Bio Notes Test 3

Photosynthesis
equation for photosynthesis

6 carbon + 12 water + light energy yeilds glucose + 6 oxygen + 6 water

photosynthesis is a what type of process

redox

x is oxidized and y is reduced

water, carbon dioxide

what determines the type of electromagnetic energy

wavelength

the wavelenghts that drive photosynthesis are part of the

visible light spectrum

range of wavelenghts

380 to 750

where do light reacts occur

thylakoid membranes

light reacts split

water

light reacts release

oxygen

light reacts produce

atp and nadph

where does the calvin cycle happen

stroma

calvin cycle forms

sugar from carbon dioxide

calvin cycle uses

atp for energy and nadph for reducing power from light reactions

what happens when a pigment absorbs light

goes from ground to excited state

photosystems are composed of

reaction centers surrounded by a number of light harvesting complexes

in cyclic electron flow what happens

only photosystem 1 is used and only atp is produced

calvin cycle uses what and what from light reactions to convert what to what

atp and nadph, co2 to sugar

3 phases of calvin cycle

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of the co2 acceptor

inputs for light reactions

water, light, nadp, adp

outputs for light reactions

nadph, atp, oxygen

inputs for calvin cycle

nadph, co2, atp

outputs for calvin cycle

nadp, adp, g3p

oxidation of water and reduction of electron transport chain happen in

PS2 only

reductoin of nadp and oxidation of electron transport chain happen in

PS1 only

reduction of primary electron acceptor and light absorption

light absorption

The Cell Cycle

how do unicellular organisms reproduce

cell division

multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

growth, development, and repair

cell division results in

2 identical daughter cells

what is the total genetic material

genome

what organizes all the DNA

chromosomes

a complex of dna and protein in eukaryotic chromosomes

chromatin

what carries the genetic code

dna

what helps in organization of gene expression

protein

what happens right before cell division

dna replication

each duplicated chromosome contains

2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere

cell cycle consists of

interphase (90%) which has g1, s, and g2 and mitotic phase which has mitosis and

cytokinesis

what happens in mitosis

division of nucleus and chromosomes

what happens in cytokinesis

final division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

cytokinesis occurs by a process called

cleavage

t or f: cleavage only happens in animal cells

true

what forms during cytokinesis in plant cells

a cell plate

a somatic cell has 10 chromosomes at g1, how many will it have at the end of s

10

how many chromatids will it have at the end of s

20

how many chromosomes will it have after anaphase

20

how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after cytokinesis

10

what regulates the cell cycle

the cell cycle control system

where are the chemical signals of the control system

cytoplasm

what happens in density dependent inhibition

crowded cells stop dividing

most animals exibit what type of dependence

anchorage, where a cell must be attached to a suface to divide

t or f: cells form multiple layers in density dependent inhibition

false, multiple layer

the process of a normal cell becoming cancerous

transformation

cancer cells may not need these.or they can make their own of these

growth factors, i know, weird question

what is metastasis

when cancer cells go to other parts of the body and form other tumors

cancer cells spread through what 2 things

lymph and blood vessels

during mitosis, microtubles atach to chromosomes at the

kinetochore

most cell growth occurs during

intephase

cell structure consisting of microtubles

mitotic spindle

division of the nucleus is followed by

cytokinesis

these are organizing centers for microtubles involved in seperating chromosomes during
mitosis

centrosome

what happens at g1

non dividing cells exit cell cycle

what happens at g1 checkpoint

cell commits to go through the cell cycle

what happens at s

dna replicates, chromosomes are copied

what happens at g2

centrosome replicates

what happens at mitotic

mitotic spindle begins to form

Meiosis
only 1 parent contributes all the genetic material to the ospring in

asexual reproduction

2 parents give rise to ospring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two
parents during

sexual reproduction

what are the units of heredity

genes

each gene in an organisms dna has a specific x on certain chromosome

locus

form of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid

meiosis

meiosis only occus in cells that make

gametes

an ordered, visual representation fo the chromosomes in a cell

karyotype

homologous chromosomes have the same

genes loci

t or f: X and Y are homologs

false

pairs of autosomes are

homologues

any chromosome other than x or y is an

autosome

produces 4 haploid daughter cells

meiosis II

what is crossing over

exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologues

what is synapsis

homologs loosely pair up, aligned gene by gene

in synapsis, each pair of chromosomes forms a ___, a group of 4 chromatids

tetrad

what is crossing over

non sister chromatids exchange matched genes

each tetrad usually has one or more _____, X shaped regions where crossing over occurs

chiasmata

crossing over produces

recombinant chromosomes

concequences of crossing over

genetic variation

genetic variation provides raw material for

evolution

what happens in independent assortment

each pair of chromosomes sorts its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter

cells

how many possibilities of arrangments are in independent assortment

2n, 8.4 million in humans

what happens in random fertilization

any sperm fuses with any egg, each human gamete has 8.4 mill possible

chromosome combination, a zygote with any of 70 trillion diploid combinatoins are

produced

describe how cellular dna content and ploidy levels change during meiosis i and meiosis ii

DNA content is halved only in meiosis 1. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in

meiosis i and remains haploid in meiosis 2

Mendel
what is the currently accepted theory of inheritance

gene idea or particulate hypothesis

what is the name given to heritable features of something

character

variant of character

trait

what characters did mendel focus on

either or

mendel always started his experiments with varities that were

true breeding

for each character, an organism inherits how many alleles

2, one from each parent

what is the law of segregation

2 alleles seperate during gamete formatoin and end up in dierent gametes. The

segregation occurs during seperaton of homologous chromosomes in meiosis 1

somatic cells have 2 copies of the same allele for a gene

homozygous

somatic cells have 2 dierent alleles for a gene

heterozygous

how do we tell the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype

make a testcross

what is the law of independent assortment

explains the inheritance patterns with following 2 characters at the same time

ech pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation, if on dierent

pairs of homologues

the segregation occurs duing metaphase i of meiosis 1 as homologs arrange

themselves on the metaphase 1 plate

what is a dihybrid cross

2 characters produce 4 phenotypes in the f2 generaton

somatic cell have how many copies of a gene

gametes have how many copies of a gene

one allele is fully dominant, phenotype of heterozygotes and homozygous dominant are
identical

complete dominance

neither allele is dominant over the other, phenotype of herteroz is somewhere between the
phenotype of the two parental varieties

incomplete dominance

neither allele is dominant over the other but both are expressed fully in the phenotypes of the
heterozygotes

co dominance

explaining blood types involvs

complete dominance

both alleles contribute to some phenotype with neither dominant over the other

co dominance

3 or more allele variations contribute to possible phenotype

multiple alleles

what happens when a single gene aects multiple phenotypes

pleiotropy

quantitative variation usually indicates

polygenic inheritance

what is the eect of 2 or more gametes on a single phenotype

polygenic inheritance

what is epistasis

1 or more genes alters the phenotypic expressoin of other genes, gene interaction can

complicate potential inheritance patterns, one explanation for variance of symptoms

and outcomes for some human health conditions

______ inherited diseases are those that u must have homozygous recessive genotype to
exhibit symptoms of the disease

recessively

_______ diseases will cause symptoms in both homozygous dominant genotypes and
heterozygote

dominant

what increases the probability of a rare genetic disease

incest when you fuck your brother in the ass

family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations,
can be used to make preductions about future osprings genotypes

pedigree