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(Before-after situation)
Twin studies
Interval or ratio
Is the dependent variable measured at 2 points in time or between a case and control
Examples: blood pressure premedication & postmedication, Weight (case and control)
Statistical test
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Pared t test
Compares the means of 2 related groups
Parametric test (assumes a normal)
Reports the mean of each group
Reports the standard deviation of each group
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Chapter 7
One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis h test: 3 or more unrelated groups
Grouping variable
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Dependent variable(Insterest)
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Kruskal-Wallis H test
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Nonparametric test
No assumption about variance
Assumes 3 or more
Depenedent variable is at least ordinal
Median and interquartile range
ANOVA models compare within and between group variance to determine if the means of the
groups are different from one another
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Chapter 8
Grouping Variable
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Statistical tests
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Nonparametric test
Reports the median of each group
Reports the interquartile range of each group
Carryover effects
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Occur when some or all of the effects of a treatment given at one atime are still evident at the
time of the second treatment
In drug trials for example. Time allowed for one drug to wash out
Position effects
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Occur when the order in which the treatments are given affects the outcome
Chapter 11
Correlation coefficient provides measure of strength and direction
Pearson correlation coefficient
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Spearman correlation
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Non-parametric