x) dx
(ii)
[f (x) f
1
(x) f 3 (x) ....... f n (x)]dx
= f1 (x)dx f 2 (x)dx f 3 (x)dx ..... f n (x) dx
BASIC FORMULAE
Antiderivatives or integrals of some of the widely used functions (integrands) are given below.
d x n 1 n
x (n 1)
dx n 1
x n 1
c, n 1
n 1
d
1
(ln | x |)
dx
x
x dx ln | x | c
d x
(e ) e x
dx
e dx e
d x
(a ) (a x ln a)
dx
79
n
x dx
ax
x
a
dx
c (a 0)

ln a
d
(sin x) cos x
dx
cos xdx sin x c
d
(cos x) sin x
dx
sin x dx cos x c
d
(tan x) sec2 x
dx
sec
xdx tan x c
d
(cos ecx) ( cot x cos ecx)
dx
cosecx cot xdx cosecx c
d
(sec x) sec x tan x
dx
secx tan xdx secx c
d
(cot x) cosec2 x
dx
cos ec xdx cot x c
d
1
1 x
dx (sin a ) 2
a x2
d
x
a
(tan 1 ) 2
dx
a x a2
|x|
d
1
(sec1 x)
dx
| x | x 2 1
x
dx sin 1 c
a
a2 x2
dx
1
x
tan 1 c
2
a a
a
1
2
dx sec 1 (x) c
x 1
cos x
cot xdx sin x dx ln | sin x | c
tan xdx
sin x
dx = ln |cosx| + c or ln |secx | + c
cos x
sec xdx
sec x(sec x tan x)

x
dx = ln|secx + tanx| + c or ln tan c
sec x tan x
2 4
cos ecx dx
x
cos ec x(cot x cos ecx)
dx ln (cot x cos ecx) c or ln tan c
2
cot x cos ecx
STANDARD FORMULAE
dx
x a
dx
2
x a
ln x x 2 a 2 c
ln x x 2 a 2 c
dx
1 x a
ln
c
2
a 2a x a
dx
1
ax
ln
c
2
x 2a a x
80
x 2 a 2 dx
x
a2
x 2 a 2 ln x x 2 a 2 c
2
2
x 2 a 2 dx
x
a2
x 2 a 2 ln x x 2 a 2 c
2
2
a 2 x 2 dx
x
2
a2 x2
a2
x
sin 1 c
2
a
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
If the integrand is not a derivative of a known function, then the corresponding integral cannot
be found directly. In order to find the integral of complex problems, generally three rules of
integration are used.
Integration by substitution or by change of the independent variable.
Integration by parts.
Integration using partial fractions.
Integration By Substitution:
There are following types of substitutions.
5.1.1 Direct Substitution: If integral is of the form f (g(x))g(x) dx, then put g(x) = t,
provided f (t)dt exists.
Note: (i)
f (x)
f (x) dx ln | f (x) | c
n
(ii) [f (x)] f (x) dx
[f (x)]n 1
c, (n 1)
n 1
1
(iii) if f (x) dx g(x), then f (ax b) dx g(ax b) c
a
Standard Substitutions
81
For terms of the form x2 + a2 or
x 2 a 2 , put x = a tan or a cot
For terms of the form x2 a2 or
x 2 a 2 , put x = a sec or acosec
For terms of the form a2 x2 or
a 2 x 2 , put x = asin or a cos
If both a x , a x are present, then put x = acos
For the type
(x a) (b x), put x = a cos2 bsin 2
For the type
x2 a2 x
or x x 2 a 2 , put the expression within the
bracket = t.
1
For the type x a
1
1
n
(x b)
1
1
n
1
x b n
or
( n N, n 1), put
2
x a (x a)
xb
t
xa
For
1
, n1 , n 2 N (and > 1), again put (x + a) = t(x + b).
(x a) (x b) n2
n1
INDIRECT SUBSTITUTION
If the integrand is of the form f(x).g(x), where g(x) is a function of the integral of f(x), then put
integral of f(x) = t.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
When integrand involves more than one type of functions we may solve them using integration
by parts. The rule, its derivation and uses are given below.
Derivation of the result
We know that
d
dv
du
(uv) u
v
dx
dx
dx
d(uv) = udv + vdu
d(uv) udv vdu
udv uv vdu
If we take u as part 1 and dv as part 2, then the above result can be written as
(part1) (part 2)
= (part 1) [integral of part 2] [integral of part 2] [differential of part 1]
PROPER CHOICE OF FIRST AND SECOND FUNCTIONS

Usually, the following order is useful in deciding the first part. The function on the left is taken
as the first part and the function on right is taken as second part.
Inverse, logarithmic, algebraic, trigonometric and exponents are usually taken as first part.
The above rule to decide between first part and second part is known as ILATE rule.
82
Integrals of the Type
ax
sinbx, eax cosbxdx
Let I eax sin bx dx

Integrate by parts taking eax as the first part, we get
eax cos bx
cos bx
aeax
dx
b
b
On integrating the second term by parts again, we get

1
a 1
a
I e ax cos bx eax sin bx e ax sin bx dx

b
b b
b
1 ax
a ax
a2
I e cosbx 2 e sin bx 2 I
b
b
b
a 2 e ax
1 b 2 I b 2 (a sinbx bcosbx)
eax
(a sinbx bcosbx) + c
a 2 b2
ax
Similarly we can show that e cos bx
Integrals of the Type

Let I =
e ax
(a cos bx + bsinbx) + c
a 2 b2
e [f (x) f (x)]dx
e [f (x) f (x)]dx
x
x
I e f (x) dx e f (x) dx
Integrate the first integral on the RHS by parts taking ex as the second function, we get
I = ex f(x)
e f (x) dx e
f (x) dx
I = ex f(x)
Thus to evaluate the integrals of the type e x g(x) dx , we first try to express g(x) as the sum
of the function and its derivative i.e., g(x) = f(x) + f (x) and then we use the result derived
above.
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

The integrals of rational functions can be evaluated by splitting them into partial fractions. An
expression containing a polynomial in numerator and another polynomial in denominator is
83

called a rational function.
polynomial N(x)
Rational
Function
f(x)
=
polynomial D(x)
Case-I
If the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator, we can split the rational
functions into simpler fractions according to the factors of denominator.
For example: Let f(x) =
x
2x 5x 3
2
x
1
3
= (x 1) (2x 3) x 1 2x 3
1
3
and
are known as partial fractions of f(x).
x 1
2x 3
The integral of f(x) can now be evaluated as the sum of the integrals of its partial fractions.
f (x) dx = log |x 1| + 3/2 log |2x 3| + C
Case -II
If the degree of N(x) is greater than or equal to the degree of D(x), we divide N(x) by D (x)
so that the rational function
N(x)
R(x)
is expressed in the form Q(x) +
, where Q(x) and
D(x)
D(x)
R(x) are polynomials such that the degree of R(x) is less than the degree of D(x). Now as
Q(x) is a polynomial, it can be easily integrated and to integrate
R(x)
we make use of partial
D(x)
fractions as we have done in case-I.

The resolution of
R(x)
into partial fractions depends upon the nature of the factors of the
D(x)
denominator D(x) as discussed below.

When denominator D(x) is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors.
Let D(x) = (x a1) (x a2) ..... (x an). Then we assume that,
R(x)
A1
A2
An
.....
D(x) x a1 x a 2
x an
where A1, A2 .... An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on RHS
to the numerator on LHS and then substitute x = a1, x = a2, ..... , x = an respectively.
84
x 1
A
B
C
Let f(x) = (2x 1) (x 2) (x 3) 2x 1 x 2 x 3
x 1
6
(x 2) (x 3) x 1
35
2
x 1
1
(2x 1) (x 3) x 2
5
x 1
2
(2x 1) (x 2) x 3 7
6
dx
dx
dx
f (x) dx 35 2x 1 5 x 2 7 x 3
=
3
1
2
ln| 2x 1| ln| x 2 | ln| x 3 | C
35
5
7
When denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of linear factors such that some
of them are repeating.
Let D(x) = (x a)k (x a1) (x a2) .... (x an). Then we assume that
B
B2
Bn
A3
R(x) A1
A2
Ak
1
.....
.....
+
2
3
k
x a1 x a 2
x an
D(x) x a
(x a) (x a)
(x a)
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Then from the resulting
identity we can find all constants by substituting the various values of x as we have done
earlier.
When some of the factors of denominator D(x) are quadratic (which can not be
factorised further) but not repeating.
Corresponding to each quadratic factor of the type ax2 + bx + c, we assume partial fractions
Ax B
, where A and B are constants to be determined by comparing
ax 2 bx c
coefficients of similar powers of x in the numerator of both sides. (The constants can also be
of the type
determined using methods which we have used earlier.
EVALUATION OF INTEGRALS OF VARIOUS TYPES

Integrals of the type
85
1
ax 2 bx c dx ,
1
ax 2 bx c
dx,
ax 2 bx c dx

Integrals of the type
(a)
ax
px q
dx, (b)
bx c
px q
2
ax bx c
dx , (c)
ax
P(x)
dx
bx c
where P(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2.

To evaluate the integrals of type (a) and (b) we express the linear factor in the numerator as
px + q = m (derivative of quadratic expression in the denominator) + n
To integrate the integrals of type c, we divide the numerator by the denominator and
express the integrand as
Q(x) +
R(x)
, where R(x) is a linear function of x.
ax bx c
2
ax
Therefore,
P(x)
R(x)
dx Q(x) dx 2
dx
bx c
ax bx c
Now to evaluate the integral on RHS apply the method discussed in type (a). Integrals of
the type
a sin
1
1
dx,
dx,
2
x b cos x
a b cos 2 x
a bsin
a b sin
dx,
dx
,
(a sin x bcos x)2
a bsin
1
dx
x ccos2 x
f (tan x)
where f(tanx) is polynomial in tanx
x c cos 2 x d sin cos x
Method of integration
Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2 x
Put tanx = t sec2x dx = dt, This substitution will convert the trigonometric Integrals
f (t)
, where f(t) is a polynomial in t. This Integral
At Bt C
can be evaluated by the method which is discussed earlier.
into algebraic Integral in the form
Integrals
1
a b cos x dx
of
and
the
form
of
a sin x b cos x dx, a b sin x dx
a sin x b cos x c dx
86
Put sinx =
2 tan x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
and
cos
x
1 tan 2 x / 2
1 tan 2 x / 2
Replace 1 + tan2
x
in the numerator by sec2x/2
2
Put tanx/2 = t
1
x
sec2 dx = dt x = dt
2
2
Now, the new integral will be in the form of
f (t)
dt, which can be evaluated by the
At Bt C
2
methods discussed earlier.
Integrals of the form of
Px 2 qx r
ax 2 bx c
dx
Put Px2 + qx + r = A (ax2 + bx + c) + B
d
(ax2 + bx + c) +
dx
Find A and B by comparing coefficients of like powers of x. After that we can proceed as
earlier.
=
6x
3
1 x 2 sin 1 x C
2
2
INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Integral of the type:
linear
dx
linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear = t. This substitution will reduce the
integral to one of the known forms.
Integral of the type
(ax
dx
2
b) cx 2 d
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute x = . This substitution will reduce the
t
Evaluate
87
dx
(x 2 1) x 2 2

Solution:
Let I
dx
2
(x 1) x 2 2
1
1
Substitute x dx 2 dt
t
t
1
dt
tdt
t2
1
I= 1
(1 t 2 ) 1 2t 2
2 1 2 2
t
t
Let 1 + 2 t2 = z2 4t dt = 2z dz
1
zdz
dz
2
tan 1 z C
2
2 z 1 2
z 1
1
z
2
I tan 1 1 2t 2 C tan 1 1
linear
2
C
x2
dx
quadratic
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute Linear = . This substitution will reduce the
t
f (x, (ax b)
m1 / n1
, (ax b) m 2 / n 2 ,....) dx
To evaluate this type of integral we transform it into an integral of rational function by substit
u
t
i
n
g
ax + b = tS, where s is the least common multiple of the numbers n1, n2, ...
Integral of the type x m (a bx n ) p dx ,
where m, n and p are rational numbers.
To evaluate this type of integral observe the following steps.
(i) If p is an integer, the integral reduces to the integral of a rational function by means of the
substitution x = tS, where s is least common multiple of the denominator of the fractions m and
88
n.
(ii) If (m + 1)/n is an integer, the integral can be rationalised by the substitution a + bxn = tS,
where s is the denominator of the fraction p.
(iii) If (m + 1)/n + p is an integer, substitute axn + b = tS, where s is the denominator of the
fraction p.
89
AIEEE - CHEMISTRY VOL. - I
ASSIGNMENT
90
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ILLUSTRATION : 01
If
3x 4
x 3 2x 4 dx log | x 2 | k log f x C, then

(a) K = -
1
2
(b) f x x 2 2 x 2
(c) f x | x 2 2x 2 |
(d) k
1
4
Solution :
Ans : (a), (b) and (c)
Since x 3 2x 4 x 2 x 2 2x 2 and the integrand is a proper rational function, we use the

method of partial fractions to get
3x 4
A
Bx C
2
x 2x 4 x 2 x 2x 2
3
3x 4 A x 2 2x 2 Bx C x 2
Putting x = 2, A = 1 and comparing the coefficients of x 2 , we get 0 = A+B, i.e. B = -1. Putting x
= 0, we have 4 = 2A - 2C, i.e., C = -1. Thus
3x 4
x 1
x 3 2 x 4 x 2 dx x 2 2x 2 dx
1
2
= log | x 2 | log | x 2x 2 | C
2
1
Hence K = , so that f x | x 2 2x 2 | x 2 2x 2, because x 2 2x 2 0
2
ILLUSTRATION : 02
e x 1 sin x
1 cos x dx is equal to
(a) log | tan x | C
x
x
(b) e tan C
2
(c) sin e x cot x C
Solution :
Ans: (b)
x
x
e x 1 2 sin cos
2
2
e x 1 sin x
dx
2 x
1 cos x dx =
2 cos
2
91
x
1 x
x
1
2 x
2 x
x
sec tan dx e sec dx e tan dx
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 x
x
x 1
x
e sec 2 e x tan e x sec 2 C
2
2
2 2
2
[integrating by parts]
(d) e x cot x C

x
e x tan C.
2
ILLUSTRATION : 03
dx
is equal to
cos x b 2 sin 2 x
2
1 a
(a) tan tan x C
b
(c)
1
b
tan 1 cot x C
ab
a
(b)
1
b
tan 1 tan x C
ab
a
1 b
(d) tan tan x C
a
Solution :
Ans : (c)
Putting t tan x , we get
dx
sec 2 xdx
dt
a 2 cos 2 x b2 sin2 x a 2 b2 tan2 x a 2 b2t 2
1
dt
1 b
1
b
b
2 . tan 1 t C tan 1 tan x C

2
2
ab
a
a
= b t 2 a 2 b a
.
b

ILLUSTRATION : 04
If
dx
5 4 cos x K tan
M tan C , then
2
(a) K = 1
(b) K = 2/3
(c) M = 1/3
(d) M = 2/3
Solution :
Ans : (b) and (c)
x
Since the integrand is a rational function of cosx, we put tan t . Then
2
= 2
dx
5 4 cos x
2dt
4 1 t
2
1
t
5 1 t 2
dt
5 1 t 4 1 t 2
2
dt
2
t
2
x
1
tan 1 C tan 1 tan C
t 9 3
3
3
2
3
2
Hence K =
2
1
and M =
3
3
92
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ILLUSTRATION : 05
If
cos ec2xdx f g x C , then

(a) range g x ,
(c) g' x sec 2 x
(b) dom f x , { 0 }
1
(d) f ' x for all x 0,
x
Solution :
Ans : (a), (b), (c).
1
1 2 cos ec2x cos ec2x cot 2x
dx = log | cos ec2x cot 2x | C
2
cos ec2x cot 2x
cos ec2dx 2
=
Thus f x
1
1 cos 2x
1
log
C log | tan x | C
2
sin 2x
2
1
log | x | and g x tan x. Now, range g(x) = ( - , ) and
2
dom f x ( - , ) - {0}.
Moreover, g' x sec 2 x and f ' x
1
for all x (0, ).
2x
ILLUSTRATION : 06
The function f whose graph passes through the point (0, 7/3) and whose derivatives is x 1 x 2 is given by
1
2 3/ 2
(a) f x 1 x 8
3
1
2 3/ 2
(b) f x 1 x 8
3
1
1
(c) f x sin x 7
3
(d) None of these
Solution :
Ans : (a)
f x x 1 x 2 dx C
1
2x 1 x 2 dx C
1
2 3/ 2
= 1 x C
3
So,
7
1
C
3
3
C=
(Putting 1 x 2 t )
8
3
1
2 3/ 2
Therefore, f x 1 x 8 .
3
ILLUSTRATION : 07
If I sec 2 x cos ec 4 xdx K cot 3 x L tan x M cot x C then
(a) K = -1/3
93
(b)L =2
(c) M = -2
(d) none of these
Solution :
Ans : (a), (c)
Put tanx = t.
2 2
I 1 t
1 t
t4
1 t 4 2t 2
dt
2
dt 4 dt 2 dt
=
4
t
t
t
dt
1 t2
1
3
1
tan x x tan x 2 tan x C
4
Therefore, K =
1
3
= cot x tan x 2 cot x C
4
1
,L 1,M 2
4
ILLUSTRATION : 08
If I =
sin x sin 3 x
cos 2x dx Acos x B log | f x | C , then
1
1
2 cos x 1
,B
, f x
4
2
2 cos x 1
(b) A
1
3
,B
2
4 2
1
3
2 cos x 1
, f x
(c) A ,B
2
2
2 cos x 1
(d) A
1
3
2 cos x 1
,B
, f x
2
4 2
2 cos x 1
(a) A
Solution :
Ans : (b), (d)
Since the integrand is odd w.r.t sine, we put cosx = t, so cos2x = 2t2 -1 and dt = -sinxdx.
t2 2
1 2t 2 4
1
3
dt
dt
dt dt 2
Thus I = 2
2
2t 1
2 2t 1
2
2 2t 1
1
3 1
. log
= 2t
2 2 2
2t 1
1
3
C cos x
log
2
2t 1
4 2
So,
1
3
2 cos x 1
,B
, f x
2
4 2
2 cos x 1
or
3
1
, f x
, B
2
4 2
2 cos x 1
C
2 cos x 1
2 cos x 1
2 cos x 1
ILLUSTRATION : 09
dx
2 3x x 2
fog x C , then
1
(a) f x sin x,g x
2x 3
17
1
(b) f x tan x, g x
2x 3
17
94
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1
(c) f x sin x,g x
2x 3
(d) none of these
17
Solution :
Ans : (c)
2
3 17

We have = 2 3x x x 3x 2 =
2
4
17
3
x
4
2
Therefore, g x
3
2 C sin 1 2x 3 C
17
17
2
dx
sin 1
2x 3
17
and f x sin 1 x .
ILLUSTRATION : 10
cos 3 x cos 5 x
dx is
The value of
sin 2 x sin4 x
(a) sin x 6 tan 1 sin x C
1
(b) sin x 2 sin x C

1
(c) sin x 2 sin x 6 tan 1 sin x C

1
(d) sin x 2 sin x 5 tan 1 sin x C
Solution :
Ans : (c)
R sin x,cos x
cos 3 x cos 5 x
sin 2 x sin4 x
R sin x, cos x
cos 3 x cos 5 x
cos 3 x cos 5 x
sin 2 x sin 4 x
sin 2 x sin 4 x
Therefore, we substitute sinx = t, so that cosxdx= dt.

2
cos x 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x
cos 3 x cos 5 x
dx
2
4
sin 2 x sin 4 x dx
sin x sin x
1 t 2 t dt
2
95
t t
1 t
6
1 t2
dt
= R sin x,cos x

2
1
= t 6 tan t C
t
1
= sin x 2 sin x 6 tan 1 sin x C
SECTION B
1.
tan 3 2 x sec 2 x dx equals to

1
sec 3 2 x 3 sec 2x
6
d) None of these
a) sec32x+3sec2x
b)
c) sec32x-3sec2x
2.
sin 2x cos 2x dx
a) a =
1
2
5
, b R
4
b) a =
sin x cos x sin x

e
cos xdx is equal to
1 sin 2 x
b) esinx-cosx+c
1 x 2
c) esinx+cosx+c
c) logex + 2tan-1x+k
If f(0)=f1(0)=0 and f11(x)=tan2x then f(x) is
a) log sec x
6.
e log 11/ x
a)
7.
Let
1 2
x
2
1 2
x
2
c) log sec x
1 2
x
2
d) None of these
dx is
1
tan x
x
2
b) logcosx +
b) log e x tan 1 x k
d) None of these
x 2 1/ x 2
d) ecosx-sinx+c
dx is equal to
x x3
a) logex + loge(1+x2)+k
5.
5
, b R
4
d) None of these
a) esinx + c
4.
sin 2x a b then
c) a = , b R
4
3.
x1/ 2
1 x3
dx
x 2 1
1
1
log
tan x c)
b)
x 2
x
2
2
x 2 1
tan 1
2
x
2
d)
2
3 gof (x) + c then
96
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
a) f(x) =
8.
b) f x x 3 / 2
e tan
ex
b)
x x2
1 x2
x 1
a) x e tan
10.
b) ex tanx + k
1/2
1 2

n 1 x 2 3 C
x 12
1 tan 1 x
e
c
x
d) None of these
c)
1 x
x
e tan k
2
2
x
2
d) e sec
3 /2
1

n 1 x 2
ax 2 b
x c x ax b
2
dx
2
+C
3
3/2
x
k
2
1 2

n 1 x 2 3 C
d) none of these
is equal to
2
2
1 ax ( b / x )
k
sin
b)
d) none of these
If f x dx F( x) , then x 3 f x 2 dx equals to
a)
ex
c)
1
1
1 2
b)
3
x
1 ax b / x
k
c) cos
c
97
d)
x 2 1 ln x 2 1 2 ln x
dx is equal to
x4
ax
xk
sin 1
a)
C
13.
ex
x 1
1 sin x x
.e dx is equal to
1 cos x
2
1
c) 1 2
3
x
x 12
b) x 2 e tan 1 x c
1
1
a) 1 2
3
x
12.
c)
dx is equal to
x
x
a) e tan k
2
11.
d) g(x) = sin-1x
e x x 1 /x 1 3 dx equals to
ex
a)
x 1
9.
c) f x x 2 / 3
1 2
x Fx 2 Fx 2 dx 2
2
b)
1 2
x Fx 2 Fx 2 dx
2

c)
14.
1 2
1
x Fx Fx 2 dx
2
2
d) None of these
Suppose f(x) = x 1 2 for x 1 . If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
f(x) with respect to the line y = x , then g x dx equals to
a)
2 3 /2
x
x c, x 0
3
b)
2 3/2
x
x c , x 1
3
c)
15.
2 3/2
x
x c, x 0
3
d)
1 x
dx equals to
1 x
1 1
2
a) x / 2 1 1 x sin x
2
c)
16.
1 1
2
b) x / 2 1 1 x sin x
2
1 x 12 sin
2
d) None
x2 x4 1
3/ 4
dx is equal to
1/ 4
a) 1 4
x
17.
1
c , x 1
x1
1/ 4
b) x 1
1/ 4
c) 1 4
x
If lr means log log log ..x, the log being repeated r times then
x l x l
d) 1 4
x
2
x ....l r x
1/ 4
dx is equal
to
l r 1 x
c
b)
r 1
r+1
a) l (x) + c
c) lr (x) + c
d) None of these
18.
2 x
Let the equation of a curve passing through the point (0, 1) be given by y = x .e dx. If the equation
of the curve is written in the form x = f(y) then f(y) is

a)
19.
log e 3y 2
b)
log e 3y 2
c)
log e 2 3y
d) None of these
2 x 4 x 3 ....... 2 nx 2 n 1 , 0 < x < 1 then f x dx is equal to

If f(x) = xlim
1
a) 1 x 2
b)
1x
c)
1
x 1
2
d)
1
1 x2
98
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
20.
dx 2 dy 2
If x = f(t) cost + f (t) . sint, y = -f(t). sint + f(t). cost, then dt dt

a) f(t) + f (t) + c
21.
b) f(t) + f (t) + c
a) A = 1
n 1
n
x 2 x n 1
cos2 tan
25.
2 / 3
b) 1 x n 1 /n +c
b)
1 x
1 / 2 5 / 3
1 2
x +c
2
99
d)
3 2
x +c
2
c) 31 x 1 /2 2 / 3 c d) 21 x 3 3 /2 c
sin x f xdx is equal to

1
b) x sin 1 x 1 x 2 c
d) none of these
tan 4 xdx a tan 3 x b tan x x then
a) a = 1/3
1 3
x +c
3
dx is equal to
x n xn
, 0 < x < 1 , n N then
x n x n
27.
d) None of these
c)
1
1 x 1 / 2 3 / 2 +c b) 31 x2 /3 c
3
If f(x) = xlim
If
c) 1 x n 1 / n c
1x
dx
1 x equals to
a) x sin 1 x 1 x 2 c
c) constant
26.
d) A = -2
equals to
a) x 2 + c
a)
c) A = 2
dx
24.
d) f(t) f (t) +c
, where u = cotx
b) A = -1
a) 1 x n 1 / n c
23.
dt is equal to
If I n cot n xdx and I 0 2 I 2 ....... I 8 I 9 I 10
u2
u9
.........
= A
2
9
22.
c) -f (t) + f(t) +c
1 /2
c) f(x) = x2 + c
2) b =1
1
sin x 3 cos x
d) b = -1/2
dx equals to
a)
1
1
1
log tan x
2
6
2
c)
1
logsecx / 6 tan x / 6
2
b)
1
logcos ecx / 3 cot x
2
1
d) logcos ecx / 3 cotx / 3
2

28.
a)
aa
ax
aa
29.
d) None of these
log a
1
whose graph passes through the point (0, 0) is
3 5 sin x 3 cos x
1 x
cos 2 tan 1
1 x dx is equal to
b) x2 +k
c) 1/2x + k
d) None of these
c) log(1+x4)+k
d) None of these
xdx
is equal to
1 x4
x5 / 2
1 x7
b)
1 1 2
tan x k
2
dx is
1
x7 1
log
c
b)
2
x7 1
d) None of these
x log 1 x 2 dx x .log 1 x 2 x c then
1 x2
a) f(x) =
2
34.
1
5
x
1
5
x
1
5
x
log 1 tan b) log 1 tan c) log 1 cot d) None of these
5
3
2
5
3
2
5
3
2
If
log a
ax
2
7/2
7
a) log x x 1 c
7
c) 2 1 x7 +c
33.
b)
a) tan-1x2+k
32.
a) 1/8 (x2-1) +k
31.
aa
The antiderivative of f(x) =
a)
30.
.a x dx is equal to
log a 3
aa
c)
ax
.a
b) x
1 x2
2
c) x
1 x2
2
d) x
1 x2
2
3 x 2 3 sin 2x
The value of e
dx is
1 cos 2x
a) e3 x tan 3x c
b) e3 x cot x c
c) e3 x tan x c
d) e3 x sec x c
100
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
35.
Let the equation of a curve passing through the point (0,1) be given by y x2 e x dx . If the equation
of the curve written in the form of x = f(y) then f(y) is
36.
37.
1/ 3
n 3 y 2
a)
b) n 3 y 2
a)
dx
equals to
4 5 sin x
c)
c)
b) 2
x5
c)
2 tan x / 2 1
1
d) 3 log 2 tan x / 2 4
dx equals to
1 x2
1
15
1 x 3x
2
1 x 3x
2
d) none of these
2 tan x / 2 1
b) log tan x / 2 4
1
x
log tan 5x
3
2
a)
39.
4x 2 8
b)
4x 2 8
1
15
1 x 3x
2
4 x 2 8
d) None
x5
dx is equal to
5/ 4
+c
4
1
b) 1 3
5
x
5/ 4
4
1
c) 1 3
15
x
dx
sin x sin 2x
1
1
2
a) log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x
6
2
3
2
b) 6 log 1 cos x 2 log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x
3
101
1/ 4
4
1
a)
1 3
15
x
40.
d) none of these
1
sin 2 x
If the derivative of f(x) w.r.t x is 2
, then f(x) is a periodic function with period
f x
2 tan x / 2 1
a) 2 tan x. / 2 4
38.
1/ 3
c) n 2 3y
5/ 4
d) None of these

1
2
c) 6 log 1 cos x log 1 cos x log 1 2 cos x
2
3
d) None
41.
1 x
tan 1
dx equals to
1 x
1 x
2
a) x cos-1x -
42.
If dx
If
b) B = 35/36
xe x
1 e
x
dx f x
a) f(x) = x+1
47.
c)1/2
f x . x
1 ex 1
1 ex 1
1 ex 1
d) f x 2 x 2
{logf(x) logf(x)}dx is equal to

2
x
x
1
1
k c) log
k d) None of these
b) log
2
f x
2
f x
c) g(x)=
1 ex 1
Let e x f x f 1 x dx x . Then
Let f(x) =
d) A + B = -19/36
a) (x) + exf(x)
46.
f x . x f x . x
x
a) log f x k

45.
1 x d) None
1 e -2log g(x) +c, then
b) g(x) =
44.
4e x 6e x
2x
x
x =Ax+B loge(9e -4)+c then
9e 4e
a) A = 32/35
43.
1
1
c) x cos x
2
1 x
b) x cos-1x+
e x f x dx is
b)(x) exf(x)
c)
1
x e x f x
d)
1
x e x f x
x 2 dx
1 x 1
2
1 x 2 and f(0) = 0. Then f(1) is
a) log(1+ 2 )
b) log(1+ 2 )4
c)
d) None of these
xn x n
,x 1 then
If f x lim n
x x x n
xf x ln x 1 x 2
1 x2
dx is
102
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
2
a) ln x 1 x x c
b)
2
2
c) x ln x 1 x ln x 1 x +c
1 2
x ln x 1 x 2 x 2 c
d) none of these
KEY
1
10
11
16
17
20
21
22 23
24
25
26
31
32
35
36
37 38
39
40
41
46
47
50
51
54
55
56
61
62
63 64
65
66
69
70
71
103
18 19
33 34
48 49
52 53
67 68
12 13
14
15
27 28
29
30
44
45
59
60
74
75
42 43
57 58
72 73
76
77
78 79
91
92
93 94
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87 88
89
90
104
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
105
IIIT - MATHS - SET - III
DEFINITE INTEGRATION
106
DEFINITE INTEGRAIS
If
d
[f (x)] = (x) and a and b are two values independent of variable x, then
dx
b
b
a
(x) dx [f (x)]
f (b) f (a)
is called definite integration of (x) with limits a and b. a is called the lower limit and b is
called the upper limit of the integral.
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
For f(x) 0 x [a, b] , f (x) dx gives the area ALMB bounded by the curve y = f(x), the
x-axis and the lines x = a aand x = b.
y = f(x)
B
i.e.,
f (x) dx = area ALMB

a
++++
A ++++
++++
x=a + + + + x=b
++++
++++
x
O
In general f (x) dx represents the algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the
graph of thea function y = f(x), the x-axis and the straight lines x = a and x = b. The area above
the x-axis enter in to this sum with a positive sign, while those below the x-axis enter with a
negative sign.
y
B
y = f(x) + +
A
b
Hence f (x) dx area LAP Area PQR + Area RBM.

a
++
++
++
++
++
++
P R
M
Q
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

x
If f(x) is a continuous function on [a, b] , then
f ( t ) d t F ( x ),
a
Where F(x) is any function defined on [a, b] such that F(x) f (x) ... (1)
Therefore without any loss of generality, we can take
x
F(x) =
f (t) dt c, x [a, b],

a
107
... (2)
++
++
++
++
++
++

where c is constant.
x
Now put x = a in (2) F(a) =
f (t) dt c c
F(x) =
f (t) dt F(a)
a
f (t) dt F(a)
F(b) =
f (t) dt F(b) F(a) ... (3)

a
(3) is called the fundamental theorem of calculus.
CHANGE OF VARIABLE IN DEFINITE INTEGRATION

If the functions f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and the function x = g(t) is continuously differentiable on the interval [t1, t2] and a = g (t1) and b = g (t2), then
t2
f (x) dx f (g(t))g(t) dt
a
t1
IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Definite integral for which a or b or both are infinite are called improper integrals. These are
evaluated in the following manner.
(i)
f (x) dx lim f (x) dx,

a
f (x) dx lim f (x) dx,
(ii)
f (x) dx f (x) dx f (x) dx
(iii)
Another type of improper integral is that in which the integrand is not defined for a point
c [a, b] .
In both type of improper integral we take limiting values as shown in the following example.
BASIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

b
(1)
f ( t) dt = f (x) dx
a
108
DEFINITE INTEGRAIS
b
(2)
f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a
(3)
f(x) dx f(x) dx f(x) dx for any c R

a
(4) . f ( x ) dx f (a b x ) dx In particular f (x) dx f (a x) dx

a
a
2 f (x) dx , if f (2a x) f (x)
0 f (x) dx 0 f (x) dx 0 f (2a x) dx 0
0
, if f (2a x) f (x)
2a
(6)
a
2 f (x) dx, if f (x) an even function
a f (x) dx 0 f (x) dx 0 f (x) dx 0
0,
if f (x)is an odd function
(5)
nT
(7) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then (i)
b nT
(ii)
f (x) dx n f (x) dx
0
f (x) dx f (x) dx , where n I .
a nT
PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Consider a function f(x) defined on [a, b] which has discontinuity at finite number of points say
x1, x2 ... xn. In such a case break the intervals [a,b] in to sub intervals such that f(x) is continuous in each sub interval. Such a function is known as piecewise continuous function.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM

Let f(x) be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]. Then
b
f (x ) dx lim h f (a rh) , where h =

a
f(x) dx lim
0
109
r0
1 n r
f
n r1 n
ba
. In particular
n
ESTIMATING A DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
(1) If (x) f(x) (x) for a x b, then (x) dx

a
f (x) dx (x) dx
a
In particular m(ba)
f (x) dx
M(b a)
where m is the least value, and M is the greatest value of the function f(x) on the interval [a, b].
b
(2)
f (x) dx | f (x) | dx
a
DIFFERENTIATION UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN (Leibnitzs Rule)

If g is continuous on [a, b] and f1(x) and f2(x) are differentiable functions, whose values lie in
[a, b], then
f (x)
d 2
g(t)dt g(f2 (x))f2 (x) g(f1(x))f1 (x)
dx f1 (x)
110
DEFINITE INTEGRAIS
111
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
ASSIGNMENT
112
ILLUSTRATION : 01
Let f (x) = x- x , for every real number x, where x is integral part of x. Then f x dx is.
1
a) 1
b) 2
c) 0
d) 1/2
Solution :
1
x x dx x x dx x x dx
x 1dx x 0dx
x 12
x2

2 1 2 0
1 1
1.
2 2
ILLUSTRATION : 02
x
If f t dt x tf t dt, then the value of f(1) is

0
a)
1
2
b) 0
d)
c) 1
1
2
Solution :
x
f( t )dt x tf ( t )dt ,
f x 1 0 x f ( x )
f x 1 xf ( x )
x
1
d
d
x tf( t )dt
f( t )dt
dx
dx 0
x
[ Using Leibnitzs Rule]
f x
1
1
f 1
x 1
2
ILLUSTRATION : 03
x
4
If g (x) = Cos tdt , then g(x + p) equals
0
a) g(x) + g(p)
Solution :
113
b) g(x) - g(p)
c) f(x) g(p)
d) g(x)/g(p)
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
x
4
We have g(x) = cos t dt
g x
x
cos 4 t dt cos 4 t dt
cos t dt
g x
cos t dt cos t dt
= g x g g x
ILLUSTRATION : 04
/2
The value of
cosec x / 3 cos ec x / .6 dx
is
a) 2log3
b) -2log 3
c) log3
D) None of these
/2
/2
cosec x / 3 cos ec x / 6 dx = 2
Solution :
/2
cot x 3 cot x 6

/2
sin x 3

2 log

sin x 6
/2
dx

2 log

sin x x
6
3
dx
sin x .sin x
6
3
1
2
3
2
log
cot x 3 cot x 6
3
2
1
2
dx
2 log 3 log 3
4 log 3 2 log 3.
ILLUSTRATION : 05
The value of dx is
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0
d) None of these
1
Solution : The function f(x) = x |x| is an odd function. Therefore x | x | dx 0.

1
114
ILLUSTRATION : 06
/4
If I n
tan
x dx,n N , then
a)
1
n
b)
1
n 1
c)
1
n 1
d)
1
n2
Solution :
/4
We have, I n 2 I n
/4
tan
n 2
xdx
/4
tan
xdx
/4
tan x 1 tan x dx tan

n
x sec 2 x dx
1
n
= t dt ,where t tan x
0
1
n 1
ILLUSTRATION : 07
1
d 1 1
tan
dx is
x
1 dx
The value of
a) p/2
Solution :
b) p/4
c) -p/2
d) None of these
We have,
d 1 1 d
1
1
tan
cot x
dx
x dx
1 x2
1
1
d 1 1
1
1

1
= dx tan x dx 1 x 2 dx 2 1 x 2 dx = 2 tan x 0 2
2
4
1
1
0
ILLUSTRATION : 08
3
2
1 x
1 x 1
dx
The value of the integral is tan x 2 1 tan
x equal to
1
a)
Solution :
115
b) 2
c) 4
d) None of these
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
3
2
1 x
1 x 1
dx
= tan x 2 1 tan
x
1
x
1 x
cot 1 2
= tan 2
dx
x 1
x 1
1
dx = 2
1 2
ILLUSTRATION : 09
e2
If I1
dx
ex
and
I
2
e log x
1 x dx, then
a) I1 I 2
b) 2I1 I 2
c) I1 2I 2
d) None of these
Solution :
e2
= I1
dx
log x
Put log x =t
x = et
= I1
= I1
et
dt
t
1
ex
dx I 2
x
1
I1 I 2
ILLUSTRATION : 10
1 2n
r
equals
2
n n
r 1
n r2
lim
a) 1 5
b) 1 5
c) 1 2
d) 1 2
Solution :
lim
1
n
2n
r 1
2n
r
2
n r
lim
r 1
r
2
r
1 2
n
2
1 2
n=
dx x 2 1 5 1.
2
0
1 x
116
SECTION A-SINGLE
x
2
1.
The value of
cot t dt is
Lim 0
x 0
a) 0
b) 1
2.
d) none of these
1 cos 2x
dx is
2
The value of the integral
a) -2
b) 2
c) -1
c) 0
d) -3
aT
3.
If f(x) is a continuous periodic function with period T, then the integral I
f(x)dx
a) equal to 2a
d) none of these
b) equal to 3a
c) independent of a
4.
Let f be a positive function. Let I1 xf x1 x dx, I 2 f x1 x dx where 2k 1 0.

1k
1 k
then I1/I2 is
a) 2
b) k
c) 1/2
d) 1
1000
5.
6.
7.
x x
dx is (where [x] is the greatest integer function )

0
e1000 1
b)
c) 1000e 1
/4 e 1
sin cos
9 16sin 2 is
0
1
log 3
a) log3
b) log2
c)
20
x log x
dx is
2 2
1
x
0
a) 0
b) log7
c) 5log13
The value of
e1000 1
a)
1000
e 1
1000
d)
1
log 2
20
8.
d)
sin mx sin nxdx for m n (m, n I) is
a) 0
b)
d) none of these
c) /2
d) 2
c) 3/2 sin1
d) None of these
9.
If x
sin t dt then ' 1 is equal to

2
1/ x
a) sin1
b) 2sin1
10.
For any integer n, the integral e
cos 2 x
cos 3 2n 1 xdx has the value
a)
b) 1
c) 0
/4
11.
The value of the integral I
1
b
tan 1 a 0,b 0
a)
ab
a
117
dx
a cos x b 2 sin 2 x is
1
b
tan 1 a 0,b 0
b)
ab
a
2
d) none of these
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
c)
a 1,b 1
4
1
12.
dx tan
a) /2
1
a 1
tan 1
ab
b ab
d)
1
dx is
x
b)/4
c) /2
d) None of these
c) e 1 1
d) one of these
c) /2
d) /4
c) x = 0
d) x = -1
c) 2
d) None of these
13.
| log x | dx is
1/ e
a) 1
1
b) 2 1
e
1
e
/2
14.
The value of
a) 0
dx
1 tan3 x is
b) 1
x2
15.
t 2 5t 4
The points of extremum of
are
2 e'
0
a) x = -2
16.
b) x=1
log 5
a) 3+2
ex e x 1
dx is
ex 3
b) 4
1
17.
1
x
x
2
If I is the greatest of the definite integrals I1 e cos xdx, I 2 e cos xdx
2
1
2
I 3 e x dx, I 4 e x / 2 dx , Then
0
a) I I 1
b) I I 2
c) I I 3
d) I I 4
x
18.
T T
Let f(x) be an odd function in the integral , with a period T. Then F x f ( t )dt is
2 2
a
a) periodic
c) periodic with period 2T
b) non-periodic
d) periodic with period 4T
19.
xb 1
The value of the integral log x dx b 0 is
0
118
a) logb
b) 2log(b+1)
c) 3logb
d) None of these
20.
The value of | x 2 | x dx (where [x] stands for greatest integer less than or equal to x)
1
a) 7
b) 5
c) 4
sin x sin 2x sin 3x sin 2x
21.
3 4 sin x
1 sin x
If f x
a) 3
sin 3x
4 sin x
1
then the value of
b) 2/3
1
22.
3
sin x
The value of the integral log
d) 3
/2
f x dx is
0
c) 1/3
d) 0
1 x 1 x dx is
a)
1
1
log 2
2
2 4
b) log 2 1
2
2
c) log 4 1
3
8
d) log 3 1
4
2
t2
23.
2 5
4
If, for t > 0 the definite integral xf x dx t , then f is equal to
5
25
0
a)
2
5
b)
2
5
c)
2
5
d)
2
5
1
n
24.
n
If l (m, n) = t 1 t dt , then the expression for l (m, n) interms of m 1,n 1 is
0
2n
n
m 1,n 1
a)
m 1 m 1
b)
n
m 1,n 1
m1
2n
n
m 1,n 1
c)
m1 n1
d)
m
m 1,n 1
n 1
x 2 1
25.
If f(x) =
e t dt , then the function f x decreases in
x2
a) (2,2)
b) (0,)
c) no value of x
d) ,0
bt cos 4t a sin 4t
a sin 4x
1, 0 x / 4 then a and b are given by
dt =
2
t
x
0
26.
Let
27.
a) a = , b = 1
b) a = 2 , b = 2
c) a = -1, b = 4
d) a = 2, b = 4
Let f(x), g(x) and h(x) be continuous function on [0,a] such that f(x) = f (a-x), g(x) = -g (a-x), 3h (x)
a
4h (a-x) = 5 then
f x .g x .h x .dx is equal to
0
119
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
a) 1
b) 0
c) a
d) 1
a
28.
dx
If a continuous function f on [0,a] satisfy f(x). f(a x) = 1, a> 0 then 1 f x is equal to

0
a) 0
29.
b) a
c) a/2
d) none of these
Let f be a continuous function on R satisfies f(x+y) = f(x) +f(y) for all x, y R with f(1)=2 and g be a
1
function satisfying f(x) + g(x) = e then the value of the integral f x g(x) dx is
x
a)
1
4
e
b)
1
e 2
4
c)
2
3
d)
1
e 3
2
30.
The values of
px
qx r dx, where p, q, r are constants, depends on the value of
a) q
b) r
c) p
d) p and q
x
2
31.
The point of extremum of f x t 2 t 1 dt is a

0
a) maximum at x =1
c) minimum at x =1
b) maximum at x = 2
d) minimum at x = 2
2 /4
32.
The value of integral
sin xdx is
a) 1
33.
lim
b) 1/2
x
x4 4
4t f t dt
x 4
a) 16 f 4
b) 4 f 4
If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions, then
a) depend on
35.
d) None of these
c) 16 f ' 4
d) 4 f ' 4
is equal to
ln1/
34.
c) 3/2
ln
b) a non zero constant
If f be continuous function of x, then
1
c
bc
ac
x2
f f x f x
4
dx
x2
g g x g x
4
c) zero
d) none of these
x
f dx is equal to
c
120
36.
a)
If
f x dx
n 1
b)
c)
f x dx n 2 n, nI then value of
a) 6
37.
1 b/ c
f cx dx
c a / c
b) 10
Let f : R R , g : R R
bc 2
ac
d) c f x dx
f x dx
f x dx is equal to
3
c) 16
d) 12
be two continuous functions, then the value of the integral
f x f x g x g x dx is
a)
b) 1
38.
The value of
c) 1
d) 0
is equal to (where [.] denotes g.i.f. and {.} denotes fractional part)
a) 2/3
b) 5/6
c) 1
d) 11/6
39.
40.
cos 2 x
The value of 1 a x dx, a 0 is
a)
If a
is
b) a
positive integer,
c) /2
the number
of
d) 2
values of a
2 cos 3x 3
a 2
cos
x
a
sin
x
20
cos
x
dx
is
4 4
3
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
41.
t
The points extremum of F(x) = e
/2
1 t dt are
2
a) x =1
b) x = -1
42.
c) x = 2
d) x = -2
c) be a
d) aeb
c) g x g
g x
d) g
et dt
e t dt
a
If t 1
then t b 1 is equal to
0
b 1
a) ae b
b) ae b
x
43.
4
If g x cos tdt then g x equals
0
a) g x g
121
b) g x g
satisfying
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
44.
n
x
If g x | sin t | | cos t | dt, then g x

is equal to, where n N
0
2
a) g x g
n
b) g x g

c) g x g
2
d) None of these
tan x
45.
The value of
1/ e
cot x
dt
t
dt
+ t 1 t 2 is
1 t2
1/ e
a) 1/2
b) 1
46.
1
a) sin
c) / 4
d) None of these
dx
x x
for , is
c) sin
b) /2
d)
1
47.
If a, b, c be nonzero real numbers such that
1 cos x ax
8
bx c dx
1 cos x ax
8
bx c dx then the quadratic equation 2

ax bx c 0 has
a) no root in (0,2)
c) at least one root in (0,1)
48.
b) at least one root in (1,2)

d) two imaginary roots
x
Consider the function where f x t dt, x>0 and t denotes the greatest integer function, then
0
a) is continuous and differentiable for x = 1, 2, 3, ..

b) f(x) is neither continuous nor differentiable for x = 1, 2, 3.
c) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable for x = 1, 2, 3..
d) None of these
49.
Let f : R R such that f x 2 y f x f 2 y 4xy x, y R and f ' 0 0 . If

1
1/ 2
I1 f x dx,I 2 f x dx and I 3
a) I1 I 2 I 3
50.
f x dx then
b) I1 I 2 I 3
c) I1 I 2 I 3
d) I1 I 2 I 3
b)
c)
d)
Value of nN is equal to
a)
122
51.
4
0
The value of
n cot x
4
a) 0
52.
/2
b) 1
8 7 cos x
7 8 cos x 2
b) 2/7
d) not defined
c) 3/7
d) 4/7
If
10
a) 50
123
c) 2
Let f x | 2t 3 | dt, then f is

a) continuous at x=3/2
c) differentiable at x=3/2
54.
dx is :
dx is equal to
a) 1/7
53.

cot x
4
b) continuous at x=3
d) differentiable at x=0
10
f x dx 5, then
f K 1 x dx is equal to
K 1
b) 10
c) 5
d) none
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
SECTION B-MULTIPLE
1
1.
3 t 2 sin 2 t
x 2
dt 2 0
If x satisfies the equation x 2
t 1
2
t
cos
1
0
dt
(0) < < p), then the value of x is
sin
a) 2

sin

b) -2
sin
c) 4
d) none of these
c) b+a
d) none of these
c) less than 1
d) greater than 1
2.
x
The value of the integral x dx, a < b is
a
a) b-a
b) a-b
1
3.
x2
The value of the integral e dx is

0
a) less than e
b) greater than e
1
2
4.
2
2
4
x
x
x
If I1 = 2 dx, I2 2 dx, I3 = 2 dx and I4 = 2 dx then
0
a) I1 > I2
b) I2 > I1
c) I3 > I4
d) I4 > I3
b) more than 10-7
c) less than 10-6
d) none of these
b) I >
c) I > 0.92
d) I< 0.92
c) I2 > I1
d) I2 = cot-1 x - p/4
c) 3/8
d) 3/8 a2
5.
sin x
The absolute value of 1 x 8 dx is
0
a) less than 10-7

4
6.
dx
If I = log x ,then
a) I < 1
7.
dt
and I 2
If I1 =
1 t2
a) I1 = I2
1/ x
dt
1 t
for x > 0, then
b) I1 > I2
a / 2
8.
The value of
sin
x cos 4 x dx is
a) independent of a

b) a
2
124
2
9.
The value a in the interval ([-, 0] satisfying sin +
cos 2x dx 0
is
a) -/2
b) -
c) -/3
d) 0
c) I < 7 /2
d) none of these
10.
If I =
1 x dx
3
then
a) I < 1
b) I /2
x/2
11.
The maximum and minimum value of the integral
dx
1 sin x
2
are
a) /4
b)
c) /2
d) 3/4
b
12.
1
f x a dx has
Let f(a) > 0, and let f(x) be a non decreasing continuous function in [a, b]. Then
ba
the
a) maximum value f(b
b) minimum value f(a)
c) maximum value of bf(b)
d) minimum value
f a
ba
x2
13.
t 2 5t 4
The points of extremum of
dt are
2 et
0
a) x -2
b) x = 1
c) x = 0
d) x = -1
14.
The values of which satisfy
sin xdx sin 2 ( [0, 2]) are equal to
/2
a) /2
125
b) 3/2
c) 7/6
d) 11/6
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
KEY
1
16
17
31
32
46
47
10
11
a,b,c
20
21
24
25
26
35
36
39
40
41
50
51
52
53
54
18 19
33 34
48 49
14
15
a,b,c,d
29
30
42 43
44
45
a,b
10
11
12 13
a,c a,d a,c b,c,d a,c
a,c
a,c a,b,c,d a,b,c,d
22 23
37 38
12 13
27 28
a a,b,d c
KEY
a,b a,b,c a,d a,d
a,c
14
126
127
AREA UNDER CURVES
128
AREA
Let f(x) be a continuous non-negative function in the interval [a, b]. The area of the region bounded
by the graph of y = f(x), the x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b is given by
b
f (x ) dx
a
FORMULAE FOR FINDING THE AREA UNDER BY CURVES

1.
Area ABCDA bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and two ordinates x = a and x = b
b
ydx, if y 0 for x [a, b]
b
a
is given by | y | dx b
a
ydx, if y 0 for x [a, b]

a
y = f(x) C
B
x
x= a
x= b
x= a
y = f(x)
x= b
C
B
If however y i.e., f(x) changes sign in interval [a, b], say y 0 in [a, c], y 0 in [c, d]and y 0 in
[d, b], where a < c < d < b, then
area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x-axis and the lines x = a and x = b
b
| y |dx ydx ydx ydx

a
= A1 A2 + A3 , where A1, A2 and A3 are algebraic areas.

y = f(x)
x= a
x
129
A3
A1
a
A2
x= b
b

y
A
x2 + y2 = 4
O
x=1
x
x=2
Required area = area ABCA 2 ydx 2

1
x 22 x 2 22
1 x
2
sin
4 x dx
2
2
2
3
1
0 2sin 1 (1) 2 2sin 1 = 4 3 3 sq. units
2
2
3
2. Area ABCDA bounded by two curves y = f(x), y = g(x) and two ordinates x = a, x = b is
given by
b
(f (x) g(x) dx, if f (x) g(x) for a x b
a
b
| f (x) g(x) | dx = b
a
(f (x) g(x)) dx, if f (x) g(x) for a x b
a
While using this formula f(x) is taken from the curve which lies above and g(x) is taken from
the curve which lies below.
If a < c < d < b and
f (x) g(x) for a x c
f (x) g(x) for c x d
f (x) g(x) for d x b
y = g(x)
x= a
x= b
y = f(x)
130
AREA
then shaded area = (f (x) g(x)) dx (g(x) f (x) dx (f (x) g(x))dx

a
c
c
d
(f (x) g(x) dx (f (x) g(x) dx (f (x) g(x) dx

a
y = f(x)
3.
y = f(x)
y = g(x)
y = f(x)
x= a y = g(x)
a
y = g(x)
d
CURVE SKETCHING
For the evaluation of area of bounded regions it is very essential to know the rough sketch of
the curves. The following points are very useful to draw a rough sketch of a curve.
While constructing the graph of f(x, y) = 0, it is expedient to follow the procedure given
below:
(1) Find the set of permissible values of x
(2) Check if the curve is symmetrical about x-axis, y-axis, origin etc
(3) Find the period of the curve if it is periodic
(4) Find the asymptote(s) of the curve, if any
(5) Find the intervals of increase and decrease of the curve. Hence determine the greatest
and the least values of the curve, if any.
Example 9 :
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = f(x), y = |g(x)| and the lines x = 0, x =
2, where f and g are continuous functions satisfying f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) 8xy for all x, y R
and g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y) + 3xy (x + y) for all x, y R . also f (0) 8 and g(0) 4
Solution:
Given, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) 8xy for all x, y
Putting x = 0 and y = 0, we get
f(0) = f(0) + f(0) f(0) = 0
131

f (x h) f (x)
h 0
h
f (x) lim
f (x h) f (x 0)
h 0
h
lim
lim
h 0
lim
h 0
f (x) f (h) 8xh f (x) f (0) 8x.0

h
f (h) f (0)
8x f (0) 8x
h
Thus f (x) 8 8x [f (0) 8]

Integrating both sides, we get
f(x) = 8x 4x2 + c
... (2)
Putting x = 0, we get f(0) = 0 + c c = 0 [ f (0) 0]

Hence f(x) = 8x 4x2
Given g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y) + 3xy (x + y) for all x and y
Putting x = y = 0, we get g(0) = 0
... (3)
... (4)
g(x h) g(x)
g(x h) g(x 0)
lim
h 0
h0
h
h
Now g(x) lim
g(h) g(0)
lim
3x 2 3xh
h 0
h
g(0) 3x 2 4 3x 2 [g(0) 4]
Thus g ( x ) = 4 + 3x2
... (5)
g(x) = 4x + x3 + k
Putting x = 0, we get g(0) = k
k = 0 [ g(0) 0]
g(x) = x3 4x
For points where y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect,

8x 4x2 = x3 4x
x3 + 4x2 12 x = 0
x = 0, 2, 6
Sign scheme for f(x) i.e., for (8x 4x2) is
... (6)
132
AREA
Y
y = f(x)
ve
+ve
ve
y = |g(x)|
(2, 0)
Sign scheme for g(x) i.e. for x(x2 4) is
ve
0 ve
+ve
+ve
f(x) |g(x)| = 8x 4x (4x x ) ( g(x) 0 in [0, 2])

= x3 4x2 + 4x = x(x 2)2 0
Area bounded by y = f(x) and y = |g(x)| between x = 0 and x = 2
2
(y1 y2 ) dx [(8x 4x 2 ) (4x x 3 )]dx

0
4
(x 3 4x 2 4x) dx sq. units .
3
0
Example 10 :
x
2x
cos
Find the area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4, the parabola y = x2 + x + 1, the curve y sin
4
4
and the x-axis, (where [x] denotes the integral part of x).
Solution:
Equation of given circle is x2 + y2 = 4
... (1)
2 x 2 and 2 y 2
Let z = sin2
x
x
x
x
cos = 1 cos2 cos
4
4
4
4
= 1 + t t2 , where t = cos
Now
x
4
1 x 1

2 4 2
5
0<t 1 1 z
4
x
2x
cos becomes y = 1 ... (2)
for x [2, 2], curve y = sin
4
4
Given parabola is
133

y = x2 + x + 1
... (3)
or,
Its axis is x
1
3
x y
2
4
1
and vertex is
2
... (4)
1 3
, .
2 4
Now, we have to find out the area enclosed by the circle x2 + y2 = 4,
y
(0, 2)
2
3
1
parabola y x , line y = 1 and x-axis

4
2
Q A
E
P
T
S R U O
B
D
C (2, 0)
(2, 0) 3 - 1- 1
(2, 0)
( 3, 0)
(1, 0)
(1/2, 0)
(2, 0)
Required area is shown as shaded region in the figure.

Hence required area = area OABCO + area PQRS + area RQEAOR + 2 area CBDC.
0
3 1 ( 3 1) 1
2
(x x 1) dx 2
1
4 x 2 dx
2
x3 x 2
x
2
1 x
2 3 1
x 2
4 x 2 sin
2
2 3
1
2
3
1 1
2 3 1 0 1 2
3 2
3 2
(0 )
2
3
5 2
2 3 1
3
6 3
1
2
3 sq. units .
6
3
134
AREA
SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
Area enclosed by the curve |x 2| + |y + 1| = 1 is equal to
(a) 4 sq. units
(b) 6 sq. units
(c) 2 sq. units
(d) 8 sq. units
Solution:
After shifting the origin at the point (2, 1) the equation of curve becomes, |x| + |y| = 1. This
curve will represent a square as shown in the adjacent figure.
y
x+y=1
y-x=1
C
O
x + y = 1
xy=1
D
Area of this square is clearly equal to 4 times the area of triangle OAB. Thus required area =
2 sq. units.
Example 2 :
Area bounded by the curves y = |x| 2 and y = 1 |x1| is equal to
(a) 4 sq. units
(b) 6 sq. units
(c) 2 sq. units
(d) 8 sq. units
Solution:
Bounded figure ABCD is a rectangle.
AB 1 1 2
BC 4 4 2 2
135
A(1, 1)
B
Thus, bounded area = ( 2) (2 2 ) = 4 sq. units.
y = |x| 2
y = 1 |x 1|
D
2 C
Example 3 :
Area bounded by the curve y = max{sinx, cosx} and x-axis, between the lines x
and x
4
= 2 is equal to
(4 2 1)
(a)
sq. units
(4 2 1)
sq. units
2
(c)
(b) (4 2 1) sq.units
(d) None of these
Solution:
Bold lines represents the graph of y = max{sinx, cosx}.
Required area,
5 / 4
sin x dx
/4
3 / 2
5 / 4
sin x dx
cos xdx
3 / 2
cos x dx
y
y = sin x

O /4
y = cos x
136
AREA
(4 2 1)
sq.units
2
Example 4 :
Area bounded by the parabola y = x2 2x + 3 and tangents drawn to it from the point P(1, 0)
is equal to
(a) 4 2 sq. units
(b)
4 2
sq. units
3
8 2
sq. units
3
(d)
16
2 sq. units
3
(c)
Solution:
Let the drawn tangents be PA and PB. AB is clearly the chord of contact of point P. Thus
equation of AB is
1
. (y 0) = x.1 (2 + 1) + 3 i.e., y = 4
2
x coordinates of points A and B will be given by,

x2 2x + 3 = 4
x= 1
i.e., x2 2x 1 = 0
Thus AB = 2 2 units.
y = x2 2x + 3
1
Hence PAB (2 2).4 4 2 sq. units
2
y=4
A
P(1, 0)
Now area bounded by line AB and parabola is equal to

1 2
(4 2 (x 2 2x 3)) dx
1 2
137
4 2
sq. units.
3

Thus required area = 4 2
4 2 8 2
sq. units.
3
3
Example 5 :
Area bounded by the curves y = sinx, tangent drawn to it at x = 0 and the line x =
2 4
sq. units
(a)
2
(c)
, is equal to
2
2 4
sq. units
(b)
4
2 2
sq.units
4
(d)
2 2
sq. units
2
Solution:
The tangent drawn to y = sinx at x = 0 is the line y = x. Clearly the line y = x lies above the graph of y =

sinx x 0, .
2
/ 2
Thus required area
/ 2
x2
(x sin x) dx
cos x
2
2 4
sq. units.
4
Example 6 :
If A(n) represents the area bounded by the curve y = n. lnx, where n N and n > 1, the x-axis and the
lines x = 1 and x = e, then the value of A(n) + nA(n1) is equal to
(a)
n2
e 1
(b)
(c) n2
n2
e 1
(d) en2
Solution:
e
n A(n 1) = (n 1)
l
n
x
dx
n
l
n
x.x
dx
A(n) = n
1
1
1
A(n) + nA(n 1) = n + n(n 1) = n2
Example 7 :
Value of the parameter a such that the area bounded by y = a2 x2 + ax + 1, coordinate axes and the line
x = 1, attains its least value, is equal to
(a)
1
4
(b)
1
2
(c)
3
4
(d) 1
138
AREA
Solution:
a2x2 + ax + 1 is clearly positive for all real values of x. Area under consideration
1
(a 2 x 2 ax 1) dx
0
a2 a
1
3 2
1
(2a 2 3a 6)
6
2
1
3
9
18
2 a 2 a 6 = 1 2 a 3 39
6
2
16
16
6
4
8
which is clearly minimum for a =
3
.
4
Example 8 :
Area of the region which consists of all the points satisfying the conditions |x y| + |x + y| 8 and xy
2, is equal to
(a) 4(7 ln8) sq. units
(b) 4 (9 ln8) sq. units
(c) 2(7 ln8) sq. units
(d) 2 (9 ln 8) sq. units
Solution:
The expression |x y| + |x + y| 8, represents the interior region of the square formed by the lines
x 4, y 4 and xy 2 represents the region lying inside the hyperbola xy = 2.
Required area,
y
y=4
y=x
B
C
4
4 x dx 2 4x 2 l n x 1/ 2
1/ 2
x
x = 4
x=4
D y = 4
y = x
= 4(7 3 ln2) sq. units

Example 9 :
A point P moves in xy plane in such a way that [|x|] + [|y|] = 1, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function. Area of the region representing all possible positions of the point P is equal to
139
(a) 4 sq. units
(b) 16 sq. units
(c) 2 2 sq. units
(d) 8 sq. units

Solution:
If [|x|] = 1 and [|y|] = 0
then 1 | x | 2, 0 | y | 1
x ( 2, 1] [1, 2), y ( 1,1)
if [|x|] = 0, [|y|] = 1
y
Then
x ( 1, 1), y (2, 1] [1, 2]
Area of required region

= 4(2 1) (1 (1)) = 8 sq. units.
Example 10 :
Area enclosed by the curve y = f(x) defined parametrically as x
(a) sq.units
(c)
1 t 2
2t
1 t
1 t2
, y
2
is equal to
(b) / 2 sq. units
3
sq. units
4
(d)
3
sq. units
2
Solution:
Clearly t can be any real number
Let t tan x
1 tan 2
x cos 2
and y
1 tan 2
2 tan
1 tan 2
x2 + y2 = 1
sin 2
Thus required area = .12 sq. units.
140
AREA
SUBJECTIVE
LEVEL-I (CBSE LEVEL)

REVIEW YOUR CONCEPTS
1.
Find the area bounded by the ellipse
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 and the ordinates x = ae and x = 0, where
b2 = a2 (1 e2).
Solution :
Y x= 0
x = ae
a
b e 2
A a x 2 dx ab e 1 e 2 sin 1 e
a0
2.
ae, 0 X
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the xaxis, the line x = 3 y and
the circle x2 + y2 = 4.
Solution :
Y
1
A
3
3.
x dx
0
4 x2
( 3,1)
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse

x y
1 . (a > 0, b > 0)
a b
(2, 0)
x2
a2
y2
b2
1 and the straight line
Solution :
Y
(0, b)
a
b
b
A a 2 x 2 dx (a x) dx
a0
a0
141
X
O
1
x
3
(a, 0)

43
( 2)
4
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the rays given by y = |x|.
4.
Solution :
y
2
A (x) dx x 2 dx
0
x =y
1
3
x=y
y = |x|
y = |x|
(1, 1)
(-1, 1)
C
O
Find the area of the smaller part of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 cut off by the line x =
5.
a
.
2
Solution :
y
A
a
A2
x2 + y2 = 4
a
a n dx ( 1)
2 2
2
a/ 2
x=1
x
x=2
6.
1
Sketch the curves and identify the region bounded by the curves x = , x = 2, y = log x and
2
y = 2x. Find the area of the region.
Solution :
Y
2
x
2 dx
1/ 2
1/ 2
log ex dx
(4 2) 5
3
log 2 ]
log 2
2
2
(0, 1)
x
(1, 0)
7.
Find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = 16, which is exterior to the parabola y2 = 6x.
Solution :
142
AREA
Y
(0, b)
8.
1
(4) 2 2 16 x 2 dx 6x dx]
2
0
0
(4, 0)
O
B (0, 0)
(a, 0)
E
(2, -y)
4
(8 3)
3
Find the area of the circle 4x2 + 4y2 = 9, which is interior to the parabola y2 = 4x.
Solution :
3/ 2
1/ 2
9
A 2 4x dx
x 2 dx
4
0
1/ 2
Y
C
(0, b)
(4, 0)
O
B (0, 0)
(a, 0)
A
9.
(2, -y)
9 9
1
2
sin 1
8 4
3 6
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the xaxis, the line y = x and the
circle x2 + y2 = 32.
Solution :
Y
4
A xdx
0
( 3,1)
4 2
32 x 2 dx 4
(2, 0)
10.
Find the area of the region enclosed by the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and (x 1)2 + y2 = 1.
Solution :
143
1
x
3

Y
(,-y)
1
1/ 2
A 2 1 (x 1) 2 dx 1 x 2 dx
1/ 2
0
(1, 0)
(,-y)
2
3
3
2
144
AREA
LEVEL-II
Brush up your Concepts

Find the area enclosed by the curves 3x2 + 5y = 32 and y = |x 2|.
1.
Solution :
2.
Compute the area of the figure bounded by the straight line x = 0 and x = 2, and the curves
y = 2x , y = 2x x2.
Solution :
x=2
Y
x=0
2
(0, 1)
A 2 x dx (2x x 2 ) dx
0
3.
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = tanx, the tangent drawn to it at x =
4
and the x axis.
Solution :
(/4, 1)
(/4, 1)
/4
/4
tan x dx
[1 2x
]dx
2
O
(0, 0)
Area of OPQ
145
... (1)

Where area of
1
Base x height
2
1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2
... (2)
by equation (1) & (2) required area

A
4.
1
1
(im2 )
2
2
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = ex ln x and y =
ln x
.
ex
Solution :
s
5.
Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = x2 and y =
2
1 x2
and find its area.
Solution :
6.
Prove that the area bounded by y =
x2 x 1
and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = a is a

x2 x 1
monotonically increasing function of a. What is the increase in the area as a changes from
2 to 4.
Solution :
a
A
0
x2 x 1
dx A(a)
x2 x 1
... (1)
required area in terms of a

Diff. equation (1) w.r.t. a
dA
0
da
Y x=0
x =a
So, area is a increasing fx of a

for change (increase in Area)
A (A a 4 A a 2 )
2 ln 3
X
y=0
2
1
tan 1
2
4 3
146
AREA
Find the least value of the area bounded by the line y = mx + 1 and the parabola y = x2 + 2x
3, where m is a parameter.
7.
Solution :
x2
x2
A (mx 1) dx (x 2 2x 3) dx `
x1
... (1)
x1
(x3 y2)
(0, 1)
(x4, y1)
where x1, x2 are the values of this equation
(1, 4)
mx + 1 = x2 + 2x 3
x2 + x (2 m) 4 = 0 x1, x2 obtained ... (2)
By equation (1) & equation (2)

A
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = tanx,

y = cot x,
Solution :
Required area
/ 4
and
x = 3
x=
x = /2
x = x =
x=0
x = 3
Y
/3
tan x dx cot x dx
/6
/4
ln
3
2
147
x
3
3
3
x
and the xaxis.
6
2
8.
32
3
9.
Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = 5 x 2 and y = |x 1| and find its area.
Solution :
10.
Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 25, 4y = | 4 x2| and x = 0 above the xaxis.
Solution :
148
AREA
LEVEL-III
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

8a 3
x2
and the curve y = 2
.
4a
x 4a 2
1.
Find the area included between the parabola y =
2.
Find the area enclosed by the curve xy2 = a2 (a x) and the yaxis.
3.
Find the area enclosed by y = x (x 1)2, yaxis and the line y = 2.
4.
Find the area of the region {(x, y):0 y x 2 1, 0 y x 1, 0 x 2} .
5.
Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 + 6x 5, y = x2 + 4x 3 and the straight line
y = 3x 15.
6.
e t e t
et e t
For any real t, let x = 2 +
,y=2+
be a point on the hyperbola
2
2
x2 y2 4x + 4y 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by the hyperbola and the lines joining the
center to the points corresponding to t1 and t1 .
7.
Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = lnx and y = (ln x)2. Also find the area of the
region.
8.
Find the area of the region common to x + y 6, x2 + y2 6y and y2 8x.
9.
Consider the closed figure C given by |x| + |y| = 2 . Let S be the region inside the figure such
that any point in it is nearer to the side x + y = 2 then the origin. Find the area of the region
S.
10.
Let f(x) = max sin x, cox, , then determine the area of the region bounded by the curves
2
y = f(x), x axis , yaxis and x = 2 .
149
PROBLEM ASKED IN IIT-JEE

1.
In what ratio does the xaxis divide the area of the region bounded by the parabolas
y = 4x x2 and y = x2 x.
[1994]
Solution :
A
2.
Consider a square with vertices at (1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1). Let S be the region
consisting of all points inside the square which are nearer to the origin than to any edge.
Sketch the region S and find its area.
[1995]
Solution :
The equations of the sides of the square are as follows:
AB : y = 1, BC : x = 1, CD : y = 1, DA : x = 1
Let the region be S and (x, y) is any point inside it.
Then according to given conditions,
B(-1, 1)
A(1, 1)
(0, 1)
(0, 1/ 2 )
(1/ 2,0 )
C(1, 1)
(1/ 2,0 )
A(1, 1)
y2 = 2x -1
x
G
I
H F
x 2 = 2y - 1
(1, 0)
D(1, 1)
x 2 y 2 |1 x |,|1 y |,|1 y |
x2 + y2 < (1 x)2, (1 + x)2 , (1 y)2 , (1 + y)2

x2 + y2 < x2 2x + 1, x2 + 2x + 1, y2 2y + 1, y2 + 2y + 1
y2 < 1 2x, y2 < 1 + 2x, x2 < 1 2y and x2 < 2y + 1
Now in y2 = 1 2x and y2 = 1 + 2x, the first equation represents a parabola (1/2, 0) with
vertex (1/2, 0) and second equation represents a parabola with vertex (1/2, 0).
And in x2 = 1 2y and x2 = 1 + 2y, the first equation represents a parabola with vertex at (0,
1/2) and second equation represents a parabola with vertex at (0, 1/2).
Therefore, the region s is the region lying inside the four parabolas
y2 = 1 2x, y2 = 1 + 2x, x2 = 1 + 2y, x2 = 1 2y,
150
AREA
where S s the shaded region.
Now, s is symmetrical in all four quadrants, therefore,
S = 4 area lying in the first quadrant .
Now, y2 = 1 2x and x2 = 1 2y intersect on the line y = x. The point of intersection is E( 2
1, 2 1)
Area of the region OEFO = area of OEH + area HEFH
1
2 1)2
2
1/ 2
2 1
1 2x dx = 1 ( 2 1) 2 (1 2x)3/ 2 . 2 1 ( 1)
2
32
1/ 2
2 1
1
1
(2 1 2 2) (1 2 2 2) 3/ 2
2
3
1
1
(3 2 2) ( 2 1) 2 ]3/ 2
2
3
1
1
(3 2 2) [( 2 1) 2 ]3/ 2
2
3
1
1
(3 2 2 ) ( 2 1)3
2
3
1
1
(3 2 2) [2 2 1 3 2( 2 1)]
2
3
1
1
1
1
(3 2 2) [5 2 7] [9 6 2 10 2 14] [4 2 5]
2
3
6
6
Similarly, area OEGo =
1
(4 2 5)
6
Therefore, area of S lying in first quadrant =
2
1
(4 2 5) (4 2 5)
6
3
4
1
Hence, S (4 2 5) (16 2 20)
3
3
3.
Let An be the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x)n and the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = / 4 .
Prove that for n 2, A n A n 2
1
1
1
An
and deduce that
.
n 1
2n 2
2n 2
[1996]
151

Solution :
/4
We have A n
(tan x)
dx
Since 0 < tan x < 1, when 0 < x < / 4 ,

we have
0 < (tan x)n + 1 < (tanx)n for each n N
4
/4
n 1
(tan x) dx <
0
(tan x)
dx
An+1 < An
Now for n > 2
/ 4
An + An+2 =
/ 4
((tan x)
(tan x)
n2
]dx =
(tan x)
sec 2 xdx
/4
(tan x) n 1
=
(n 1)
0
f (x)n 1
n
{1 0}
f
(x)
f
(x)
dx
=

n 1 (n 1)
Since An+2 < An+1 < An, we get

An + An+2 < 2An
1
2A n
n 1
1
2A n
n 1
1
An
2n 2
Also for n > 2,
... (1)
An + An < An + An2
2A n
1
n 1
1
1
An
n 1
2n 2
... (2)
from (1) and (2)

1
1
An
2n 2
2n 2
from (1) and (2)

1
1
An
2n 2
2n 2
152
AREA
4.
Let f(x) = max{x2, (1x)2, 2x (1x)}, where 0 x 1. Determine the area of the region bounded by the
curves y = f(x), xaxis, x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution :
5.
Let C1 and C2 be the graph of the functions y = x2 and y = 2x, 0 x 1 respectively. Let C3 be the
graph of a function y = f(x), 0 x 1, f(0) = 0. For a point P on C1, let the lines through P, parallel to
the axes meet C2 and C3 at Q and R respectively (see the figure). If for every position of P (on C1), the
area of the shaded regions OPQ and ORP are equal, determine the function f(x).
[1998]
(, 1)
(1, 1)
(0, 1)
C1
C2
Q
P
O
(0, 0)
C3
(1, 0)
R
Solution :
Refer to the figure in question paper. Let the coordinates of P be (x , x2) where 0 x 1.
For the area (OPRO), upper boundary : y = x2
lower limit of x : 0
upper limit of x : x
x
x3
2
t
dt
f
(t)
dt
f (t) dt
area (OPRO) =
0
3 0
0
for the area (OPQO) the upper curve : x =

the lower curve : x = y/2
lower limit of y : 0
and upper limit of y : x2
153
area (OPQO) =
x2
x2
t dt
2 3/ 2 x 2 1 2 x 2
[t ]0 [t ]0
3
4
2 3 1 4
x x
3
4
t
dt
2

according to the given condition,
x
1 3
2
x4
x f (t) dt x 3
3
3
4
0
Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get

x2 f(x) . 1 = 2x2 x3
f(x) = x3 x2 , 0 x 1
2x,
| x | 1
Let f(x) be a continuous function given by f(x) = 2

. Find the area of the
x ax b, | x | 1
6.
region in the third quadrant bounded by the curves x = 2y2 and y = f(x) lying on the left of the
line 8x + 1 = 0.
[1999]
Solution :
2x,| x | 1
f(x) = 2
x ax b,| x | 1
f(x) = x2 + ax + b, if x < 1 = 2x, if 1 x < 1
= x2 + ax + b, if 1 x
f is continuous on R, so f is continuous at 1 and 1.
Lim f (x) Lim f (x) f ( 1)
x 1
x 1
f (x) Lim f (x) f (1) 1 a + b = 2 and 2 = 1 + a + b

and Lim
x 1
x 1
Thus, a b = 3 and a + b = I
a = 2, b = 1
x 2 2x 1 if
f (x)
2x
if
Hence,
x 2 2x 1 if
x 1
1 x 1
x1
Next, we have to find the point x = 2y2 and y = f (x)

The point of intersection is (2, 1)
1/ 8
Required area =
2
1/ 8
f (x) dx
x
dx (x 2 2x 1) dx
2
2
x = -2y2x 1/8
y = f(x)
1/8
1/ 8
2x dx
1
1
1/ 8
x 3
2
( x) 1/ 8 2 x 2 x [x 2 ]1/1 8
3 2
2
3
2 1 3/ 2 3/ 2 1
8
1
2 1 1 4 2 1
3 2 8
3
64
3
154
AREA
761
2
5 63
[ 2 2 9 / 2 ]
=
3
3 64 192
7.
Let b 0 and for j = 0, 1, 2, ... n, let Sj be the area of the region bounded by the yaxis and the curve
j
( j 1)
y
xeay = sin by,
. Show that S0, S1, S2, ... Sn are in geometric progression. Also, find their
b
b
sum for a = 1 and b = .
[2001]
Solution :
Given x = sin by eay
Now, 1 sin by 1
eay sin by 1
eay x eay
In this case if we take a and b positive, the values eay and eay become left bond and right bond of the
curve. And due to oscillating nature of sin by, it will oscillate between x = e ay and
x = eay .
( j1)
b
Now S j
sin by eay dy I =
sin by e
ay
dy
/b
Integrating by parts, we get
e ay
(a sin by b cos by) [by Ulers Integral]
a 2 b2
So, S j
a ( j1)
aj
1
e b {a sin ( j 1) b cos( j 1)} e b {a sin j b cos j
2
a b
2
aj
1 1 ( j1)
S j a 2 b 2 e b
(0 b( 1) j1 ) e b (0 b( 1) j )
a
j
b
b.(1) e
a 2 b2
a
j
b.e b
a
1
a

2
2 e b
e b 1 a b
(1)j+2 = (1)2 . (1)j = (1)j
be
Sj
Now, S j1
155
be
1
j
b
(e b 1)
2
a b2
a
( j 1)
b
(e b 1)
a 2 b2
x = eay
x = eay
S3
S2
a
j
b
a
( j1)
b
= e b = constant
S1
O
S0

Sj
S j1 = constant S0, S1,S2 ... Sj from a G.P..
for a = 1 and b =
1
.j
.e
.e j
1
Sj
.
(1 e)
(1 2 ) e 1 (1 2 )
Sj
j 0
.(1 e)
(1 2 )
n
j
(1 e)
e (1 ) (e
2
e1 ...e n )
j 0
(1 e) (e n 1 1)
.
=
(1 2 ) e 1
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = x2, y = |2 x2| and y = 2, which lies to the right of
the line x = 1.
[2002]
Solution :
The points in the graph are
8.
A(1, 1), B( 2, 0), C(2, 2), D( 2, 2)

2
2
2
Required area = (x 2(2 x ))dx
1
(2x
2))dx
(2 (x
y =x
2
2
2)dx
(4 x
)dx
y = |2x2|
2x 3
x3
2x 4x
3
3
y =1
x =1
20 12 2 square units.
156
AREA
157
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
158
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
An equation involving independent variable (x), dependent variable (y) and derivative of dependent
dy
variable with respect to independent variable is called a differential equation e.g.
dx
(i)
dy
x ln x
dx
dy
(iii) y = x
+a
dx
(ii)
dy = cos x dx
(iv)
d2 y
dy
1
b
2
dx
dx
ORDER AND DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The order of a differential equation is the order of the derivative of the highest order occuring
in the differential equation.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order differential coefficient
appearing in it, provided it can be expressed as a polynomial equation in derivatives.
FORMATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WHOSE GENERAL SOLUTION IS

GIVEN:
A differential equation can be derived from its equation by the process of differentiation and
other algebraical processes of elimination etc.
In order to obtain a differential equation whose solution is
f(x, y, c1, c2, . . . , cn) = 0
. . . (i)
where c1, c2, . . ., cn are n arbitrary constants, we have to eliminate the n constants for which
we require (n + 1) equations. The given relation along with n more, obtained by successively
differentiating it n times, provide us the required (n + 1) relations. The differential equation
thus obtained is clearly of the nth order.
SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENIAL EQUATION

A solution of a differential equation is an equation which contains arbitrary constants as many
as the order of the differential equation and is called the general solution. Other solutions,
obtained by giving particular values to the arbitrary constants in the general solution, are called
particular solutions.
Also, we know that the general integral of a function contains an arbitrary constant.
Therefore, the solution of a differential equation, resulting as it does from the operations of
integration, must contain arbitrary constants, equal in number to the number of times the
integration is involved in obtaining the solution, and this latter is equal to the order of the
differential equaiton.
Thus we see that the general solution of a differential equation of the nth order
must contain n and only n independent arbitrary constants.
159
SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY THE METHOD OF VARIABLE

SEPARATION
If the coefficient of dx is only a function of x and that of dy is only a functinon of y in the given
differential equation, then the equation can be solved using variable separation method
Thus the general form of such an equation is
f(x) dx + (y) dy
... (i)
Integrating, we get
f (x)dx (y).dy C
which is the solution of (i).
SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE TYPE
Consider the differential equation
dy
= f(ax + by + c).
dx
dy
= f (ax + by + c)
dx
. . . (i)
where f(ax + by + c) is some function of ax + by + c.

Let z = ax + by + c.
dz
a
dz
dy
ab
or dy dx
.
dx
dx
dx
b
(i)
dz
a
dz
dz
dx
f (z)
bf (z) a
dx
b
dx
bf (z) a
. . . (ii)
In the differential equation (ii), the variables x and z are separted. Integrating (ii), we get
dz
bf (z) a dx C
dz
bf (z) a x C, where z = ax + by + c
This represents the general solution of the differential equation (i).
SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE TYPE

dy a1x b1y c1
a
b
c
where 1 1 1 .
dx a 2 x b 2 y c 2
a 2 b2 c2
160
Consider the differential equation
a
b
c
dy a1x b1y c1
where 1 1 1
a 2 b2 c2
dx a 2 x b 2 y c 2
. . . (i)
Let
a1 b1
(say)
a 2 b2
a1 a 2 , b1 b 2
(i) becomes
dy a 2 x b 2 y c1
dx
a 2x b2 y c2
dy a 2 x b 2 y c1
dx
a 2x b2 y c2
. . . (ii)
Let z = a2x + b2y
dz
a2
z c1
(ii) becomes dx
b2
z c2
dz b 2z b 2c1 a 2 z a 2c 2
dx
z c2
z c2
dz dx
b2 a 2 z b2c1 a 2c2
dz b 2 z c1
a2
dx
z c2
. . . (iii)
In the differential equation (iii), the variables x and z are separted.
zc
Integrating (iii), we get
b2 a 2 z b2 2c1 a 2c2 dz 1.dx C
z c2
dz x C , where z = a2x + b2y.
b2 a 2 z b2c1 a 2c2
This represents the general solution of the differential equation (i)

Remark. In differential equation (ii),
If we take f(a2x + b2y) =
a 2 x b 2 y c1
a 2x b2 y c2
a 2 x b 2 y c1
is a function of a2x + b2y..
, then (ii) becomes
a 2x b2 y c2
dy
= f(a2x + b2y) and we
dx
have already learnt the method of solving this type of differential equation by substituting z =
a2x + b2y
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A function f(x, y) is called homogeneous function of degree n if
161

f x, y n f (x, y)
For example:
(a) f(x, y) = x2y2 xy3 is a homogeneous function of degree four, since
f( x, y) = ( 2x2)( 2y2) ( x)( 3y3) = 4(x2y2 xy3) = 4 f(x, y).
x3
y
(b) f(x, y) = x e +
+ y2 ln is a homogeneous function of degree two, since
y
x
2
x/y
3x 3
y
x y
2 y2 ln
f( x, y) = ( x ) e / +
y
x
2 2
2 x / y x 3
y
y 2 ln 2 f (x, y)
= x e
y
x
dy
= f(x, y), where f(x, y) is a homogenous polynomial of
dx
degree zero is called a homogenous differential equation. Such equations are solved by sub-
A differential equation of the form
stituting v = y/x (or x/y) and then seperating the variables.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENOUS FORMS

Equation of the form
ax by c
dy
=
(aB Ab) can be reduced to a homogenous form
dx Ax By C
by changing the variables x, y to X, Y by equations x = X + h, y = Y + k, where h, k are

constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogenous, we have
dy d Y k dY dY dX dY
dx
dx
dx dX dx dX
So equation becomes
aX bY ah bk c
dY
dX AX BY Ah Bk C
Let h and k be chosen so as to satisfy the equations ah + bk + c = 0 and Ah + Bk + C = 0

This gives h =
bC Bc
Ac aC
, k
, which are meaningful except when aB = Ab
aB Ab
aB Ab
Thus the reduced equation is
dY aX bY
, which can now be solved by means of the

dX AX BY
substitution Y = VX .
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

162
Form :
dy
+ Py = Q, where P, Q are functions of x alone
dx
Integrating factor = e
Pdx
Pdx dy
Pdx
Multiplying the form by e Pdx on both sides, we get e Py Q.e
dx
Or,
d
dy Pdx
Pdx = Qe Pdx
.e
+ y..
e
dx
dx
Or,
d
dx
Or, y .e
Pdx
y.e Pdx
= Q. e or,
Pdx
Q .e
d Pdx
Pdx
P.e
since dx . e
dx . y.e
Pdx dx Q.e Pdx dx
Pdx + C
Which is the required solution of the given differential equation.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR FORM

f (y)
dy
f (y)P(x) Q(x)
dx
The transformation
f(y) = u
f (y)dy du
The equation (i) reduces to

du
uP(x) Q(x)
dx
which is of the linear differential equation form

The given equation can be written as
d tan r tan 2
dr sec 2 sec2
sec 2 d
1
i.e. tan 2 dr tan r
d
cot = r
i.e. cosec2
dr
Using the transformation

cot = u, we get cosec2 d du
163
. . . (i)

the equation reduces to
du
u r
dr
whose
I.F. = e 1dr e r .
Hence, the solution of the given differential equation is given by

uer = re r dr re r e r dr re r e r C
i.e. u = r 1 + Cer
i.e. cot = r 1 + Cer.
GENERAL FORM OF VARIABLE SEPRATION

If we can write the differential equation in the form
f(f1(x, y)) d(f1(x, y)) + (f2(x, y)) d(f2(x, y)) + ... = 0,
then each term can be easily integrated separately.
For this the following results must be memorized.
(i)
d(x + y) = dx + dy
(iii)
x ydx xdy
d
y2
y
(v)
d(log xy)
ydx xdy
xy
1 y xdy ydx
(vii) d tan
x x 2 y 2
(ii) d(xy) = ydx + x dy

y xdy ydx
(iv) d
x
x2
y (xdy ydx)
(vi) d log
x
xy
(viii) d
x 2 y2
xdx ydy
x 2 y2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND SECOND DEGREE

The differential equation of first order and second degree will be a quadratic in dy/dx. Find
two values of dy/dx i.e, two differential equations of first degree and first order and solve
them.
ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORY
Any curve which cuts evey member of a given family of curves at ritght angle, is called an
orthogonal trajectory of the family. For example, each straight line passing through the origin,
y = mx, is an orthogonal trajectory of the family of the circles x2 + y2 = a2
164
Method of finding orthogonal trajectory of a given family of curves:
(i)
Let f(x, y, c) = 0 be the equation, where c is an orbitary parameter, of given family.
(ii) Differentiate the given equation with respect to x and then eliminate c.
(iii) Replace
dx
dy
by
in the equation obtained in (ii)
dy
dx
(iv) Solve the differential equation in (iii)
165
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
7-A
ASSIGNMENT
166
ILLUSTRATION : 01
1.
The differential equation of all non-horizontal lines in a plane is

d2x
dy
d2y
0
A)
B) 2 0
C)
2 =0
dy
dx
dx
D)
dx
0
dy
Solution :
The general equation of all non-horizontal lines in xyplane is ax by 1, where a 0.
dx
a
b0
[Diff. w.r.to y]
dy2
d x
a 2 0
[Diff. w.r.to y]
dy
2
d x
2 0
dy
d2x
Hence, the required differential equations is 2 0
dy
ILLUSTRATION : 02
The degree of the differential equation satisfying 1 x 2 1 y 2 a x y is
A) 1
b) 2
c) 3
4) None of these.
Solution :
We have, a(x-y) = 1 y 2 1 x 2
Putting x=sinA, y=sinB, we get
Cos A+CosB = a(sinA-sinB)
AB
a A B 2 cot 1 a
cot
2
sin 1 x sin 1 y 2 cot 1 a.
Differentiating w.r. to x, we get
2
1
1
dy
0 dy 1 y
1 x2
1 y 2 dx
dx
1 x2
Clearly, it is differential equation of first order and first degree.
ILLUSTRATION : 03
The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by
y C1 C 2 sin x C 3 C 4e x C5 is
A) 5
B) 4
c) 2
Solution :
We have, y C1 C2 sin x C3 C4 e x C5
y C6 sin x C3 C4 eC5 .e x , where C6 C1 C2
167
d) 3
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
y C6 sin x C3 C7 e x , where C4 eC5 C7
Clearly, the above relation contains three arbitrary constants. So, the order of the differential equation satisfying it is 3.
ILLUSTRATION : 04
A solution of the differential equation is
A) y=2
B) y=2x
c) y=2x-4
d)
Solution :
Clearly, y=2x4 satisfies the given differential equation.
ILLUSTRATION : 05
The differential equation representing the family of curves , where c is apositive parameter, is of
(A) order 1
B)order 2
C)degree 3
D) degree 4
Solution :
2
We have, y 2c x c
2 yy1 2c
yy1 c
y
y1
Eliminating c from (i) and (ii) , we get.

y2
y
2y
x
y1
y1
yy1 2x 2
yy1 2x
y
y1
y1 4 y
Clearly, it is a differential equation of order one and degree 3.
ILLUSTRATION : 06
dx
x 1 (x is the distance described) .
dt
The time taken by a particle to traverse a distance of 99 metres is
A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity given by
168
(A) log10 e
B) 2log e 10
1
D) log10 e
2
C) 2log10 e
Solution :
dx
x 1
dt
log x 1 t C.
Putting t=0, x=0, we get log1=C
C=0.
So, t = log (x+1)

For x=99 ;
t = log e 100=2 log e 10.
ILLUSTRATION : 07
g x
If f x ,
be twice different ial functions on 0,2
satisfying
"
"
'
'
f x g x , f 1 2g 1 4 and f 2 3g 2 9, then f x g x at x 4
equals.
(A) 0
B) 10
C) 8
D) 2
Solution :
We have, f " x g" x . On integration,
we get f ' x g ' x C . (i)
Putting x=1, we get f ' 1 g 1 C
4 2C
C2
f ' x g' x 2
Integrating w.r.t.x, we get f(x) =g(x) +2x+
Putting x = 2, we get.
f 2 g 2 4 c1
169
9 3 4 c1
. (ii)
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
c1 2
f x g x 2x 2
Putting x=4, we get f(4) -g(4) =10.
ILLUSTRATION : 08
d
The function f(q) =
d
dx
1 cos cos x satisfies the differential equation.

0
(A)
df
2 f cot 0
d
B)
df
2 f cot 0
d
C)
df
2 f 0
d
D)
df
2 f 0
d
Solution :
d
dx
1
2
We have, f d 1 cos cos x 1 cos 2 cos ec
0
df
2cos ec 2 cot
d
df
2 f ( ).cot 0
d
f cos ec 2
ILLUSTRATION : 09
The equation of the curve satisfying the differential equation y2 x 2 1 2 xy1 passing through the
point (0,1) and having slope of tangent at x=0 as 3 is
(A) y x 2 3x 2
B) y 2 x 2 3 x 1
C) y x3 3 x 1
D) None of these
Solution :
The given differential equation is y 2 x 2 1 2 xy1
y2
2x
2
y1 x 1
Integrating both sides, we get.

log y1 log x 2 1 log C
y1 C x 2 1
. (i)
It is given that y1 3 at x 0
170
Putting x=0, y1 3 in (i) , we get C = 3
Substituting the value of C in (i), we obtain y1 3 x 2 1
Integrating both sides w.r.t to x, we get y x 3 3x C2
This passes through the point (0,1). Therefore, =1
Hence, the required equation of the curve is y x3 3 x 1
ILLUSTRATION : 10
The form of the differential equation of the central conics, is
dy
(A) x y
dx
dy
0
B) x y
dx
Solution :
Central conics are given by ax 2 by 2 1
2ax 2byy1 0
ax byy1 0
a yy1
b
x
a by12 byy2 0
a
y12 yy2 . (ii)
b
From (i) and (ii) , we get

yy1
y12 yy2
x
171
yy1 xy12 xyy2
. (i)
d2y
dy
dy
x
xy
y
C)
D) None of these
2
dx
dx
dx
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
SECTION A - SINGLE
1.
Differential equation of the family of curves v = A/4 + B, where A and B are arbitrary constants, is
A)
2.
d2v
1 dv
.
0
2
r dr
dr
B)
d2v
2 dv
.
0
2
r dr
dr
C)
d2v
2 dv
.
0
r dr
dr
2
The differential equation of the family of curves y = Ae 3 x Be 5 x , where A, B are arbitrary constants,
is
d2y
dy
d2y
dy
8
15 y 0 B)
8
15 y 0
A)
2
2
dx
dx
dx
dx
3.
If (1 - y) x
If y = y(x) and
7.
B) log xy + x - y = c
B) 2/3
1
y log y c
x
dy
y 0 D) None of these
dx
C) log xy - x - y = c
C) -1/3
1
1
B) x y y 2 c
Solution of differential equation
D) None of these
D) 1
1 1
C) x y log y x c D) none of these
dy
sin( x y) cos( x y ) is equal to
dx
xy
xc
A) log 2 sec
2
B) log { 1 + tan (x + y)} = y + c
x y
yc
C) log 1 tan
2
x y
xc
D) log 1 tan
2
dy
The solution of the equation log ax by is
dx
A)
8.
The solution of the equation (x2 - yx2) dy + (y2 + x2y2) dx = 0

A)
6.
dx
2 sin x dy
= - cos x, y (0) = 1, then y (p/2) equals

y 1 dx
A) 1/3
5.
C)
d2y
dy
(1 x) y = 0 then solution of above equation is
dx
A) log xy + x + y = c
4.
D) none of these
e by e ax
c
b
a
B)
e by e ax
c
b
a
C)
e by e ax
c
a
b
D) None of these
Solution of the differential equation x2 dy + y (x + y) dx = 0 is

A) y + 2x + c2x2y
B) y - 2x = c2x2/y
C) y + 2x = c2x2/y
D) none of these
172
9.
Solution of the differential equation x dy - ydx = ( x 2 y 2 ) dx is

A) [ y +
( x 2 y 2 ) ] = ky2
B) [y +
C) [ y + ] = k (x2 + y2)
10.
12.
D) None of these
The solution of the equation (x2 - xy) dy = (xy + y2) dx is

A) xy = ce y / x
11.
C) yx2 = ce1/ x
B) xy = ce x / y
dy
The solution of the equation x dx = x2 + xy + y2 is
1 y
A) tan log x c
x
1 x
B) tan log x c
y
1 x
C) tan log x c
y
1 y
D) tan log y c
x
The solution of the equation
dy 3 x 2 y 5
0 is
dx 2 x 3 y 5
1 y 1
B) sin
a
x
1 y
C) sin
a
1 x
B) x - y = ke x y
C) x + y = ke x y
D) none of these
dx
x 1 (x is the distance described). The
dt
time taken by the particle to traverse a distance of 99 metres is
A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity given by
A) log10e
173
D) x - y = ke x y
The differential equation of all parabolas having their axis of symmetry coinciding with teh axis of x is
d 2 x dx
d 2 y dy
d 2 y dy
0
A) y 2 0 B) x 2 0 C) y 2
dy dy
dx dx
dx
dx
16.
y
D) sin
a
x 1
Solution of the differential equation (x + y) (dx - dy) = dx + dy is

A) x + y = ke x y
15.
B) x2 + 4xy - y2 - 4x + 6y = k
D) None of these
dy
Solution of differential equation sin a when y (0) = 1
dx
1 y 1
A) sin
a
x
14.
D) none of these
A) 3x2 + 4xy + 3y2 - 10x - 10y = k

C) (x + 2y)2 + 3y = k
13.
( x 2 y 2 ] = kx2
B) 2 log e 10
C) 2 log10e
D)
1
log10e
2
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
2
17.
dy
dy
A solution of the differential equation x y 0 is
dx
dx
A) y = 2
18.
B) y = 2x
D) y = 2x2 - 4
C) y = 2x - 4
Solution of the differential equation where y (0) = 1/8, y1 (0) 0, y2 (0) 1 is equal to
1 e8 x
7
1 e8 x
7
1 e8 x
7
x D) none of these
B) y =
C) y =
A) y = 8 8
8
8 8
8
8 8
8
19.
dy yf 1 ( x ) y 2

is equal to
dx
f ( x)
A) xy = f(x) + c
B) xy = f(x) + cx
C) y(x+c) = f(x)
D) y = f(x) + x + c
dy
2
2
2
dx x cos ( x y )
is equal to
dy
y3
yx
dx
x y
20.
x2
A) tan( x y ) 2 c
y
2
2
2
C) tan( x y )
x
21.
The solution of
1
A) sin
22.
A)
23.
y2
c
x2
2
2
D) cot( x y )
y2
c
x2
dy
y
dx
= m x2 is given by
2
2
x y
y mx 2
c
x
2
1
B) sin y
mx 2
y mx 2
cx C)
c
2
x
2
D) None
y 2 dy xy dx. If y (x0) = e, y(1)= 1, then value of x0 =
3e
B)
e2
1
2
C)
e2 1
2
D)
e2 1
2
If x dy = y(dx + ydy), y > 0 and y(1) = 1, then y(-3) is equal to

A) 1
24.
x2
B) cot x y 2 c
y
B) 3
C) 5
The degree of the differential equation whose solution is

A) 6
B) 9
C) 12
D) 1
cx y
1/3
y c
3
is
D) 15
174
25.
The differential equation y
dy
x a represents
dx
A) a set of circles whose centres are on the x-axis B) a set of circles whose centres are on the y-axis
C) a set of parabolas
D) a set of ellipses
26.
A particle moves in a line with velocity given by
ds
s 1 . The time taken by the particle to cover a
dt
distance of 9 meters is
27.
A) 1
B) loge 10
General solution of tan y
dy
sin( x y ) sin( x y ) is
dx
A) sec y = 2 cosx + c
28.
3
x
ex c
y
The solution of
B)
The solution of
C) 4 y e 2 x cx 2 d D) 4 y e 2 x cx 2 dx
B) 2e 2 y 2 e 4 x e 4
C) 2e 2 y 2 e4 x e4
D) 3e 2 y 2 e3 x e3
xdy
2
1 dx is
2
2
x y
x y
B) y = x cot(c x)
C) y = xtan(c x)
2
d 2 y dy
The order and degree of the differential equation 2 1
dx
dx
B) 2, 1
C) 1, 2
D) y = xcos(c x)
3/ 2
are
D) 2, not defined
The D.E. which represents the family of plane curve y = ecx where c is parameter, is
Integrating factor of
A) xex
175
D) xye x c
A) y1 = cy
34.
C) xy e x c
dy
The solution of log 4 x 2 y 2 given that y= 1 when x = 1 is
dx
A) 2, 2
33.
3
y
ex c
x
B) 4 y e 2 x cx d
A) y2 = x3 tan(c x)
32.
4) secy + cosx = c
d2y
e 2 x is
dx 2
A) 2e 2 y 2 e4 x e2
31.
B) secy + 2cosx = c C) sec y = cosx + c

x3
A) 4y = e 2x
30.
D) none
The general solution of ydx xdy 3x 2y2 e dx = 0 is
A)
29.
C) 2 loge 10
B) xy1 =lny = 0
C) xlny = yy1
D) ylny = xy1
C) (1+x)ex
D) log (1+x)
dy
(1 x) xy 1 x is
dx
B) (1+x)ex
35.
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
The slope of a curve at any point on it is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at that point. If the curve
passes through (4, 3) then its equation is
A) y2 = x
36.
B) 4y2 = 9x
B) 1, 2
d 2x
2
B) 2 p x
dt
The general solution of
The solution of
43.
The solution of y - x
D) y
dy
x
dx
D) y2 2xy x2 = c
C) sin(y x) = ce x2
D) sin(y-x) = cex
dy
dy
a y 2 is
dx
dx
B) (x+a)(1-ay) = cy
C) (x+a)(1-ay) = c
D) (x+a)(1+ay) = cy
Let P be the amount of petrol left at time t. If the rate of evaporation of petrol is proportional to the
amount remaining, then
B) P = ce-kt
C) P = ct
D) Pt = c(k>0)
The differential equation obtained from y = Ae3x + Be5x where A, B are parameters is
d2y
dy
A) 2 9 15 y 0
dx
dx
d2y
dy
9 15 y 0
B)
2
dx
dx
d2y
dy
C) 2 9 15 y 0
dx
dx
d2y
dy
9 15 y 0
D)
2
dx
dx
The general solution of xdx + ydy =
xdy ydx
is
x2 y2
A) x2 + y2 = 2tan-1 x/y + c
C) x2 + y2 + 2 tan-1x/y + c
44.
C) y2 + 2xy x2 = c
B) sin(y-x) = ce x2 / 2
A) P = cekt
42.
dy
y
dx
dy
x tan( y x) 1 is
dx
A) (x+a) (x+ay) = cy
41.
C) x
B) (x-y)2 = c
A) 2sin(y-x) = x2 + c
40.
D) 2, 2
dy x y
is
dx x y
A) (x+y)2 = c
39.
C) 2, 1
By eliminating the parameters A, in x = A cos(pt + ), the differential equation is
d 2x
A) 2 x
dt
38.
D) y2 = x+5
The degree and order of the D.E. of all parabolas with x-axis as axis is
A) 1, 1
37.
C) y2 = 2x + 1
The general solution of y
B) x2 + y2 = 2 tan-1y/x+c
D) x2 + y2 + 2tan-1y/x + c
2
2
dy
xe x y is
dx
A) 1 + exp[-(x2 + y2)] = exp[-(x2 + c)]
B) c + exp(-x2) = exp(-y2)
C) e x2 - e y 2 = c
D) e x2 e y 2 = c
176
45. The x-intercept of the tangent at any point of a curve y = f(x) is equal to twice the abscisa. Then the
curve is
A) x2 + y2 = c
B) x2 y2 = c
C) xy = c
D) y = cx
46.
The slope of the tangent at (x, y) to a curve y = f(x) passing through (1, /4) is given by y/x cos2(y/x).
Equation of the curve is
A) tan (y/x) = log(x/e)
B) tan(y/x) = log(ex)
C) tan (y/x) = log(e/x)
D) log (y/x) = tanx
47
The different equation of all conics whose centre lie at the origin is of order
A) 2
48
d2x
B) 2 0
dy
d3y
The degree of the differential equation 3
dx
A) 1
50
C) 4
D) none of these
The differential equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is
d2y
A) 2 0
dx
49
B) 3
B) 2
C)
dy
0
dx
2/3
43
D)
dx
0
dy
d2y
dy
5 0 is
2
dx
dx
C) 3
D) none of these
The differential equation of family of curves whose tangent form an angle of
with the hyperbola

4
xy C 2 is
dy x 2 C 2
A)
dx x 2 C 2
51
dy
C2
2
C)
dx
x
D) None of these
The slope of a curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at the point and it passes
through the point (4, 3). The equation of the curve is
A) x 2 y 5
52
dy x 2 C 2
B) 2
dx x C 2
B) y 2 x 5
C) y 2 x 5
D) x 2 y 5
The order of the different equation associated with the primitive y1 c1 c2 e x c3e 2 x c4 , where
c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are arbitrary constants, is
A) 3
53
B) 4
C) x A1 y 2 A2 y
D) None of these
The solution of ydx xdy 3 x 2 y 2 e x dx 0 is

A)
177
D) none of these
The solution of the differential equation y1 y3 3 y22 is

A) x A1 y 2 A2 y A3 B) x A1 y A2
54
C) 2
3
x
ex C
y
B)
x x3
e 0
y
C)
3
x
ex C
y
D) None of these
55
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
The curve in which the slope of the tangent at any point equals the ratio of the abscissa
to the
ordinate of the point is
A) an ellipse
56
B) a parabola
A differential equation associated to the primitive y a be5 x ce7 x is

A) y3 2 y2 y1 0
57
58
A) y1 y 2 x 2 2 xy a 2 0
B) y1 y 2 xy a 2 x 2 0
C) y1 y 2 x 2 a 2 2 xy 0
D) None of these
The solution of
dy ax h
represents a parabola when

dx by k
C) a 0, b0, or a 0, b = 0D) a = 2, b = 1
B) a 1, b 2
x2 x 1
dy
dy y 2 y 1
0
The family of curves represented by
= 2
and the family represented by
y y 1
dx
dx x 2 x 1
A) touch each other
60
B) 4 y3 5 y2 20 y1 0 C) y3 2 y2 35 y1 0 D) none of these
The differential equation of the family of circles passing through the fixed points (a, 0) and (-a, 0)
is
A) a 0, b 0
59
C) a rectangular hyperbola D) a circle
B) are orthogonal
C) are one and the same
The differential equation of all conics whose axes coincide with the axes of coordinates is
der
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
2
61
D) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) none of these
The degree of the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves y = a(x+a)2, where a is an
arbitrary constant is
A) 1
63
of or-
d 2 y dy
d2y
x
sin
The degree of the differential equation 2
is
dx dx
dx
A) 1
62
D) none of these
B) 2
C) 3
D) none of these
The differential equation of all parabolas whose axes are parallel to y-axis is
d3y
0
A)
dx 3
d2x
B) 2 C
dy
d 3 y d 2x
0
C)
dx 3 dy 2
D)
d2y
dy
2 C
2
dx
dx
178
KEY
1
10
11
16
17
20
21
22 23
24
25
26
31
32
35
36
39
46
47
50
51
61
62
63
179
18 19
33 34
48 49
37 38
52 53
12 13
14
15
27 28
29
30
40
41
42 43
44
45
54
55
56
59
60
57 58
IIT-MATHS-SET-III
SECTION B - MORE THAN

2
dy x
dy
(e e x ) 1 0 are given by

Solution of the differential equation
dx
dx
A) y + e x c
2
C) y + e x c
B) order 2
C) degree 3
D) degree 4
The differential equation of the curve such that the initial ordinate of any tangent is equal to the corresponding subnormal is
A) a linear equation
C) an equation with seprable variable
D) y - e x c
The differential equation representing the family of curves y2 = 2c (x + ), where c is a positive parameter,
is of
A) order 1
B) y - e x c
B) a homogeneous equation
D) none of these
Solution of the differential equation xdy y 2 e xy e x / y ydx(e x / y y 2 e xy ) is equal to
A) e xy e x / y c
x/ y
B) e
y
xy
x
C) xy log(e x / y c)
D) e xy log( xy c )
KEY
A,D A,C A,B A,C
180
181

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Document Number : SRMGW - IIT-JEE - MATH-03

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VECTOR ALGEBRA ...........................................................................................

MATRIX AND DETERMINANTS .......................................................................

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ...............................................................................

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION ...........................................................................

DEFINITE INTEGRATION ...............................................................................

AREAS UNDER CURVES ..................................................................................

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ..........................................................................

There are different ways of denoting a vector : a or a or a are different ways.

magnitude. Magnitude of a vector a is also written as a .

Here O is the initial point and

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS

As well as direction is same

Zero Vector (null vector)

Such vector has zero magnitude and no direction, and denoted by 0 .

Like and Unlike Vectors

Like, when they have same direction.

(ii) Unlike, when they are in opposite directions.

(vii) Coinitial vectors

SOME PROPERTIES OF VECTORS

a b a b , equality holds when a and b are like vectors

a b a b , equality holds when a and b are unlike vectors

m na mna n ma (where m , n are scalars)

m a b ma mb (where m , n are scalars)

Note that xa yb 0 x y 0 if and only if a and b are noncollinear. Thus repre-

sentation of any vector as a linear combination of noncollinear vectors a and b is unique.

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 if and only if vectors a , b and c are

combination of vectors a and b uniquely..

i.e., r la mb nc for some scalars l , m and n .

COLLINEARITYAND COPLANARITY OF POINTS

(As vectors are in same direction)

Using (i), we get r =

ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT VECTORS

(where is the angle between OP and xaxis)

( is the angle between OP and yaxis)

( is the angle between OP and zaxis)

of the line OP.

SOME PROPERTIES OF DIRECTION COSINES AND RATIOS

(iv) If a, b and c are three real numbers such that

SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS (DOT PRODUCT)

The scalar product, a .b of two nonzero vectors a and b is defined as a b cos ,

(scalar product is commutative)

a.b 0 Vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other..

[ a , b are nonzero vectors].

= a1b1 a2b2 a3b3

Algebraic projection of a vector along some other vector

VECTOR (CROSS) PRODUCT

(vii) Let a = a1 i + a2 j a3 k and b b1 i b2 j b3 k , then

= i a2b3 a3b2 j a3b1 a1b3 k a1b2 a2b1

(ix) Area of triangle =

SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

(ii) Volume of the tetrahedron =

VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT

to both b and c , only then a b c 0 . In all other cases a b c will be a nonzero

a. c b a.b c , for any vectors

a,b and c satisfying the

conditions given in the beginning.

In particular if we take, a b i , c j , then = 1.

RECIPROCAL SYSTEM OF VECTORS

a,b , c . In term of a,b , c the vectors a,b, c are given by

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

parallel to the vectors b a1i b1 j c1k and d a2i b2 j c2 k respectively. Therefore,