Aim :

To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide

Problem Statement :

What is the empirical formula of magnesium oxide?

Hypothesis :

The empirical formula of magnesium oxide can be

determined by combustion of
magnesium in
fixed quantity of oxygen to produce fixed quantity of
magnesiumoxide

Material :

Magnesium Ribbon , oxygen

Apparatus :

Crucible with lid , Bunsen Burner , Tongs , pipe-clay

triangle, eletronics balance , Tripod stand,Sandpaper

Procedure :

1.Empty crucible without lid is weighed

2.About 20cm of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with

sandpaper
3.The magnesium ribbon is rolled and inserted into crucible
4.The crucible is heated strongly until magnesium lights up
5.As magnesium starts to burn, crucible is closed using its

lid
6.The crucible continue to heat
7.Crucible lid is opened and shut once rapidly
8.Lid is removed when magnesium ribbon is no longer

glowing
9.Crucible is heated strongly to ensure the complete

burning of magnesium
10.The crucible and contents are left to cool at room

temperature and weighed again

11.The heating, cooling , and weighing steps are repeated

to obtain constant mass

Precaution Steps :

The lid of crucible is opened and closed at intervals to

prevent white smoke of magnesium oxide released to the
surrounding
Magnesium is cleaned with sand paper to remove layer of
oxide on surface

Tabulation of data Mass of crucible + lid= a (g)

Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium= b (g)
Mass of crucible + lid + Magnesium oxide= c (g)
Calculation

Element

Magnesium

Oxygen

Mass / g

ba

c-b

No. of moles

ba
24

c b
16

Simplest ratio

Arrangement of apparatus :

Aim :

To determine the empirical formula of copper oxide

Problem Statement :

What is the empirical formula of copper oxide?

Hypothesis :

The empirical formula of copper oxide can be determined by

using a fixed mass of copper oxide to produce fixed mass of
copper

Materials :

Copper oxide powder, ,htdrogen gas Zinc pieces , Dilute

Hydrochloric Acid , Anhydrous Calcium Chloride

Procedure :

1.combustion tube with porcelain dish are weighed using

electronics balance,the weight is recorded

2.a spatula of copper powder is placed in porcelain

dish.the combustiontube with its contain is weighed

again.the weight is recorded.
3.Dry hydrogen gas is flow through the apparatus

several times to expell the air

4.The copper oxide is heated strongly
5.Hydrogen gas exit at the end of tube is lit
6.The black copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen into

brown copper metal

7.Hydrogen continue flow through to cool the apparatus
8.When cooled, the combustion tube with its contain is

weighed again. The weight is recorded

9.The heating, cooling, and weighing process are
repeated to obtain constant mass

Precaution
Steps :

1.All connections are ensure to be tight

2.Hydrogen gas is flow through the apparatus for several

minutes to expell the air as the air will cause explosion
3.the flow of hydrogen must continued throughout

heating to ensure the air do not enter.

4.Hot copper metal allowed to cool in stream og h2 to
ensure it does not oxidise by the air
5.heating, cooling, weighing process is repeated until a
constant weight is obtained to ensure all copper has been
reduced

Tabulation of data
Mass of combustion tube +
Empty asbestos crucible
= x (g)
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos
crucible + copper oxide
= y (g)
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos
crucible + copper
= z (g)
Calculation
Element
Mass / g
No. of moles
Simplest ratio

Copper
z-x
zx
64
p

**The empirical formula of.............. is ......

Aim :

Oxygen
y-z
yz
16
q

To prepare Sodium Nitrate salt through reaction between Nitric Acid and Sodium
Hydroxide solution
Material :
1 mol dm Nitric Acid, 1 mol dm Sodium Hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein
indicator
Apparatus :
250 cm conical flask, 25 cm pipette, burette, white tile, evaporating dish, filter
paper, filter funnel, glass rod, beaker, retort stand, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen
burner, asbestos sheet
Procedure :
1.Measured

25 cm of 1 mol dm Sodium Hydroxide solution into conical

flask by using pipette
2.A few

drops of phenolphthalein indicator is added into Sodium Hydroxide

solution
3.1

mol dm of Nitric Acid is put into the burette. The initial reading of the
burette is recorded
4.Nitric Acid

is added slowly into Sodium Hydroxide while shaking the

conical flask, until the pink solution turns colourless
5.The

final reading of burette is recorded

6.Volume
7.Steps

of Nitric Acid added to the Sodium Hydroxide is recorded

3-6 is repeated to obtain the average volume of acid used

8.The

experiment is repeated without the use of phenolphthalein indicator,

using the average volume of acid obtained
9.

The mixture in the conical flask is poured into evaporating dish

10.

The mixture is heated until 1/3 of its solution is left

11.

Saturated solution produced is left to cool in room temperature

White salt crystals formed are filtered and rinsed with cool distilled
water
12.

13.

White salt crystals are dried with filter paper

Tabulation of data
Titration
Final
Reading of
burette / cm
Initial
Reading of
burette / cm
Volume of
Acid used /
cm
Average
volume of
Acid / cm

Rough

Aim : To prepare Magnesium Sulphate salts through reaction between

sulphuric acid and magnesium oxide
Material :
1 mol dm suphuric acid, magnesium oxide
Apparatus :
250 cm conical flask, 100 cm beaker, measuring cylinder, burette,
white tile, evaporating dish, filter paper, filter funnel, glass rod, retort
stand, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, spatula, asbestos sheet
Procedure :
1.50

cm of 1 mol dm Sulphuric Acid is measured using

measuring cylinder and poured into beaker
2.Sulphuric

Acid is heated slowly

3.Magnesium

oxide powder is added using spatula a little at a time

while stirring the mixture with glass rod
Addition of Magnesium Oxide stopped when substances no
longer soluble
4.

5.Hot

solution is filtered into evaporating dish to extract excess

magnesium oxide
6.The

mixture is heated until saturated

7.The

saturated solution is cooled to room temperature

8.The

salt crystal formed is filtered and rinsed with cold distilled

water
9.Salt

crystal are dried using filtered paper

Aim :
To prepare Lead ( ) Iodide salt through double decomposition method
Material :
1 mol dm Lead ( ) Nitrate solution, 1 mol dm Potassium Iodide solution
Apparatus :
250 cm beaker, glass rod, filter funnel, filter paper
Procedure :
1.50

cm of 1 mol dm Potassium Iodide solution is added to 50 cm

of 1 mol Lead ( ) Nitrate solution in a beaker
2.The

mixture is stirred

3.Salt

crystal has formed as yellow precipitate

4.The

salt crystal formed are filtered and rinsed with distilled water

5.The

salt crystal are dried using filter paper

Carbonate ion
1.About 2 cm of of Sodium Carbonate is poured into a test tube
2.Dilute Hydrochloric Acid is added
3.Gas produced is passed through lime water
4.Lime water turns cloudy

Sulphate ion
1.About 2 cm of Sodium Sulphate is poured into a test tube
2. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid is added
3.Barium Chloride or Lead ( ) Nitrate is added

4.White precipitate formed

Chloride ion
1.About 2 cm of Sodium Chloride is poured into a test tube
2. Dilute Nitric Acid is added
3.Silver Nitrate or Lead ( ) Nitrate is added
4.White precipitate formed
If Lead ( ) Nitrate is choosed, white precipitate formed is dissolve when heated

up
Nitrate ion
1.About 2 cm of Sodium Nitrate is poured into a test tube
2. Dilute Sulphuric Acid is added
3.Iron ( II) sulphate is added, the mixture is shaken
4.Several drops of concentrated suphuric acid is added slowly along the wall of

test tube
5.Brown ring formed

Aim :To determine the characteristic of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber

Problem Statement :What is the difference between vulcanized and unvulcanised rubber
Hypothesis :
natural rubber

Vulcanised rubber is tougher, stronger, and more elastic than

Variables :Manipulated : Type of rubber strips

Responding

: The stretching of rubber strip

Fixed

: The width and thickness of rubber strip

Material : Unvulcanised rubber strip, Vulcanised rubber strip

Apparatus :Retort Stand, Weight, Ruler , Clip
Procedure :
1.Vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber are cut into equal length
2.Both strips are hung using the clip
3.The distance between the clip for both rubber are same
4.The original length of both rubber are measured
5.Weights with the same mass are hung on both rubber strip
6.The length of both rubber strip are measured
7.The weights are taken away and the length of both strips are measured again

Observation
Type of Rubber Strip
Original Length /cm
Length with weight /cm
Extension /cm
Final Length /cm

Unvulcanised Rubber

Conclusion :Vulcanised rubber is tougher and more elastic

Aim :

Vulcanised Rubber

To prepare ethyl ethanoate (ester) in laboratory

Material :
pure Ethanol, glacial Ethanoic Acid, concentrated Sulphuric Acid
Apparatus :
Liebig condenser, Round-bottomed flask, oil bath,porcelain chips
Procedure :
1.30 cm of pure ethanol and 25 cm of glacial ethanoic acid is added into the

round-bottomed flask.
2.5 cm of concentrated Sulphuric Acid is added drop by drop and shaken gently
3.A few pieces of porcelain are added into the flask to prevent bumping and

ensure even boiling process

4.The mixture is heated under reflux for 30 minutes
5.Ethyl Ethanoate is distilled out from the mixture of the product at temperature of

77-80
Precaution steps :
1.The mixture need to be heat under reflux because ethanol and ester that

produced are volatile

2.The mixture is heat in water bath to ensure heating temperature is even
3.The concentrated sulphuric acid function as catalyst and dying agent

Aim :

To study the relationship between the size of reactant and he rate of reaction
Problem Statement :
How does the size of reactant affect the rate of reaction?
Hypothesis :
The smaller the size of reactant, the higher the rate of reaction
Variables :
Manipulated : The size of marble chips
Responding

: The rate of reaction

Fixed

: Volume and Concentration of Sulphuric Acid

Material :
Small and large marble chips, 0.1 mol dm Hydrochloric Acid
Apparatus :
100 cm of conical flask, rubber stopper with delivery tube, basin, measuring cylinder,
stopwatch, retort stand with clamp, electrical balance
Procedure :
1.The basin and burette are filled with water
2.The burette is inverted in the basin and the meniscus is marked at 50 cm
3.6 g of large marble chips is weighed and put into the conical flask
4.50 cm of 0.1 mol dm Hydrochloric Acid is measured with measuring cylinder and

pour into conical flask

5.The conical flask is cover with rubber stopper immediately and shaken
6.The stopwatch started
7.The volume of gas collected in burette is recorded every 30 seconds for 5 minutes
8.The experiment is repeated with 6 g of small marble chips

Tabulation of data
Using Large Marble Chips

Time /s
Burette
Reading
/cm
Volume of
gas /cm

Using Small Marble Chips

Time /s
Burette
Reading
/cm
Volume of
gas /cm

Aim :To study the relationship between the concentration of reactant and the rate of
reaction
Problem Statement :How does the concentration of reactant effect the rate of reaction?
Hypothesis :The higher the concentration of reactant, the higher the rate of reaction
Variables :
Manipulated

: The concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate

Responding

: The rate of reacion

Fixed

: Volume and Concentration of Sulphuric Acid

Materials :1 mol dm Sulphuric Acid, 0.2 mol dm Sodium Thiosulphate solution,

white paper
Apparatus :100 cm conical flask, 10 cm and 50 cm measuring cylinder, stopwatch
Procedure :
1.The white paper is marked with
2.50 cm of Sodium Thiosulphate solution is measured using 50 cm of measuring

cylinder and pour into conical flask

3.The flask is placed on tha white paper marked with x
4.5 cm of 1 mol dm Sulphuric Acid is measured using 10 cm measuring

cylinder
5.The Sulphuric Acid is pour into conical flask containing of Sodium Thiosulphate

solution immediately and shaken

6.Stopwatch is started
7.A yellow precipitate of Sulphur is observed at the op part of conical flask
8.Time is recorde when the x mark on he white paper is no longer visible
9.The experiment is repeated using different solution of 0.2 mol dm Sodium

Thiosulphate which is diluted with distilled water

Tabulation of data

Experiment No.
Volume of
Sulphuric
Acid /cm
Volume of
Sodium
Thiosulphate
Solution, V/cm
Volume of
distilled water
/cm
Concentration of
Sodium
Thiosulphate,
V0.2
50
Time taken, t/s
1/time, 1/t/s