BNAL AERONAUT

CS AND SPACE ADM

Edited By

LAWRENCE A,SCHIMERMAN

VOLUME

PREPABED AND PUBLISHED BY THE DEFENSE MAPPING AGEbdCY

WERGaSPACE CENTFR, ST LOUIS AFE;, MISSOURI 63118 FOR T H E
NAliONAk ATRBNAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINlS'TRATIOI\I.

FOREWORD

' ~ ~ ' H E $ O I I C ; ~ IMOA~NT"~S~ H I S T ~ R , Y on earth he has sought to explore the

outer reaches of his environment and LO map his findings, His first cartographic
efforts &laverecorded the minimal topographic information necessary to insure group
survival and carbographie ~ ~ r o g r e shas
s gradually developed in ecp.njunetion with
increased ability to function in new regions, His earthbased view of the moon1 sinla
lady progressed from the fanc:ifu1 to an ordered science limited only by earth-moon
distance and geometric relationsllip,
In less than a decade, lunar exploration sand corollary mapping have progressed
to the ~%rk~ntage
point of lunar proximity, thereby yielding the first description
0%"&he Bhanar farside and enabling man's personal exploration of the moc~lra's
surface.

This book is concerned with recording the cartographic resaalts and by-products
of lunar expliasratisn and study. I t is an attempt to provide a vehicle for the
continued accumu%ationand use of lunar cartographic knowlledge.

February 19'93

ARTHUR
T. STRICKLAND

Chief, Cartography Program

Apollo Lunar Exploration Office

Apollo Progmm Office

National Aeronaufi&-,eand Space Administration

PREFACE

'f

I IIE
'7

LlJN \K ('AKT09:R 4121 I t " I>OSSTEK i s desigraed to provitde an up t o date

salnl121ary of the extc~ntland quality o f cartographic i~~formadicsnn
as well as d e s ~ r i b h g
irr~aterialsavaiIab%cto S U I I P O T " ~ lunar scier~lifici n v e s t i i g ~ t i nand study, Jts basic

inforrnat~o~ai~l
secLioilr, Photography
2,0),GolmtroB (Sec. 3,0),and Maps (Sec 4.0)
cover the spet-ific ~ ~ h o t o g r a p hselenodetic
ic
and cartographic data considered to he
of continuirilg significance to Lasers of lunar cartographic inforrnatiorr,Tke 13evelop
rnc*nt of Lunar. ("artography (9ec. 1,O) presents historical background data,
Thch Nfap Section includes descriptive and e.i~aluativeinfo-n-.n~atiol~
cor~c'rning lunar
Irlnps, photomaps arid p h ~or mosaics. Disctission colnprises identification o f series or
individrral 9klee.k chara6%erist~cb;.cwnf 1 ~ 0 1basis, source mak~rslalsand coarapilation
rt~etlloe.iola~gy
used"
'The Coritp.01 Section dcscrities the globa4 rsioaaal and local sekncsdetie c*sr.rtrol
s*ysterrlsthat have been 1s1-odueetifor lunar featurc location in support of I-sanar map
d i s c t ~ s ~ kcovP$"s
~ n the ftlndamer~taiikmsrs for (hach
ping or.ph;asitjo~?ial
~ t ~ l d yPurE"tker
,
control qi5fe1n, I I C I ~ ~ Z ~oCfY points
*
produced, tec*hniya~es
ci-~irpioyecland evaltlated
acclrracv,
Although lunar. photography i s an ilafhrnlationali muree rather than a cart ograr~hik*
product, R Phtatograph.ci7 Section has heen included to facilitak ecorre8atior1 to t h e
rmalbyair~ganti %~>)t1tr01
vwrks descbrihed, D~scrkptiorlo f lunar p%aotogral~ll.nie.
s>s%ems,
~ ~ h o t o g r a 1p hand H41c~to Support Daa:a are presentcid fmrn a eartograpt~ic-phstc~grarn
~ I C ? $ B " ~vieu~point
C
N ith comnavntary on calntogr.a

ph k applications,
Photo, Map ;,nd C"oi~t-e-0%

Indices fcsinlrjw cvickr of i h c hasic Dossier Sr.ckir,ns, pyas

vsdirlg 11lni-89' 1oc*;t:on:* for d a t a adad anatcrials d~scussed. Each category of index i s
keyed to w cim~rerslr-srahaw elnabling ready relation o f varying crzrn9-ainaLioiisof photo,
nnap arsd ctsr-atr.01 dar a
Hv rts surmrnary nature, the B)a:,ssler is 1irrl$.cc1 in both nra-a-rativcand graphic detail,
Reference. SectZor~~s
idtwtify do("u~n~ndBalj6"pn
21vailable for more i ~ ~ $ e ~ l s i i ~ ~ ~ofS
t ~ i % j i v
yx~cific-.proiec-ts. In the i,:a.*ii 131 pE'lot(agral~Lby,
rt~iererrk'~

i s ni;id~to larger scale indices

f o r iderrfificalion and Bc~.e:3fi c o n of'intiivirlual photogra~~hs,

i ; ; v a l i t , r i ir1far.:r.a,rl1oli ~o~~f:;?irle~B,
j;ki"iseia~"ijyreflects R C ~ Y U P X Cdata
~
deaived h y

pr:)d:~t;.;I : A m w e v .;lr tla.-~c~

o i ~atodiac*~

ptikilia atl,>n, Moglif $$ ;at 46011 of :riglnaI evaluatror~

1
.;onlef Fnrec: i,f8 wed, t.iasecB I I ~ I C I ? f ehdh.et*gi(pchlii6:n: r~-i i d Dossier"6;e ditorial i;t;iS'B"

,113f-i
contril~n
tors, T h e Do~sBt~a"*s
E~s,;~eIe,caf
forrr~1el~dsi t ~ ~to
4 fuydatirt g of lunar cardo
g;;apll-sc i.i:o1v8eces:and c.oa:ta.ik~i~Criir\!;
faccirll jara~cimctt~si;n"s
are invited. Such coradri
lr~ttions5kc~uSiriHrlc direacted to:
Editor, Lunar Cartographic Dossier
DMAAC (PPTM)
A t , Louis AFS, Missouri 63118
February 1973

February 1973

T h e compilation o f this salmnlary taf lunar ear%ographic work 118s primarily

dependc,d upon the efforts of gersonne,.l o f the United qtates Dc~fenseN f a p p i n ~
Agency Aerospl~ceCenter, Partic1xlarii5~valuable were t h e contribt~tionsof R o b e r t
Carder anti Raymonagi Anderson to Lunar bfap Subjects; Donald Meyer, C h ; ~ r l e s
Ross, William Cannell., and Lawrence Doepke t o S e & ~ n o d e s ,ayn d Control W ~ r k s ;
and, Richard Pa1n-b anti 1,awrencc Klages to p l o~fograph ic q~hjc>ct.p,kfr;",
Ewren
Whi-kaker, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona* furr~lshetlcon
siderable assistance in development of "19ista;asy of Lun-aar Mapping,'"
*lflQ-~e
editor i s also indebted t o personnel o f the Defense klapping Agerlcy's
Topographic Center and the National A e r o n a u t ~ c s a r ~ d Space A d l ~ i n i s t r a t i o n
Apcrllo Exploration Offiehe and hfapping S c i e n e w Branch for contribut"aon+ and
suggr~stionsprovidcdd,

T h e cc~ntinalingcontribution to lunar map y ing and cortrnii S U ~ ~ C I Cb y~ SNIe-,srs,

Charles Shull and Jwrneq Stt~:.pk.at~r~h,
Jlefense Mappilati. Agency rropogr;~g~k~
i c 4:entc F ,
i s most appreci:%ted,
Updating of IJossicr discus~iora of lunar non~er~c'ldture
laas been as.astarnj,lished
t%raroug;hthe a s s i s t a ~ ~ co ef D r . F;"ar(?uk-El-Raz,SrnitP~sorsid-~.~
Institutiori,

LAW-RENCE
Editor

A.S C I I I M E R M A N

TABLE

017

CONTENTS
Set:tion

I.unar Cartography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

Dcvclopment o f
$t3is$.oryof Sclcnodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

E3istory ol Lrxnar Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

Lunar Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3

1.unar Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0

Earthbased 13hotsgraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Ranger Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2

Lunar O r b i k r Photcrgraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Apollo Mission 'hstc~graphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4

Other Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5

Photographic Support Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6

Photography Refeser~ees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7

Photo Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8

Lunar Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. .0

Global Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

IEXegiasnal Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-2

1,oeaii Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3

C;::claxrra%rolR eferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4

Control Intiices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

Lunar 1Vaps. lBbotoanapsand Photo Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0

Srnall Scale 61.2.0063. 000 arad smaller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Medium Scale (1 ~250.

801 .. I:$ .099.
999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2

Large Scale (1.250.

000 and larger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Map References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4

Map Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

GES AND ADDITIONS

(As of F e b r u a r y 1975)

Act i o n

Date

P a g e ii, ill
P a g e v, vi

2,7/3,4

Feb 75
Feb 75

R e p l a c e s same numbered p a g e s
Additions

Feb 75

Replaces 1,3/3,4

Feb 75

Replaces 2,4/1,2

Feb 75

Feb 7 5

Rep l a c e s 2 , 6 , l
R e p l a c e s 2,6,2

Feb 75

Replaces 2,7/3

Feb 75
J u l 74

Replaces 2,8/1-3
R e p l a c e s same numbered I n d e x e s
d a t e d Aug 1 9 7 2

Ju1

44

Additions

Feb 75

R e p l a c e s 3 , 0 1 3 d a t e d Feb 73

Feb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75

R e p l a c e s 3 , 1 d a t e d Feb 73
R e p l a c e s 3 , 1 , 9 d a t e d Feb 73
R e p l a c e s 3 . 1 , 1 0 / 1 , 2 d a t e d Feb 7 3

Peb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75

Feb 45
Feb 75

R e p l a c e s 3 , 2 d a t e d Feb 7 3
R e p l a c e s 3 , 2 , 3 d a t e d Feb 73
An a d d i t i o n
An a d d i t i o n
An a d d i t i o n

Feb 75
Feb 75

Replaces 3,3/1,2
An a d d i t i o n

Feb 75
Feb 75
Feb 75

An a d d i t i o n
Am. a d d i t i o n
h addition

d a t e d Feb 7 3

Date

3.413-5

Feb 75

Replaces 3.4/3,4

Feb 75

Replaces 3.5 d a t e d Feb 73

Feb 75

Additions

3.5 / ~ n d e xI
(4)

Feb 75

Replaces S ( 4 ) dated Dec 7 2

4.0

Feb 75

Replaces 4 , O d a t e d Feb 73

4,2

Feb 75

Replaces 4.2 d a t e d Peb 73

Feb 75

Replaces 4 , 3 d a t e d Feb 93
h addition

4.3
4,3,5/l-10
4.3.6
4,3,6,l
4.3,6,2/1,2
4,3,6.3

Peb 75
Feb 1175
Feh 75

d a t e d Peb 73

Feb 75
Feb 7%

Pan a d d i t i o n
An addition
APL addition
An a d d i t i o n

4,4

Peb 75

Replaces 4.4 d a t e d Feb 73

4.5

Feb 75
Feb 75

Replaces 4.5 dated Feb 73

Additions

4 . W f n d e x e s 1(6a),
1 (8a), I B ( 4 )

4.5
4.5 Indexes 1 ( 5 ) , I (ba),
4,5/In$exes L (8b) , I1 (5)

II(4)

Date
-

A e tion

J u l 7.7
J u n 77

Replaces 4,5 d a t e d Feb 75

Replaces 1 ( 5 ) , I(6a) , Z I ( 4 )
d a t e d Feb 75
Add f t i o n s

Jqn 77

DEVELOPMENT OF

LUNAR CARTOGRAP W U

This Section i s concserned with historical and background infc~rmationto enable a

better appreciation for modern cartographic and selenodetie products described in
Sections 3-0 and 4-0,

History of Selenodesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,I

History o f Lunar Mapping

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

Section 1,0

One might say that selenodesy began when man first realized that the moon i s spherical.
Arismtle (384-322R,CI,I was t h e man who dedeaced the shape o f the moola, from his observa
tion\ 04 eclipses and srklafiging lunar phases, Me was also able to deduce h o r n these observa
tioris rhai the moon i s ck~sert o the earth t l j a i i l ~ seun and the planets. and that i t shines by
reflected !ght froiti the sun,
The deductions of Arist utle caused An.star8:ti-n~~
(320-250R@.jto devise a method o f
makrng?,t he first measurements of the relatjve distaraces of the moon ared sun from the earth,
Ele found the distance to t h e moon to be 56 earth radii and the soliar distance to be 20 times
.I he moon9sdistance, His lunar dista-8.lc.ewas in error by only seven percerat, but his solar
distance was in error by a factor o f 20,

Another Greek astronomer, Hipparchus (circa $60-120 R,C,) made precise observ at'I O ~ S
which advanced t h e theory ofthe moon" motion t o a aela tively high leveli, He discovered
that the lunar motion relative to the earth was not exactly circular, Wit bout the formula
tion of" the law of gravitatisr~,he assumed that the eeeentrieity of nlotion was caused by the
earth being situated eccentrically rather than in the exact center of the moon's probable
circular orbit, Hipparchus also measured, with amazing aca;uracy, the inclination of the
lunar orbit to he 5" to the plane o f the earth" orhit arorsnd the sun and t h e period of the
revol~xtionof the line of nodes to be 184,years, Hipparchus was t h e first to reakize the
existence of lunar parallax and f r o ~ mit he deternlir~edthe rnoonmstlistance to be 59 earth
radii and i t s diameter to be 38 minutes. This N ~ remarkably
~ R
close to tdescopic acca.lracy.
PtoBemy (100-170A-D, ) went beyontl I5ipparchus in the accuracy of his determinations
o f orbitai constants, but bis measurements of the lunar distance and diaxalea:er were not very
ac;curate. Most sf the error resulted from his use o f the too smald:radius of" the earth deter
mined by Posid~zraius, After Ptolemy, our search for- knowledge of the nloon rested and the
pause lasted for nearly 14 centuries,
lit was primarily t h e works o f Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Nekvton which broke the scientific
lull and lifted mankind from the Dark Ages. Tycho Brahe's (1546-2601)prime conkr.&sulosa
was the gaithering of Iasge a n ~ o u n t sof ohservati~nddata which proved to be vital to Keple.
1571-1630) in perceiving the three laws of planetary motion, GaSGileo (1563-1642)was the
first to apply the telescope t o lunar studies and with his ""optic tube" made eyeball sketches
sf the lunar surface which revealed t o him the moon" libration in latitude, Galiiieo also
made the first crude attempt to measure lunar heights by estimating the distances beyond
the terminator a t which sonle high peaks were barely illuminated,
Kepkerk three laws o f planetary motion were strictly empimcal deductions from T y c h ' s
data, but Newton (1642-B 727) was a;ble to explain them as natural eosrsecqaaenees of his
equally fi2mous three laws of motion and the law of gravitation. In the Pv[r~c.ipin.1687,
Newton discussed the applications of the law sf gravitation and the laws of motion t o the

Section 1.1
1

ear8h -rnoorz system. He demonst rattid Ghat the earth's masiitational pull would elongate the
slarhce of a simple Bunar model toward the earth by 186 feet. In this way, Newton explained
the sarmeness sf the lunar day and.month as a result of a tidal couple which wouBd auto
matieally keep the huXge closely aligned witis the .line co~~k-aecting
the centers of the earth arid
m0011,

IPI1693, t h e T&ald;an aqtrcol~ouner(;iiissirai (1625-1742)annournced his three enmpirical laws

of lurrar rcstation:

I , T h e moon rotates rrnif~armlyabout i t s axis of rotation with a period equal to i t s

siclereal period of rev01ution around the eartkl,
2. The inclination o f the moon's equator to the ecliptic remains constant.
3. The ascending glads-? of the moon's eqalator on the ecliptic coincides always with the
descendirng node of the Bunar orbit on the ecliptic,
Thrse laws later led Lagrzrngr. Laplace anti Poisson t o make a serie$ of investigations
into the dgmamics 01' Itsinar rotation,

The first careful triangulation of features on the lunar surface was made in I748 by the
young German astronomerPTobias Mayer (1723-1762)-Using measures he obtained with a
glass micrometer, Mayer deternlined the position of Manilius (selected as the fundamental
crater near the center of the moon) to be -+ 9" 2311selenographie longitude and -+ 14" 34' in
selenographia: latitude, He also found the inelination of the lunar equator to the ecliptic to
be 129', He mierometricaHly measured 23 ~ C I - B - Bpoi~ats
:
and estimated the positions of" 65
other points referenced to those deriveei ~1ig.a-ometricaIlyto establish the first se8engsdekic
control system, Mayer proceeded to map the nlson with the greatest possiizle precision and
produced t w o full moon naaps but neither was p~~blished
during his lifet,i~%:~sc?.
111 1752,he
puti~liisheda 1unar ephemeris and a table o f lunar distances which were accurate enough to
dehermirme longitude at sea to within one degree,

In 1'964,Joseph 1,agrange (1 736-1813 ) - s French matheniatic%ar=?,demonstrated from

dyraamic priraciples that the moon must have an ellipsoid shape whose polar axis should be
depressed by about one-third sf the excess of its major axis over the mean. H e also proved
that the eartla's attraction on the moon would have sufficed t o force the moon always to
present one face toward the earth even if i t had not done so originally, In 1780,he dr?.veloped
the equations describing the physical 1ibrations of the reseaon which were corafirmed seven
years later by Laplace and extended still later in 1818 by Sinnon lailisson i17813X40)s
T h e existence of physical libratio11 had been clearly demo~~strated
in theory, but the
actual observations of it were very difficult because the q~xantitiesinvolved are extremely
sna?all, Observations to detect such small quantities were undertaken in 1806 by Alexis
Bouvard (1767-1843) and FJorniniyue Arago (1786-1853)
w ho determined the pos-kt~ono f the
crater Manilius frown a series of 18 measures* This project was repeated and extended by
Bol~vardksew measures between 1816 and 1818,and he announced t h a t h e had f o ~ ~ nthe
d
physical libration in longitude to be 4 minutes and 46.0seconds, Following this NicoHPet
made 32 measures of the sanle crater and by combining the 1'74 available measures he
1 arrived at the ~saximumvalue of 4 n~hutes49-7secondsfor the real $ibr8$8011in longitude,
From 1822 t o 1826,the Gera;~aanselenograpber Wike%mILohrnaaarln(I"a6-1840)measured
the selenographic positiorls of 79 points w i t h a filar micrometer in an effort to provide an
accurate base for the lunar map he was constr~~cting,
Hka ~ l e a s t ~ r eeach
d point from. the limb
sf the Kkoon 2 t o 12 times and calculated the positions accoirdiarlg to the for~nwlaedeveloped
by Johann Encke 41 791-1865)" His m a p was not published durirag his lifetime, but it
represented the beginning sf high1y detailed scientific lunar mapping,

While Lohmann was still occupied with his lunar map, a similar project was being con-

Section 1.1
2

dueted in Berlin by WilheEln~Beer (18797-1

840)and Johann Mgdlier (1794-1874),
MadEer used
a four-inch refractor in Reer5srooftop observatory t o measure the positions of 106 lunar
features ~~.;k;igtln
a filar micrometer, Conraecking these ppohts into 176 fundanrnelltal triangles, he
provided the control net for their map, Mhdler derived a great number of secondary posi
t ions from the fundamen rial triangulation and he also rneasured the heights of 800 individual
pe&s. He further derived <,heheights o f additional elevations by coxraparing their sl~adows
with those measured microln~lricallyY He also measured the diameters o f 150 craters and
est irnat ed the size of nu mnerous others bt (~b~mparison,
Hi9 resu Btb appelardad B I LTho ,$#cooit 01"
t ; c / i ? ~ j l~1 6 ' 8 0 j ~ ~I It ~j f~t It * Sola / i e a f j r trj~/c!/, a I I B P B I I C ~ vchieh c*ont airaed a i oxrrp1cte arraiiysis of the
methods uscxl and detailed acebunts of a13 meaw~rernenta. The work of Matiler represeiilted
the highest a c h l e ~ i e ~ e innt the selenodesy of the 19th century,
b.fad%erhad experienced the observational problem of deterrning the physical Iibration of
the rrlaton \%-henarslng hlanilius as the f~lndarnentalcrater, This led him t o express the need
for B better funtiamentaf crater located closer to the center uf the disk, ResseE (1784-1846)
suggshte,.cit he small bright crater Mosting A, on the slopes of Flammarion, to which Mgdler
responded b y starting a series of nieasures on Mdsting A using the small heliometer o f the
Berlin OSservatory, bfadler never f~nilshetit his project but in 1839 Bessel hin~selfdeterrr~sined
the pwXtism of Mostkg?*A fro t1a two sets of mtaaeurements made with the 6-25-inchhtaIjorneter
sf .,tat- Konigsberg Obaervaxc>r;~~
B e t ween 1844 and 1846,ScklhLer (a student of 13esse19ss)
n-teasurcs OBI Nloszing A using the Konigsberg hclionneter and conclud~-.il
made a wries o f
that t h e physical libration could not exceed ten minutes in sele~zographicla~ragitude Most ing
A thus hecame esfal,lished as the new fundanlentahcrater for selenogaphie measures,
I::trodL~ction ae"l 1 1 l~$~Liolnete~
a t Konigaberg in the 1840's led Pl,EIarilivig (1851-1923)to

ao:lqluct Ih r ~ SePI ies OC okpsprb atio:rs to de~tlrrsrmethe coz~stantso f physical libration. The

~
firs$ was the Stg'if S F ~ U Fseries
( " r T 7 - I @ % ) , coelslsting o f 42 evenings ctf
b~bservationb

tvhich were reduced b) Hart w-ti hila~sclf, The. second VJiXs the tlc~rpatwxies (1 884-18851,

consisting of 36 everlings and r e d ~eti

t later b! the Polish astronomer, K,Koziel in 1948-49,

T h e third of h"bBserieh.";w as ~ n a d ein Ranaherg( "e80-0:P322 1 and retluc~din part by Nauzni~nu

in 1939,

r3uli~lsFranz (1847-1
9 lill)bc:g;aari sels~nsc-leticw ork at, the Monigsberg OF~ser\~atory

in 1885

If s i ~ i gS~+hluteg
k IMor~igsbergheiir%rae$
er
series ilor Mbst in g A, he first skrived t h e '0it>ratic811

c anst ants of zlle moton, nr-rxael~,r kpewlenwenerie longkucie a11tJ latitude o f Mosting A, its

distance fro~nthe ~;knoan"s

:li.cnr er, 3rd Ihe i~1t:lmnation 01 the lunar equal or to the eclipt ie,
1Ie

also detcrr-nined the selenog~:ipin.s('coortlirxlalee of Aristarchus, Ryrgius A, Fahricius K ,

'
s i : l < c , t . e ~ , -'I e ~ t 7 \ Q;RPrkdl~
,
, r i i * I j L a h,i,:::qoJi6?
A, IhOcIu.., dllik $ $ ~ I x ~ AB 10 e & t & l ~ h21

\;y+b.tem 13; air+ tn%%a~~:eri

\I, r 6 4 ~,~CCP
~
poirrgts,
~
His rredtpeeionl.; prcjveci to be mane accu~ate

%,h;*nrl,t2s< &T: trr9d IIV It4 ;?a!pp i t ~ Qb e#_r9

szxh e ) :~aeaixa:ei.r; their c < ~ roi
e t
points with a P B ~ ~ Y ' ! ~ ~ W B _ ?
l ~ B t " r o ~ ~ c :T~k*
v t-,
~ t k r t ~11~I;~:xI-~BY~-T M a&.,
c:-rat~,,-!:PC! $ 1 a
~ hpxh ~ P * c I ~ ~mi('ronleter
~cJ,

for l%iLr:yr

"
*r

),<A<

fg

Inea:~Urt?S,

'With f ile t1xceprmn ,i,f Pri tcsha.~E"-dete~"~ri,p~~c~ticbn

of &gosting

A ($1
Fra112 w

as the
first i s cake radvaer%t;,igeof the pk~atc~grapBiicpl&e Q o effieiert~ly extend ae&cnodeticawork,

i"ograrn3 to pl~stc*guapi$~
i he I T I ~ ~ CIt-lt1
~
just " ; ~ d ~ r tin
e dthe 1890" :at the Lick Bhser%atory

-a;xi~h
t he 36-inch refraa40r and a t the Park 0kk~ervatoli.ywith tbc 24-irreh Gokid4 r t..tractor Tn

18115,Fraaz rnle;isL;~ber%
i.a e of t r %eiJic,k Oiasc~rvat~~ry
ldates

&aLei, ~ i r o u i l d1890, Fi"wbornthese

~-ase;*sures,
ar ed in c b o ~ ~ j ~ ~ n cut iiioFan his riins I%)as~i"elit)~xr%eter

p:>sitions, he derived 5 50 seleno

gralpl~icpos~lionsa:~$tkae ahhsolratri heights ot :55 clBatt xs; %vjt,ht h i s .":nforrri~itioli~,

he con&.iCru~ted
t h ~
t isst conco.amv m a p of the nlooil, Mc also deri7ced :A value d"csr tine lunar bulge w h i c t ~he
lo..
ul to h/*6gS0C$e(:t
2 ( 2 0 f~ c ~ -t d h o ~ t~mti i
c t%,evalue tlcdtcmined from dynamic g>nn~.
tyiks, This reductiol~Y J ~ u
S ~~!~~rti~tra
defective
t , c I y
in that his libration kheory 1iva2 in eyror,

FTis ~~a,n$o~~n
naap indicated 21111~t1;t
n-gf the SE (astronautical) quadrant are

re,-".at;*;iel.$j/
inigker thai6; those br, t %reX1+V qtmckanr,
1 i e later made additlronal il1easurc.s on

thebe phtes totaling I ,d04) pc,ika:~,sin all. k%is$a%x f~3eadure,-n

v :~rt~

;kdtBed for cart ographie pur-

..

poses only and did not have the precisioaa: o f t h e first 150, T h e errors of his best points \yere
about one minute of arc (se%enercentric),All were derived from. t h e position o f Mosting A and
the rotation comlstants deter~linetlfrom the helioxneter n~easul-esobserved and reduced by
Franz himself,
In 1911, S,A, Saunder 1852-7912)in England pubEshed his catalog of 2,885pckints which
he rmeasuree$lon four Paris Observatory plates and two Uerkes plates, Saulader combked his
measures with the 1,1"300measures by Franz and allowing for conlrnon points, the total
aleasures of these t w o men reacheti 3,500points, These combined measure5 provided the
best cartogaphic control network for rn an y years. Sauncler also made a deliberatkl atternyt
to dlrcxter~minethe eccentricity o f the prime meridian, For this purpose he used 38 points from
his Paris measures which were cl~lsgedo the central meridian, From these 38 points, he derived
a bulge o f :l,OOO 14i-: 1,550feet. Upon removing t w o points farthest alorth, he found that his
results were very similar to those o f Franz,

Friedrich Hayn 4 1863-1928 B made aralicrornrae~er nleasures of the coortli rsates of Mosting LA
I3ge,.de A,Kepiier A,Messier A* and Tyeho with the 12-inch re&iasac"c~r
at Ileipzig from $904 to
1914,H e reexamined the emtire theory of pl~yfiirallibration, improvirag the colcestar~ksderived
h y Franz and introducing the rncchanical ellipticity as an unknown, His theory overc:ame
wrne o f t h e defects irr &betheory Franz rased, hut i t Ied to ambiguity in sonae o f the snlall
periodic terms*
a

IIeliorneter rrreasures were carried out exif,ensively at the Engelhardt Observatory, Kazan,
USSR, startkg in 1895, The first o f the Engelhard$ series began with Krasnov (6895-98)
and h4ikhailo%*ski(1898-1905),Hanachiewicz (1882-1954)
made the seccmd of the series of
heliorxreter measures (1910-1915)which was reduced by .Jakovkin in 1928, Jalcovkin mads
the third (1916-193$),
Belkovieh bhe fourth (1932-1942) and Nefedyev the fifth (1$)38-l$JiQ5).
All of these observations were reduced to obtain the t=e~nstants
o f physical librat~onand the

posit,,ion o f Masting A, In these reductions, h o w ~ v e rt~w o aspects o f the p-a-oblenx were

disregarded: errors in the mean longitude of the moon, and the ntsxalineari t y Prle tween the
unknown mechanical ellipticity and the observed qtrantities. T h e f i r s t error arose fro111 the
fact that tap to 1882 the ivrr 1 / 7 1 irsfl ' ~ ll l~ i ,ui / i c a swed Har;~seli'sd able< for the ephemerides of" the
nloon, and eonsiderahle deviations were appearing from the given place, In 1883,Newcosnh
(1835-1909)
made some corrections to Hansenk lunar theory but not to the mean iornglitudo
o f t h e nlaoon, In 192v3,Brown's theory was z~doptedand the moon's mean longitude was
corrected.

For the lack o f better procedures, a further error was caused by ctarztirrauing to apply the
conventional least squares form of ad justn.aP-slt con~pu"rations. The Austrian astronon-ber
Schriitka-Rec:htenstamm anti Koziel noted t h a t a discontinuity in the physical Sibration irn
longitude existed near the critical value of" about 0,66in the mechanical e&$ip&icity,In his
phy sieal libration inves.b;iga$iorrrsof 1955,Schri~tk:~
prc31vHded an art i f i c e which consisted of
taking t w o unknow~lsinstead of one and combining the131in such a way as t o avoid t h e
dgiscontinuity in the vicinity o f the singular"point,
From the thousands o f l~eilicameten*rneasiares of Mdsting A, obtainec! by the dedicated

observers over the previous 120 years, many independent as well as collective reductiorls

were performed in the 1950's and early 1960's to derive the basic libration constants of t h e

moon. Koziel used the nlodern electronic computer to eogkrbine all available observations

into one adjustment to arrive at a best set of' physical Bibration values. In 1963, Koziel

reported that he had determined a set of physical libration constants by using a total of

3,282 observations out o f four series o f measures, The series used were:, the Strassbklrg series

(187'9-lS79),
the Dorpat series (1884-48851,

the first half of the Barnberg series (1890-19t2),

and the Kazan series ( 4 910-1915). The outstanding result of the study was that the value

fou~ndfor the mechanical ellipticity was on the lower side of the critical value of 0.66.

Section 1.1
4

In the B9,5Ob..,Josef Hopmann (University of Vienna) and S c h r u t k a - R e c h t e n ~ ~ t ~ ~ r ' ~ r ~ a

remosked the 150 pho~ogra-g>hlc
measures o f Franz to derive new pc~sitions and featn~ta
heights with resyed, tu a mean sphere, Their ilrterest in the figure of'the moor1 led to theu
publication of a contour nsap of rhe moon in 1958, In general, they found an t ~ a r t w
h ard
lrul ge on the order CIL' 9,e'Q0 ltbel The prohabile error for a single height from these measurt3-8a
wPa3 3 4,030feet
At the Verke-.sCX~scnatcjrli I ~ I1958,Messrs, Arthur, Whltaker, ant1 Moore s~~cvessf
uily
adapted t h e 40-ir:ch f: 19, vlsaal retractor for sslenodeeic phokr;bgraphy, In the s p r - ~ r ~
o fg
1959: h e y began tinc Yerkeb .~t.%enodetie
photographlg. prragrarrl, A number of ~"xpos'a~ires
of
thc PLeiades %ere ohtaineci. :it aidely diiferent temperatures for calibration o f focal Berlgtil.
"rhe lunar plates w~r~"t,ar-tr4led after each exposure u7hich allowed orientatio~~
to
determined independeri t of hPliornetpr B:nsasures, Avoiding all referelace to the nnloon's rota
tion theory, it, was then ~,oseiirlet o approach the problem of lunar surface positions hy
~~i~otogranl~~etry

alol~~,
In 1963,Ralph B,Baldwin $ % 1,s.asircono~ner)palblished the results of his 696 nleasllres
fro rn copies of five Lick 0bsea.vatory plates. Fundamental control poines for determining
plate constants were the 150 points of Franz as reduced by Schrutka in $958,and the Iibra
tion constallts and refraction eorr~ctic~ns
xiere those supplied by C, B,Watts of the United
Slates Naval Observatsr;~, b2e~ultsof the reduction revealed that the probable error in a
sangle height determhation was -i- 29270feet, substantially less than that found by Schristka.
I"he derived heights for a41 696 points were compiled into a contour map, w-kaicia con8"irnrae.d
t h a t the corrtinents of the SE quadrant arc higher than those of the NW quadranbas found
b,y Franz over half a eeniura, as-1re.r. T3aldwin9srnap clearly reveal: a pc~sit'ev~
lunar bulge
generally aligned with the earth and larger than tlne dynamically determined value,

LOaldwin, It, R,,1949,

'i'lirb

Faec c ~ tf h i

Nlotrlr

((*"ltici,,yo:
%'/I(

( T r i , i r o ~ 4 j t ? j 'of

Ftaldwin, it, 13., 1963,'I'nc i&lc~a-9~~ri~

o i tjlwid: YFTI jCqllbcu 1,) The

I"

ri

('jbiC~XY~l
j)il~,k).

I C ~ \ L @

of

4'4,7,3,26~!/0P

~ I'.").
Y

18rokh, Efd,PA,, 1960, 1 Ibi~lor-cof I,u~lnrS-crndtc.. (l:?is"fal(THujfilo 14i\eur1 of St ienc r j j

J l ~ a n ,r 91, Y,, 1966,I+orr~~t-\

i n Scif~nocrct- J , i , 1t r b'orct Cambyidol fleuc w ~ L ha l ~ o r i x t o ~9,i i Uv itt d States A i r Force), 39.
h r ~ p a %.
$, ~ 1962,j t i l t .>icy xiad _"ri~ o r ~ o r v ;o l t i l c Moon
\

Kopal,

Z,,anti Goudas,

(*,

( M w Yorh ,le oda P),ZC% '~c\s).

If,,, 1967,M~e~surr,
\if the Moon QDor.drc~cairt,Ifollantl: D. ilcitlel Puhli.hing

Company).

Hchrutka-Nechtenetamm G., 1958, NCM";pR~~d9~tiog!

of 150 Moon Points s f the Hrrslau Measurements Determined by
i'rhnz, ( i u \ f i . t ; , ~ 1iacllr.q cq ih;cierit/~
I~~~~~tzemati~nl-~Valural
Science Clexss,

2/iept 14, 1l;Yq 1-4.

Schautka-Reehtenagismxn, G,, 1955, %be Phyr ical Libration of the Moon, (AusCn;an Academy of Science Mathematical
~ V a l ~ l rS
a(l !c>ncciClcca9, katpt. II), 164, 8-10.

Section 1.1.

HISTORY OF LUNAR MAPPING

'he first map of the moc~laon record predates the iwenticrn o f the telescc-ipe a n d was
based on naked-eye sbsa.rvatinns. HOW~VCB",
the histcry of Iuliar n~appingparallels the Irnlstilry
o f the telescope ~ t maps
h innproving as telescopes of greater power came into ust., Nalurally,
t h e earlier maps have the limitations 06' their. times sinnce the observers r~sedsmall apepll;~~res
and were unable to detect naannerous featr~resw hich can now be discerned wit11 ease on luraar
photographs.
The earlier llr~narnmaps were drawn with north at ithe top just as n~oderra lunar arsd
terrestrial maps are drawn today. This was the custom in the early days of lunar maploing
since the eyepiece in the first te%escop~s
produced an insagc right side up,Later, more efficierat
telesc~peswere c o n ~ t ~ u ~with
t e d an eyepiece which produced an.inverted Enaagc,.Thuq zrlarly
o f the; ~ ' $ $ I ~ o w - o ~ obseaaversprodtrrced l u n a r maps with soaath at the top, the qame as viewed in
tho telesco~ae.
F o l h k n g i s a chronolo@cal history of Bunaa*mappirrg, il%ustrateciin Inany instances with
a re11roductsoKa of the c r a k ~ rC opernic~lscopied lrorn he lunar 111~pof a particular ohserver,
l%t the outset it should. be eanphasizeti that a fair cazurparisaon I~c~tweerljthe"hc1 H11divBclel~1
dravvings can be made only bv taking into consideration the Biiaasar. diameter at wllic1-8 the
originals avere drawn, For ease o f i~~teryretaiioar
all illustratiorzs have heen orir.anted with north
a t ;,he top.
eirea I Gf)O-(;II,BERT
Wlll~amG~Xksert(Rrrtash sc aeaatlsl, 154 0- 160:it t h e drsrboverc-kr of terrestr ial ralagtrrlt~\ra)

GaBileo i s aaorn~alfiyc r e d i t ~ dw i t h drawing the first map

of the moon but in Gi%
t)e%rtPs
book 'me Mundo Nostro Sub-

lunari, etc," he includes a m a p of the rnoora, Figure 1. This

map, based on naked-eye observations, was made some t i m e

prior to his death ira 1603 which w a s some five years before

the inventioar8 of the t e l c s ~ ~ ~ pPVi

t l ,th011a
a tel~scbupe,G ilbert

et>rrld only- distinguish bet ween the light and a h r k direas of the

moor] ~ { h i che
h outlined
lais map, Also, contrary to Galilca's

tinrnts with the lighter areas being st3;ii The a r m t h a t h e

named Regirl Magna Orientalas (Great E~stersrKcxgionz r 11~ars
a close resemblance to Mare l~nbriilnl;
the sasnc %& "x*~ie
lor*hss
""Rrita~rnia",wlsic"aa~a,inti des qariltc well w 14le ibe p o s i t i o t ~o i
$dare $hisiurrz,
1610- (:A&HI,EO
C;;~.X~[G^I~
!;~l!lldi ( I ~ Y I I W
; kI Il .

',

*'

Fig.. Sk Ciilb~rt-carca1600

~ l O ~ 1;)1?-/&-1
~ ) ~ ~ b~12)
,

through a t eiiesc ope, While Galiko i s not (~pet4ireciw i t h 11;1ven$~r%g

the. 1~4e"+ckal~t*,

11t41d ;t~*n&kt:ne

t w o Eerax~sinto a "seeing t$uhe,"*

arrd on :R,
i 1tiar nigh!, 111 i l ~ &
1609
~ ~t~lk~ntvd
e
h.ibz ~ T Y I U ~i C~~hC t
r u r ~ e ~ ~ d
t63a~vardthe maaon, PBlhtt-, he lvas &it: to dii-tiiiguisii f ' o ~the $.lis-tt t r i d c k w h a t apptlarty(i to be
craters, n~oulltainsand pea. on t h e ltxnar surfac e" T h e f o B l o ~ i ~J,l p~a i:l l * G;eliIa=o~bilKBfr.hed his

Section 1.2

discoveries in a book e~atitleci" "Slderet~sNu ncirns" which cont airaed four differenQhaase
sketches of the nroonl, each draw;a;r88 can (3.14 inches) in cfiameter, Ac&uaBIy,his book contains
five lunar drawings but one was dupli(.atecl on another page.'$'m~o06 Galiileo's original lunar.
drawings, copied from his "Sidereus Nuncins9" are shown in Figures 2 and ;].(North i s at
the top. An interesting fact i s t ksat there lare oi-her sets of Galileo ramoon maps in print reported
to be f r o n ~his book h u t i n reality these are serbstandard copies drawn by other artists.

Fig. 3 GaiiPec>-1610

Fig 2 Galdecr- 16113

1618 13tiKKLOT

'fkitrillas Har xlot (13n"Lsh mat lrematlc~arn,1360-1624)

-.

About the same time Galilee was observing in Italy, IQarrioCin England ccsnlrnenced
hio
~bservations ok the noon with a x6 telescope. On September 12 and 13, 1610,he drew
t w o krvaxing moolas which clearly show t h e fea"&re k1aa.e Crisiaarn and what appear to be out
lines o f Mare 'r~ar~quillitatis,
Nectaris and Feca~nditatis.Probably during the sarne tirne he
drew the full XPaoepn Inlap shown in Figure 4, 'I'hls map was made by card ull y noting iiiiign
nments of fpattsres and relative disf ~ I P C P Sbetween thexra. The acclnraey of his nnap becomes
apparent by a visual comparison with the full moon photograph shown in Figure 5.

Fig. 5 EBicdu Midi

Fig. 4 EIarsiot -161 0

F-trl Moon Photo

Section 1.2
2

GaliIeo and Marritrt bj no srskearls had a naonlqio!y 02

telescopes since about tlse same tirne S c k ~ ~ i n i
enr Gern~aur:~
had obtained one, In iacb,, hy 1611 be s-ivn-kecl at least eigls t
o f these scarce ir.e.;trunrle~rts. Schei~ser'sB~andrmap, Figure 6,
published in ii 614, ihows i x f'~r.;t quarter lrraoon OJ iented \%ria h
north at the t o p In some respects, Sr*l&eln~er"s
aP4R p indie R tes
more detail than1 IItirrioi'*.t, Many fea turps dwignm t>d ha
iietiers ( H I ~ I T Ifor
~ S lunar features w t r e r ~ o tin trod uced until
1645 by IAangrcnus)can he icierltif~wiby re$l$lren(*e
10 the Z j ~ ~ l l
moon pl.lio;ltogr.ayhi1.e E"iig11re5, Thus A is Marc- C P " ~ S & L
R,
I ~ I :

3,

Mare Spurnams; C",,arc

Frigoris; D, ,!+dare Serenitat is, I
Fecundi tatis; 6,Mare Nec taris;

Mare Tranqunllitatis; F,
and M, the crater L l m . ; t ~ ~ e l e'rhc
~ , area to the ~ o ~ i along
th
t h e ternainator, ae d r a v ~ by
t ~ !,acknilres, T P ~ ~ - $ s s ~ ' B ~ * S F 'hc~p~~~therlil
bigfllands
16BQ-- &IA%I,4PkEHJw
('11<,0'\-i

h4d:eat,t'8f

(136

I~I.CT
%t*$948
~

ax^'^:

ii

~ ~ l d < * * ~ Y l r i ~ e-t~ ~ ~

Zt*~:ti"

>'I

F1g 6 Scbc.lnc*r Ikil 4

Follovgirag rile viorks of FIar;*iot and Sc heirse~ b I ~ J a l . ~liralt 16t 9 pr0~1u.i

~d a p;thel,-e~ ' k c i ; { ~ h
the moon drawn 4,9crn (I,9irpcki(as)IKI.d i a ~ x welt: JJis sketch showed the ~ I O O I IETI l vt o forms,
one with north at he top and one vVrith south at the topt t h e saline as ohservec4%%
tl~rotaglb

an

ina vert ed irrnage tt>lescop~,

rg;

FI~OJI?;
ohschrva ticms by Gassentis and k s friend, Nlcolas
C1atrde Fabrri de Pcircw 4 1580-1637),Meilnn produced t h r e e
very fine erlgraeairsgs of t hc moon duririg 1634-35, t>ragpv
ings, 21 $m(8-3
i gga:h~~) diameter, $*on4isteC?dof
?.vaxil~g
giI>l,ons, kuCI n ~ c ~ oand
i ~ , i i waning gibhous, all orient eti wit11
nor$h a t the 1013. 'rhesc engravings, both in accsurac.v and
artistic app6;aaranc3$;i9
surpass~dall p r c v i ~ u ssttempts to draw
the l u n a r surface. M6*11an9se ngraving of the crater Coperrzictis
15 " 4 ~ v i nin F~g11rt3
7
Fig. '7 Mchltan- l6:i7

1645 - T A NC;RE NIT S

Micl~ePFEorcnt van I>angi.cn(l,ar;ii$re~~~~~;,
Rk jig~janf3nclIBeerand mat hel??at~c~an"
i00O-lG7'5)

I,angrerlus5map, published ir! % 645,was 8 h e first f o assign

8wa mes t o lunar features, these hean g nansed after gciographica!
iiseations, scientists, noblemen arid. er.c-i;v~~i~ec'%
ilcads, He named

the crafer.Copernicus aft6:~r

IBbilipI\'( King o f Spaill froan 1621 to

1 665)-Over sixty of lAaligm.enus'names survived the passage

oB time but only f o t ~ rin their original locatior~s:t he craters

IBIJangrenus (after hinlsdf 1, Endymio13, and Py rtlagoras plus

Sinus Medius, later renamed Sirri~rs Mediit, The cr;a$er

Copernieus, Figure 8,was copied from Langrenus9map, 33-6cm

( 13,2inches) in diameter, and was oriented with north at the

top, His map i s s h p l y drawn with shaded outlines for craters

and a stipple for the maria,

Section 1.2

1645 - RlIETTA

Anton Marla Sch v le

~ (st Khertn (C/t e h ( ayn~cblnmonk ;enti optrc inn, L 5c37I OhO)

Also in 1645,8-theit;l pmt18j;sbedthe first lunar map oriented

with south at the toy, based ona telescopic observat~orsswith

an inverting eyepiece that he designed, Rhei ta9smap, 18.5cm
( 7 - 3inches) in rllanseter, shows a fairly accurate delineation of
the arrlaAa which are shaded with parallel lines spaced close
together t o give a dark appearance. The larger cr.kla,c.r.;, some
~j4/iJTh their ray structures, are ~ndicatedin their rcspedive
Iouatitsns, but for the. rem;~nrade.rof his ;nap Hheita fiPIed in
t h e c:raterea$ areas with sym holic detail. H i s map contains nu
norraenclat~arebut, like Scheiner, hc use($letters to desig~iatc
major feat.urc\s.Show11 in Figure $1 is Rheita'si drawnng of the
( raker Copernicus,

1646 - FONTANA

Frarrtbe.;co Fi~aitana( Ital~iinLav,vc.m and ;ismiltctur nitronoariel . 1585-1656)

Fo&an;aq~
m ap7j~eal~lish~d
ira Iti47 arad oriented wir h SOU t h
ah the topl was an ;;tI)urtive a t t ~ i l ~ tpot draw the mcaiixl and
must be corasitlered substandard "e other I tleaar naaps ca f

that time, Foxatana paid dnttlel abic~ntiont o either l~ositionor

clefnil andl except for scmarme of "the nr;a;gi~rfeatures, Ire symhol
ized areas outside of the maria more or less by dral~iregcrar;ers
at ra~ldom, Elis nnap did not carry aary r1ora1enclataare,
E"sbnkana's draiving o f Ca~ggerr-ricus,
copied frcrnz his 24 crn (9-44
ialches) clian~eterruap, i s sklown in Figure 40,

1647 - HEVEIABIJS

.8ohxr P-lrt\i.lclre or Wo-ceI (He:.elru\) ( IQdilish astvonornej , 1611-1687)

By 4 647Hchl-PLUShad accomplished sufficient work at the

telescope t o puMlash three lunar. maps, each 28 ~m (II

isrehes I in caiarl~eter,plus 40 drawings of individual phases (if

the ~ncacsn-a,
FIEs full naoon drawirags, all orienked with north at

t h e 4 or), i;hr,"va,~etl

for the first t i m e the nnaxinlunn libation cii

the limb regict~rs, From one of Ilevellusg lmaps, the crater

Col~cmicusi s shown in Fignlbr 11. TLus map was drawn with

a. series taf parallel lines of varying ~k~icknei;s

- a %-pryeifeclive

technique for. ptauiraying lunar fealtlres at the scale at which

the original was nmda. IE-levefi~lsclisregaxided the?nomainillaturc.

introduced by Langrenrrs, an$ dehised a system of rlames based

on terrestrial eountchrparts, Accordirag;Ii y,he gave the narnes

of Alps, Clarpathians, Q'aur*asrms7

Ayennlnes, and so on,but f e n

o f 11is proposed names s w v i ved. Incidental1 y, he naxned

Copernicnas, Mt, Etnal and khe sa~rroundingarea: Sicilia.

PI#I 1 IIcvc~B111~--1647

1649 - DlVENl
E ~ l ~ t a dIiI~~o~LI I E (Itnlrarm l eleiciape make1 I la 1 O-I bibe>)

Follokng H~velius,t he next map to e3nr%lc-k-ge

on thc~

1a~;;tr
scene was one in 1649 by Iliaiini. Ehs map, w h i i % ~ v c ~from
~~iea~
f f eve%ius9nroaps, does not appear So be as accura-eelg or nq
precisely draw11 as the maps of Heveliels. One nc,kicea%~86;
feat-care on Divini's m a p i s t h e extensive r a y g y s t e ~ r nof~ t h e
mat ers 'ryclao, Goyemicus and Kepler. Slloavn in Figure 13 i s
tt-rie Cuperrmicus area from Hlivirri's ~ ~ engraved
a p
wit,!-@a &a
meter o f 28,8C ~ (I I1-33inches\,

1651 - RTCC,'IOLI/GRIMA1~Il1

Joannr~sHa[strgta hdac~loli(Itslean Jesurt astrn~r;oe~lte~,

I598-iih'k .I 1
2
I ; u ;ancchs<o Mar 13 GxwiaJd~(1t allan . J e w 1 ,-lu101~oxiie1k 6, I 1

.-

Riccioli in 1651 published t w ? nsaty~,(?;laa*lr, P R ICI (11

5inches) in diameber,orienied 1% it b raorth a1 the I ley~anti drci.w~~
h y his st~ldentG rinlaldi, Itic~*ioircan h~ :icon.sidc a; z i t s $!IP
father of the Iranar. rion~~raclattr~*c~
sy".iem ah isire k~aow1%I odav;
lpag was the O-PIPwho (JHscarded t i l e m-8;-nnxAs
oi F1e.c eiitxh a n d
rrarnetf the craters after fa~notlsscicbntists or 1?iF2ilos~aphe~s.
He
xaanled the tlrnrcw rayed c*r.ah,ei8h;%.'"iai~t;1~~~~h1~5,
Me,.p!~:.t, i r e 1
Copern~cu&;
after men who believa: Et f t ~ i ~h(9f s~as~,
a;lsf :tot the
earth, was at the centel o f 1B1e univtars~*Iiiccioli I~eiitl~
w i that
the earth was the c ~ n t e rof the universe Sta did t h e not ed
Ilartish ;%.;trborreomer
Tycho Brahe, and %or t I p l e iae,iZai7(tal$iZicv Loli
rissign~hdthe name 1'ych.eo to the nwst praminei~i-ef .ill ra~.,r.d
11anaa;-crater<"Pork the dark areas RiecioJi g i w e ~ x o t i en l l r i -g~ic$u~
eqque seame.: salcb as Mare Inlbriuwn (Spa of Rains), O ( : w r l ~ a s
P~-oc*~$lamnl
(Orean of St orrns),M s r e Se ren~
tat
is (Sea(11Sc~rrnitvj
adad nm?;ngyothers which have 9ien1a ineel in U-e T O f
dsl
111

all. I2nc.c.ioHi ~srope,sacrc%

ahout 200 n ; n r e I'r q~ean i i 1 1 "-tlc
~
sion

o f Kiccioli9smap is
in Figure 13,

M o n t a m a ~ t, 1 2 <~ ~ ~ S C O V P ~ e,iP B the

I
lii~I1Q.c)-~,,aaaec~s
of A lpoj
( a .;tar in the t * i a r ~ qellat
t
i o n Pe~iie~l";i),
drew ;a snali <:$: he nlarorl
irz; 16X2, MKSi19ap, .633P mya 81 5 ma~ckles~
irr daalneter on t h e ;.e,nghlr;%ta
was s,a1*acrst4.
w i t h nort 11 aa the toy arid dad rroli ta~clusleaaanw-,
4 review e ~ M
i c ~ n ~ a n adt-aiving
r ~ ' ~ ~ w ' e a tlh~a t ir r s inf'enier t o
aII hut l ~ t ~ ~ ~I ItI :a~ n~hut
I a ~caibntajns
~
wsrne3 few %Ires1106 R ~ O P11
in ear lieamxnap-,A.4(.~s:t;;n,c9rfid r m ~I v~g
. oi (:(J~J~ITECSBC,
P ~ O \ " I J Iito
~
FR~IIYC*
l a , was e : o ~ l = e l c f Jraanl Is]-. Tsusn;3 r rmap,

Fig. 14 hlontaaaarl- 1662

Section 1.2

I680 - C-ASSIN1

i; 1o-idnnl Ilomenico C':~+nal( Italian aidrcrraomea , 162.5-17 12)

Cassini, recognized for his basic laws of the rmr~oo~lr's

rob
tion, drew a 54-crn (21.2-isric1-r) diameter Irtnar. map in 4Ci86). His
map, engaved by C;la~ldeMelBan, was the Bargest to be ~Jrawn
as of this date. Zt revealed more (let:-rilthan ring of' i t s prcde
cessors, hut in some areas Cassini drew small craters whicfra did
not exist. For example, Fagalre 15 from Cassini's map shows none x ~ s t e n ks~nahlc raters surro~licdciin
g Q"operrricus, cassini was
the first to draw the area o f Mare S~llytjTlii~ B tI he limb regncln.
His mays, alriei-r~tedw i t h south at the top, did not carry a n y
nowlenelature.
Fig. 15 Cassmi- 1680

Earnmart in 1694 engraved and published a 28.1-CFBB

( II
ineta) diameker full-moon map, His map does neat irmclude
~i;omenc.ilatureeand is oriented wit21 north ad the top. The
Copermicus section of Eimlrnart9s map, portrayed at fiall illura~i
anation, is shown in Figure 16,
Fig. 16 Earnmart- R 694

1764 - HE LB,

Max~nliIiaaiHe11 (Arrqtnan Jeslart astrorrc~rner,1 720-1792)

Fig. 17 Hrlll- 176.2

I-Ieli. born in BafiskA Stiavnica, Czechoslovakia. entered

the order of rJesuits arrd was well kne~vk-xlas Father IIelh. He
became director of the Vienna Observatory and in 1764 pub
lished a full-moon map, 18-5cm (73inches) in diameter. His
rxrap, orimtecl with north at the lop, does rrot show a n y nan1e.s
but instead carries numbers for xnmy of the craters and letters
for t h e anaria and promialcnces. However, in t h e text that
accompanies his map, there i s a table of 130 fhrn~ationswith
the nanles given by Riccioll and HeveLins, He added II o f his
own, of which 6 have been r~sedagain in different locations:
the other 5 have been dropped, The Coperrricus sec-e-ionfrom
Hell's map is shown in Figure 17. From all appearances his
map contributed very little, if anythibg, to the history o f
mapping the moon,

Mayer i s coirlsidered by wnlc as 1he first modern seleno

graplmer., for he was t h e firs1 t o e ~ f i ~ b Bai ~set
h 04' cboordinates
and draw m a p of the. moon bawd esn carefu%%y
nleasalred
positi011~i In addit ion t o b i n g an astrs~norner,Mayer was a
skilled mat hern;laticia~~and ark acc r,rllplistltd cari ographea*,
whicilm perhaps accounts for tire e x c e k l e ~ ~with
c ~ which h e
conskruc-ka-tlhis nsuy,, BAaycr drew t w o eornpiiete nsaps o f the
nroon, hot &Isimi tar %lasppeab.anccL,but neit helpwas published
drterirlg his lifebi~me, While the date5 of I-sk nnaps are %lardto
deternlirae, it appears that the%w'r-c drawn dr.a the secor~dhalf"
Fig 18 M>ryer-l88l
o f 1750,His I9-cm(9.3-inc:21b diameter may, careferkly sleadetl
12nd oriented with north 216 4 he top, was ;l~>".r%>licshed
in 1775 1~11C"Bec-srgciI,is.lrnaer~ta-e~g,Pig larger
46-aim $18-inch)map, s1nai1a-i-Hy drawn baa&oriented with 901l~hn t the top, was puk~lis!~lcdmore
than a centt-try later. by Ernst K l i r ~ k e r f ~ in
~ e $881,
s
A set+tissnof this map i.;showra

in Figure
18, Neither of Mayer9smaps carried an> r~ornenc~lature-

Johnrzn H ~ e r s mri,i
n ~ Schroter (Gernran sele~sograp11e~ 17%5-1816)

Sehrotclr origir~allyplanned t e~ <be~n~kruc$

a Iaxnar mag) 1 1 X
ern (46-5inches) in dianleter but after tlearly 30 years of :IL
o
1 he published in 1'191 on8y isolated areas undrlr. =
the title ""Selentrtopograpkcaiea1 Fr;tgme~..~ts,''
Iie ~.ontinuedwith
his lunar observations and published a second voPgurne i i l ~I t3Ca;ia i
Scbroter's drawing of Coperalictrs, Figure 15,made in I788 lsut :
not published until 1791. i s in&cr?kive of"Inis style of po~*tra\ii~:g
I~xnarnomeiasclaturs-pa:rd
lurrar features. He used Riccio%i9s
added some 64) names. Schr6tem;malso i n t ~ . o d tt ~
hte~fysf
~ ~r ~q nf of
ideratifyjmg smallex. features by the letter.; tbt t hr Rt~rnanand
Greek aiphabeb- His tirawiriigs -were nr.~r.nt~.d1vii.h - - ~ s t a f "a at
the top.

1805 - R118YELL
,John Ruiheil (Engilsla painter and arrrake.i;ira.;trr,noarier, i i-:i-I & p O

Russell Bovcptl to oisserve the moon id ow4r 3 perjod o f

years made a series of sssrra~e200 per~cilsk~:.tc!~tls

of val*kccis

t l i - C G Y B(~i
lh
l)

lunar. formations. His map o f t h e moon, ~ ~ l " l ~ ~ ) Ij3

inc81es) in diameter on the 01-iginal, was p:ri)a!ish(:d in 8105

Sheswr~ irr Figure 20 is Russelli's d r a w ~ n ~ LI

; , 121~-c rate1

C:operrrieus, Also in 179'7Russell pro<irrced a. i2-11a~lig1011e of

the moon of which six copips are kerowr-a to exist i c ~ c l a * ~ ,

Section 1.2
7

Fig. 19 Schrotcr

1791

1.2%

- f A 0 M K M 4h?4

l - b ~ l i ~8 ~ B ~ T ~ I 1 &; 1

31 I N ( ( 7 t > r l < ~ I h-t);?

I

v u ~ ~ ~1 ~ ~ ~ r ? ! ~ ~

h d ~ " h g 1 ~ r j i h b 1 ~i r ~ h i - i a h \ ) @ 4 l * ; k i t - . K ~ ~ ~ i r~: >~ rE* f* ui r i, t

7'jb*ihl*il

I 4c~lln*rilarlrz~ h ~ ~ c r ~ivlbh
: ~ n 8g 2 * h i1116*h B ~ ~ f l d s ~ tI lol Cl ;$stdrt*d
,
kt. hejenograpil16 p " ) o h ~ l k o l ~t t*f 79 1.~1bnfs ii'ga~n1 I22 t o I Y2C;*
1 hefie lilea\UrCh p3r~civitl<arl t he { ' o l r t i 01 /191+%1~11in.ar $t1;6*1) of 2:)
iq(:jbrkainr, &1;4\71ng n dialilkett-r c%$ !)7,5t*nl i38, 1 1811 hesj,
PO;IT
<-e:t Tcbra-$ V R ~ere

p ~ ~ . l i i l i ~111
h ~ d/ 624 : ~ n d , wI%;k14;*the rer~uaal~ai~a
g
L-*P~'~ZCIXIPW ~ I Y
cox-f~piled
~
i r ~ 1H:i6, !Iu:I
'%era- :)tit pkaijsfi~klecl
d u r ~ n ghis Iife:B;kti rne- Tk~errcrnaining sect ion5 were later ellagraved
~ I X 1~t~B91r411vd
C ~
in 1878 urlrle~.t he direction of JIX[~-PIS
Schmldf,

I I C ~ M Y ~i nV 1C&l8
~ Y I~A o l ~ r ~ n , t~nJn%
U ~ l i & s kall
~ t dC ~ X V ~ ~ ~slnailer

P I I ~

iluipB',
:ia8,7 2n1&(152 i r hehj
~
jn cii;~rnct~r,L ohrmann's ~.gtyl8al.of
fl;datur~por$~av;~L
iilal~tratticl111 F i g w P 21 was i n f l u ~ n c ~ 11y
el
T raining ar ;I, carta,graphit"re"H a . used hachtrres to show the
r ~ i s e dB rater r11~1;~
:.~;jrnd
a.$.Stip_irp]ae

of &'ariable intellsity to indicate

relative br igllt~ies. iof the flat der areas.

1834- REEK and M ~ I ) I , E R

Waikw 1171 l3eey ((;errncsn kia;~Le~

dild 4 r n i l t i t " ~ a d~sldl ~ir~ogllel,

1'797-1850)

loh~n8-e6"1~1rnrn1(11 MatBk~tr6 ;t>llltaranbhrolronrea 1 3 4 - 1874)

H w r built a private ohservatorj/ m

iw
- Berlin arad with tlae

aid o f his friend ~Vatilerproceeded to 5tudy the moola, ~ V ~ B L K

1t I>ee"ameevident tElat I,r,h~.rnannwoalbd rltat eont i ~ a r ~

tvitkjkl
e
the
own to the same scale but to h-divided into f'oun. y ut~dr~jknts,

Thus k & ~ s _map,

r
94 4 erm (37-2inekles) in diarntter was pub-

Llsk;led in 18M . Another edjti(1ngreduced to 32 cm(l2,6 i11cdlae;is)

in dianteter., appearedil~4837, Beer arlct Madlcrkxrrnap w a s

based or$ considerably ra-rore rrbeaasured posidia~nsthan ~asedb y

L,ohrrnar-en and contained praertieal%yall lurlar Gatures Chat

could be observed with their 4-inch refractor, Their style of

drawing was very similar t o that used h ) ~Lohrnano except

22 Beer an(l Maiilii-lH31

t h e hacslures are lclss prono~lnced,w hich ir-s: many respecbts

o f f he l~lnarsurface. Also he-

gives a more eaithft~!!

cause of their naetigsulor~cwork, they "inrere able kts add 145 names to the list c~lnlsj~iledb y

RHceioiiP and Schroter usin-ag principallv the names of pro~ninentscierltisls who followed

Riccio$ig. Beer and Madler9s drawing of Copera-nicr~sis shown in Figure 22.

1859/1876- WEBB, BERT, N ASNPTH9CARPENTER, NEISON

After Beer and hladler's Ynap saf 1834,soane forty years P ~ ~ S SC~ipfore
C ' ~
the next sIg11ificanf
advance in lunar mappia~gby the great sele~nographmJulius Schnaidh, Hovvever, during the
intervening tin~e,eo~asiderablescienlific interest in tllic~moon devc%opedirm EalglzsncB, 'Fh0111as
William INehh, an English cberg;jm:~nand aanziteur astronon~er(1806-1885)
kbecarne interested
in the moon arour~d9834 ancHfrorra lais own observations and Beer anti MadHer9s map Inc
redrew in 1859 ;a much smaller I~arrarmap in a style niruch like that o f Sclarot er, Another
EngJisI~astrononlcr, William Kadcliff Rirt (1804-1881)
cna-snceived i he idea for a large Isrnar
rnap, 506) am (200 irlches) in diatneter., We accompliskred ~ncsstof hi.; work between $864and.
9 869 bud only four sheets were corn~pleked.James Nasmykh, a Scottish engineer (1808-1
890)
and James Carpenter, an Englisln astronomer (1840-1899)
combined efforts and in 1874 pub
lished a book, ""The M O O I ~which
~ " coirakained a series of photographs of plaster models based
on drawings obtaincld at the telescope. Also,the English selenographer. Edmund Neisoiia

and the (>on

-:SlbJ) p ~ ~ ~ l ~ 1876
i ~ sa ldescription
~ ~ ~ ~ i of the lunar surface in ""The h1001.1

6 1S,J

Ct)-~-,fig-u~
aryic,~ris~ z . $Its Surface9'with an accompanying 60-cm 624-inch) diameter
book was Iiasc9-1 on the work of hIad%er.but his n a p ~ I I C B L I C B P ~ detail

(iirgilor~.a:ld

1113;~ jitjiiifi_.l3 (BE;

Neiscbn's

fi;""~n.
k ~ ot%
i XI
~ t

a i l--rzarh~:altlat
0 r . d telescopic oljservatii~ns,

1975 .

Jtgre*2
P ~t~~~4

tv

la

5t I \ ~ X I I ~GCII:I;~II
~T
~ e l e n o g t a p h e 1~*2?-18F4)

>=f~
cr ~ 1 / ~ 1 ~2e;i ~3 1~ ~of4 ob+r~**~-nrlg
thc siloon, Sehnnidt in 1866

i ~ : ~ s n k ;!ifindl draijijirlgs info a new ,map

i i e 81ci~ld+c-$ 0 ~ % 3 h ha+
4j-ltk T
:
rri.easar.irag 1195 CSPI b76,F inches) in diameter, He
."kLcn;-*t
1 ? 0 ~1 0 an1,3 kaz a r a L new posit aoraahr~.seasureme~a
ts hut to

qlnh 1 j i i l x r i b the
~
01,:r631 dk-,.rcla,p~d
h j his pri.edecessors, Tn

#-<
id<:%e-):\
meld,

I,t~ljrrnanrs" ,.:lap of 25 sectizans to twice i t s

car~g~nsl
<;., aie f f l r ~ ~ ~ . tthf
i n g hasis for his map, each section

n ~ e : ~ s u r 16''
~ ~ -xg 1 6 ', Frcprn okjs~rvatiasnemade with his 6-inch
r*t-fiac.tot he Wii.1; ahlc trr add c*orr~:.riderahlym ore detail as noted
IE :his dl-as :ng 111 $'s~pt-"l"niv~as,
Figt1r.e 23. ScaRlmidt coa~lpBBeted
hrs wf,i k r~ 18;4. imt 111.. m a p was laot published until four
1~gar;l:
k.1 pi.
the a' ussiara govcrnme~zt,
;LP:~

p-177

5
1tnlr,; f h e 1a!ce1y21r$I of the J 9th (>en$.
L L X " ~ , Gaudiberi carried out a nuinber of lunar
&;ICKLS
.
%-%th 3,ii-ancal r s a f ector, In 1887 hc published a 63-5-elrr (25-inch) diameter

)
; )i.c+t,
,-,T8hr

.
;
.

77

b # l n li ~ v p ,( ;:"aldiix~t'~
l unar draw~ngsa re

i t a x

~ ' l g23 Schlral~dk 1%"

noted for their accuracy and inclusion o f rnialut~

$89-5
- 68-g1114AH

r f r l ~ t j ~ ~ e~ ?, ag~~. i ~b:i:ji;+w
:
(E1~g:ll$iijieng.yneel and 5clerni~gx,rl>11~>1:,i 8+rF-1hi9 ;

R1ger7s~ l ~ rq~ p~ ~
x t s u r $6
i ~ ciil
~ g I lh ~nckiies)in dlarneter and
wkent,ed wi.',h so11th at the tog. w ti,: based 019obs~117afions with
,in W,5-irlch *eIrattola His rala y , ytahiishetl ira 3895,was She first
J<~ligli.;hlaan;dr rrrair IX~)$. r $ ~ f t l ~ - ~ n10c tthe
d work of Madler, T h e
(v8.;pen-97"ci~~
area t + f Kigerh PO;rnp 1s c+hf.awnrlra Figure 24,

( C ~ ~ ~ ~ tnaira!~
B ~ t e cofi viseial tshservations annotated on p%.lotargraphs

o i
t h e
a s~ale.,
of 1 :I 000,000 1 1.4-f'r~otdianaetcr.), A pr~linsiin~ry

sample of Krieger9.;
- J Q ~ sk 9"r;?;*I:i.F:-i?;.ti
I XI-48 i111t he i ? ~ c 4d;oriiy rhc~reaib'ter"
kt.efi)rcd~hecould carrp out his plan
fr :'
asprq);t-t:.
I~"ariniita-6-riigch F:i gh: CPII 0%114s *<beet 4; were later p r b
~lisli-eerl in ii 912 h y Hudoiif
i<r2e2ei

Cb

r1i5jplr:1 ea:,,r g r a r i t ! )

K :Is-,j $2.
1315 - -:elol),i(RSEI
t\

%.",id

- tibljiii

I*;y&gIi

jl

l856a-lO %>-i

4j~:d~tvir-.(4i~"llra~r*nlilr<q

a*~rrr~lilcte~I
~ 1 1 pi.&d&5hehl
~ 1
hi:
8mge 111ap of the E I O O ~ , IIis origil~alm ap
hi i t i c T ~ * * ) c ~ z ( i"cX
vt 2~ 'OX, : t & ~ c~a: a -l..im~:it+-htet
14 it a aji;3nretciu of 195.5crn 477 iraches) and aftc~rwardsit was
2 ; -,~r~";jt)rlsa t :: ~,~-rdhler
.scab of 152 w r s (604l;kchee) to t h c MBOO~'.; die%naeBer,
p14~ii:
t:tq;j

Goodacre obselrveci with a 10-inch Cocske refrae:tor but his

map was based primarily on photographs by Messrs, IJoevvy
and Puisem at Pans and the 100-inch Hooker telescope a8 Mt.
Wilson, For control he used most o f t he 1,433 points measured
by Saunder and becarrse of this the positioraal accuracy of his
map was far superior to earlier maps,
Goodacre was the first t o use the rectangular grid which
was subsequently adopted by Wilkins and others. His m a p
was also reissued in 3 93I a t a smaller scale, measuring 76 ern
(30 inches) in diameter, From Gocsd;aere9s map, shown in
Figure 25 is his drawing of Cspermicus,oriented with north ad
the top,

'

-;d

1'

F P 25
~ Goodacre- I 9 10

1924 WGiLKINS

-.

Hrxgh Percivai Wilkrarii (English amaice~~rr

wlenoffiiayher, 1896-1960)

Fig. 26 Wilkins-3 951

WiBkins was not a professional astronomer but he had an

intense interest in the moon and spent many hours at the
telescope, From visual obsewations cnmanencirng in 1909 and
details eelpied from large scale photograph Wikins published
in 1924 his first lunar map measuring 152-4em (60 inches) in
diameter, This was followed by one o f 508-cm (288-inch)
diameter in 19:30 and a map o f 762-em (308-inch) diameter in
1946, The 300-inch m a p Gvas never published at that scale,
on1y at BOO iraches, first in 1946 with a 3rd edition in 1951,
The C:opernicus area,Figure 26, was copied frons his latest
map.,

1926 - A N D ~ I ,

Marc1 And61 ~ C ~ e c h o s I o v a knitronomer,

m

1884-1947)

And 61's map of the moon, 61 ern (24 inches) in diameter

was published an 1926. The Copernicus area of Andel's map,
shown in Figure 29, demonstrates his technique of dravvrng
shadows t o create the impression s f relief, The over-all ap
pearance o f his ma11 is quite striking compared t o t h a m f his
predecessors,

1927 - I ~ A M ~ C H

Fehx C'hemla Larnkch (French aqtronomer, 1894-1962)

IbJam&ch,born in Ariana, Tunisia, went do Greece for his

astronowlical work, especially o f the moon, He was director
of the observatory at Corfu in 1926 and Nice in 1928, In 1927
he published his first lunar map measuring 45.7 cm (18inches)
in diameter, This was followed by t w o 61,5-cm (24-inch)
diameter lunar maps in 1934 and 1957,the latter k i n g pub
lished in eolcar, Lam&chbdrawing of Copernieus, shown in.
Figure 28, was copied from his 1957 map,
Fig, 28 LamPeh-1957

Section 1.2
10

Farlthh,1 he fast of t h e g r m ; visuaj ~ ~ b s e r v ebegan

r s ~ studying the rnoon at the early age
of e-aghreel], Five ycarc later hc established his first observatory and irn 1 894 published a topo
graphic atlas of 25 lunar regions, Afterward Fa~xthmade plans for a new l:L,000,000
scale
r 3 1,4-foot d~srnetrrp irrnar map io !>eprepared from photographs and supplemented with finer
detail f"ro:n v*ss~al
ol~servations.I n I895 he built his second observator;~and hy 1902 had dis
ccsvt3red wrne 5,600n ~ lunar
~ ~ eraterle.$
~ 1 ~s arsd r:le$"a;s, His third observatory was built brra 11911
"ei laa.ga~-ee:~le
maps. An exan~pleo f his work fi-oan f his atlas is
shown i n Figalre 2g9 origillally drawn at a scale of 1:200,000,

F:iu-e;h\ lunar drawirlgs weans works o f art, He used a system of

*h aded I inwpsolid and dashed, which very effectively j~oatkrays
t h e hraar re3ka.f. Several. sheets of his great 14,4-fout rnap of 22
sections were also isstaed iaz 1932 but only five had been comple
ted at the time of his cieath in 1 941, His soni ITermann Fatsth,
t;ompleted the remaining 17 slleets from per~eildrafts arad pub
lished the cemplete m a p irr 3 964.In 1936,Fauth also published
a smaller nlossn m a p of lesser ir~nportance,This map, 8'7 em 634
inches)in diametea.,was drawr~in six sheets to serve as a nornen
clature guide for hi4 book ""Binser

HAIT - 1935 - BL,AGG and FjTFJS1,EV

Mas:$.Adel;: k31agg :iKn-gglishsele~rographer,1858-1944)

lv3Ji]iinmHerrr.?; Vdesle~;(Eng4isSa scie~ltifie:artist, 1841- 2 922)

l ?xe l AIJ l~snarm ap, published in I,o~ldonin 1935 under

the ~ u w T ~ tsf
: + Co~nnsission

I6 of the Tnternatic~nalAstro
Y

no;n~czi; t j n ~ u nar;as
,
draw!jia,il hy RBsgg arld Wesley, T h i s map,
kmsed OG b k ~ srns;basur'cst,f Fraaiz and Saunder, i s in fourteen
section+, $7he four knraer s e r t i o f ~ sW P ~ Pd r a w n by Wesley in
i

r-

19%1 -I9 12, w h i l e $ 1 ten

~ srlter st:etions covering the %irnb
regions, at a diffvrer,t scale, weire completed by Miss Hlagg Ern
1 92% he prikr~harypiirpose o f the TAU m a p was "B serve as
a I-.
J ~ S P
>npc.;i ;vh.it.h 3flad-y f3iajig, assi~t$:id
by k)~",
Karl &Idler
-7k>$ki r , G O S R record
I~
t h e ~ ~ a n a eand
d Bettered for~nations
in Figure 341 i s the

i i p p ~ o v ~by
d t h e 1s"tC ill ? ~ 3 2Shown
~
BT-irr;~rn~;"g~
nrea ~ d p i e dfrosn the sect ion drawn k>y I Yesley.

K c ~ it !x~B* 131agg nor %iTes8e

y was a recognized visual observer

1959 - DOII/MASL4
The s u c c ~ s s f u iliaurlchiirlg o f Sputnik I,orr October 4, 19569,suddvnj6v crested a sense of
urgency for rnore detailed lunar studies, In the United States, a eonlprebenhivz lamar nlap
ping progran~was undertaken by Dey~i~rtment
of D e f e ~ ~ agencies
se
for USP k4:v the Natitand
Aeronautics and Space Adrninistratio~
Fox the first time preafessitar~alc arbgrapkers, experienced in ps-odue~rlgterrestrial may*
from aerial photographs, begarm to compile sinnilar maps o f b h k " " ~moorr, %Jp to t h i s time, all
maps of the irraoon had been drawn on an or"hhogri~p11Pieprojection, w21ick pr~rt-gy.a:~ed
the r r ~ ~ b r l
as a sphere viewed frorrr an infinite dist;t~lce:..Because s ~ ~ h ~ r irnsps
c a l have their lirr~itatlc~~;.;~
new techraiqtaes had to be developed t o compile conventional moon map on 4t;indan.d projec
t i m s \with a carnstant scale which could be used for planning lunar explorations,
'Fhe U,S, Army Map Service (AMS) comn~encedwork in 1959 on a t~~o-sHree"s;1:5,000,O~~~~
scale topographic hnar map which was published in 1963.This map, compiled 011 a rnotiified
stcreographic projection,contains 1000-meter contours arad 500-nneter sitpplcmentarj coaltours (%eri\redstereographically ttk"01~11librated earth-hased photographs, Viq~aalobservatit,r'as
were not used. in conepiling t h e Ar.n.nv ranap.
Also in 1959 the IJ-SAir Force Aerona~~ticai&
Chart and Information Center CACICI)
initiated
on a l:lpOOO,CaOO scale (11,4--false>zdiameter) c:oordir~ated series o f lunar astro
nautical charts known as the T A G series, This proganai vi7ascarried out in cul'labr\ratiasn will1
a n~lmherof' scierrtiets, mainly at the Universitv of Manelrestg.r, England; t 1 1 ~Pie: dn Midi
Observatory, France; the Lunar and Planetary Eahoratory, Unrversity of Arizosn: iaratl the
Lowell Obse~aCgrra;~
Flagstaff, Arizona, A totid of 44 charts, ori~ntedait~?ifh
nortix ,at t h top,
~

22"x 229': covering t h e central front qide were ;.completed in 1967,

Showra in Figure 31 is the ACTC drawing o f C:operir~kacustaken from LAC 58,which was
ptzblish ed in 1559, This chart was cornpiled entirely from photograyxhs, %vithckllxberrefit :>f
visual observations, AC1C eonlnlencetl ;a visual observl~tio~aal
progs.arr1 isx 1961 at Lov~eBik
Observatory using their 24-inch refracl or; shown in Figure 32 i s the Copernicras portraval
from the 2d edition of LAC 58. This edition, published in 1964,eased v i s ~ l nohservatims
l
t0
supplement photographs, For cor~~parison,
shown in Figure 33 i s an excellerzt

pho t o g ~ a p hof

Copermicus taken in 4966 on the 61-inch NASA telescope, C:;~talina Observatory, Ur~Bversiitj-

of A ~ ~ z o I ~ R ,

NASA's five s~lceessfiliiL unar 0rbi"cen-flights in 1966-67 rek~arnedover Hli54 high-quality

I~nnal-p hstogaphs horn lurrar orbit. The availability of these photographs virtually negated

the need for further visual telescopic obsert~ationsannd bro~agkrtto a close an era of Btwnarr

mapping which was dependent upon the telescope for 357 years,

Fsg 31 ACIC-1959

Frg 3% ACIC-1964

Section 1-2
12

.AIter, I),, 1967,Pictorial Guide to rhcp Moon i,Voir $>,p.k*? ? ~ i i > r i ~ k:~ g Q"i.t,)l

iJ/

l j > i ~ f l i o,s ~
~ ~ l . .
ri

Both, E,E,,1960,"4 Iiist,ii~of Lunar Studies (Hmi&?~/o~lhiffi1:k;ict,I ? i i ~ s e ~-<j"

~ .94-jk.?01(i.4:~.

jri

Classien9B,, 1969,'The First, hlaps of the Mloori -- Sky and TeFcsc:ape, Vot . :$OrNci, 2

156 hiisli i r i y

ik""cniii i ~ i ~ i i f q,l/r"oss.
l,
I5'A-g

('br,r;orutdo~),

Fautb, $! ,,1969,Ph'niipp Fau~;h

ibi.~^;aiharctticm)~
KopaE,

the 340087 --Sky h i ~Tc~lc"b:y~pc,

i
Fi~vetn;tSb~,
1959 (t> :,i h?*,riqk7 ,\Y/ini:c;~

Z,,1966,\: n Introducdon to the Biuely of

,<X.!j

1";tiillilii,

the hJ.oon ft)n.~-a$r-~~~;$?

I, Nc)i/c6rid- I,. /tri.tj~-iI"libiis/: i r ~ yB l r r i i . ~ t ! >ri !ii.

Kspal, g,?1969,The Earliest ,Rfaps of the Moon - 'The Iv$(>on(j,i(,r.d,t.~t$i/, Hol/r~,t/d:hi.

Lewis, H,A, I;,", IM9,'Pie "Timt?-rz.s"Atlas of the Pd:di<)";!BY/o?cai(;p~: 1-7;ij!$x

ilik'/

l+iiri,t'++/iiri;/

i ' i l u : i i ( i i ii.~

. h ; ~ r t ' ~ ; : ~ . y ? " ~jAi::r,

$

Fan Qc Vgver, 6,J*,0,,

1971, Ltiriar >labs of rbe X'i71&$;enrury (kkkci~njiO h ~ j p r t v ~ t t l]'i/hl,;(.nfiiin
q~
I;)/.
Whitakep, E,, Personal < . o ] ~ ~ ~3$
t i aid
~ : ~I .lanar
;
Maps. 1972 (7?/4:~"i)r~,

'2,j

Willins & IVI (bore 196 1, The hiom [ l,tr.~dl:n:B Fh~er

:i ndJ1qhpa* 1-ipi iit',4),

i ~ . t ' y ~ S ~(4~ tAgJ,;i^ilof~q

j.

"i/

LLJNAR NOMENCLATURE
1.3

Tn t h e sect itin,"M~sLw;E~.of h n a r hlakspirig," Lang~-ealus

i s ~ r ~ d i t >is
e dthe first to assign
rlaenes t u Iunar features, Since r t s ~ n( i 645 r , her
~ %c:errogra2hersP such as He\-eliius, Riccioln,
I?

<C

h~ntahr=,74:isdle-9,

sac! Sel-ynidr . 211 :^cbnt~ ~ ? i hd&acidrtrc>l.a?il

iit~~i
E.rnnia;.~~ > ItJ etid not alwa? i

B+%I he i w a ~ l (9C)Oq tujl;tr *)oappel1a4ar~red i r f e l - d

greatly ;jn various rnaps that the
14Sngli.h .;eld;rsogl dg>herrf5, A Sat~nder*$ I85:?-:
(41 2 r in 1905 urged t hc fc~rni;ationof iarl irster
11" "lonal C O ~ B It ta.6
~ I t o P t A ~ i - 0 1 S O ~ Csc~r~'ilrlarig-s_
of cuder, FTOTII
tlw chain of eventq t &rat
f011(~;9.'(*d,
% f a v Nlagg enia.~
gt-ci :1-5onv B X ~ ~was
S O EG have a protound iniluence on standmdizing
lunar nsn1enclnd.8_;rr~
Mary A BLagg 61858-6!344 Tab:~h
the I O P E ~ Lassistant.
I ~ ~ ~ at Oxford ITni idersity Observatory,
i~i
1 Hc1~11ea
t Hall "T"6;;a ner It%Y 1:')'30), 'vho V~~CIA ;-?tt i v e in the refcjrn2 of lunar. r~o~~e~sclat~nree
1A&] Q'~r~Tlnllb~itlr"f'7(lAcbnarbio~-~ellc*Iat frori: 1922 to
1~41~3'4
I 905 rrlll an61 pl t'".cjlr"llj
B92#, ~ U i s sBLngg'~ \vto;trk was surrll-a~arizedby F,VV, Lbyson in his 1nt10ducti011t o ''Nanled
I,uii%arYnrmat~onc"bv Blagk s a ~ dhaerller p ~ ~ k ~ l i i
sn~1,ondors
~ c ~ d in I!3:35
'1Pae tde-4rahahty ~i
1 1 ~ krrfiil
f
y in the nor~lel~rlar
ure of lunar fin me tiorss was brought
I~eforetho Ra)yi~li 4 s t r o n o ~ n ~ ~%-)t+-~~t:$l
B B ~ l l)y T ~ l i i .S.A, Saundthr $an i u n ~,x;pqa, ah 1905.Thcqltwpon
tip t !fit9 r"lzttf?f !xfol el the 130~81SOCE~)TV
8&ld,
:is representing that
Prof 7"~lrrler.t~rt~lrgh?:
botlv, 1 j i k f i ; r 4 he liilt c+rx~:ao~i~j
9 .A~si~(:iati~lar~
o i k4ai";~~I~rnJkt~s
1~1hlchme? at Vicrlna i n 1W 7 A
C:orsrrssirtg.c.. iuns appo~nt
%idccrrisisi i-i^lgo r FhM* Y ~ ~ ~ e eClrair
~ vmwn
~ y1 , Vm an z,T4~.~~~colrsk
S:mndt>~,
IiVeiss
'l'ue.rse.1 t Stx-r~tay
), rThtl name of Profs tad, H,kieakering :v;ts, fiddcd - a i d a f ~ e rthe
rh,
kli
death of I91 I oewy. Mh4* Ballkarld and Praai~euxw4ch1e added t o [the C ~ ~ ~ ~ n : i t t e Bikfore
dextk~,S iltb~id~'~"
!3ad happity ~ ~ c u r etile
s l c.c~c>pe~ataop,n
of 1Miss
A* B h g g in collating ~thc:

aiarrta3 .;$\en t o all !$erc-.iinc$ormat ions in t h e

of R P ~ Iarld
*
hfadlrer, 8 c k1mirlb iind Nc 15t>n,
1hi"-:
adrn~rahlvcarsled O U ~k~svMisb BR&aggy
and 21 col!ai_-t,dlist was pnahtished iri 19%"i ~ t h
tie$ SCI~BICCS
;aid nf a grant,from a hgl Aabddt
(a

~1

"'a

fnen t h g > J r l f ~rr8d1

l t)r&al Asf hi'gjrllgjirl~j(:al t!nnon was cc~nntitutcd t h e qt&eetionoQ j,unsar
Nsrs.~(lne-lata,~rt;
fi as r~feerrt~cl
t o ( ?~snmishi~an
i 7
g. O I I S X S ~ ~ B C ~ o
~ f IJrof, Turner kPresi(1ealt), hliss

Blagg, htfkI, C;, Rigo:~rkia~~,

iV, H T)ickering and P,l'uiseuw, The 9'oznniission rccomme~~deci

that :
I) "I'hc~riwnres in t h e cboilated list I,O be t;&en when the three au&horitiesagree or from
ark;: one of then8 ~41e11tkae others ggi17e 110 name,
( 2 ) tYk~erpdillkrent I-sarrses are given, each case to he dshebdcd 08.1 i t s merits.

(38 h-al~_a<?s
rewx~d&vgiven and suggested name.: ~o he sparingly adopt eel,

' % ~ t the 1,~1dennleeting f r ~ .1928,lists of 41 2 nanaes where Madler, 5khrnnid.l: and Ncison

;1glaee,and of 95 rnarnee generalily accepted,thotzgh not used by all th~eee,.were -;uk,mrntted by

U S
Cs

Miss Rkagg and agsproved h\ t h e Cormnsission, Lists o f 26 doukbtftll or in ~ : O I I S ~ ~ C B W I I02R)jec

and of :341 f~r~atior;i,.;

where names rslash, lvvereleft cover for. consideration, Also lists of narrles

p r o p ~ s e dby Krieger, Mirller, Wlkir-ss and Larnhch, were g~reparedb y Dr. h4bllei -- a most

At this :i:eeting. Prof. 13. W Hroltvn was rlt2i.t i~il

usef?~Isup~jiementto the '('oilated 1,i~l.~
as Pr~sidcdntof the C:ornnnas:zni~r-nand a ~ ~ a b e c s n tee
r ~ ~ccs~lsistsrrlg
lt
of h"bs Rlagg a9t-g I>r,?dd1c.r
\vas a~poinka~ci
t o piepare a ciefbiialtlSve 11t.i: of rianitis fclr S U ~ J X T ~ $ P +i lIt Ot ~%$$A next meetrug,
Satr n c l ~ ~
""At IJr, N ~ i l a l l c sLrggcstr
~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ s n1x1 ;inv srciall t a arrnatrons rneas~~reci
by F r a n ~
n7eu.e added to the T~oikl;t~ed
T4is-%,
"TI-ao-se
iqer'ved the ptn_nrp c ; of
~ a 4 ~ $rater"
1
def irlm g f h ~
Ie g ~ t r d ~ ~
~f Hiid efi mte :191~t~et,-.xw ere crirrit t f 51t~o~:;",lit%lartes
c ~ fl arger. fornlni ions, ,2 PIPBT~IK*"K
t be rrarnes glvenl !.r) later stde$a~!~g~"aph~~~*kn:,
t h o s e -mggestcd
Frr ut h, Kriegc J 1"fl:~1-$&~if %I
ggeslfc~nsare gilden rr:
behen gcxrlciralls-~ d ( red,
~ 1t lsose by I,ararPe h n ioxe spaliu~g!:~1 birt
the 1 1 0 t ~ " i W~lkitls', ~ ~ ~ I T J171
C "111s earhe1 r"m.p 1192-41
m--ei.thy ~ x v ~ p t ehtjt
d not the ncaiXd
on(-+ in
h ~ Bs jO-irr, tvrlap,
"The proy,os;.als (sf t 11.~1 :;ub-( ~ m ~ n ~ i tir"
Ce
.P:
ee n~%cq~."".erl
t,) Co~n~li'&is"~iio~i
2 7 at C a ~ d ~ ? i i l g t ~ ,
~$$HFS-in 1932, A t the c;~neual / ! - ~ ~ ~ n i I j j~c) " ~ ~ V ; S ~VIO I I r31ade for the ta~~hlrc*atlran
o f this
definitive list of adopted names,
selenr>gr;apht-r~. 7 host. 14110 nmj gj6k-h to
1 kese nanaen should lie atuicrly atihereti to
add new n a ~ n ~should
r*;
lzsccrts?rinfroan r ; h c h 1it-it :vlw t h ~ trkt p ~ ~ ~ p o hr13e.mls
d 113ve betin a]rt~ad~7
given to other f o r n ~ ~ t i o n eA. l s ~110 l i c w n:iriit3 ~.aho,~%tl
be ;l;ivc.n to a $c,sr:.rnat
leal ;ilrt:i.acl.\ nnr~led
iri; r he list, Ot herwise lacbx,\ ( Y I ~ I ~ iI oA ~~ will
~ s 3r:w q i r i ~ l a rto those :wt?iich laat t- ~71thdifiiclli t
been cleared away ,"
The HBagg and Muller 1935 Lict of Lunar. No~lilcnclattlrc-, excellerst .as rt v:i-v-, d ~ dn ot

con~plc~tely
surviv~ithe p a s a g e 0%'time, 111 19:Xl M ~ s s ~ !Vl~ita&er
s,

and Ar $bur ok Uerkes

Obse~avatoryexannned the l9Xi 1i-t ancf discobered ;I nwulber. 08' ~~pe1lin.g

error; i1nd rn( or,sis-

termcies, These view rroted in Tablc *3of the IerSAP;"T,unau. Aelas, editetl b) G"P%.
K~iiyer

and

published in Fetrrt~ary 1960 (often referred to as thc M uiptr Photographic) Iiunwr Atlas,

Ijni-~ersityo f Chicago Press, 1960 civil editis-m), lmbtllist of ntsmen~~1ata1r

c + t a ~ ~I
gnethc

K:*~~Ag.idf.. \hns I;:,seeiall;y ajaproved, with r he exception of c*ight ini~li~r

~p~~1Brirey
e:kiarugs_si

hi;

the X I I A U General Asselnlbly $Phefd zn 1561 a$ Berkeley, Caiifor~~ra.

i~;-

6sP

Alqu in 19f61, the IAU adopted eighteen newr far side raanies i akerl fr.aailr.8 the " " A t k ~of the

Far Side of the 3400n'Ii o?dj;Ce~3

hy N, P,13ar~at1ashc~,
A, Ar Mikb~ailov~

and Yu. N,Lipskiy..

ZTB ada%i$;%an,
(Po~~~nlishii)&i~J 6 at Berkeley -h-*evie\v,nied

the entire p~cl~lenaoli- Iw~aur s o r r a e l ~ c l i j t ~ ~ r ~

and agreed on the foliov~ingreso%%lt$
OIB
Tor.designating the 111narsurface f eaturkis, it i s ~ ~ ~ c o r n , ~ n 1~oe nfollow
de
ihe J J I P B " $ ~ ~ O ~ . S
rules, revised and imjarovcd as folihows::
(ip <:raters and rings or psvalled plains ;;re aiesignated by the 11amc of an as: ronorne~"or
p r o ~ m i ~ ~ ewientist
nt
deceased, wrix ten in the Latin alphabet, rind spelled according to the

rt~connn~er.sdatican

by the country 01 origin of t h e qeientist named,

(if) Mountairl-like chains are dchsigr~atedi n Latin k>y t3enorninatie~n.:allied with csur ter-

restk-ial geogr;i-a\phy, Nan~esarc associatecl with the srabstank;i\re Mans at:ccarding t o "Be Latira

Molntes d9Alernl,crt,Montes Harbireger and

declension rules and spelling, ('T'hrw ~xcep$ic>ns,

Montes Leibnitz are preserved, drze do former long u.;eji,

(iii8 Large dark areas arc designated in La1 in denominations calling alp psy chi6 3 t a t w of

rnirlds, T"hese names are asqr;~a."batekSi,

according to the Latin declension rlllcs arld spe%lings,to

one of the a?japropriatch seabstar~tiv~s

Oeeantas, hiare, T,acus, Palus or Sir1us, h "Theexceptionkp

Mare Hunaboldtianum and Mare-"Snlythii are preserved, due to fawnler. long I ; ~ s ~ c , B .

(iv) Isolated peaks are desigillated aecoaariing to the same rules as for the craters, as w e l

as promontories, the latter being prpcedeti by f he Latin substantive Pronson t or-aann.(Ex;xrnp1~:

"

(v) Rifts and valleys take the na1~1eof'the ii~earest designated crater, pr*ecetiedby the

Latin suhsta~a&i\~es
Rims and Valtis, (The eexceptiort ValLis Schrot,e-iri s preserkred),

( v i ) U~-adenc.~n~ina$ed-t
f ~ ~ i t u r can
e s be designateti by their cboordinat~s, They can eclually
Section 1 3

be designated according t o t h e former cslassieal system, by taking the leame o f $he rscarest
crater, followed by a b b c k l e b t ~ rof the Tati-ar~
alpk.?rabetfor craters, depressiorrs :end valleys,
by a minor letter. of the Greek alpphalwt for hills, elea~ationsand peaks, and by a R o n ~ a r ~
nunher folXoqjhd~d by the l e t t e ~r~(drrl l r s XIIT,etc*)for the
(NOrI"E: The Better r
fidlov~ingthe Roman. ntznmber is not used on NASA lunar charts.)
112 1963 the need arose for. additional names, mainly in the nirnb regions, because o f $isp
l>ubiii<baticinol the Uaiarersja y o f Arizona ""Rectifif2d Ltu1a.r Atlas'' (Supplenlenl; Numk~erTwo
t o the tTSAF Lunar Atlas) by Messrs, FVhitaker, Ktxiper, Hartrnatln and Spraditey- AI this
t i m e sixtj7-five new nalnes were added to f i e lunar alor~~enelatrarc
kist a n d suI>sequen"cy
appa.o\r~da t 11re XIiI I A U General Assenlbly held in 3 964 at Han~burg,Gcrnadny, TTae
Transactions of the TAU, Vol. X%IB (1964)also records the fol%owingr
'%n Extended Form of Hlagg and h4uller's Schema o f Luraar Non~enc*ila-kt~re~~
136; D, W,
Arthur,
"The lunar la~c,merlelatureproposed hy the Lunar and Planer ary T,abora4 orv of" t l i c l
IIniversity of ihrilzolsa is a revised and extended form of "sat of B1agg a~sdMilller, which mas
i~uthorized %>ythe BJnion in 3 932, We have a t t e ~ ~ p t et od eliminate certain nI'B1c~g1~.:al
and
inconvenient situations in t h e ERlagg and Mullel. sclaerrae, but all major eharlges a re rt:~atrii"t{,k"b
t o the extrenle limb regioras where the Blagg and MuSler sehen~c.,and for t h a t nlntter, all
previous maps, are somewl~at~ rnrealistie, The scheme i s based o i l a Icr1gtk-i;y and t F orough

% i ) The System o f Lunar Cksaters, Connrn~lnicationso f the Lunar and Planetar3 L,abora$;ory*
This work 1s in four parts vvith a catalog and map iar each of khc four Itma1 ~ l l l a d 1 " 8 n ~ ~
14ress,
(ii) Lunar and Planetary Designations, Arthur ant1 Agnieray, IJniversity 0%Ariz~~raa
A two-co10r. map in four parts.
(iii) The Rectified Lunar Atlas, iVhitaker et al,, University of Ari maria J ~ s s ,T h k gives f h ~ :
names but n o t t h e letters.
( i v ) The L,A,C, lunar topograplliba maps at 1 :1 ,~J00,000o i the A e r o ~ %i~:d
a ~ ~ Charj
t

and
Irrforn~atiox~
Center of the IJ,S,Air Force. These are avails hfe h y stlbscript-acala

The above indicates t h a t t h e proposed .;eheme is not subject to dhe d r a d j a t ~ $ c0% hn13;acaf
distribution, which sonieu hat hanrpered t be ~ l i f f ~ x s i oand
n t ~ z ~ c e ~ ~ tof
a ~ tl hci
a ~ eEilagq lrt%
Mi~Ilerntsmenclattire*
""As already stated, no major changes were made in the central nseas ot the disk, ti\eiqit
the deletion. tsf a few names which were dt~pjjf:as&ede k e \ v h ~ r e I
~n there :lsre;35 w e ~ l ~ c ~ t ~ l y
inrearsifi~dt h e existing schernge hy ~ a d d i ~?;additionalletters
g
'!?he~situ:~"sc?n
near f he %iin~l>

:1
basically (1 iffereart in that recent int erisive c:~rtograglhicawork, ~ v ~ u p l ewit
d 11 a cLaarlgeo\ PI to
conformal projec tlora, makes t h ~Riagg
and hluB1er ~("kl~".rne
q ~ i t inadeq~aate
e
for C < ) l t T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P a ~
lunar c:artographv, 7'0 eliilninwtch some serious and -ividespz"aaddlf fissulri~~s,
Ci("rae ihi ::ea
nalxles were acided in t h e extreme llanlh r e g i o ~ ~ l l A
j * 4 ; ~ all
~ ~oi~+ tawe
S
fill1 in aleas ~ ~ 1 3 1 ;.slt2
~ 6 1
v e q pocsr'ny reprewnted in all tho oiid~giamaps,
""73g.,etieraraids of truelition arzd eontinlalily were pvcn fuli wcigt~tthroughour, Bbverl.a i ~ jt6t:!l
t
tl-~esc
clftt~nplcventc3tl

the dc~~p%opn~t~n"lc,i
a c & ~ n ; ~ d e Iogica]
r e ~ y sckten~eof~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n e ur(a
~rn
' e r ~ ~ ~ ! s l
NA,SA'w five W U C C C ~ Idulrar
S ~ ~ ~ 61rbiter
~ ~
hliss~ons,fIih,i:ar:~ d u r i n g the B:3-:rionril pvriotl ('I or-:~
a ga~nr.gxl*hhaqhel te.;til:z"rc~n

.!I~;gg"ist 1966 Septen"lchr 196'i etiscluir~dnew far aade ~ ~ o v w 4

than the pa1.1iakcssaielage t a k e n hj-II,l~nik
3 in 1959, FOYSk;e I-ksrst tilrae7p!~lr>tc~gr*a~al.~

~ N B ~ ~ P

a v a i l n b ~?1o
% ~r1l~ii;mplrtelym a p the jar side fearures !IIII, not in t i ~ m :for the ><! I1 I411 t ; w i ~ r a i

:%ss~lablyheld in 1967 a t T%aguec",

Cz~c*ho.aloba
kla, Accba~rchngl,~,
t l ~ $A
e U
< ' o n i ~ ~ ~ i - . h iloi
l ik

n
5 967 adopted. the fc~llo~vsng
r~t;o/urioi~,.

/NOTE: ~$11I ~ ~ n work

sr
of G ~ J I J R ~ 16
~ Siva9
P ~ ~~"ag~4bh1ec%
O~
w t h Vorn~~~isskor%:
17 In 1964)

The aaslgnnkc r ~ oft nanachsar:d pcrlnanrr~tdesigr~at,io~~s

10 1eat ure-2 o l i rlac I ~s:iie~
x of the

moon will be postponed tanti1 the Fourteentk~Gclaneral Assembly, AS an interim

measure, a Working Group will assign numbers t o abcaut 500 major lunar forma
tions, Hb; Isas been a g r e ~ dthat the rmen-slcbersof this ~:ommitte'-none of whons ins
personally and clireetiy engaged in then work of T,aanar 'rPopcsgraphy-should repre
sent t h e work o f each ce~t;nntrythrough t h e National Asta.orcaomica1 Conlmittees
concerned, B["r,as desirable tksat, in a general way, the work. on I,unar Nome~lclature
be guideti in ee~nformityw i t h the decisions already adopted by the IAki defined l ~ y
Resolution No. 2 of Commission 16, taker1 during the Genera8 A s s e n ~ b l yat Ber
keley in 1961 ('Trans, I A l i XI (1961)-233) and completed by the list of names
adopted in 1964 (Trans. I A U XI1 (1964)--202),'"
I n 1976) a t t h e X l V IACJ (fenera1 Asscmbly held a t Brighton, England, 513 new
names of far side feature3 were approved, A complete report on lunar nonr~encla
ture by the working group o f C'oan~missionI % of the I A t i (1970) was 1,ublislaed in
"Space S~:iersce Reviews" (12 (19'71)136 186) by $1, Reidel Publishirng t>ompany,
Dordrech8-Ho11andBll
In recogrlitieon e l f t h e first nlanned landing on the n~oon,the
IALJ in Bright011 agreed to allow an c~xceptioaito the. tradi"son of' using only names
of deceased scientists, Names were allowed for the three living a.;tresnauts o f
Apollo 8,w h o were t h e f i r s t to orbit t h e mloora arad to see and rshotograpka its far
side, and the three living aetrr~rrautso f Apollo 11, w h o par'tkcipatcld in the first
Handing on the moon,
'The three astronauts of ApsSfo 8 w e r e assigaaed craters in the v i c i n i t y of the
C K " ~ ~ G & S YApolB<~,
"
o n the far side, and those o f Apok10 II were assigned t o three
previously u ~ l n a m e dsmall craters near the landing point ore M a r e Tranquillitatis,
In addition,it was agreed ttlaat six distinguished living ~ o s r n o n a a ~ of
ts the U,S,S,R.
be accorded similar reco~~lgition
by naming craters in & h evicirmiey of kfare MOSCCP
V~CRIIYP
on t h e far side,
Persons mainly responsible for additions to the Rls-agg a n d hfBuller 1935 list o f
nomenclature are: fro111 1959 through 1967, A r t h u r a n d Whitaker, tlniversity o f
Arizona; from 1967 through 1970, ~ I C ~ Z HasvaiicJ,
PB~
College Observatory, a s s i s t e d
b y hfinnaert hrP"he Netherland.;), t,cvin ([JSSR), and Ilsal%fus (France), N O T E : In
1967, C:srnmissiion 17 appointed a lunar r~e~mesnc//atuil"e
comnlittee consisting of
h4enze.l (Ch;.airn%an),
Mikla,liE;ov, hI innaert, and Dollft~s, (In 1968 Mikhai%ovwas
rel~6acedby Levin,) T h i s committee, ckrarged with the responsibility of seije~ctialg
new narnes for the f a r side features, solicited recri~n~rncndation";
from numerotas
sourct3s, i,g.,, members of C:ornn~issic~n17 and nlany scientists f r o m V ~ ~ ~ C DCOUIIP
IAS

trieh, From an e x t e n s i v e list9 t h e committee made a final s e l ~ c t i o nof 513 n e w far

sHdtP ncirneh..

A consolidated alphakre-kical Iik;tir~gand feature location o f a16 primary lunar

nar1ne.s which have been approved by t h e IAidJ w a s ptrblislled b y ACIC En 1971

( I n d c x o f Lunar Fesrnnatio~~s)

under the spur-9sorrsl.sipof N A S A , Copies arc available

from Headquarters N A S A ( S M ) Washingtora, 11, C,, 2054% or I l k l A Aerospace
Center 6PPCC) St, Louis A F S , Missouri 631'68,
At t k ~ e IALJ general assembly he8ai in August, 1973 in Sydney, Australia, a
revised q y s t e n ~of lunar nomenclature was adopted. This revised system divides the
lunar surface into 144 nasar~sdregions at I:1,00eD,OOC~scale b y means o f parallels o f
latitude and meridian arcs. E a c h crf these 144 regicans is s.eabdl\~ieJeetinto sixteen
provirlees at I:250,000scale in the f61llowing manner. Each regiora i s first subdi
vided into qkradrants Hetteretl A, 1-3, C , and D , quadrar.a&A being the upper left
qtaarter, and quadrants B,C , and D being consecutively assigned in a clockwise
direction, E a c h of these lettered quarters is Further stlhdivi,iecl ialto four equal
~ e c t i o n sand eacl-e section is assigned a nramkser, with I being t h e uIPper l e f t , a n d 2 ,
3 , a n d 4 assignchd c ~ ~ ~ s e c u t B v ein
L y
a cilockwise dirertior-k., Thus each province, in
addition t o carrying a r-o.rok7l;ng.ename Q n o s ~of
e whiela dsaplicate regior~namt3s) can

be icientified and l o c a t ~ s lb y a code desigraat,ion consisting of its regisan number,

Better (A, B,C , Dl, and nunlher (1, 2 , 3, or 4 ) - E;-nch region a n d each province is

named for some psownlnen~tfeature (prefclr~llblya crater) located within it,

1.d wbls reholved that Greek BcCi er de>ign,atior13 for lunar C ~ P Y ~ I Q ~ O I \vould
IS
be
cjropped, A l i ~lo be dropped a r e crate1 names designated b y use ot a Etonl;3n
capaka1 Lette-~.,large or other\x,vi-e importdnt craters :,revioe~sly de.b;iznatcd by thi
system will b~ rellarned with laew i m d dktinctive nars-aes, I3 ;bdges, pr~3vltru+1\ UIVE
raan~cld will be called dorsa (siariagallar, dorsurn), Rirna and rirnac~ systems \"&rill
rcecivp n e w and a p p r o p r i a t e desjgndtionk;;, Crater cbhnins w i l l be d e a i q s ~ a t e dc a t ~ n d ,
Very s~malyifeatalres requiring idcxr~tifieation for horr-ee special rea.ion nlay be as
signed rnalc. or fernaiie first rran3B.y firurn an ir-eterr-aationdl Bikt appriliivcti b j he I A t ; ,
S u c h I I L ? ~ ~ Cmust
S
not h a v e more t h a n t h r e e syllables,
In addition, the I_ALJ ieorrected some 19 name< frorn the list a d o p i e l in 1370
(these chnngeh w e r e , for the most part, minor spelling corrections..),a n t i added one
name to the lict. A s t r o n a l ~ t - n a m e dfeatures in t h e vicinity of the Apollo l ~ ~ n d i r ~ g
s i t e s s11d a l i s t o f ~ C ~ I to
~ be
P S sl~eclas p r o v i ~ ~ enaraicss
e
were a y y r ~ v e d as
, well (25 d
list of' 69 n a ~ n e sfor a~sikgnmckntto Iundr maps iin production,
Z%sevisusly assigned lunar n,xme.a Laave, with few exception<, heen ih05e of $I%
tingu-sshed deccaqed scienli-.te, At t h e 1973 meetin gir, i t \v%ia. aiecided that f u t u r e
assignments might al\o co~ataiir~
the ndrnes of "distinguished, dect~cls~t!contributor^
to human e u i t u r e a n d knowledge, such a5 writers, paiilltc~s,~ X I U S ~ C ~ex(
~ B,,I ~
c h, a ~ . e n
on an interr~atisnalbasis," Political, military a n d religious figures, as wcl! as
modern philosplaers, were ext.luaied, Sul,wcluer~t to t h e 1 973 r n e e t l n g , itu\vevcs~
there was sbme d i s c u s ~ i o na% to t f ~ i d- esirahilitk o i using ntrn s e l e i ~ t i - t ~ ,names,
'
and
until this Q U $ P S C ~ O ~i-f1111y ~ P S O & V C 311
~ , %~rloffkcin%
~ m o r a t o r ~ u lha+
n b ~ t l -~ ~I I I ~ O StgCn
~
t h e use of n o n - s c i e n t n s t ~ h a n ~ for
e s
lunar f ~ a t u r e s ,

Section 1-3

Photographs s f t h e moon are t h e p r i n c i p a l b a s i c s o u r c e material f o r

Lunar mapping as i s t h e case i n most o t h e r f i e 1 . d ~ of l u n a r scientjfi::
i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Earthbased t e l e s c o p i c photograph prcsviding coverage
of the l u n a r nearside was t h e o n l y a v a i l a b l e photography u n t i l t h e
advent of U. S. and Russian camera c a r r y i n g s p a c e c r a f t i n near l u n a r
p r c x i m i t y , While photography accomt31ished from l u n a r ~ r b i h
t a s L3rgeLy
r e p l a c e d e a r t h b a s e d msterfals f o r d e f i n i t i o n of l u n a r topography, maps
and control derived f r o m earthbased photography continue t o b e of curre~:,t:
import ,
P h o t o g r a p h y accompPisked by t h e unmanned Lunar Orbiter Spacecraft
and t a k e n from l u n a r a r b i t d u r i n g P r o j e c t ApchPo Missions p r o v i d e t h s
p r i n c i p a l p h o t o g r a p h i c infarmation f o r ~ a u r r e n tl u n a r cartographic
endeavars. 'The photography o f A1303.10 N i s s i o r ~ s15-17 i s aptimam f o r
c o n t r o l develspment and map compilation p r o c e s s e s .

. . ..
.. . .. .

Earthbased Photography
Ranger P h o t c g r a p h y

Lunar Orbiter Mission P h s t s g r a p h y

A p o l l o M i s s t o n Photography
Other F l ~ a t o g r a p h y

. .

...

... .
.....

Section 2,0

2.3
a

--___Lw---*--r-w

Lunar
-

Lunar Phacsgraphy wag a ~ ~ ~ m p l i s hsoon

e d a f t e r t h e deveiopment. o f t h e
photographic prsce8.i kn 1839- Qne o f the originators o f this PPQBSBSS,
L. J. M. Dsguesse, was encouraged to atternpt a photograph of t h e moon by
D, T, J. Arago, then Director of the Paris O b s e ~ a t o r y ~T h i s f i r s t effort
f a i l e d to p r o d u c e any recognizable features due t o underexposure. However,
it served as a basis for further experiments by J. W. D r a p e r , who produced
a S U G C ~ S S ~photograph,
U~
0% &Re moon in 1840, using a 1 2 i n c h m i r r o r and a
20 minute expose3rco
A f t e r ~~nger'r:
success, numerous astronomers experimented with lunar
photographye During t h e rest af the 19th c e n t u r y , there was a continual
increase in the q u d i t g of l u n a r photographs as a r e s u l t o f p r o g r e s s in
t e l e s c o p e construct&on and improvements in photographic materials. By
1850, exposure t i n e s had been reduced to less t h a n a minute, resulting in
photographs capable of depicting the major features on t h e ~ O C ~ I ' sur6a6es,
S
The short= e q o s ~ p et i m e reduced t h e praBl.ems o f t d e s c o p e guidance and
image motion czaused by t h e e a r t h " satasphere.
T h i s combined progress in t e l e s c o p e s and pkkor;ograghXe snaterfals made
possible h i g h q u a l i t y Iwnar photographs w i t h sharp inages t h a t could
s t a n d considerable enlargement. As a r e s u l t , t w o e x t e n s i v e Lunar photo
g r a p h i c progxzms were begun at t h e L i c k and P a r i s O b s e n a t o r f e s in t h e
l a s t decade o f t h e 19th (2entury

Edward S. Holden, t h e first d i r e c t o r of t h e L i c k Observatory, used

t h e 36 inch r e f r a c t o r o f 17.34 meters f o c a l distance f o r l u n a r photography.
On the original n e g a t b e s , the diameter s f t h e moon's image varied from
422 inches st apogee to 5.5 inches at p e r i g e e . A p a r t o f t h i s photography
was published as the "Lick B b s e w s t o r y At-baa of the Moon" in 1896-97, The
original negatives were e n l a r g e d to represent a diameter of the l u n a r
image o f about 38 inches in?t h e published atl.as,

At t h e P a r i s Observatory, M o Loew and P m P u h e u x embarked upon an

extensive program o f l u n a r photography using t h e "grand eqt~atorealcoude,"
a refractor of 60 centimeters ( 2 4 inches) a p e r t u r e and a f o c a l length af
18,22 me%ers, In t h e f o c a l plane o f this Instrument, t h e diameter of the
lunar image v a r i e s between 6.1 i n c h e s and 6.8 inches from apogee to
perigee. E i g h t y anl.a~geaeats o f t h i s series were publ.lslzed as t h e 'XtSas
Photographique de la iJune," "96-1909.
These enlargements were selected
from approximately 2000 lunar photographs taken during t h i s period and
were t h e standard work on t h e s u b j e c t f o r several decades*

U n t i l tile advent sf lunar g h o ~ ~ o g ~ a k p illustrations

hy~
of t h e mosnas
s u r f a c e consisted of drawings from visual observations made by d i f f e r e n t
investigators. Thepe are both advantages and disadvantages in using t h e
photographic technique as ~ p p s s e dt o v i s u a l observations, One mJor
advantage of photography i a t h a t it p r e s e n t s an i m p a r t i a l and permanent
record of t h e moon's surface from one epoch t o another. The accuracy of
v i s u a l o b s e m a t i o n s depends upon t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and drawing s k f f l of
the observer, It sometbes happens that an exce%lent abserver i s a poor
duaftsmnn and v i c e versaB

Dfsadvantages o f t h e photographic method involve teJescspes, film

emulsions, and the earth" atmosphere. It is necessary t h a t a photo
graphic telescope be equipped with a p r e c i s e drPving mechanism t o
compensate BOP t h e earth" d i u r n a l motion, The t e l e s c o p e is driven in
r i g h t ascension at a race equal t o and o p p o s i t e from t h e earth's r o t a t i o n ,
80 chat t h e h a g e r e m i n e in t h e s m e position sw the negative* O t h e r w i s e ,
t h e photograph will be b l u r r e d or s-eaked
due t o motion of the tmagezy
d u r i n g exposure
a

Film emuBsl.on speed i s d i r e c t l y related to t e l e s c o p e t r a c k i n g a i ~ dthe

"palurriaag e f f e c t s of thbe e a r t h a @atmosphere. Emulsion speed d e t e r n ~ i n e st h e
exposure tine that is necessary ts p r o p e r l y record i m g e r y . As emulsion
speeds were increased, emosure cine was seduced and sharper i m g e a were
o b t a i n e d , Also, smlEer and mare delicate I u m r features could be
photographed as a result o f reducing these b l u r r i n g e f f e c t s . An example
sf t h i s improvement caw be observed by comparing l u n a r photographs u s l n g
modern e m ~ ~ l a i o nwith
s
e a r l i e r e f f o r t s taken w i t h t h e s m e telescope,
The f i r s t photographs o f the moon r e q u i r e d several minutes of exposure,
while modern lunar photography can be taken i n less than a second,
A major distortion in l u n a r photography is due t o image motion caueed
by atmospheric turbulence called "seeing." T h i s mation i s r e a d i l y
obsepved in the t e l e s c a p e h ffocal plane and i t occurs in l o c a l patterns
over the moon's d i s c . During a long exposure o f t h e moon, image rnotiorr
b l u r s t h e recording s f large prominent features and obscasres t h e fjiner
d e t a i l . An exposure t h e on tHae order o f one seeand or less '"freezesD6
a feature's moving image i n some part o f its random cycle, Finer detai1.s
will then be registered on the photographic p l a t e , though not n e c e s s a r i l y
in their t r u e position.
V i s u a l dbservatdons have an advantage in regard to i m a g b motiona
Qn n i g h t s o f good eeeing, there are b r i e f momenes o f unusual steadiness
in the atmosphere. Fine d e t a i l s can be visually observed which cannot
be recorded an the photographic p l a t e , HE i s n s k p o s s i b l e %a a n t i c i p a t e

S e c t i o n 2,1
2

these moments of steadiness so t h a t they could be made to exactly c o i n c i d e

w i t h the exposure time. Therefore, some b l u r r i n g always occurs in photog
raphy. For t h i s reason, drawings of l u n a r and planetary surfaces r e s u l t i n g
from visual cbservations are u s u a l l y more d e t a i l e d than photographs.
As a photographic s u b j e c t , the maon o f f e r s varicaus pmbleaas in light
intensbey, There is a differease in the luminosity of lunar f e a t u r e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y between b r i g h t areas such as Aristarehus and Censorinus
and t h e dark Marta. However, the -jar problem involves t h e d i f f e r e n c e
in the intensity of reflected s u n l i g h t from different p a r t s of the l u n a r
disc.

Peatures near the terminator are Blluminated by low grazing s u n l i g h t

and the amount of r e f l e c t e d l i g h t i s c o n s i d e r a b l y less than from areas
under h i g h solar iIIumPnation, It i s e s t i m t e d that t h i s d i f f e r e n c e in
the intensity of reflected sunlight i s a f a c t o r of 1000, There a r e no
f i l m emulslcns p r e s e n t l y avail-able that can record such a range in
luinssity.

N a t u r a l l y , when the exposure time i s set t o record t h e terminator

regions, ehe areas under h i g h illumination are over-exposed,
If a
sharter e q o s u r e time i s used ts d e p i c t t h e b r i g h t areas, t h e terninator
r e g i o n is under-exposed and the moan exhibits a false age. In modern
l u n a r photographic effarts, such as the recent extensive program at t h e
P i c du Midi Observatory, it is c u s t o m r y t o vary t h e exposure time ta
adequately record a l l seweats o f the moon's sunlit d i s c ,

Lunar photographic atlases o f the 2 0 t h century d e p i c t the moon's

surface by r e g i o n s under d % f f e ~ e n st olar illuminationsm U s u a l l y , a m a l l
l u n a r features are o n l y v i s i b l e w e a r the terninator, while b r i g h t streaks
and rays are prominent under high s o l a r illuminatian, Therefore, a
complete photographic description of t h e moon's surface requires v i e w s
c o n t a i n i n g d i f f s e n t illumination angles* An example o f t h i s t y p e o f
a t l a s i s the
(usAF Lunar A t l a s ) , e d i t e d by
6, P , Kuiper, The illustrations are based on enlargements o f t h e best
photographs sf t h e moon taken a t the L i c k , PllcDonald, Mt Wilson, P i c $U M i d i ,
and Yerkes 6bsematories. It presents 44 different regions s f the naon
as viewed under f o u r to f i v e different solar illuminationse
The quality o f photography %a the 20th century had imprsved by advances

in f i l m emulsions and telescopes. Refracting telescopes reactled their

s i z e limit with the 40 inch less at t h e Yerkee Obsewakwrgi* Lenses o f

t h i s s i z e absorb a c o n s i d e r a b l e an~ountsf L i g h t due t o t h e i r thickness,

A%lso,s a f s s e t o z $ensea are only sugpartedLby t h e i r t h i n edges and a p e r t u r e s

larger chap the $O*-in(;113would have a tendency $0 sag and wart3 under t h a i r
orm we%ght, The3*efoxa, t1ri.e desire f o r greater Bight grasp and rresoltr io ~,t
tbrouqlrk l a r g e r a~ertux62s. had to be s a t i s f i e d wf.th reflactbcg telescopes a
The reflecting $elescape was invanzed by S i x Isaac kJekrtoa Eo eliminate
t h e defect ha z:eZsactors kno9m as chromatic aberration3 Differact c o l o r s
of visiEj%e l Ight vere brought to s ~lightlpd i f f e r e n t f o c u s P J I I ~~ ~e f ~ a c t e d
bg a ~ i n g l elensv2 -KE a refractlag ta%escope ?$ere focused far b l u e l l g l l t 3
t h e stkicx a;:31-~77:s V Q - ~ I G ' l i ~ c ~ iC J P J05
~
~ Q C V Sc r e a t t i ~ gf u z z y jniagesNewton
hast$-&jcs:;;-a ~ 4 I ~ : i l" r - 7 ; ~ t~h5is a%-cv~o";c~r;could wat be corrected, 'Ik'hfs p-r cved
to be an i-a&naKree;:conclusio~nas Ze Dollsnd de- eloped t h e scHaromatic
r e f r a c t o r aJLmast; 3 (-enPuxp l a t a r

c2.x r e s o i u t l on o f a tei,esc:spe ir~c:reaees direl:t

174 w-ith

" ,
!ye ie:.:ixe ar m~iixL O T <.

In D = L : ~ ~ C B , t i d s ",i x a ~ i u n

i s ~op>sj-de~-g.b!~>:
mot5 3 Fj%ct& k-r r ~ e ~ l r aand
g atmospBi?er4c:
c o n d t e l , o n ~ Tile vt- ;~ktue

of ~ l - ~ e B I E o
~ f afr~ail_l
sphere t h r o ~ ~ gwb
h i c
h ~noonlfgl:? I ~ I t
S p a s s
rc x eacl.e

6gqigh ftlw apertux-e and &Ele&ef 9

sure 1Lkd~L.&!138d
OR:

the i-,elr+ae;;ope,ia~r~c:;easas
$urb~lz:k1ce awl oe:-(:~:ece-fng d e f a c t s - On c i g b t s of %ndi%fexewt c . \ e % ~ g , 3 t

ar
by 'reduiihng t h ~
a p e a
t m e ,

--is 0fte.r-:, g0seib3~ePPo ~ C $ a , i ra~ sbsrg%e-;*II ~ B ~ nfatage

These t a r e , avarril4 -el- ~ r - 1 ~ s c t r p ei sp 2
~ a . ard Lr areas af good " s i ? i 3 g i ; " q n prodlic:e

13@t$etaresu$t~~?h.::iv Iaikxacr j-.rc;~ T ~ u r n e a under

ts

average conditions,

* -*
Pb+tc,,
e t f b-a:;lI
J:
s-

$]lie

gl~e~,:o~rc
i*f
?lo(-:

L ~ P ~ ~ C X ,

sel ecti{cm s f an absenrat m y to c a r - r y ~-.*_,t

an

phota.grapt~-y For prcs--Apokl.0 maw3 ng waq ga.;.eal:lv

j
T
C
t
o
P t c 612M i d x : 3 S s e s ~ ~ a t o irk

r g $'%reP y x e n e s s
--*
M b ~ 1 1 ~ ; , r 3 i CnZ~~ ' $~S@~IJ$:'SC=*~"EL
D fo*;*i?atae
Wp3*;: h e l e c i ~ c jat3 i t 2 S known td ' 0 , 3 ~ W
e IC?~N~~$,S
V'
of e x e l ~&:;.,t
.aeeingiqartd ?ransrbarellt sh.Sesl The telescope In, m a was the
"#rnnc! eqnatc~rca
1 r n i ~ d e " r e f f r a c t o r , f 0 n e r l . y used at t h e 01 i?P a r i s Obserl~a
8
0 i p y ~ hL C ~ ~ ~ CW 8~ 8 Oa160
P
1160d ~ O Tl l l ~ a r
IrailfYi. "h?I:/ICIpXOgI;PII?L9 $3 '
kc;.ry.
F ~ r y L ~ L C ?; ~ h e : yL: ~C~ ~~ ~~ ~ Z$ Ot h~ eS

g ? ~ ~ . e p E j apxc~g.-a=.
~e
o fl

ph~t~gr~rhg~

Li~fi22:"

UnlBke i t s predecessors, the l u n a r prarogra at P i c du Midi was not

g r h a r i l g engaged Pn feature partray&%o f the e a r t h s i d e hemisphere, w
= l o r goal of t h i s e f f o r t was t o develop a large photographic l i b r a r y f o r
t h e Betemination o f relative h e i g h t s through shadow measurem~Qts~"EL
was designed to a c c w u l a t e a large v a r i e t y of sllghtbg d i f f e r e n t sozas
ii8uminatisns f o r a more descriptive a n d p i s o f relative heights, FOE
example, the p r o f i l e of a large crater's floor can be obtained by
measuring t h e shadows cast by t h e east and w e s t walls under d i f f e r e n t
cand%thans o f morning and evening blluainatisns. This results in the
d e t e r n i t of t h e h e i g h t of t h e walls above d i f f e r e n t p a r t s sof tihe
crater" f l o o r and the differences describe t h e undulations6 In t h e
p a s t , shadow measurements had been aecmpaiahed v i s u a l l y u s i n g a f h l a s

micrometer,
b o t h e r aspect o f t h i s program was tc d e ~ ~ e l oap a e r i e s of photographic
obsematisns f a r the d e t e m % m t i o n sf selenoeentric positions an the ason,
An extene8ve photographic effort was r e q u i r e d since each o b s e m a t i o n lust
contain the proper q u a l i t y , phase, and l i b r a t i o n a n g l e s ,

The phezltographic program at P i e du Midi Observatory extended through

most o f t h e 1960" and over 50,000 i n d i v i d u a l phatographs were accumulated,
Whenever the moon" pposfticn and atmospheric conditions were s u i t a b l e f o r
phokographj~, a series s f about 60 to 180 nega$ivea w e r e exposed,
Expoaure times varied from 8 . P to P,6 seconds and secas$onally d i f f e r e n t
a u l s i o n s were used in the s m e series
A d e t a i l e d description of .Lunar
photagraph%e work at P i c du Midi is given i n Reference 2,7,3,
a

The minimization o f t h e e f f a@ts of i m g e mstlsa caused Bag the earth' s

atmosphere was another desirable characteri s t i c achieved, A aho:cr ex1mor;ue
li d'
freezesD'&Re moving lroage in some p a r t of ifs random motion and there may
be c s n s i d e r a b k distortion introduced i n t o the r e c o r d e d position o f a
feature. Using a a e r i e s o f photographs w3.th s h o r t e l a p s e d time b e t w ~ e a
each photograph makes it possible to treat a sm'l seqwnce as a single
o b s e ~ a t i o w ~The mean position d e r i v e d f o r each feature from measure
ments made 68 se~?era%.
photographs o f the series p r o v i d e s ph~cog.-aphir:
csordinates having reduced error due to f m g e motion,

Anather effort to resolve t h i s problem was made with the 49 inc!)

aatrometric r e f l e c t o r at t h e U. S. Navy Bbservatsry, F % a g ~ ! * a f f A
, rizsna,
One aspect of this telescope i s t h a t ifc can be automatlca1~l.pguideal In
both r i g h t ascension and declination. Long exposures of the moon,

u s u a l l y from 20 t o 60 seconds, can be accomplished as a result o f precise

tracking. The purpose i s t s average t h e
ge motean ghoeographically,
A very small b
ht crater appears to b e surrounded by a light haze or h a l h
caused by the
ge motion d u r i n g exposure, The center o f t h i s image i s
a more precise geometric p s i t i a n than can be ~sbeaiaedfrom s single s h o r e
exposure,

Additional information on earthbased lunar photography is ccntained

in References 2,7,31 2,7*37,

The Ranger Mrlssion o b j e c t i v e " t o o b t a i n close-tap p i c t u r e s o f the

surface which ~ q o u l dbe o f benefit to b o t h t h e s c i e r l t t f l - c program zacl the:
manned prsagram" was accomplished by Ranger Missions VII, VXZZ a a i ?I-' in
t h e 1944--65period
These tkl%ee vehicles impacted t h e xnoon in px e-selectee:.
areas to o b t a i n photographs of lunar maria, highlands and h i g h l a n d ' b a s l n ~ ,
Eacla b n g e r - ~ e h $ c l ecarried a wfde and narrow a n g l e t e l e v i s f o c ccalnesa
system which d i f f e r e d in the f i e l d scanned and time i n t e r v a l between
exposures. The narrow angle camera frame sequence was more t h a n LET &LEES
f a s t e r than the w f d e angle and r e s ~ ~ l t ein
d a maximum B e f i n i t i ( % r \o f 2 i ~ i ~ b a r
surface d e t a i l to a dimension of one meter* The w i d e angle s y s t c ~ nt*as
composed s f t w o cameras having 2 5 m and 76sm focal Lengths. The na9rr:tJ
angle system contained t w o cmeras o f each f o c a l length, The eamerp
f i e l d s o f vim7 were arranged to p r o v i d e o v e r l a p p i n g coverage, Ea t h a t ,
with a minimal t e m i n a l orientation, a nesting sequence sf p t ~ o i : ~ g r a p ? ~ ~
would be o b t a t n e d from at l e a s t one of t h e w i d e angle camerap, 'Zhs
televf siow s f gpals recel.ved from t h e Ranges transmftter s y s t e m b;,.cre
d i s p l a y e d on a cathode r a y t u b e and photographed, p r o v i d i n g a 3j%mi?a-I LEI
reconstruction of the original television photography,
P r i o r to Impact, Ranger VHI transmitted 4038 photographs duxLng t h e
l a s t 17 minutes and 13 s e c o r ~ d sof i t s flight; Ranger V I I E transmbcted
7137 photographs during t h e last 23 minutes and 4 seconds; Raqger '14
transmitted 5814 photographs during t h e l a s t 18 m i n u t e s and 49 sc-onds,
Ranger Hission Photo coverage is p o r t r a y e d sn Photo Inaidex P $1 1 a;rssl
additional infarmation on Ranger Mission Photography I s eontalned in
refereaces 2*7 25
% , a ,3 0 ,
,6

S e c t i o n 2,2

2,3 L W U OWPTER mSSION PHOTOG

nned Lunar Orbiter Missions providing nearly complete photo
cavexage of the h n a r surface were a e c o q l i s h e d from kagast I966
August 1967, Phoeegraphic acquisition was planned to accomplish photog
rapI3y o f potential ApoElo landing s i t e s and seient$fically int&xesting
areas, broad lunar coverage apd photo-mpping material f o r the m~on's
nearside

The Lunar O r b i t e r Camera esntained a d u d lens system t h a t produced

i m g e q from 80m
dium resolution) and 61
(high r e s o l u t i o n ) f o ~ a i
fi l m which was vacum
length lenses on 7
ttened d u r i n g exposure*
The c m e x a f i d u c i a l system was campased s f sawtooth notches along t w o
o p p o s i t e sides of the camera frame. A velocitylheight sensor r e g u l a t e d
movement of the fi1.m p l a t e n t o &void imge smeare Image motion compensa
t i o n d i d not operate properly f o r Lumr O r b i t e r Mission I h i g h r e a s l u t j - o n
photography
F i l m development was performed aboard the spaceeraf t by a v . ~ n - 3 . i q u i d
development process, Transmission of photo imagery t o earth ;as
accomplished &hrougl.ai a s e p e n t e d electronic scanning of f i l m and canversion
o f film d e n s i t y to an e l e c t r i c a l v i d e o signal. Recefved signal .""or
each
photo s e p e n t or 'YframeLet" was reconverted to imagery on a kinescope tube
focal length p h o t o is composed
and recarded on 35m E i h * A s i n g l e 8
of approximately 40 framelets and 85 framelets were required to recona
ptruet
t h e larger format s f a 680m e q o s u r e ,

In addition to t h e general lunar coverage provided by t h e O r b i t e r

Missions, the equatorial o r b i t s of Mission 1, 11, and IPI r e s u l t e d i n
s p e c i f i c s i t e photos from a nominal lunar altitude 06 46 kilometers,
Features as e m 1 1 as 1-2 meters were resolved in areas of g o d quality
long f o c a l l e n g t h photographya Lunar site coverage was a l s o obtained
by gobar orbiting Mission V from a BOB Ian or greater altitude w i k h
corresponding s c a k and r e a ~ l u t i o i ireduction, Mapping t y p e photography
o f the lunar nearside was accomplished by p o l a r orbiting M i s s i L ~ nI V
from a nominal altitude o f 2580-3008 kilometers r e s o l v i n g features of
60-80 meters dimension Pn h n g f o c a l l e n g t h g h a t a s * However, areas o f
stereo caverage of long f o c a l Pengtk photography are limited,

The p r i n c i p a l dererrent to cartographic e q l o i t a t i o n o f Lunar Orbj-ter

photography, has been photographic distortion i n t r o d u c e d by the scanning
and transaisaion process which s e p e n t s each photograph j n t o indfviduai
Bramelets* &nerally, t h e displacements are of sufficient magnitude La
cause observable dfscont8nuities in images occurring at t h e edges of
adjacent framelets. A pre-exposed film reseau was instituted beginning
w i t h t h e 2nd O r b i t e r Mission and has provided a Basis f o r compensatiilg
for distortions introduced by inprocess photo s e p e n t a t i o x ~ ~The phoiit>->
e t h i c u t i l i t y of Lunar O r b i t e r H i s s i a n I photography i s l i m i t c + d by

t h e absence of eki.8 i n t e r n a l reseau.

Section 2.3

Precjbcse ca-rc:cz;-!-an f o p~h s e s trawswiseioc distorti~ws$-nLunar Gst9-e-ter

photos can 3 e z ~ -be abtaincd in t h e analytic ghotogr
etric % r b e n g ~ ~ l a ? ~ < q ~ ~
p~oce:;~
CO~XCC
t ~ ed m e r a e y s Itern coordinates f o g each measured i-rnag;~?
4r , a ~b$~,gz%ed
by ~zaehemaefcal sdju~tmentin&-,st h e f i 2 ~ mreseau and cz,~ae:z
reseat%systems, Cartsgss,phic earnpilation processes requiring physical
n s s e ~ n b l yof p t ~ o t s g r a p h yuaed are subject $ 0 r e s i d u a l e r r a r s in t h e
positions des1:ved from adjacent f samelet models
S i m i l a r l y , photo ~ i o s a j - c
c o ~ i g f l a t d o n scontain mismtch of detail along framelet edges awd p i c t o r i a l
e o a t f x r ~ ~ l t1s
p Gj*etur$zd, by t h e edge lines.
5;k~erl~

a*

A d d % % b w ~ tdeLaP1
~%
concerning c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and operat2on sf t h e koraaz
Orbi tier Pk~o$og~aph$c
S y ~ t 3 r n1s
~ ayaf %able in references 2,7,1
2,%,8
Canera ~ < 3 $ % 3 s a t idata
o $ ~ i s E ~ r q i s h e dby references 2,7 9
z 84 12 The
extell-k o f L r ~ n ~ >
~3rhif:ex
y
photagraphic coverage i s shorn in Photo I n d i c e s

112)

--

jI(5)

SY;~'

xz<j-:

,-,

~%(l$),

7.t

o ~ %tb o f t h e moon in December 1968 resul$:ed

- 2 - --

irr:;

the

02 ozigtnal- film e q a s e d in l u n a r p r o x i s t t g
7
= C q - C o
ii.:b,,anoa:s 80, 11, 12, and 14 (May 6 4 - F e b ~ 1 : ~ y7l)
r~
:I(-F:C, - f j
I; * cc: -:~.lectrios:
emaeras t o o b t a i n coverage s f poLential
J . , ~ ~ ~S T~ ccs ~ ~ a-zces of s c i e w t i f ic interest. Imagery is recorded 311
: a 2 i.
i r-la:
ess k6m forazt sequence photography was a l s o o b t a i n e d $:I",
2s ~ - >
(J~\---.,C
t
% c r ~ ~ ~ o g x a p b f c a 1significant,
1y

r S, ,

i r

"

LE- c:.I--P:~
"

'

"^-i"s;I)-I

i t,---a
-*
I:-- _
- (-.e;,Jl<~
S j ai ;-3;~g~.zi-czea

and lenses were enplsyed wj-tl~.,f:trsc

,
-), 4 . ~ - : ~ r z ~823
r: b" airi b c t h black and white and c o l o r phor )&LLA; iyj

- 3"& , "b(r<A"- (.
5;;~"
i;o.is
and obiiques from 80m, 250m, aad 5ClOmio f.i:r?
1( - v ,"-LL
,- - C-z ~ i r i c34 Lheee l e n s combinations resulted in pko tokraghg
7c,-k*
*,
;i g13
i
-)*
:-c-aA"r,-", -. "
~-~ , g i nfram
g
1:228,000 to 1:1,40Q,880, The 80wm
~ E T , , re :-r,, r:r,,i~S~i-r-scd
i a taking a t r i p s of s t e r e s s c ~ p i ccavepz,ge a!orig
7 F F p .
+

-*"

f-I-Zp

~ - j i , a l ~I ~r -

p.1t-;"L5a

e precision sf cartograpnl: p P F t
Apo1%0 Mission Hassebblad p h c t q~gra2;.,.
c i a 1 system to a l l o w recc3ver3 ct l a 3 ~ ~ ~
to assure flattening 06 f1 1 . d~ ~
~~ - * i n g
he geometric center o f each pno%sg>:a~I>
reZBers are imaged on two sjd,es
each
framee Also, t h e camera has been dr.pioy-ea
ok three panes thickness and $-axf d c i w i n
but)

M) which has two raa,j ~

1 :p

5 o ~

n ~ , ~i " : c . " " ,sk&--i~.~-.

~dg3L

'P

camera, a s s o c i a t e d stell.ar r.:~me,r:.a

$a&a.ve t i ~ n i n gequipment, The inappi.wi;
h and a ll5m f o m a t . I n s c r i b e d on t h e
e:seau which i s r e c o r d e d on every- photogx;:?iz
e i g h t ::rtt%fic%a?,l.yi 2 1~ s n f . . r ~ ~ - t t c c J ~
c a p a b i l i t y to compansaEe t o r f o x - ~ ~ a r d
shutter interval* based upsii s E f i S h i X
s A t a 110 hi
a l t i , $ - , ~ d ea, .;na,:p?-ag

170
x 170 hn area, Wn+e
amera i s 98 lines pex. ~ ~ % l ' , ! , - i ~ ~ u ~ ~ t ~
and a fora.~~at
sb.ze o:E 32~3,rax
w i t h four additional f i d u c k x l . r~zxk,;;
ste%l.arcalibra*t,;:ion,j2rr:uid,L*d-
z2
%--

a xelstj-anship S e ~ : ; e athe
~ m p p t n g 2nd s t e l l a r cameras, The l l a s e m
alt:imeter provides the ~7ehlclealtitude at sgecPf$c times durtng the
mapping caaera e:cpoau-,.e sequence, The a%t2tu d e i s recorded a l o n g w i th
the t:%rne ~f the obsem~atisxasn the mapping camera film,
The paaora>&c ceEerw employs an o p t i c a l bar and i s confQured as a
~ H Z no
C ~ separately
~
housed components, The
-e " ~ P ? " ~ - - c c ~ ~LW-YK c~ ::ith
,
,
en^ sysi:saa e o d xrarlable s l i t assembl-y
he optBcal bar) aye
s
t 1 a roll. fr2:me which rotates in the scan d i r e c e n n (crosstrack)
d u r $ h - +C~~ S C T Ro ~ e r a e i o n , The roll frame i s s u p p o r t e d by a gimbal assernbkq
*:h3=c:h t%l.tst- frontt p r l a m fore and aft. f o r stereo gloverage and f s n * ~ a r d
( 2 4 1-nehes)
ecm~ensation~'I%e l e n s h a s 2 f o c a l length o f 61.
r-@iotdloa
rho. k m g e Fomqlt i e /-,5by 45,21i inc.hes w i t h the f i e l d of viepi being LOo
L859-y 108", Cant~ergexr",2$ degree stereo coyJerage is o b t a i n e d by IrPlting
t h e ra1.3 f r a m e on aEterB~zi*~e
e-wosures 12:5 P a m ~ a z dand a f t , 'T.Ti.3-s r e ~ b 3 . i : ~
in BO pzrcent. ~t?e.-laps-Z consecut:ive "nqard or 8 f t frames and $8 percentoverlap bet~geeastereo p a f r s , A t :: 110 km a l t i t ~ ~ dt hee ganoramfc cav zra
w i l l cover s p p ~ o x b r 3 a t ~ Iay 22 km x 340 km area, Under spkimum c o n & i t i o n s ,
t h e panoramic eaz-era resolves 125 B3-nes per miEPimeter,
*:."TI
32
"
"-'--b
t3
aTiAd
*-a
--,

-=

-3

P-

Indfvtd~aaSm2-asto:l camera ~ a l i b r a t i o ndata is on file at Mapping

Sciences Isaborat:oq7, X,GA Manned Spacecraft a~enter,Bsus ton, Texas,
"cent
e f photo colrerage i s sho~mI n Indexes ~(6)- 1(22) and 11(5) -
XE(19),
References 2,7,L3, 2,7,B7
2,7,24, 2,7,39 2,7,5% p r o a i d e
m o r e detailed Indexzs and %c.foxmtBsn,

+ - X Cltioed are spec981 p u r p o s e and s u p p 4 _ e e n t photographs t h a t are

~ d % t ~ % c to
i ~ l~u an al r photographs selected by t h e Iganger, Lunar O r b i t e r
a c d kpsllc iipiicec r a f t and ear thbased t e l e s c o p i c endeavors,

M a r l a e t BO Photography

..... .....
,

S e c t i o n 2,s

2,5,2

T h e r e P~EXY-~,37,574 ,mager :.ransnaitt,t:i fr;,:n t h e f ?V E Sur7;eyors :

from Suxvejo: B a Q 5 ? Z C ."rtsn Suut.e-v~yo.: 611, 14,b18 i"rc:x Sur:l~eyor
f r s r a Par;~.:eyoj: "'i arid 21,OSS "rrzra S u x w g c r IdT

11 ,240
29 , 9 5 2

.A

The a; ess

",,; S L ~ T F : ~ - ~re'
I B XL: 11-~S'd.Cbl ~:LGXL.IJ:e~ r ange f r:om 1 ,2 meters
33 k 5 5 1 ~ m s E %f re' ~~3 m r h e can1er3" s$ad:$c~ns S U T V ~ Y O F ;I1

CBVZ r:et,

$8 8 d i s c a n c e 0:
and V I.anded i g $t19%3 a m a x ezac~z-cs

%he S%;r-J- - ---- television caiccca system cotltairreo a tiarlal;;e focal

l e n g t h , !iowEves, oa-11y two seeLings w7ert) u s i d :
2 - 25 -?In f r , c a l length
10ii m focal. ic:ngi-h v:i.ikA n 6,$3 d e g r e e
w i t l a a 25.13 d e t c e e f i e l d ; (2)
c ~ l a n g e sfrom
d
apertcrli~.~
f ieL$. An adjl;s$wb%e i r i s p ~ g ~ i d ee5;irc::l.r.e
f / L t to f/22, The s i z e o f t h e _1_mzg2Zrxame in thd? v i d . 4 ~ 3cube
~
was .i9.
s q u a r e and, t ~ a sscanned i i n e-ther a 200 i j n e m c d e or e 600 1 in^ mode.
The 600 I i i ~ enocje was used fcx the greate$c p e r iderrpabe of izlages
recorded.. Surveyor p h o ~ o g r a ; ~ h gi s cl. v e r y 1 i m i ted v;ilur~ f c r c s r t w g r n f i i c
worko
m

XNER 1 0 PHOTO

Photographs of t h e moan were accomplished by t h e Mercury Mariner 1 0

S p a c e c r a f t i n i t s November-Decwber 1973 f l y b y of t h e moon.
f o c a l l e n g t h t e l e v i s i a n cameras scanned t h e l u n a r
s u r f a c e w i t h a ground r e s o l u t i o n of approximately one k i l o m e t e r . Trans
m i t t a l of t h e scanned d a t a t o e a r t h r e s u l t e d i n p r o d u c t i o n of 56 l u n a r
photographs of c a r t o g r a p h i c s i g n i f i c a n c e a t s c a l e s of 1:5,000,000 and
s m a l l e r , each based on a 42-second d u r a t i o n of scan.

The Mariner 10 Lunar photographs ( ~ D ~ 2 2 4 3 - 2 2 8 8 , 2 6 6 7 - 2 6 6 9 p 4 1 2 2 - 4 - % 2 8 )

p r o v i d e coverage between t h e e q u a t o r and n o r t h p o l e from 0' - 150
longitude as diagr
ed i n Photographic Indexes I ( 2 3 ) and
(20). They
p r e s e n t some a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l t o s u p p o r t s m a l l s c a l e l u n a r c h a r t i n g .
A d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n references 2.7.53

Section 2,5,2

and 2.7.54.

HIC SUPPORT DAlFA

Photographic Support Data has been produced as a companion product t o
photography o b t a i n e d fron Lunar OEbiter and Apollo photographic m i s s i o n s ,
I t t a b u l a t e s r e d u c t i o n of data o b t d n e d from s p a c e c r a f t an8 e a r t h b a s e d
i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n b e a r i n g on t h e p o s i t i o n and a t t i t u d e of t h e t a k i n g camera.
The d a t a i s i n t a b u l a r form ( F i g u r e 1) and i s e x p r e s s e d i n terms r e q u i r e d
by p h c s t o g r m e t r i c wers t o , e s t a b l i s h l u n a r s u r f a c e p o s i t i o n s . Discussion
of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of Photo Support Data t o l u n a r c o n t r o l d e r l . v a t i o n i s
c o n t a i n e d in B o s s i e r S e c t i o n 3 ,
Lunar Orbiter Mission Photographic Support Data
%a%>o%lo
Mission P h o t o g r a p h i c Support Data

S e c t i o n 2.6

Z e fIe 1

. . . . . 2,6.2

UP

aaa
a?aaaaaaaaaaaau

w
aw
aa
w B Z E wa wa wa wa wa wa w
a wa w
aw
aw
aw
aw
a8

WW~~wWFrlTs3Bls4WFr~WWF6Pg*~

!2 u a a a a a a a o a a a Q E
E
\

eaBEEEnaaaamPRaQanUz2

m a 0
W W W

2,6,1 LUNM 0MI"E"ER MISSION PHOTO SUPPORT DATA

Successive editions o f Lunar Orbiter Mission Photo Support Data were
produced by the Beeing Company under PaASA Contract during the period
1 9 6 7 4 9 6 9 , me continued refinement of the data during this time
resulted in a September 1969 publication of final data for each Lunar
Orbiter Missfen,
Determination of spacecraft orbit from earthbased tracking data was
accomplished with computer program ODPL, generally using data arcs of
three orbit duration. Jet Propulsion ~aboratory's Developmental
Ephemeris 1 9 (DE-19) provided glanetaq ephemeral information, NASA
EEengley R9search ~eratcac'sGravity Models LRC 11./4..1was used for the
I n w inclination orbits of Missions 1, 11, III and model LRC U28B was
employed in r e d u c t i o n o f the high inclination orbits sf Missions I V
and V,
C o n t r o l of camera attritude in the Lmar Orbiter System w a s dependent
upon a star trackerPs establishment o f spacecraft orientation, The

orientation data provided by this system reflected the direc-d space

craft maneuvers relative to the celestial reference, with confirmation
and adjustment based on telemetered gyroscopic data, Lesser accuracy was
obtained in Lunar Orbiter Mission IV camera attitude information as
maneuvers were made relative to p r e v i s u s l y established attitude rather
than updating orientation through celestial alignment, Time of expasure,
required for correlation of both position and attitude data, was
recorded to P second,

Section 2 , 6 , P

2,6,2 UOLLO MISSION PHOTO S%IIF$PORTDATA

Photo Support Data pertinent ts 4g;rllo Mission P h c o t a g r y has been
c o q u t e d and p u b l i s h e d by the NASA Mamed Spacecraft Center, Data is
available f o r Rass l e b l a d 8Om f ma1 l e n g t h s t e r e o k;t r i p g h t o g r a p h y
obtained d u r i n g Missions 10, 12 and 1 4 , and for kngollo 12, 5 6 0 f
~ocal
length coverage sf the Pra Mauro and Bescartes areas, I t is a l s s being
p u b l i s h e d f o r the Metric Cmera photography of Missions 15-17,

In computing Photo Swgart Data, the spacecraft o r b i t has been d e t e r d w e d

w i t h computer program ROPE generally using t r a c k i n g data f o r individual
areas of lunar frontside p h t o g r a p h y w i t h e x t r a p o l a t i o n to f a r s i d e coverage,
L u n a r gravity model LL, Koziel's libration model and Jet Propulsion
Laboratory ' s planetary ephemeris D G 1 9 have been employed as i n p u t .
O r i e n t a t i o n and positional i n f o m a t l e n p r e s e n t e d in Apollo Photo S u p p o r t
Data has been computed w i t h t h e Apca4.lo Photograph E v a l u a t i o n P r o a r m (APE)
and s a q l e o u t p u t i s shown i n S e c t i o n 2 , 6 , F i g u r e B,
Camera orientation has been derived through r e l a t i o n of camera aaes t o
s p a c e ~ r a f tbody awes and E m r C i a L measurement unit gimbal angles, I n t h e
Hassleblad Photo S u p p o r t Data, an uncertainty of 2
was considered t o
e x i s t in s d a t i n g caraera to s p a c e c r a f t axes, Hoksever, photo triangulation
p e r f o m e d w i t h d s s i o n photography and Photo S u p p o r t Data reflects s y s t e m a t i c
o r i e n t a t i o n a n g l e discrepancies s f from 8"
4 " , 'FL-re camera orientation
i n f o m a t i o n evressed f o r the Metrlc Camera (Ap0110 15-17) missions is
generally in good agreement with o r i e n t a t i o n Infarmation d e r i v e d from
reduction o f s t e l l a r photography, Systematic d i f f e r e n c e s of s e v e r a l minutes
of a r c and smaller random difzerences e x i s t ,

U n f o r t m a t e l y , precise time of photo e q o s u r e was n o t o b t a i n e d for

Hassle'blad photography s f Missions 18, 12 and %4, and d a t a has n e c e s s a r i l y
been produced w i t h o u t direst c o r r e l a t i o n to individual photo frames, mis
Photo Support Data is expressed at one second intervals over t h e time p e r i o d
d u r i n g whf ch each photo s t r b p was a c c o q l i s h e d , In t h e case o f A p o l l u Metric
Camera Missions, Photo Support Data i s referenced t o t h e time o f individual
ew08UTeS e

Camera orientation d a t a resulting from reduction s f Apollo 1-5-17s t e l l a r

photography i s considered more accurate than orientation data s h o w in
Photo Support Data, Were s t e l l a r photographic reductions are not available
and orientation data for vectoring laser altimetry i s r e q u i r e d , adjustment
o f Photo Support Data values i s recornended based on s t e l l a r photo-Photo
S u p p o r t Data differences e x i s t e n t f o r other portions asf the particular mission,
SeJenodet~Lccontrol development through analytical p h o t o g r a m e t r i c

triangulakfon of photographs aceompli.s"nd by A p o l l o Missions 15-17 mappinh;

cameras, has as a by-product o f this work, pnrovj-ded an independent

evalaiaation of s p a c e c r a f t p o s i t i o n i n f o m a t l o n contained i n Photegraphic

Support Data, I n t e r o r e b i t b i a s e s i n s p a c e c r a f t p o s i t i o n s whi& g e n e r a l l y
range from 300-600 meters h o r i z o n t a l l y and 50-150 meters v e r t i c a l l y have
been d e f i n e d f o r c u r r e n t e d i t i o n s of Photographic Suppart Data, L a
i s o l a t e d i n s t a n c e s b i a s e s of more than one k i l o m e t e r have been s h a m t o
e x i s t , Updated s p a c e c r a f t p o s i t i o n s which a i n i d z e s p a c e c r a f t ephemeris
i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r all Mission 15 olcbital photographic
revsZutions and selected M s s i o n 16 and 1 7 r e v o l u t i o n s ,
More d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of Apollo Photo Support Data i s contained i n
references 2 , 7 , 2 2
2,%,24,

Section 2,Q,%

NASA Contractor Report @R-847,

August 1967

NASA Contractor

2,7.2
Report CR 782, A p r i l 1967
2,7.3

NASA Contract Report CR 931

2,Te4

NASA C o n t r a c t o r

Report9 October 3,967

2,7 65

NASA Coatrac$ar Report CR 9 8 4 ,

F e b r u a q 1968

207.6

LunarOr'uit5

Report

cn

NASA Contractor

1069, 1968

z 0 7 , 7 LunarOrbfter
Report CR 1054, June 1968
2,7.8

NASA Contractor

NASA Contractor Report CR 1894

June 1968

2,7,9

Luna~
ACIC, December 1966

2,7,IbO

AGIC, March 1.967

2,7,P% Lunar Orbfrer 1x1 Camera C a l i b r a t

ACIC, August 1967

2,7.12 Lunar Orbiters IV and V

January 1968
2,%,1%3

2,7.$4

-. Mission

3.1 Pho

Lunar O r b i t e r Photo
A C I C , A p r i l 1969
(5 sheets showing l u n a r nearside coverage on p h o t o g r a p h i c
p r o j e c t ion)

2.7,15

A G I C , March 1969

( 1 3 sheecs showing near and f a r s i d e coverage on mercator and

g o k a r s t e r e s g r a p h i c p r o j ections)
ACSC,

2,7.B6
S e c t i o n 2 , 7

February 1969

2,7.18

A G J C , March $970

2,7,lkS

(one s h e e t ) , A G I C ,

June 1970

Indexes, A C I C , June 1 9 7 1

2,7.20

970 with updating

2,7,25
NASA SP-61,

September 1964

NASA SP-$2,

February 1 9 6 % *

NASA SP-63,

August

2,T026

2,7,27

1965

2.7028
NASA SP-111,

1966, L i b r a r y sf Congress C a t a l o g Card Number 66-60848

NASA SF-112,

1966, L i b r a r y o f Congress Catakeg Card Number 66-60049

%,7.29

2,7.30
NASA Technical R e p o r t 32-1399,

2,7,32

January %969

A r t h u r , D , W, G . , K u i p e r , G. P I ,
and mitaker, @, A,,

1961

2,7,33

Kufper, G , P * , Ed., 1960

Section 2 , 7
2

2,7.51

DMMC, A p r i l 1974

2,7.53
R.M.

2.7,54

M.Ee D a v i e s and
Batson, J o u r n a l s f Geophysical Research, June 1975,

M ~ r i n e r18 (3973-085A) TV P i c t u r e Data,

Data Announcement Bulletin 15-18, R a t i o n a l Space S r i e n c e Data
C e n t e r , NASA, October 1 9 7 5 .

S e c t i o n 2,7

Index No.

Description

. . . . . . . Ranger M s s i o n Photography
P ( 2 ) . . . . . . . %mar O r b i t e r $Om F.L, Vertical Photography
( 3 ) . . . . . . Lmar O r b i t e r 8
F e L e Oblique Photography
I ( 4 ) . . . . . . . Lmar O r b i t e r 610m P.E, V e r t i c a l Photography
I(5) . . . . . . Lunar O r b i t e r 610m F,L, Oblique Photography
1 ( 6 ) . . . . . . . dapollo Mission 8, 90, 12, $Om F , k , Vertical Blaek and
mite Photagraphy
E Q G a ) . . . . . . Apollo Hission 15, 17, 60 and 8Bm F,L. Vertical Black
and
Photagraphy
I ( 7 ) . . . . . . . Apollo
Mission 8, 16, 1 2 , 80m F.L. Oblique Black and
W&sfte Photography
168) . . . . . . a p o 1 1 ~Mission 11, 12, 14, $Om F.L, Oblique Black and
Photography
T(8a) . . . . . . Apollo M s s i o n 15, 1 7 , 6 0 m F.E. Oblique Blaek and
mite Photography
I (8b) . . . . . . Apcslles mssion 15, 16, 17, 80 and 105rwun F,L, Oblique
Black and m i t e Photography
169) . . . . . . . AppaZ:ho Mission 8, 11, 12, 1 4 , 250 and 50Om F,L, V e r t i c a l
Black and
Photography
I(9a) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 1 7 , 250 and 500xm F.L. V e r t i c a l
Black and m i t e Photography
1Q10) . . , . . . Apollo mssian 8, 10, 2SOm F.L. Oblique Black and
Photography
I(ll) . , . . . . @oblo Missfan 11, 12, 14, 250m F,L. Oblique Black and
mite Photography
I(lla) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 250m F.L. Oblique Black and
mite Photography
P(blk1b) . . . . .
.Apdlgt
Mission 15 S W m F,L. Oblique Black and
Photography

I&L)

'
I

mite

mite

mite

mite

mite

Section 2,8

Index No,

P(%2)

......

A p o l l ~mssioss I k , 1 2 , 88m F,L. Vertical Color Photography

.
.. , . . Grpolls
mssion 15, 17, 60 and 8
F,L. Vertical Color
Photography
%(U) . , . . . . Apsllo Wseion 10, %I, 12, 80m F.L. Oblique C o l o r
Photography
P(kSa) .
,. . . . b o l l 0 Mission 15, 16, 17, 6 0 and 88m F.E. Oblique Color
Photography
I ( 1 4 ) . . . , . . Apolfo Mission 10, 1 4 , 2 5 Q m P.E. Vertdcal Color Photsgrap&ny.
I (L4a) . . . . . . A p s l l o Mission 1.5, 16,
258m P.L. V e r t i c a l Collar
Photography
I(15) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 10, 1 4 , 250m F.L. Obltque C d o r Photography
I(15a) . .
. . . Apolle
Mission 15, 16, 1 7 , 250m F.L. Bbliqhte Color
Photesgraphy
SQBG) .
.. . . , A p s l l o Nlssion 18, 1 4 , 50 P.L, Oblique Color Photography
$$I71 .
. . . . ApolloPhotography
H s s i o n 350, 14, 8Om P.L, Stereasgraphic Black and
I(E8) . . . . . . A p s l l a Mission, 5 0 0 m and 18" F.E, Stereographic Black
and
Photography
I(19) . . . . . . A p o l l a Mission 1 5 , 16, 1 7 , 24" F.L. Panoramic Black
and
Photography
1 ( 2 0 ) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 1 6 , 1 7 , 3" F.L. Vertical Mapping Black
and
Photography
I ( 2 1 ) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Oblique Mapping Black .
and
Photography
I(22) . . . . . . ApolIo Missfan 1 7 5 5 m F.k, Oblique Black and
Photography

P(12a)

g7,

"mite

mite

mite

mite

mite

mite

Z(23)
Pf(1)

HE(2)

. . . . . Mariner 1.0, 150 F.L. Black and mite Photography

. . . . . . Lursar O r b i t e r , 8 h m F.L. Ver%;kca$Black and mite Phatography
. , . . . . Lunar O r b i t e r , 8 F,L. Oblique Black and mite Photography
Section 2.8

. . . . . , $h$bolls
8, 18, 11% 12%13, 25
Oblique
Color Photsgrc%pbhy
II(13a) . . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 25
FeLe oblique Color
tography

II(13)

FeL*

Phba

II(15)
II(16)

. . . . . . Apoflo
Mission 8, 10, 12, 1 4 , 8
FeL, S t e r e ~ g r a ~ b i c
B$a& and m i t e Photsgrapby
. . . . . . Apollo Mission 15, 16, 17, 24" F.L. Panor
Phcatography
. . . . . . &ollo
Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Vertical Mapping
Black and WBte Photography
. . . . . . Apollo
Mission 15, 16, 17, 3" F.L. Oblique Mapping Black
and mf te Photography
. . . . . . Apollo
Mission 17 55mm F.L. Oblique Black and White and
Color Photography
te

II(17)
II(18)
II(19)

3.0 LUNm CONTROL

t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r establishment of p r e c i s e l u n a r c s n t r o l
systems is s i m i l a r t o e a r t h requirements for d e f i n i n g geodetic datums.
The $atumvs p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n must be f i x e d by a network of
i d e n t i f i a b l e p o i n t s based on a f i g u r e of computation having d e f i n e d s i z e ,
shape and seabetian t o t h e l u n a r g r a v i t y f i g u r e * In v i e w of the aemewhat
approximate s t a t e of our l u n a r s c i e n t i f i c knowledges b e a r i n g on t h e moon's
s i z e , shape and g r a v i t y , it i s not s t a r p r i s i n g kh;a$: lunar c o n t r o l systems
e s t a b l i s h e d t o date f u l f i l l some o f the prescribed c o n d i t i o n s w i t h
approximate d a t a and are weak in relating w i d e l y separated l u n a r f e a t u r e s .
Lack o f p r e c i s i o n i n our knowledge of t h e moon's s i z e , shape and g r a v i t y
f i g u r e a r e t h e principal error sources, with a smaller error c o n t r i b u t i o n
from inaccuracies i n knowledge o f the noun's motions as r e l a t e d t o e a r t h
by e x i s t i n g ephemerides,
P r i o r t o t h e advent of spacecraft i n lunar proximity, l u n a r e o n t r s e
was n e c e s s a r i l y accomplished through earthbased telescopic photography

and o b s e m a t i o n s , Such c o n t r o l i s , of course, r e s t r i c t e d t o the Punar

n e a r s i d e and linaited I n p r e c i s i o n by t h e earth-moon distance and
geometry. Earthbased l u n a r control s o l u t i o n s rely an r e d u c t i o n of
heliometer o b s e m a t i o n s t o d e f i n e t h e angles between C r a t e r Mosting A
and s e l e c t e d limb points, Computation of primary c o n t r e l p o i n t s i s
based on t h e coordinates of Mosting A as t h e fundamental p o i n t , the
k n o m o r i e n t a t i o n , motion and center of mass of t h e moan with r e s p e c t
t o e a r t h and a c o r r e c t i o n model f o r atmospheric refraction, Earthbased l u n a r c o n t r o l systems designed t o support c a r t o g r a p h i c work
i n e l u d e t h e r e s u l t s of furthe2 mensuration of lunar f u l l moon and
phase photography and provide a network of p o s i t i o n s and e l e v a t i o n s
f o r s e l e c t e d Punar features which are based on the primary p o i n t s and
s i z e and o r i e n t a t i o n a f lunar f i g u r e determhned i n t h e h e l i o m e t e r
reduetion,

Nore r e c e n t l u n a r c o n t r o l work has concentrated on develsprnent of

systems based on absentations and photography taken from lunar o r b i t i n g
spacecraft. As t h e l u n a r center o f mass i s coincident w i t h one of t h e
f o c i i of t h e spacecraft's o r b i t , c o n t r o l s y s t e m s developed from o r b i t a l
d a t a have the d i s t i n c t advantage o f being mass centered r a t h e r t h a n
f i g u r e centered as i n Lhe earthbased t e l e s c o p i c case. 'Che o r b i t a l
method o f establishing l u n a r cs%n&rsL.
is dependent upon detembi-asrg
camera p o s i t i o n and attitude r e l a t i v e to the 1un.r coordinate system
and e s t a b l i s h i n g luznar surface positions and e l e v a t i o n s from t h e
i n t e r s e c t i o n of d i . r e c t e d rays through photo image points a p p e a r i n g on

S e c t i o n 3.0

l
two or more photographs. In effect, t h e datum c ; i strch c ~ ~ r s t r ois

established by the spacecraft ephemeris developed from eartkkbased radar

tracking, with photogrametry being employed to project s r b i t a l positions
to the lunar surface, Camera attitude i n f o r m t i o n results from stellar
orientation which may be simultaaesams with each l u n a r photograph or
updated by changes i n spacecraft o r i e n t a t i o n recorded by onboard inertial
measurement untt, Some of the analytical photsgrametric programs used
to establish l u n a r surface p o s i t i o n s a l s o ad=E~ieterefinennnent of the
orbital data by p r o v i d i n g f a r ;adjarsrme~as;in camera station positions
within orbit, based on the computed cornpatability sf position, attitude
and p h o t o measurement data.
The initid parame&ers for orbital photogrammetrically e s t a b l i s h e d
lunar control systems are described by a set of P h o t o Suppart Data which
d e f i n e s carsera position, a t t i t u d e and r e l a t e d informatiou for each photo
exposure, The Pheto S u p p o r t Dat;. value:; are the ~ " e s ; t r L t of correlation
of photo exposure time with deve3 oped o r b i t and at t l rude information.
They are s u b j e c t ta specific canditdrsms of l u n a r g ~ a v i t ymodel, plane
tary ephemeris and lengtts af ~ a b i t a la r c d a t a used Eri computation.
Significant charkge in any of these elements and suhccquent recomputation
of photogrametric solution will result in a change to the datum of the
control system involved. Dossier s e c t i o n 2 . 6 describes editions o f
Photo Support Data that have served as a basis for ltlnar control development.

The accuracy o f developed c o l l t r o l systenls i s , of course, also dependent

upon the fidelity o f t h e photogrammetrie snlutions employed to derive lunar
surface positions and elevations. F i n i t e evaluations having a statistical
basis are g e n e r a l l y an end p r o d ~ l c tof the computed photograrmuetric solutions
and a r e expressed r e l a t i v e t o p a r t i c t i l a x o r h i tal mi sa!on ephemeral infor
mation as defined by Photo Support Data, R n ~ l y k i r s lphatsgrammetric
triangulation programs such as HERGET, MUSA'r, LOSAT and liOBAT have been
used i n cslgplating l u n a r control, EacIi o f t h e rrcsci ...ms r e l i e s on input
d a t a in %he form o f space coordinates o f expostlric. :#tat.j-sn,camera
attitude and measx~rements sf p h o t : ~ t~nagep a l nts 4 ., 6aca*listruct the
c c ~ n d i t i s n sunder which photography was t a k e n *53r$Lr(, r : ~ ~ l n j 3 ~ g-phota
~ee
ray inter
sectdons d e t e m i n i n g the most statistically psfcF*lble lunar s ~ l r f a c e
positions and d e v a t i s n s * The programs differ , ~ r i n t i p a l l y%a t h e
sophistication with which data i s treated and ekrror ana1;;ses performed.
al
strip sa?l~ti~n
The MERGET prggram o n l y provides for k n d f ~ f i t f ~ ~pFkoto
and a l l o w s i n p u t or solution o f the elements of camera l i o s i t i o n and
ock scrllatlons and
o r i e n e a t i a n , WSAT will h a n d l e plaots str l p arr~d &>I

p r o v i d e s f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l w e i g h t i n g and a d j u s t m e n t of t h e i n d i v i d u a l
LOSAT and LOBAT, d e s i g n e d f o r s t r i p and b l o c k
input parameters,
s o l u t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y , a p p l y t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n of c o n s t r a i n i n g
exposure s t a t i o n p a s i t i o n s t o l i e a n an orbital p l a n e , The more r e c e n t l y
developed SAPGO (Simultaneous h a l y t i c a l Photogrametri@ and Geodetic
O b s e r v a t i o n s ) Program which p r o v i d e s i n c r e a s e d csmpmtationak e f f i c i e n c y ,
has been used i n t h e development of Large b l o c k s of c o n t r o l from Apolko
Mission 15-17 data,
Earthbased l a s e r ranging t o l u n a r based r e t r o r e f l e c t o r s p r o v i d e s
a new and i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o an a b s o l u t e b a s i s f o r S e l e n o d e t i c
System development.
Continuing a n a l y s i s and f i t t i n g of i n c r e a s i n g l y l a r g e r
s e t s of r a n g i n g d a t a t o a c c e p t e d lunar o r b i t , l i b r a t i o n and mass
d i s t r i b u t i o n models i s being performed,
This work has r e s u l t e d i n
p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n of r e t r o r e f l e c t s r p o s i t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
c e n t e r of l u n a r mass and more i m p o r t a n t l y , p r o v i d e s a b a s i s f o r
development of improved lunar ephemeris and l i h r a t i s n models.

Section 3,O

The Global Cantral S y s t e w discussed i n t h i s S e c t i o n could perhaps

better be desePibed as hemfspher%cal. With the e x c e p t i o n s f the P o s i t i o n a l
Reference System, which i s p r i m a r i l y a l m a r f a r s f d e s o l u t i o n , they r e l y
on earthbased telescopic photography aecorsrpllshed during d i f f e r e n t Lunar
l i b r a t i o n p e r i o d s to provide a p a r a l l a x d i f f e r e n t i a l as t h e basis f o r
d e r i v a t i o n of c o n t r o l p o i n t values. me coverage af t h e s e s y s t e m i s
n e c e s s a r i l y r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e l u n a r nearside w i t h degradation of l a t i t u d e
and Bsngftude accuracies occurr5ng as t h e l u n a r lid i s approached,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8

Nanchester (1967) (1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,Ba9

Positi~seaalReferenee System ( 1 9 6 9 ) ( 1 9 7 4 ) . . .
.. 3,1.,1.0

Kiev ($967)

S e c t i o n 3.1

The catalogue of Saunder lists the positions of I433 f e a t u r e s on t h e

l u n a r surface. These were measured on f o u r plates taken with the 24 inch
E q u a t o r i a l Goude o f the Paris Observatory, 1895-99.
They are gibbous
photographs with b o t h morning and evening t e m i n a t o r s . For example, the
f i r s t t w o p l a t e s measured were taken s h o r t l y a f t e r f i r s t quarter and
s h o r t l y b e f o r e lass quarter, Therefore, the two plates have snly a s m a l l
area o f t h e central p o r t i o n o f t h e l u n a r d i s c i n cornon,
P l a t e constants for the first t w o p o s i t i v e p l a t e s were derived from a
l a r g e number o f p o i n t s measured at t h e t e l e s c o p e , These inclladed Measting A
and t h e e i g h t fundamental points measured with the heliometer by J, P m n z
and nineteen features measured by Saunder. The l a t t e r were micrometric
m a s u r e m a t s made with a f i l a r micrometer. Two of the fundamental points
o f Franz; Aristarchus, and B y r g i u s A, were deleted because of d i f f i c u l t y
with t h e i r measurement on the plateso Plate c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e n e g a t i v e
p l a t e s included t h e d e t e m i n a t i s n s f three a d d i t i o n a l features by Barnard
w i t h the 48 inch Yerkes refractor,

Measurements were made using a reseau and an astrographfc micrometer

with a s c a l e in the eyepiece* The f i r s t a t t m p t was t o recard t h e reseau
on a positive copy of the l u n a r image. However, t o o nuc11 d e t a i l was Sobt
i n constructing t h e positive and a s a r e s u l t t h e reseau was clamped over
the negatives, Each f e a t u r e was measured four times, twice in o p p o s i t e
plate orientations,
A t a later date, two plates taken with the 40 inch refractor at the
Yerkes Observatory (1981) were measured by Saunder. These hsd been t a k e n
by G , W B Ritchey i n an experfment to determine how much f % n e d e t a i l could
"o photographed under the best atnospheric ccrndttkons* Blnfortrinateliy, there
is some question as to the a c t u a l dates of tkkese photographs, which is
n e c e s s a r y to l u n a r control s t u d i e s . Saunder's analysis indicates t t ~ a ~ t h e
l i s t e d date o f one phatograph i s Fn e r r o r by one month and the o t h e r 5-y one
day, This casts c o n s i d e r a b l e doubt on t h e v a l u e o f these observatfcns,

In all, 2885 points were measured and reduced on the Perkes pla~es.
These i n c l u d e d t h e points previously observed on tile Paris p l a t e s . T h i s
work served as t h e main basis f o r the catalogue 05 I,A,U, l u n a r coordinates
by Blagg and MuePler (1935),

3,1.2 150 MOON C M T E M OF F

& SCHRUTM (1958)

The 150 moon craters measured by J. Franz are dispersed over the earthward
hemisphere* Measurements were made on f i v e plates taken with %he 36 inch
refractor at t h e L i c k Observatory, 1890-91.
These are primarily near f u l l
noon photographs and features were s e l e c t e d t h a t stand apart from t h e i r
surroundings due t o their b r i g h t n e s s , Although Franz refesred $0 them as
moon craters, a few b r i g h t mountain p*eaks are i n e l u d e d in t h e list,

Plate c o n s t a n t s were determined by Mosting A and the eight additional

fundamental p o i n t s that Pranz derived with the heliometer, Measurements
were made w i t h an instrument b u i l t by Repsold for t h e Royal P r u s s i a n
Academy of Sciences. It could only measure one c o o r d i n a t e precisely a l o n g
t h e p r i n c i p a l scale and t h i s r e q u i k e d that t h e p l a t e be rotated, The X
coordinate was measured twfce in the O and 180 degree p l a t e o r i e n t a t i o n ,
w h i l e the P coordinate was measured w i t h t h e p l a t e r o t a t e d to 90 and 270
degrees. Because of t h e difficulty i n measuring, Franz d i v i d e d each plate
i n t o nine s e c t o r s that could be measured in one setting. Along with the
f e a t u r e s in each sector, t h e fundamental p o i n t s were a l s o measured. Thus,
each sector was referenced t o the lunar c o o r d i n a t e system as d e s c r i b e d by
t h e s e fundamental p o i n t s ,
'

A new reduction o f the 150 noon craters was made by Schrutka-Reehtenstmm

(1958). T h i s included a new computation of the eight fundamental points
measured w i t h t h e heliometer, The major basis f o r t h i s new r e d u c t i o n was
b e t t e r expression o f t h e physical libration than was a v a i l a b l e t o Franeez,
Also, Schrutka converted the sector measurements into a single s e t o f
observations f o r each p l a t e . The measurements o f Franz. as reduced by
Schrutka, have been used as a basis f o r numerous f o l l o w i n g l u n a r c o n t r o l
studies,

$ ,

Section 3 , 1 , 2

3 , 1 , 3 LUNm CONTROL BY B U D W I N

The s t u d y s f R e B , Baldwin d e v d o p e d a c a t a l o g u e of coo9dinates f o r

696 features. These points were measured on five photographs taken with
the 36 inch refractor a% %he Lick O b s e r v a t o r y * TWO of these plates are
near f i r s t and l a s t q u a r t e r , t w o others are crescent phase w i t h morning
and evening t e r m i n a t o r s , and one i s a t g i b h u s phase, Use, t w o s f t h e s e
plates are a t almost i d e n t i c a l l i b r a t i o n s and their measurements are
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h regard t e the s t e r e o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n method.
T h i s array a f phase p h ~ t ~ g s a p hdoes
y
not allow for nultfple o b s e r q a t i o n s
o f i n d i v i d u a l features and the m a j o r i t y are measured on o n l y t w o p l a t e s ,

t h e minimum requirement for a single determination of three-dimensional

coordinates, The rest of t h e f e a t u r e s a r e measured on t w o combinations s f
three different p l a t e s , Unfortunately, one s f these combinations contains
t h e W Q plates of almost i d e n t i c a l l i b r a t i o n ,
P l a t e constants were d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e 150 p o i n t s of F r s n z as redlaced
by Schrutka, Due ts the nature a f t h e photography, d i f f e r e n t groups sf
p o i n t s were u s e d f o r each $late, A s there were a r e l a t i v e l y small m~mber
o f points c s m o n to b s t h systems, I t was necessary ts make small auxiliary
corrections ta the p l a t e constants, The f i n a l camputation of l u n a r h e i g h t s
w a s according to t h e scheme developed by Saunder.

Section 3,123

3.1,4 M

S LUNAR COWRQL SYSTEM ( 1 9 6 4 )

The M S Lunar C o n t r o l System consists of t w o separate c a t a l o g u e s ,

M S 1964 and Group NASA 1965, The M S 1964 system l i s t s the c o o r d i a a t e s
o f 256 features d i s p e r s e d over t h e moon's earthward hemisphere, w h i l e
Group NASA l i s t s 496 features concentrated i n W o zones o r b e l t s , These
areas are PO degrees n o r t h and s o u t h of the equator and 10 d e g r e e s east
or w e s t of the l u n a r prime meridian*,
The number o f c o n t r o l features i n b o t h of t h e s e c a t a l o g u e s was l a t e r
reduced during t h e i r i n c l u s i o n i n the DOD SeLenodetic C o n t r o l System 1966
Two craters were removed fxcapn MS 1964 because t h e i r d e r i v e d h e i g h t s exceeded
PO kilometers. A t h i r d fundamental adjustment was performed sn Group NASA
which d e l e t e d 805 obsemat10ns equatisans and reduced t h e mmber o f craters
to 4 8 4 ,

Approximately t h e same set of photographs were used Sor b o t h r e d u c t i o n s .

These were s h o r t exposwes t a k e n w i t h t h e 36 inch r e f r a c t o r at L i c k Observa
t o r y between 1936 and 1945, A geeat v a r i e t y sf phase a n g l e s are present
A
f.zrmc&uding crescmt and gibbous, with morning and evening t e r m i n a t o r s
t o t a l o f 19 plates were used for b o t h r e d u c t i o n s , 15 f o r AMS 1964 and 18
for Group NASA. O f these, 14 p l a t e s were common to b o t h reductions.
Measurements were made by sessions r a t h e r t h a n f o r an e n t i r e p l a t e , A
s e s s i o n refers to t h e measurement o f a group of f e a t u r e s in one day. In
this manner, d i f f e r e n t groups of f e a t u r e s a p p e a r i n g sn a s i n g l e plate were
measured in various sessions, The M S 1964 system was measured on 15 plates
in 32 sessions, while the Group NASA contained 18 p l a t e s measured i n 131
No attempt was made to convert t h e sessions on a p l a t e i n t o a
session%
s i n d e r e l a t i v e array of measured coordinates.
T h e r e f o r e , plate constants, as such, were not d e t e r m i n e d , I n s t e a d ,
triangulation, r s t a t i a n , and scale were derived for each session and a
single p l a t e may have s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t values f o r these c o n s t a n t s . The
method o f determi-nfng transl.at.isn, rotation, and scale i s by a Least
squares adjustment between the meisurements of f e a t u r e s i n a s e s s i o n
and t h e i r I,A.Ue c s s r d i n a t e s (Blagg and H u l l e r , 19359.

Section 3 . 1 8 4

The ACPC Seleaodetic System l i s t s ( 3 8 0 ~ d i n 8 t &for

? ~ approximat.e%y 980
f e a t u r e s d i s p e r s e d over t h e moon's earthside hemisphere. O f these, 196
are primary positions and about $00 are supplementary or control extension
p o i n t s . A major p u r p o s e of this w ~ r kwas to f u r n i s h h o r i z o n t a l and vertical
control far the A C I C lunar charting e f f s r t * These are t h e I:P,800,000
scale U C s and t h e 1:500,08Q scale A I C charts,

The p r i m a r y c o n t r o l net was measured on near fu19 moon photography taken

at t h e P i c du M i d i Observatory and t h e Naval Observatory at Flagstaff,
Arizona. There were eight d i f f e r e n t l y l i b r a t e d obsexvatLons, o f which
seven axe from P i e du M i d i and one from the Naval Observatory, The P i c du
M i d i photography eonkists of a sequence o f f i v e s h o r t exposures, covering
a very short p e r i o d sf eifae, f o r each observation. The Naval Observatory
photography s e t s consist of three long exposures taken a b o u t one minute
a p a r t , AIS o f t h e 196 primary points were measured an each plate i n every
sequence,
P l a t e constants were derived by a least squares transformation between
the p l a t e measurements and the p r o j e c t e d p o s i t i o n s o f three selected
features from the work sf Schrutka-Rechkensram* Some o f these coordinates
w e r e amended by the measured observations to d e r i v e a r e l a t i v e l y consistent
set,

The c o n t r o l e x t e n s i o n was measured primarily on sequences o f phase

photography from P i c du M i d i , along with some long exposures from the Naval
Observatory. G e n e r a l l y , three sequences o f photographs having approxiinmately
the same phase angle were u s e d , These were s e l e c t e d so as to present t h e
l a r g e s t Bibrational baselines between t h e three sequences* A s e l e c t group
of p o i n t s were measured on every p l a t e and f e a t u r e s in, t h e primary coaltrol
n e t were used to develop p l a t e constants.
Craters from three to twenty kilometers in diameter were measured, w i t h
the majority b e i n g less than ten kilometers in diameter, Eost 0% the
f e a t u r e c o o r d i n a t e s were determined from t w a or more sets o f d i f f e r e n t l y
B i b r a t e d sequences, The c o n t r o l extension p o i n t s are c o n s i d e r a b l y denser
i n t h e equatorial r e g i o n to s u p p o r t more intensive mapping requirements
i n t h i s area,

Section 3,%,5

3 , l . 6 DOB SEEENODETIC CONTROL SYSTEM (1966)

The positions of 734 points are listed in this catalogue, which Is a

combination of the ACXC Selenodetic System (2965) and AMS Lunar Control
System (1964) including Group NASA points (~eferenceSection 3.1.4).
The method of reduction was basically the same as used in developing the
M S central. However, the D8D Seleroodetic S y s t m does not provide an
optimum combination of the ACIG and M S e o n t r ~ lworks,

Section 3,1,6

3 , $ , 7 mCSQN SELENQDETIC T R I M G U U T I Q N (1968)

Tbe Tucson TrianguEatisn r e s d t s i n a c a t a l o g u e that l i s t s t h e position af
1355 features an the moon's earthward hemisphere, It combines t h e observations
of three other aaontrsl s t u d i e s along w i t h measurements of plates taken w i t h t h e
40 inch r e f r a c t o r at Uarkes Observatory. These s t u d i e s are t h e works o f
Saundsr, ACEC, and GavriLov ( ~ i e vT r i a n g u l a t i o n ) ,

T h i s s t u d y consists o f t w o distinct o p e r a t i o n s , The f i r s t is the detemlna

t i o n o f t h e p o s i t i o n s of 48 features as measured on 25 s t a r - t r a i l e d Yerkes
Plates. S t a r t r a i l s and t h e position of Hosting A (Koziel, 1963) are used t o
determine orientation and translation thab; i s independent of t h e h e i i m e t e r
observatfsns o f Franz, However, i t was s t i l l necessary t o d e r i v e scale from
t h i s systemb
A f t e r the lunar imge has been exposed, t h e telescope" drive i s t u r n e d o f f
and t h e trail o f a s t a r i s recordeds T h i s i s used t o determine c e l e s t i a l
direction, A much larger group sf s t a r - t r a i l e d plates were to be u s e d , b u t
some difficulty developed in the pro@esslnge Normal l u n a r photographs were
taken on the same n i g h t s as star-trailed p l a t e s and all were p r o c a s e d in t t i e
same manner. Since t h e star-trailed plates were open to t h e sky f o r a l o n g e r
period o f time, t h e y were somewhat sky fogged and r e q u i r e d a maximum contrast
development, This was not done and r a t h e r p a o r quality images r e s u l t e d ,
The second o p e r a t i o n was to determine t h e p o s i t i o n s of the 1355 f e a t u r e s
from 37 d i f f e r e n t l y l i b r a t e d o b ~ e m a t i o n s ~These included three Yerkes p l a t e s ,
six from Saunder, s i x from Gavrilov, and 22 from A C I C , It should be n o t e d
t h a t t h e Gavrilov and ACIC systems u s e multiple p l a t e s p e r o b s e m a t i o n .
T h e m f o r e , c h i s work combines tk measurements o f tile equivalgnt o f 131 p l a t e s .
The 48 positions from t h e s t a r - t r a i l e d p l a t e s were u s e d t o e s t a b l i s h t r a n s
lation, rotation and scale,

The Kiev study r e s u l - t e d in s '"etalogue of Sefesacentrisk Pessit$ons clrf 500

Basic Boin$s an t h e ~ o o n ' " S
s urfacec" In t;kr,isc,ontext, seaenacentric refers
to the center o f mass and net t h e center o f f i g u r e . This lunar study a t t e m p t s
to transform t h e o r i g l n of
positions to the center of mass a f t e r t h e y
have been deter~nbned in t h e noma1 manner, It i s p r e d i c a t e d on t h e f a c t t h a t
the librations actually occur about t h e center o f mass and not t h e center o f
figure
The observaCbons were made wl$b two d i f f e r e n t Instruments* One was t h e
a s t r o g r a p h (5.5 met-ers focal l e n g t h ) o f the MaCn h t r o n o m i c a l Observatory,
Gakloaeyev~. T h i s instrument has an aut~maticaqi.1ymoving p l a t e ho9der which
i s used to o b t a i n fong e q s s u r e s o f 10 to 15 seconds, The purpose is to
pbotogr-apkxca1l.g average khe x~ncarrelatedt r e m b l i r s g of t h e images caused by
amospherbc taarhtnl.ew,ce, The second &el-escopei s a 26 inch r e f r a c t o r of 1 0 , 5
meters Eoca7 length at t h e Pukovo Observatory. Often t w o or three photographs
are taken at t h e same I t b r a t i o n a l position and their measurements a r e combined,
The f i r s t effort was ts develop a composite catalogue of t h e selewocen%ric
eo~kdfaatess f 140 base points, These points were measured on 16 near f u l l
moan p P a t e s taken at Goloseyevo and PuPkovo, They i n c l u d e the k5Q featu.-2s
o f t h e Schrutka systeni and 70 p o i n t s measured i n the Bal.dw.irn system, P l a t e
constants were d e r i v e d by a csmparlssn o f t h e measurements w i t h t h e positions
05 ken features of the Schrutka catalogueu A c o ~ ~ p o s l tcea t a l o g u e was d e r i v e d
~ Q P
t h e three differeat savrceso
A f t e r these coordinates haxre been determined, corrections are d e r i v e d t o
t r a l t q - l a t ethe o r i g i n f r s a ~center o f f i g u ~ ets t h e center o f mass. Then,
corrections are developed to convert the surface positions t o B P s e l e n ~ c e n t r i c s '
v a l u e s * Since this ad3ustmen.e depends an a feature" l o c a t i o n , corrections
were d e t e r m i n e d for loa:ad. areas* The results of t h i s study were used to
e s t a b l a s h the selencsc:eatrie eosrdi.naees of 500 basic p o i n t s .

Manches t e r SeEenodetic Control

CHESTER SEEENODETIC CONTROL

SY STEH

(1969 ) (1971)

9, Manchester SeEenodetic Csntrol System (1967),

In the Manchester T r i a n g u l a t i o n , 906 f e a t u r e s were measured on n e a r
f u l l moon photography taken w i t h t h e 24 i n c h E q u a t o r i a l Coude a f l i c du Midi
Obsematsry (1960-661, m e r e were 18 d i f f e r e n t l y l i b r a t e d observations
used i n determining lunar p o s i t i a n s , En t h e same manner as t h e ACIC c o n t r o l
s t u d y , a sequence of short eqssures were measured f o r each o b s e r v a t i o n t o
reduce the effects of s e e i n g dispkacemenks, mis study u s e d s i x exposures
for each o b s e m a t i o n ,

Features were selected f o r measurement t h a t were small (5-6 kilometers)

and could be i d e n t i f i e d an f u l l phase photography, These i a t s l u d e d s p l a s h
c r a t e r s , mountain peaks, and o t h e r a l b e d o p o i n t s , The use of t h i s type of
photography was t o eliminate t h e f a l s e positioning o f a f e a t u r e caused by
d i f f e r e n t solar a l t i t u d e s (phase e f f e c t ) , m e actual measurements were
primarily made w i t h a Zeiss c o o r d i n a t e measuaring instrument which has a
reversible prism, mis allowed a f e a t u r e t o be measured i n t h e f o r n a r d and
reverse orientation w i t h o u t r o t a t i n g the plate,
P l a t e constants were developed by a least squares transformation of
t h e masenred coordinates t o t h e p r o j e c t e d p o s i t i o n s o f known points, A
h i g h e r order transformation i s used t o d e r i v e t r a n s l a t i o n , r o t a t i o n , scale
and reduce t h e e f f e c t s of atmospheric r e f r a c t i o n .
Term beyond t h e f i r s t
o r d e r are not used when t h e moon i s photographed a t small z e n i t h distances,
In a l l , 41 p o s i t i o n s were used t o d e t e r n i n e p l a t e c o n s t a n t s , These were
taken from the catalogues of Schrutka (1958) and ACIC (1965)

2, Manchester Sel.enodetic: Control. System (%971),

The $971 publication of t h i s System i s based entirely on the

observational data used i n the 1967 System, Corrected values f o r 700
p o i n t s were reconlputed and p u b l i s h e d i n Appendix I T o f Referenee 3 , 4 , 2 0 ,

S e c t i o n 3,1,9

------------

F e b r u a ~ j1975
---*-*--=

3,h,I@ POS%T16NAT9 WFEmNCE SYSTEM (1969) ( 1 9 7 4 )

I, PositLsnal Reference System (1969)

Posi%tonah Reference System (1969) was designed t o provide horizontal
c o n t r o l for w u p p ~ s tsf basic small scale mapping o f the lunar farside, It was
not intended t-o constitute a l a s t i n g selenodetic work and a catalog sf p o s i t i o n s
was never produced f o r the System, Its positional r e s u l t s are best recorded
i a t h e Lunar F n r s i d e (mP-2) and Polar Charts (LW-31, scale 1:5,000,000 ar;d
L u n a r Planning Charts [L06), scale 1:2,750,008, w h i d are described in Dsgsier

Sections 4 , L , I and 4,1,3 respectively,

EssentlaIBy, t h e Positional Referenee System extended the A@%C Selenodetlc
System of 1-965 t.o ~Che lunar f a r s E d e through a system sf overlapping perspective
project:loas keyed to 12unar O r b i t e r Mission photographs, based on parameters
p r o ~ z t d e dby Mission Photo Support Data, Source data used was selected t o
o b t a i n b e s t area coverage and appEFcab%%ityto the 2 , s - 3 khlmetes accuracy
Pequirements of 1:5,000,000 scale mapping,
P ~ e n t y - f o u r 3" focal length Lunar Orbiter Mission photographs w e r e ~zlected
which approximately encircle the moon. i n p o l a r and e q u a t o r i a l bands, The
i n d i v i d u a l photographic segments (framelets) were precisely reassembled t o
calibrated values o f t h e Lunar Orbiter film. r e s e a u , Perspective projections
were computed for each selected phomgragh, based on camera focal length,
position, and srfenta~isn, A C I C S e l e n o d e t i c System (1965'1 points w e r e
plotted ow the prepared projections in l u n a r nearside and limb areas, Each
pe,&;gecth~eprsJec;lrion was f i t t e d to its reassembled base photograph,
considering t h e f i t t o SeBenodetic System (1965) p o i n t s and t h e t i e between
o v e r l a p p i n g photographs, Tne f i t t i n g of p r o j e c t i o n s p r o c e e d e d f r o m the
nearside to Itimb areas and by extensfon, to the lunar farside &ere a join
was e f f e c t e d in t h e cer~taraLf a x s i d e region with an indicated accuracy o f

13

kilometer^,

The g r a p h i c best f f t technique employ@d i n tkte devehpment of the 1969

System sorxght the g ~ , f . n i m I z a t i ns f residual errors from spacecraft ephemeris,
e a r t h b a ~ s e d.,rsnr:rol points, camera orfentation values and uncorrected
photographic:: d i w t o r t f s n s , As d g h t b e eqec"eed, s s m e t d i f f m e n c e s e x i s t
in the pa;re-i:tir;ns defined by b n d f v t d ~ a a lphotographs and Positional. Reference
S?rstern vaLt~esare a mean of these differences, Positions f o r lunar areas
riot covered by the polar an.d equatorial bands were obtained by the fitting
o f add t t-$i.asnaL phcsi tography to these bands,

2, P o s i t i o n a l Reference Systern ( 1 9 7 4 )
The Posdt%cs,aa% Reference System o f 1974 was developed i n continuance

6 E the' P e s 5 t l n n a l Referrnee System (1969) o b j e c t i v e of p r o v i d i n g improved

Irmac Earside l a u r i z a n r a l p o s i t i o n s in support o f small scale mapping. Its

d e v e emplayed ~1ethoclioLogywhich is similar t o that described f or tlnc;

1969 e d i t i c ~ a ,

Section 3 , % ,10

The p r i n c i p a l basis f o r imprcsvmenk: in t h e 1974 version was Inr-orpraration

of A p o l l o 15 Control System (Section 3.2.3.5)
values and early r e s u l t s o f
trfaagukatisn with Apollo 16 photographs, a"kis revision a l s o refoms the
polar and equatorial nets, used t o extend c o n t r o l t o t h e lunar f a r s i d e and
incoworates an A p o l l s 16 transearth photograph f o r i q r o v e d t i e s f areas
which were p r e v i o u s l y e n t i r e l y dependent on Lunar O r b i t e r Mission I
photographic coverage,

A density of h o r i z o n t a l p s s i t i o n s of 1 p o i n t per 22,500 sq, kilometers

provided over t h e e n t i r e l u n a r surface with t h e exception of areas l a c k i n g
photographic coverages Photographic identifi~ationso f positioned f e a t u r e s
are a l s o available. The evaluated accuracy of Positional Reference System
(1974) p o s i t i o n s ranges from 1-16 kilometers at 90% p r o b a b i l i - t y .
is

References 3,4,50 and % , 4 , & 3 p r e s e n t more c ~ m p l e t eP o s i t i o n a l Reference

System i n f o m a t i o n ,

S e c t i o n 3,1,10

3 , 2 mGION& CONTROL
E s t a b l i s h e a t s f l u n a r contsol. on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s has large3.y r e s u l t e d
from exploitation of data f ran i n d i v i d u a l lunar missions through the area
s f Apollo mission a p l o r a t i o n (between 30" North and South l a t i t u d e s ) ,
Though L i m i t e d in u t i l i t y by t h e small number o f p o i n t s contained, The
Laser Re%rsreflector S y s t m provides k h e most accurate s e t o f positional
data,
Apog.10 15-1.7 Systems have greater a p p l i c a t i o n due to t h e more a t e n s i v e
areas covered w i t h a high density of p o i n t positional d a t a . Maximum coverage
i s provided by the Apoklo 15 (April 1973) System whiell has been extended
through t h e area of Apollo m i s s i o n s 15, 1 6 , 1 7 v e r t i c a l and o b l i q u e mapping
photographic coverage t o support near tern c o n t r o l requirements f o r medium
and Large s c a l e mapping. The enlarged area o f coverage has been o b t a i n e d
at an early d a t e w i t h some s a c r i f i c e in the accuracy o b t a i n a b l e from eom
ponent triangulation,

. . . . . . . . 32,1
Landmark Tracking Control S y s t a . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 2
ApoEls M%.ssbonControl Systems . . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3

Apollo Zone Triangulation (1969)

Laser Wetrorefleetor and Very Long B a s d i n e

Pnterf ergmetry (VLBI) S y s t a s

. . . . . . . , . 3.2,4

tern
-

(1969)

3,2,9 n%L319OLLO ZONE TRBmGULATEBN (1969)

In a968, t h e Manned Spacecraft Center initiated devePopnenta4 t r i a n g u

lation work with IJalaar O r b i t e r Mission X i j p h ~ t b ~ g r a p h icoverage
c
of t h e
l u n a r frontside e q u a t o r i a l r e g i o n . P r e l i m i n a r y data produced in k p r f l
9969 gs s u p p o r t small scale l u n a r charting c o n s t i t u t e s t h e Lunar Orbiter
1V Triangulation (1969) System, Wark had been d i r e c t e d toward gstabbish
ment o f a u n i f i e d c o n t r o l system covering the p r o j e c t Apo990 Zone,
Numerous independent l s c a l systerns ( S e c t i o n 3 3 . k , Control I n d i c e s ~ ( 4 )
and 1(5)),cavering
Apollo sites have been e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n t h e z m e ,
C o n t r o l Index No. 1(1) diagrams t h e extent o f coverage o f t h e Lunar
O r b i t e r IV (1969) System, The north-south p r o j e c t i n g s t r i p s of coverage
shmrk i n d i c a t e t h e limited areas of s"r;ereoscopic coverage provided by
h i g h r e s o l u t i o n photography o b t a i n e d from consecutive Mission TV l u n a r
a

o r b i t a l passes,
As in other expevimental t r i a n g u l a t j o n with Zalnar O r b i t e r IV photog
raphy and P h o t o S u p p o r t Data, r e s u l t s have been limited by t h e combined
e f f e e t of h i g h altitude and lack of precision in t h e photo - u w o r t B a t a
v a l u e s f o r camera orientation angles. AdditfsnaShy, t h e work i s a f f e c t e d
by t h e aforenlentisned narrow s i d e l a p between h i g h resolution p h o t o s frsm
adjacent o r b i t s . The 1969 c o n t r o l data set consisting o f approximately
3200 po$nts e x t e n d e d from 75"W t o 55"E w i t h latitudinal coverage of up $0
--+20", It employed c o n t r o l data frsm S i t e 11-2, 11-6, 11-8, 11-13 and
111-IE a r e a c o n t r o l systems (Section 3 2 3 ) in an a t t e m p t t o stracgthen
the Lunar O r b i d e r I V trtangukation with t h i s d a t a and e v a l u a t e t h e
relationship o f these i n d i v i d u a l systems,

This developmental triangulation work d i d not attain i t s o b j e c t i v e o f

p r o v i d i n g a precise u n i f i e d control system covering t h e p r i n c i p a l p o r t i o n
o f t h e Apr>lho Z o ~ l e ,

3 2 , X.,,MgDMK "I%lACKING CONTROL SYSTEM

The Landmarl- '1:rackln~ Concral System was initiated by NASA Manned Space
c r a f t Center in 1969 to ass:~ot in clbcianlunar navigation, p r o v i d e a b a s i s
f a r e x t e n d i n g c~ntrolta t h e lunar f a r s i d e , and far improvesnent 05 lunar
nearsfde p h c ~ t o g z ~ r n m e t r jc~ocn t r g ~ 1s651t1tians using A p o i l o Hission photography,
Landnark t r a c k f n g poj-nts e s t a b l i s h e d in earlier Apaallo missisws have been
used in circumlunar nalfigatien in later missions. Differences in coordinate
values obt a f ned tZ~ro~agh
astronaut reobservation o f t h e landmark p o i n t s
provided a b a s i s f o r c t ~ a n g i n gt h e A p o l l o apacecraft3s o r b i t a l p a t h to o b t a i n
an s p t i m u n ~o r b i t p r i o r to lunar landing. The landmark system
unuue
among the o r b i t a l coratxsl systems in tlaat spaceeraf;: positton i s brought t o
t h e lunar surface ehrough timed astronaut observations with s p a c e c r a f t
sextant: and t e l e s c o p e ra&her than by photography, h s f t i o n a s far 1 9 land
marks (including 6 Lunar f a r s i d e points) have bee11 developed. Lunar
land marl,^ p o i n t locations are shown in CantroL Endices L(2) and Z I ( 1 ) ,
E a r t h b a s e d t r a c k i n g i n f o m a t i o n , spacecraft obsemac%ons and d e f i n e d
l i n e o f s i g h 6 w i t h respect to s p a c e c r a f t i n e r t i d measurement p r o v i d e b a s i
dataa. J e t P r o p u l s i o n ~ahoratory'sPlanetary Ephemeris 19 (DE-19) and NASA/
MSC G r a v i t y Madel LP were used in o r b i t reduetion, Orbital p o s i t i o n s are
b a s e d on d a t a arcs o f t w o o r b i t d u r a t i a n f o r I u r ~ a rf a r s i d e p o i n t s and s i n g l e
nearside arcs f o r lunar nearside p o i n t s , A series of Landmark tracking
o b s e r ~ r a t f o n swas performed sn A p o l l o Missions 8, 10, PI, 12, 14 and 15,
TL.- evaluated accuracy of landmark tracking p a i n t s i s i n t h e o r d e r of
900 :,teters horizcantally and 400 meters vertically (1 s i g m ) witk p r i m e
error c o n t r i b u t i o n from the inadequate lunar gravity ~ o d e La v a i l a b l e f o r
use i n ramputstian of t h e i r p~sbtions~The Landmark tracking p o i n t s
constitute t h e most accurate data p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e for r e l a t i n g w i d e l y
separa-d
p o i n t s in the l u n a r equatorial regitsin, tYnoz%gk~t h e i r u%ilS.ty i s
r e s t r i c t e d by t h e rma-11 number of p o i n t s (19) c u r r e ~ t l ya v a i l a b l e . F u r t h e r
information on the development of t h e Landmark Tracking System, i n c l u d i n g
i n d i v i d u a l pobne I t l e n t i f i c a t i s n and evaluation, i s contained in reference

3,4,10

3 , 2 , 3 MOLE0 MISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS

Developmental triangulation w i t h ApoZlo Mission 8 photography w a s i n f t i

ated at t h e NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in 1969, F u r t h e r l u n a r con
t r o l data bas been generated by MSC, A C I C , T0POCOH and Duane Brown Associates
f o c a l l e n g t h photography and P h o t o
u s i n g A l ~ a l l aMissions 10, $2 and 14 8
S u p p o r t Data in concert w i t h selected Landmark Tracking Control Points,
These triangulation p r o j ec ts were p e r f a m e d w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s of d e f i n i n g
the accuracy w i t h which c o n t r o l values could b e d e t e m i n e d with t h e mission
phoko systea, extending the Landmark T r a c k i n g C o n t r o l S y s t a , d d i n f n g rela
t i 0 n s h l . p ~with o t h e r c o n t r o l systems and p r o S i d i n g c o n t r o l values to s u p p o r t
map csmpi8ak:ion in areas o f requirement,

R e s u l t s obtainable in these works are I h i t e d by t h e nan--photagrametuic

characteristics o f t h e mission photography and l a c k of recorded time o f photo
exposure, p r e v e n t i n g d i r e c t and precise correlation w i t h M i s s i o n Photo Support
Dam, These c o r ~ t r o lsystems r e l y an h a g e d Landmark Tracking h i n t s (Section
3.%,2) ta r e l a t e photsgraphy and Photo S u p p e r t Data and e s t a b l i s h c o n t r o l
system scale and a b s o l u t e p o s i t i o n ,

ApolLo 15-17 G o l ~ t r o lSystern development through analytic pho t o g r

triangulation, h a s been accomplished &a support Lunar mapping, p r o v i
improved d e f i n i t i o n o f s e l e n o d e t i e parameters and c o n t r i b u t e t o development
of an h ~ p r o v e ds e l r n o d e t i c system. Apollo Missions 1 5 , 16 and 1 7 photography
and related d a t a has provided source materials which are v a s t l y more s u i t a b l e
to c o n t r o l development than data a v a i l a b l e from e a r l i e r Apollo missions.
The Metric Camera System photography has e x c e l l e n t photogr
e t r i c character
istics, expssure t h e was recorded to .001 second allowing p r e c i s e c o r r e l a t i o n
to A p o l l o spacecraft e p h m e r i d e s , f a c i l i t y f o r accurate determination s f
cmera arienta$l.on i s provided by csmpankon s t e l l a r photography and maintenance
of consistent scale in triangulation s o l u t i o n s i s f a c i l i t a t e d by accompanying
laser al t i - ~ n e l r y ,
The Apollo Laser Altimeter (1974) System i s unique among t h i s g r o u p o f
Control Systems in that- i t s component p o s i t i o n s a r e t h e Apcllo Mission 15-17
p o i n t s s f I.aser altimefry reflectance,

. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,2,3,3

lbpollo I 0 ( 1 9 7 0 ) F a r s i d e System

Apol.10 I 2 (ACIC--1.971) System

. . . . . . 3,2.3.%
ApoILs 1% (1974) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3 . 6

Apo1:ko Laser Altimeter ( 1 9 7 4 ) S y s t m . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3 , 7

SelenoeentrBe G e o d e t i e Reference System . . . . . . . . 3 , 2 , 3 , 8

A.pol.10 15 ( A ~ ~ r and
i l November 1973) Systems

3 , 2 , 3 , l APBELO 10 M a R S P D E SYSTEM (1970)

The A p o l l o 10 Nearside System (1970) was produced by ACIC i n September
$970. It i s csmposed o f some 333 p o i n t s and c o n s i s t s of a s t r i p a l o n g
t h e lunar e q u a t o r from 30' - 42' E a s t Longitude. I t s coverage i s
d i a g r a m e d i n C o n t r o l Index No. 163).

The LOSAT a n a l y t i G a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n prsgrara was used t o e m p u t e

s t r i p t r i a n g u l a t i o n s o l u t i o n s w i t h M i s s i o n 30 Masslebliad camera 8 0 m
f o c a l l e n g t h Magazine O frames 4029-4048, over'apping Magazine R frames
4525-4528, 4535-4539 and p r e l i m i n a r y ApolLo Misslon 10 P h e t o Support
Data, Landmark T r a c k i n g P o i n t s ( S e c t i o n 3 . 2 . 2 ) B-1 1/10, B-168 an$
130 1/10 w g r e i d e n t i f i a b l e on Magazine R e x p o s u r e s .
An i n i t i a l LOSAT computation of Magazine W frames 4025-4539
demonstrated i n c o n s i s t e n c y between photo measurements and s u p p o r t d a t a
i n c e n t r a l e x p o s u r e s of t h e s t r i p and f i n a l computation o n l y employed
M a g a z i ~ ~Re
Magazine s t r i p R segments c o n t a i n i n g t h e Landmark P o i n t s
and 8 s t r i p s o l u t i o n s were developed which a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e
l o n g i t u d e p o s i t i o n s of the Landmark 'Emsacking p o f n t s . Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n
s y s t e m a t i c variances sf 800-1800 m e t e r s i n l a t i t u d e were e x h i b i t e d
between a c c e p t e d and d e r i v e d Landmark T r a c k i n g P o i n t v a l u e s .
The LBBAT program was used t o b l o c k t h e Magazine R and O s t r i p s
t o g e t h e r , holding
Cont.kol p o i n t s t o w i t h i n their evaluated
a c c u r a c y , The a c c u r a c y (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of developed p o s i t i o n s and
elevations was e v a l u a t e d a t 75 m e t e r s and 120 m e t e r s r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
r e l a t i v e t o t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e Landmark T r a c k i n g and p r e l i m i n a r y
Photo S u p p o r t Data,

The ApsEEo 10 F a s s i d e System (r970) was produced by Duane Brown

Associates in November 1970. I t c o n s i s t s of a s t r i p along t h e e q u a t o r
from 10s0 - l77"E l o n g i t u d e , as d i a g s a m e d i n C o n t r o l I n d e x No. I I ( 2 ) .
The SURBAT A n a l y t i c a l T r i a n g d a t i o n Program was used ts cornpute a
s t r i p t r i a n g u l a t i o n s o l u t i o n w i t h Mission 10 Hassleblad camera 80mm
f o c a l l e n g t h Magazine 0 frames 4060-4131 and p r e l i m i n a r y Apollo Mission 10
Photo S u p p o r t Data. Eandmrk Tracking P o i n t s ( S e c t i o n 3.2.2) C P - ~ / L O and
CP-2,10 are imaged on k g a z i n e 6 exposures.
The s t r i p s o l u t i o n was developed t o b e c o n s i s t e n t i n l o n g i t u d e w i t h
the Landmark Tracking P o i n t s w i t h o u t c o n s t r a i m e n t t o t h e i r p o s i t i o n s .
Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n , a v a r i a n c e of 200-1800 m e t e r s i n l a t i t u d e was
e x h i b i t e d between accepted and d e r i v e d Landmark Tracking P o i n t Values.

3 , 2 , 3 , 3 QOLLO

12 (TOPOCOM-1971) SYSTEM

T h e Apollo 12 (TOPOCOM-1971) System was produced in July 1971. It

comprises some 770 p o i n t s and extends from 2 4 " ~t o 20W longitude a l o n g
t h e 7'South
p a r a l l e l . Its coverage is diagrammed on C o n t r o l Index No. I ( 3 ) .
The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l triangulation program was used t o compute a s t r i p
triangulatian solutibaixn. w i t h Mission 1 2 Hassleblad camera -. 8
f o c a l length
Magazine T frames 8044-8087 and A p o l l o 12 Mission Photo Supp
Data. Frames
8044-8053 are common t o t h e ACIC-1971 system. Landmark Tracking C o n t r o l
-12 w e r e i d e n t i f i e d on Magazine T exposures, Included
Points DE1-12 and
in t h e rriL9ngulatisn. were Lunar Orbitear I I E S i t e ContPol P o i n t s , A p o l l o Zone
Tarianguletiaan (1969) System P o & a t s , and Earthbased Caswtrol P o i n t s ,

The u t i l i t y of t h e developed c o n t r o l s y s t e m is limited by t h e poor

resolution of pkatsgsaphic d e t a i l present i n semen- af t h e Apo%lo 12
photography and t h e p o s i t i o n and s c a l e of t h e s t r i p s a l u t i o n r e l a t i v e to t h e
t w o landmark t r a c k i n g c o n t r o l p o i n t s . The c o n t r o l system is positioned n o r t h
and east of given values f a r the Landmark Tracking C o n t r o l P o i n t s and computed
at a a m l l e r scale, Differences exhibited between t h e gj.ven and computed
(Landmark C o n t r o l Solution) values exceed t h e assigned c . ~ a l u a t i o n sof p o i n t s
DE1-12 ( l a t i t u d e ) and FM1-12 (longitude and height).
T b r A p o l l o 12 Nearside (TOPOCOM - J u l y 1971) Control System was e s t a b l i s h e d
with r e s p e c t to the datum defined by t h e Mission A_pollo 12 Photo S u p p o r t Data
and t h e Landmark Tracking p o i n t s , but is not consistent w i t h t h e Landmark
Gazant~~L, The system has an evaluated hsrEzontaL accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
o f 283 meters and vertical accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) a f 293 meters.

Section 3 , 2 , 3 , 3

3 , 2 , 3 * 4 APOLLO 12 (AClC-197%) SYSTEM

The ApoLPo 12 (ACIG-1971) System was produced in July 1971. It is

composed of 659 points and extends from 59O to 1 4 O east l o n g i t u d e along
t h e 10' s o u t h p a r a l l e l . Its coverage i s d i a g r a m e d on Control Index No.
I(3)

The LOSAT Analytical T r i a n g u l a t i o n Program was used t o compute the strip

triangulation solutions with Mission 12 Hassleblad camera 80m focal length
Magazine T frames 8012-8853, overlapping Magazine EE frames 8180-8200 and
Apollo Mission 12 Photo Support Data. Landmark Tracking P o i n t s CP 2-12
m d DE L-12 were identified on Magazine T exposures and CP 2-12 on Magazine
EE exposures. MSG Lunar O r b i t e r IV Triangulation (1969) System points and
Earth-Based Control P o i n t s were i n c l u d e d *

The accuracy and u t i l i t y of t h e developed c o n t r o l system is limited by

t h e poor resoJ.utfon o f photographic detail present in these s e p e n t s of
Apolfo 12 photography and %Re existence s f s n % y one i d e n t i f i a b l e %andmark
p o i n t on Magazine EE exposurese The s i n g l e Landmark p o i n t c o n t a i n e d i n
strip EE d i d n o t allow adequa,te defini%ion of this orbit and systemati~
variances a f up t o 4000 meters are e x h i b i t e d w i t h r e s w t t o t h e Magazine T
s o b u t i o n , The Landmark c o n t r o l l e d Magazine T LOSAT s o l u t i o n is considered
t o represeat t h e most valid set s f c o n t r o l data produced an the datum of
the CP 2-12 and DE 1-12 Landmark Tracking P o i n t s , T h i s s o l u t i o n was
developed c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the poeiti~nsof the Landmark Tracking paints to
within 383 meters in l a t i t u d e , 209 meters i n I-ongftude and 130 meters in
he3 ght ,
Comparison o f t h e given and d e r i v e d ( O r b i t Canatrained S o l u t i a n ) values
Landmark Tracking Rain$s provided a b a s i s f a r evaluating t h e c o r n p a t a b i l i t y
of Mission Phots S u p p o r t Data and Landmark Tracking* Magazine T O r b i t
Constrained S o l u t i o n locates these points 800 t a 2100 meters n o r t h o f t h e i r
of

given positionD

3 02,3,5 MOLL0 15 (MR & NOV 1973) SYSTEMS

This inatdal Apal%s 15 Control S y s t m w a s d e w l o p e d by

SMGO (SQau1taneot~s
Adjustment o f Photogr
e t r i e and Geod
p ~ o g r m ,and was designed to s u p p o r t l u n a r mapping p r s g r a s being undertaken
at h h a ~$ h e e Tn its o r i g i n a l fom t h e System extended from 174" east t o
64' w e s t l o n g i t u d e in t h e area o f Apollo 15 v e r t i c a l photographic coverage.
Tsiangulatf~nof each of t h e 14 v e r t i c a l photographic o r b i t d ares of
Apollo 15 mapping photography was p e r f o m e d 450 f a c i l i t a t e evaluation o f
spacecraft ephemaxaP infomatiom. conta2wed in Missfan Photo Support Data,
C a e s a orientation valxes were computed ~71ththe SATLm P r a g r a , based on
In der$ving c o o r d i n a t e values f o r
measuremen$s o f stellar pkstogr
trie b l o c k s o l a z t i ~ nwas developed which
c o n t r o l p o i n t s , a S U G O pkotogr
was constrained (200 meters horizontally and 50 meters v e r t i c a l l y ) t o
Photo ~uppar"%;ata'a d e f i n i t i o n o f o r b i t a l r e v s l u t i o n 44 camera s t a t i o n
positionsB Laser alttnetry was applied as a c o n s t r a i n t in t h e area east
of 140 degrees east l o n g i t u d e ,

In a March 1974 continuation s f mapping s u p p o r t ,

C a t e n d -.d t h i s
c s n ~ r o ls p s t a i to t h e area s f A p o l l ~16 v e r t i c a l phsc
etrie coverage
through a SAPGO triangulation which was based on preliminary Apollo 16
Photo Support Data and p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d Apollo 15 S y s t a n c o n t r o l
points,
Further extension and intensification o f t h e Apollo 15 (Apr 7 3 ) System
i n s u p p e s t a f mapping was a l s o accomplished by D M T C d u r i n g 1974. Apollo 1 7
metric o b l i q u e photography w a s used t o a t e n d c o n t r o l to t h e area sf t h e
Russian Lunachod 11's explorations and to p r o v i d e an increased d e n s i t y of
p o i n t s through " ~ i a n g u l a t i o n of Apollo Mission panoramic photography.
. Additional. extension o f t h e Apollo 15 (Apr 7 3 ) System througtl t h e
a d d i t i o n a l area of Apollo 17 v e r t i c a l mapping p h o t o g r a p h i c coverage was
accomplished by D W A C in February 1 9 7 5 % T h i s extension w a s also designed
to s u p p o r t lunar mapping a c t i v i t y ,

la supp~rto f mapping programs a 1976 extension of t h i s S y s t m was

accomplished through t h e area o f Apollo 15, 16, 17 o b l i q u e metric cmera

cc3verage
The accuracy o f t h e i n i t i a l A p o l l a 1 5 &Apr 7 3 ) S y s t m C o n t s d P o i n t s '
i s evaluated at 35 meters horizontally and 40 meters v e r t i c a l l y (90%
p r o b a b i l i t y ) w i t h respect to i t s e s t a b l i s h e d dat'i~m, I n the area sf i t s
extension through Apollo 16 p h o t o g r a p h i c average, accuracy i s progressively
degraded with respect to t h e e s t a b l i s h e d datum to 400 meters ( h s r i x o w t a ~

Section 3.%,3.5

and 200 meters ( v e r t i c a l ) at the easterrnost atension and 1100 meters

(horizontal) and 400 meters ( v e r t i c a l ) at t h e westermest extension, In
the extension area through Apollo 1 7 v e r t i c a l photographic coverage, accuracy
w i t h respect t o t h e Apollo 15 (Apr 1973) Datum i s progressively degraded t o
w i t h i n a h a r i z e n t a l range of 300-400 meters and a v e r t i c a l range of 150-400
meters e3gpaessed at 90% p r o b a b i l i t y . The extension of c o n t r o l values through
o b l i q u e photographs incurred an additional e r r o r which is l a r g e l y a f u n c t i o n
of t h e decreasing scale of these photographs as the horizon image i s approached.
In o b l i q u e areas adjacent t o Apollo 15 and 1 7 v e r t i c a l photography t o t a l e r r o r
ranges from 500-700 meters h o r i z o n t a l l y and 250-500 meters v e r t i c a l l y at 90%
p r o b a b i l i t y . H o r i z o n t a l e r r o r adjacent t o Apollo 1 6 v e r t i c a l photos ranges
up to 1388 mezers,

A dewsity o f one c o n t r o l p a i n t fox 900 s q e k i l o m e t e r s is maintained

through " L h e System's area o f coverage, which i s d i a g r
ed
control
Indexes I(3a) and I I ( 3 ) . These indexes a l s o d e p i c t areas where an
increased derasity o f c o n t r o l p o i n t s have been generated t o s u p p o r t mapping
a t Larger scales. References 3.4.53 and 3.4.54 p r o v i d e additional i n f o m a
t i o n on basic developsnent of t h e Apollo 15 System. Reference 3.4.62 discusses
control intensiffcation a c t f v i k y ,
2, hpollo 15 (Nov 1973) S y s t e m
T h i s recomputation o f t h e April 1973 version of t h e A p o l l o Control Systan
ed the s m e photographic and ephmepal data, b u t mmtrained
t r i c block s o l u t i o n t o a l l laser a l t i m e t r y available from
Apollo MissPon 15. While i n d i v i d u a l c o n t r o l p o i n t accuracies are only
slightly h p r o o e d from earlier developed values, t h e improved s c a l e o f t h i s
solution provldes a mote accurate r e l a t i o n s h i p between widely separated
points. Data from t h e Wpollo 15 (November 1973) System has been used to
support s e l e n o d e t i c studiese
' Lunar
coverage o f t h e A p o l l o 15 (Nov 1973) System i s confined to t h e area

of hpol.10 1 5 vertical. photographic coverage and i s reflected i n Control

Indexes "
(3b)
I and 1%( 4 ) ,

Section 3 * 2 , 3 , 5

The Apoailo 1 7 System was developed by

G i n Pkgril 1974 a s a byproduct sf ApalLo Control System development, It s e m e s as an i n t e r i m
system t o p o s i t i o n a l l y r e l a t e lunar f e a t u r e s w i t h i n t h e a r e a of dipollo 97
v e r t i c a l p h o t o g r a p h i c coverage, e x t e n d i n g 247 d e g r e e s i n l u n a r l o n g i t u d e
from 42" w e s t to 155' w e s t ,

Triangulation o f 5 c o m p l e t e ApoE%o 17 o r b i t a l p h o t o g r a p h i c r e v s l u t i o n s
and p o r t i o n s s f 3 a d d f t i o n a l r e v ~ l t e t i o n swas p e r f m e d wi.th t h e SMGO
e t r i c and Geodetic O b s e r v a t i o n s )
(Simultaneous Adjustment of Photogr
P r e g r m u s i n g A ~ Q P ~1%
Q v e r t i c a l mapping photogrtrpky, T r i a n g u l a t e d photo
graphy w a s selected for i t s a d d i t i o n a l caverage t o A p s l l o 1 5 and 16 photo
graphs and t o f a d l i t a t e e v a l u a t i o n of spacecraft ephemeral i n f o m a t i n n
contained i n MIssI&)n 17 Photo S u p p a r t Data, Camera orientation values
were computed w i t h the S A T L m Program, b a s e d on measurements s f s t e l l a r
photography,
I n d e s i v i a g coordinate valares for. c o n t r o l p o i n t s , a SMG8 Program photog r a m e t r i c block s o l u t i a n . was developed which w a s c o n s t r a i n e d L O MIssIon
Photo Support ~ata's d e f i n i t i o n of camera s t a t i o n p o s i t i o n as i n d i c a t e d i n
the following table, The phokogr
e t r i c s o l u t i o n was a l s o c o n s t r a i n e d t o
Mission 17 laser a l t i m e t q ,
C o n s t r a i n t Alsng
Each Coordinate h i s
in Meters

O r b i t a l Photographic
Revolution

14

29

38

49 ( p a r t i a l )

62 ( p a r t i a l )

66 ( p a r t i a l )

74

The accuracy oE Apolla 17 System c o n t s o l p o i n t s i s evaluated a t 45 m e t e r s

h o r i z o n t a l l y and 35 meters vertically (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) w i t h respect t a i t s
established datum, Approximately 900 Apollo 1 7 System cantrol p o i r e t s w e
cornon to t h e Apollo 85 Cepntr01 Systems and g e n e r a l l y r e f l e e t systematic.
d i f f e r e n c e s o f 600 meters horizomta3.1y and 200 m e t e r s v e r t i c a l l y bemeen
the established Apo4lo 15 and Apollo 17 Datums.
A density of one control p o i n t p e r 900 sq. k i l o m e t e r s i s maintained through
t h e System" area of coverage, which i s d i a g r a m e d i n C o n t r o l Indexes I ( 3 b )
and IT(41.
References 3.4.57 and 3.4.58 p r o v i d e f u r t h e r Apollo 1 7 System
infomation,

Section 3,2,3,6

Tke Apslla 1,aser Alt-heter S y s t m was produced i n 1974 by t h e Research

L a b o r a t o r i e s for the Engineering Sciences, University of V i r g i n i a , The
S y s t m wee developed f o r the purpose o f s u p p o r t i n g mapping and rzontrfiuting
t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f lunar s i z e and shape.

En t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n t h e slant range d e f i n e d by Apollo H i s s f o n 15-19

laser altimetsy is p r o j e c t e d from o r b i t a l p o s i t i o n to t h e l u n a r surface i n
accordance w f k h defined laser altilshae.e;er-metrie camera s y s t m o r i e n t a t i o n ,
Results a% this p r o j e c t i o n are a series of c o o r d i n a t e s and l u n a r r a d i u s
vectors f g o m each orbital r e v s l u t i a n o f t h e Apoklo spacecraft during which
t h e Baser ax$-heter was o p e r a t i v e ,
The ~ystem's solution exploits a v a r i e t y of sources t o p r o v i d e r e q u i r e d
o r b i t a l p o s i t i o n and a l t i ~ ~ e t e
o r i e n t a t i o n i n p u t s . These i n c l u d e Apollo
Mission 15-17 Phcto Support Data ( S e c t i o n 2.6.2) and camera s t a t l o n p o s i
tions and orientations developed i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the A p o l l o 1 5 (Nov 73)
and AgaSEo 17 (1974) Photogr
etric C o n t r o l S y s t m s , In addition, t h e
a u t h o r s have perfsmed s h o r t
c o r b i t r e d u c t i o n s to extend availzzble
etr%cahlg adjusted o r b i t a l p o s i t i o n s ,
P r e s e n t e d coordinate data is related t o several d i f f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l

datums,
a. Apollo 15 coordinates are r e l a t e d t o t h e datum of t h e Apollo 15

(Nov 7 3 C o n t r o l Systm.

b , Apollo 16 csordin,ates are related to i n d i v i d u a l datums based on

each o r b i t a l revolution as d e f i n e d by Mission Photo Support Data.

c. A p u l l o 17 coordinates are in t w o groups. Where photogr

adjustment o f orbital arcs has been accomplished, c o o r d i n a t e s a r e related
t o t h e datum of t h e Apo1l.o 17 (1974) System. Othenvise c o o r d i n a t e s a r e
related to t h e i n d i v P d u a l A p s l l o 1 7 o r b i t a l r e v o l u t i a n datums as d e f i n e d
by Mission Photo Suppart Data*
Precise identification of Laser Altimetry System c o n t r o l p o i n t s can o n l y
be o b t a i n e d w h e r e p o i n t s are common t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r e n c e d Apollo 15
and 1 Control S y s t e m s . Wowever, t h e p r i n c i p a l v a l u e o f s u b j e c t system i s
considered to lie in its d e f i n i t i o n a f lunar r a d i u s vectors f o r areas n o t
coverer1 by Apollo E4ission 15-17 photographs.

Extent o f t h e ApvPlo Laser Altimeter System i s d i a g r a m e d i n Control

Indexes 1(3d) and I I ( 5 ) . F u r t h e r d e t a i l s of System development are given

in reference 3,4,63.

Section 3 . 2 , 3 , 7

3 , 2 3 , 8 SELmOCmTRIC GEODETIC mFEWNCE S Y S T m ( 1 9 9 6 )

"h"e Selenocentric Geodetic: Reference S y s t m was egsmpleted in 1976 by a

t e r n composed sf N a t i o n a l Oceanic and Atmospheric A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and U , S ,
G e o l o g i c a l Survey personnel. C o n t r o l values were produced i n t h e area of

Apollo 15, 16, 1 7 v e r t i c a l p h o t o g r a p h i c coverage u s i n g computer programs

m S A T and WSS,

Photographic m e a s u r a e n t s and computed e m e r a o r i e n t a t i o n a n g l e s produced

by DM f o r t h e development of t h e Apollo 1 5 , 1 6 , 17 C o n t r o l S y s t m s ( S e c t i o n s
3.2.3,5 and 3.2.3.6) were used as b a s i c i n p u t . Data from 1 2 Apollo 1 5 photog r a p h i c orbits, 8 Apolko 1 7 p h s t o g r a p h i c o r b i t s and 4 h p o l l o 1 6 p h o t o g r a p h i c
o r b i t s were t r i a n g u l a t e d i n a s i m u l t a n e o u s s o l u t i o n which was e s s e n t i a l l y
unconstrained by t h e A p o l l s s p a c e c r a f t e p h m e r i d e s . T h i s t r i a n g u l a t i o n d i f f e r s
from t h e e a r l i e r ApoEls 15-17 c o n t r d s y s t m s o l u t i o n s i n t h a t it a t t e m p t s t o
maintain i n t e r n a l r e l a t i v i t y by f u l l c o n s t r a i n t t o l a s e r a l t f m e t r y , photo
measures and c m e r a o r i e n t a t i o n a n g l e s , emplays an improved l u n a r l i b r a t i o n
model (Eckhardt), provides a sfrpJultaneous s o l u t i o n of d a t a from Missions 15-17
and p r e s e n t s a lesser d e n s i t y of l u n a r c o n t r o l p o i n t s . However, t h e datum of
t h i s System i s related t o t h a t of t h e Apollo 1 5 ( A p r i l 1973) System i n t h a t de
rived control p o i n t s have been a d j u s t e d ( t r a n s l a t e d ) on t h e basii; o f t h e Apol
l o 15, Revolutimn 44 s p a c e c r a f t ephemerides.
Evaluated accuracy of d e r i v e d c o o r d i n a t e s i s s i m i l a r t o a c c u r a c i e s stated
by Apollo 15 ( A p r i l 1973) C o n t r o l System v a l u e s . However, systematic p o s i
tional d i f f e r e n c e s of up t o t w o k i l o m e t e r s e x i s t s and a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o
d a t u differences,

Extent of coverage of t h e S e l e n o c e n t r i c G e o d e t i c Reference System is

ed in Control Indexes I(3a) and I I ( 3 ) . Reference 3.4.64 provides
f u r t h e r d e t a i l on C o n t r o l System develcpment.

Section 3 * 2 , 3 . 8

ems

3 , 2 , 4 LMER ETROWFLECTOR

miD
' VLBI (1973-1975)

SYSTEGIS

1, The Laser R e t r o r e f l e c t o r (1973) S y s t a

The Laser R e t s s r e f % e c t o r (1973) S y s t m r e s u l t e d from t h e e s t a b l i s h e n t
of a Baser ranging s y s t a a t t h e MeDonald Observatory, University of T a a s
and c o n t i n u i n g a n a l y s e s of r a n g i n g d a t a by c o n t r i b u t i n g s c i e n t i s t s from
J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y , N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s , A i r F o r c e Cambridge
Research L a b o r a t o r i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of T e x a s , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a and
NASA,

The f o u r sets of Lunar c o e r d i n a t e s l a s a t e d a t t h e Apollo 11, 1 4 and 1 5

l a n d i n g sites and t h e Russian LunakE~od 11 r e t r a r e f l e c t o r ( 1 n d a I ( 3 c ) ) a r e
csmidered t o provide the most a c c u r a t e a b s o l u t e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e Lunar
center of mass, Coordinates are m a i l a b l e i n terns of b o t h l u n a r axes of
r e t a t i o n and p r i n c i p a l axes, r e s u l t i n g from r a n g i n g d a t a h a v i n g an accuracy
1 lunar ephmeris
of 15-30 c e n t i m e t e r s . They are based on use s f t h e E
which was also developed through a n a l y s e s of l a s e r r a n g i n g d a t a ,
Availabbe c o o r d i n a t e s are t h e r e s u l t of e a r l y a n a l y s i s aP L i m i t e d
q u a n t i t i e s of data. The p o s i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e A p ~ ~ I 1reflec
o
t o r s i s evaluated as being a c c u r a t e t o w i t h i n 50 meters w i t h the exception
of l o n g i t u d e value a f t h e A p o l l o 1 5 r e f l e c t o r whose accuracy i s evaluated
at 230 meeers*
F u r t h e r information i s provided i n r e f e r e n c e s 3 * 4 , 5 9 - 3 , 4 * 6 l S
2.

The Laser Retroreflector ( 1 9 7 4 ) System

The Laser Retrarefleetop (1974) S y s t a p r o v i d e s r e f i n e d c a a r d J n a t e s f o r

each of t h e retrarefkecto9s conprising t h e 1973 S y s k a , It h a s r e s u l t e d
from continuing a n a l y s i s of 5 years of laser r a n g i n g and i s based upon t h e
2 lunar ephmeris,

The a b s o l u t e accuracy of 1974 System & p o l l o r e f l e c t o r positions is

evaluated a t 52 meters and u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e d i s t a n c e s between the r e f l e c
tors i s e s t h a t e d to b e 22 meters, Due t o t h e much s m a l l e r amount sf
ranging d a t a available f o r Lunakhod P I , u n c e r t a i n t i e s a s s o c i a t e d with
coordinates for t h i s r e f l e c t o r are estimated to be twice as g r e a t .
3.

The n B I

Laser R e t r o r e f l e c t o r (1975) System.

The VI,BI (Very Long Baseline I n t e r f e r o m e t r y ) - Laser R e t r o r e f l e e t o r

System was developed at t h e 1?/8assachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology ( r e f e r e n c e
3 , 4 , 6 5 ) u s i n g .I6months of VLBI o b s e r v a t i o n s of r a d i o tacansroissions f m m
t h e Apal10 12, 1 4 , 15, 1 6 and 1 7 l a n d i n g s i t e s .
Section 3,2,4

D i f f e r e n t i a l mBI was used t o measure t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of t h e r a d i o

Eransmitters on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e based on t h e l u n a r ephemeris and l i b r a t i o n
model developed from l a g e r u a n g h g . Absolute c o o r d i n a t e s f o r t h e above named
s i t e s a r e a v a i l a b l e through r e l a t i o n of t h i s S y s t a ts t h e Laser R e t r o r e f l e c t o r
(%974) S y s t m . A photogr
etmtic t i e s f t h e Systean was accomplished by t h e
DM Aerosgace Center t a t the Bpollo 14 and 1 5 sites where r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r s
and l a s e r r e t r o r e f l e c t o r s a r e eo-located and h a g e d on s i t e photography
accomplished by t h e a s t r o n a u t s ( r e f e r e n c e 3.4.46-68).

Laser R e t r o r e f l e c t o r System l f e s i n
The p r i n c i p a l v a l u e s f t h e VLBJ
the a d d i t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of h i g h l y a c c u r a t e (30 meters) p o s i t i o n s i t
provides f o r f u r t h e r r e f i n m e n t of l u n a r l i b r a t i o n models and a s a s o u r c e
sf a b s o l u t e v a l u e s t o support photogr
e t r i c a l l y developed s e l e n o d e t i c
systms.

Eocatisn s f r a d i o t r a n m i t t e r and r e t r o r e f l e c t o r s t a t i o n s is shown on

Index E(3c).

Section 3 , % , 4

3.3 LOCaL CONTROL

Local lunar c o n t r o l systems have been developed p r i m a r i l y t o s u p p o r t

mapping and s t u d y of p o t e n t i a l a d s e l e c t e d l u n a r l a n d i n g s i t e s and s i t e s
of s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t , In a d d i t i o n , p o s i t i o n a l d a t a h a s been produced
as a by-product sf p r o j e c t s d e s i g n e d t o t e s t and e v a l u a t e t h e consistency
and i n t e r - s r b i t r e l a t i o n s h i p of Mission Photo Support Data,
I n general, e s t a b l i s h e d l o c a l c o n t r o l systems have been o b s o l e t e d by
r e g i o n a l systems developed from b o l l o mapping photography ( S e c t i o n s
3.2,3,5 and 3 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) .
The local systems h a ~ e ~ c o n t i n u i nvalue
g
on14 i n
a r e a s n o t covered by t h e more a c c u r a t e r e g i o n a l systems o r where they
a r e based on larger s c a l e photography and p r o v i d e more p r e c i s e r e l a t i v e
p o s i t i o n a l data,

. . . . . , . . . 3.3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,3,2

Lunar O r b i t e r Based Systems ,

klpoL10 Based Systems

S e c t i o n 3.3

3.3.1 LUNU ORBITER BASED SYSTEMS

Limited accuracy i n h o w l e d g e of Lunar O r b i t e r M i s s i o n camera o r i e n t a

t i o n s and i n a b i k i t y t o p r e c i s e l y c o r r e l a t e e x p o s u r e time t o Mission Photo
Support Data. p r e v e n t e d development of c o n t r o l systems h a v i n g c o n t i n u i t y
o v e r l a r g e a r e a s of t h e moon
The i n i t i a l e x p l o i t a t i o n of Lunar O r b i t e r
Mission photographs f o r c o n t r o l development p u r p o s e s r e s u l t e d i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i b e d l o c a l systems which g e n e r a l l y p r o v i d e a c c u r a t e r e l a t i v e
p o s i t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l a r e a s of coverage

S i t e 1-1 (1967)
S i t e 1-2 (1967)
S i t e 1-3 (1967)

S i t e 1-4 (1967)
S i t e 1-5 (1967)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.2
e

3.3.1.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.5
(1969) . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.l.7

S i t e 1-7 (1967) d
S i t e 1-8 (1967)
S i t e 1-9 (1967)

S i t e 11-2 (1967) & (1968)

S i t e 11-6 (1967) 6 (1969)

3.3.1.8

3.3.1.9

. . 4 . . . e . . .3.3.1.
.

10

. . . . . . . 3.3.1.11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.12

(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.13

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.14

S i t e 11-8 (1967) (1969) & (1991)

S i t e 11-11 (1967)

S i t e 11-13 (1969) &

S i t e 111-1 (1968)

. . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.15

S i t e 111-9 (1967)
(1969) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.16

Site 111-10 (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.17

(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.18

S i t e 111-11 (1967)
(1968) . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.l9

S i t e 111-12 (1967)
S i t e V - l l (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.20

S i t e 111-7 (1969) d (1971)

&

&

&

S e c t i o n 3,3.1

3 . 3 . 1 , P S I T E 1-1 (1967) S Y S T m
The Site 1-1 (1967) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in A p r i l
1967 t o s u p p o r t l u n a r s i t e mapping. I t i s composed of some 1600 p o i n t s
and i s l o c a t e d a t O 6 5 ' 5 and 42 OQ'E w i t h c o v e r a g e as i n d i c a t e d on
C o n t r o l I n d e x No, 1 ( 4 ) ,

The IX)SAT Program was u s e d t o d e v e l o p s i t e c o n t r o l points with Lunar

O r b i t e r Mission I medium r e s o l u t i o n exposures 52-55, 58, 61, 64-67 and
p r e l i m i n a r y P h o t o S u p p o r t Data d a t e d November 1966. The 1-1 System was
produced w i t h a n e v a l u a t e d h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 202
meters and v e r t i c a l a c c u r a c y (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 5 2 9 meters relativs t o
t h e datum d e f i n e d by the p r e l i m i n a r y P h o t o S u p p o r t Data. C o n t r o l points
r e l a t e d t o t h e DOD S e l e n o d e t i c System (1966) w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s
t r i a n g u l a t i o n . However, t h e l i m i t e d w e i g h t give11 then1 d i d n o t a l l o w ther,
t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y affect the solution.

Section 3,3*1.1

stem

Stke 1-2 (1969) Control System w a s praduced by TOPOCOM in Decemtrer

$967 t o s u p p o r t site mapping, It is connpesed of 60me 1480 p o i n t s and
i s locared at O B O V 3 5 ' 3 Q 9 wwlth coverage as dnadicated i n Control Index
No, ac(4),
0

The LOSAT knalytical t r i a n g u l a t i o n program was used to develop s i t e

c o n t r o l p o i n t s with Lunar Orbiter 1 medium resolution exposures 68-71, 74,
7 7 , 88-83 and prelimina-9y Phota Support Data. The 2-2 systen: was produced
w i t h an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of I 4 2 meters and
v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r s b a b i l i t y ) of 200 to 600 meters relative to t h e
dam d e f i n e d by t h e preliminary Photo Support Data.

3 , 3 . 1 . 3 SITE 1-3 (1967) SYSTEM

S i t e 1-3 (1967) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM in March
1967 to s u p p o r t s i r e mappicy. It is composed of some 75 p o i n t s and
i s l o c a t e d at 0"3Gt!4 and 26"O'E with coverage as i n d i c a t e d in C o n t r o l
Index No. ~ ( 4 )
a

The LBSAT analytical t r i a n g u h t i o n p r o g r m was used to develep s i t e

control p o i n t s r ~ i t hLur,ar Orbiter 1 m e d i u m r e s o l u t i o n e2:posures 25-88,
91, 9 4 , 97-100, an4 p r e : ~ i m i n a r y Plloto Support Data. The I-3 s y s t e m
was p r o d u c d w i t 1 1 dli eva?&u6tedh ~ r i z o n t a laccuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
o f 338 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 605 meters
r e l a t i v e to t h e &;:tun defined by ~ h r ,preliminary Photo S u p p o r t Data,
P o i n t s rel-ated %a t h e DOD SeleasdetFc ~ y r ; t e n * ( 1 9 5 6 were
)
i n c l u d e d in
t h e LQSm computation and refleczed an average 5 km, d i f f e u s n c e bztween
p 0 ~ 2 t i a n t j'based on t h e orbi.t&k ep'nemerides,
The limited weighs. givcn
these DOb earttlbased p o i n t s d i d nst alr.low them ta significantly affect
t h e solution,

Section 3 * 3 , 1 , 3

3 . 3 , 8 , 4 SITE I-4

(1967) SYSTEM

Sire 1-4 (1967) Control System w a s produced by TOPOCOM in December

1963 to support s i t e mapping. I t i s composed of some 1440 points and
is l o c a t e d at 00' 13'30'E with coverage as indicated in Control Index
Ha* I ( 4 )
0

The MSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop site

control points with Lunar Orbiter Mission I medium resolution exposures
105-112 and preliminary Photo Support Data dated November 1966. The
1-4 system was produced with an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90%
probability) of 99 m e t e r s and vertical accuracy
probability) of
100-250 meters relative t o the datum d e f i n e d by the preliminary Photo
Support Data,

Section 3 , 3 , 1 , 4

3e3e1a5
S ITE 1-5 (1967) SYSTEM

The S i t e 1-5 (1967) Control System was produced by A C I C i n January

1967 to s u p p o r t site mapping. I t i s composed of some 140 points and i
l o c a t e d at Q"N and 1'30W w i t h c o v e r a g e as i n d i c a t e d i n Control Index
B10a

I(4)e

The NERGET a n a l y t i c a l triangulation program was used t o develop s i t e

c o n t r o l poin"c swisth Lunar Orbifer Mission I medium r e s o l u t i o n exposures
118, 121, 124, 127, 130, 133 and Preliminary Photo S u p p o r t Data d a t e d
November 1966. Acceptable c o r n p a t a b i l i t y between p h o t o measurements and
Photo Support Data was not achieved and a p p a r e n t l y l e v e l l u n a r s u r f a c e
p o i n t s were h e l d at a conrmon elevation (a l u n a r r a d i u s v e c t o r of 1738 km)
to influence the s o l u t i o n , B o r i z o n t a l c s o r d i n a t e s d e r i v e d from t h e
WERGET photo assembly were transformed to t h e DOD Selenodetic System
(1966) by adjustment t o s i x earthbased c o n t r o l points whose values i n
t h e ROD system had been e s t a b l i s h e d ,
The 1-5 System was produced with an e v a l u a t e d h o r i z o n t a l accuracy
s f 375 meters (W% p r o b a b i l i t y ) r e l a t i v e t o t h e DOD selenodetic
System (1966) and a vertic'l
a c c u r a c y of 150 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
relattve t o t h e assumed v e r t i c a l d a t w .

In view s f t h e early and approximate Photo S u p p ~ r tData used, its

amalgamation w i t h earthbased control and the n e c e s s i t y f o r use s f an
arbitrary v e r t i c a l dakumi ts achieve a r e a l i s t i c solutic;pm, the 1-5
System i s considered to h e s f marginal value, U t i l i t y is limited t o
$ef$n-%t%onof r e l a t i v e elevation and p o s i t i o n d i f f e r e r a c e s ,

Section 3 , 3 , L e 5

3,3.1.Q SITE 1-7 (1967)

(1969) SYSTEMS

I. S i t e 1-7 (1967) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM i n August

1967 to support site mapping. It is comp~sedof some 70 p o i n t s and i s
l o c a t e d a t 3'15'S 22"O" with coverage as i n d i c a t e d on Control Index No*
I(&>
5

The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n program was used t o develop

control p o i n t s w i t h Lunar Orbiter I medium r e s o l u t i s n exposures
157-160, 163, 166, 169-172 and p r e l i m i n a r y Photo Support Data. T h e 1-7
System was produced w i t h an evaluated h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
of 202 ineters d vertical. accuracy (90X p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 513 meters r e l a t i v e
to t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e P~eldminaryPhoto S u p p o r t , D a t a , Pain- related
t o t h e DOD Selenedetic System (1966) were i n c l u d e d i n the LOSAT computation.
However, the limited weight given t h e s e p a i n t s d i d n o t allow them ts
significantly a f f e c t the s o l u t i o n ,
site

2. The 1-7 Surveyor LII (1969) System was produced by TOPOCOM i n

February 1969 t o s u p p o r t mapping of t h e S u m e y s r 1 x 1 s i t e a t e a . Some 55
p o i n t s are included in t h e c o n t r o l system l o c a t e d a t 3'12'S and 23"23'W,

The LBSBT and MUSAT a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n p r o g r m s were used ta

develop c o n t r o l points w i t h L u n a r O r b i t e r medium r e s o l u t i o n exposures
157-160, 163, 146, 169-1"8 (1-7) and h i g h r e s s a l u t i s n exposures 137, 154
(XI1
9b and 9c), The high resslutisn exposures were combined wish t h e
1-7 (1967) System w h i c h a l s o d e f i n e s t h e datum of t h e Surveyor III System.

--

3
S i t e 1-7 (1969) System was produced by TOPOCOM i n September 1969 i n
s u p p o r t o f t h e &olls Mission 1 2 l a n d i n g . It c o n s i s t s o f some 460 p o i n t s ,
hpolla 12 p o i n t s and the Surveyor III s p a c e c r d t image w e r e i n c l u d e d i n
the triangulation. The 1-7 (1969) System was based on a LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l
triangulation s o l u t i o n which employed t h e same p h ~ t Q g r a p h ya s used i n the
1967 s y s t e m and Photo S u p p o r t Data dated October 1968.
n

4 , The S i t e 1-7 A p s l l o Landing (1969) System w a s produced by TOPBCOM

in September 1969 through t h e csmb$%tatioar, s f tkre 1-7 (1969) System with
Orbiter E I E - 9b and 9c s t r i p triangulation s o l u t i o n s accomplished in
production of the 1-7 S u w e y o r ILI (1969) System. T h i s s i n g l e s y s t e m
w a s established u s i n g t h e LOWS program tQ combine i n d i v i d u a l s t r i p
solutions,

- - m - v - F a - - - P

Site

1-43 (9967

3,3,1,7 SITE 1-8 (1967) SYSTEM

Zbe sike 1-43 (1967) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in July
3.967 to supper.: s i t e magping It is conpo9ed o f some 840 p o i n t s and i s
!ocaked ,a& 3"s and 36"39" with coverage as i n d i c a t e d in C o n t r o l Index
1yae

IP+L

'The LQSAT analytical triangulation prograsns was used to develop s i t e

c o n t r o l p a i n t 8 with Lunar O r b i t e r I medium resolution e q o s u r e s 76-83
and preliminary Photo Support Daea. P o i n t s related t o the DOD Selenaodetic
System (1966) were i n c l u d e d in t h e LOSBllC computation, However, t h e limited
w e i g h t g i ~ ~ ethese
n
p a i n t s di.d not a l h them to significantly a f f e c t t h e
solution, The ace,uracy s f t h i s c o n t r o l system is unevaiuated,

3 , 3 , P , 8 S I T E 1-9 (1967) SYSTEM

S i t e 1-54 Control System was produced by ACTC in J a r n a r y 1967 t o s u p p o r t
Punar site mapping. The t ~ i a n g u l a t i s nc g n t a i n s some 275 p o i n t s and is
l o c a t e d at 1"30" and 43"12W ((esntrol Index No, 1 6 4 ) ) ~

Individual p h o t o s t r i p a s s e m b l i e s were cornlputed w i t h t h e HERGET a n a l y t i c a l

triangulation program f o r Lunar O r b i t e r m e d i m r e s o l u t i a n frmes 1 8 4 , 1 8 7 ,
190, 193, 196, 199 of p h e t e s t r i p 9.2a and 200, 2 0 3 , 206, 209, 212, 215 of
o v e r l a p p i n g strip 9.2b. Photo Suppost Data, d a t e d November 1966, p r w i d e d
i n i t i a l cmera p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n d a t a , Acceptable c o r n p a t a b i l i t y between
photo measurements and Photo S u p p o r t Data was n o t a c h i e v e d and a p p a r e n t l y
level l u n a r surface p o i n t s were h e l d a t a c o m a n e l e v a t i o n (a l u n a r r a d i u s
vector of 1738 km) to i n f l u e n c e t h e s e l u t f o n , The l u n a r s u r f a c e p o s i t i o n s
derived from t h e t w o photo s t r i p s e x h i b i t e d s y s t e m a t i c h o r i z o n t a l d i f f e r e n c e s
of approximately 2 km and s t r i p s w e r e combined by enforcing a f o l l o w i n g
HERGET solution to an average of t h e i n d i v i d u a l s t r i p d i f f e r e n c e s ,
H o r i z o n t a l coordinates derived from t h e HERGET p h o t o assembly were t r a n s
formed t o the DOD Selenodetic System (1966) by a d j u s t m e n t t o s i x s u p p l e m e n t a l
earthbased c o n t r o l p o i n t s whose values in t h e DOD System had been e s t a b l i s h e d ,
The 1-53 System w a s produced w i t h an e v a l u a t e d horizontal a c c u r a c y of 1.615
meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) r e l a t i v e t o the DOB 66 E a r t h b a s e d Datum and a
v e r t i c a l accuracy s f 208 meters (90% p r e b a b i l i t y ) r e l a t i v e ts t h e assumed
v e r t i c a l datum*

Section 3 , 3 , 1 , 8

le

S i t e 11-2

(1967) System,

The S i t e 11-2 (1967) Control System was produced by TOPOCOK in August

1967 to snagport s i t e mapping. It is composed o f some 1060 p o i n t s and i.s
I ~ c a f f e dat 2 " 3 0 V M , 34"OVE with coverage as i n d i c a t e d in C o n t r o l Index No.
1(4),

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop s i t e

control points w%th Lunar Orbiter M s s i o n I1 medium r e s o l u t i a n exposures
35-42 and preliminary Photo Support Data d a t e d February 1967. The 11-2
s y s t e m was produced wieh an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
of 66 aaebers and vertical accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 100-150 meters
relative to t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e preliminary Photo Support Data. P o i n t s
relaced to the @OD Selenodetfc System (1966) w e r e included in the LOSAT
computation, However, t h e Ifmited wefght given these p o i n t s d i d n o t allow
them to sigaificantly a f f e c t the solutidn,
2, S i t e 11-2 (1968) S y s t e m ,

The S i t e 11-2 (B968) System was produced by TOPOCOM in December 1968

to p r o v i d e b a s i c i n f o m a t f o n bearing on t h e consistency o f P h o t o S u p p o r t
Data generated far d n d i v f d u a l o r b i t a l . passes o f Lunar O r b i t e r Missions 11,
111, and TI. Area landmark points and potential l u n a r l a n d i n g p a i n t s were
included,
T h i s c o n t r o l data consisting o f 1 7 7 p o i n t s is based on a LOSAT
Analytical T r i a n g u l a t i o n s o l u t i d n which employed t h e same photography used
in the 1947 s o l u t i o n w i t h r e f i n e d Photo S u g p ~ r tD ata, dated October 1968,
Its usage i s p r e f e r r e d aver t h e 1967 system*

3.

Site

14-2 Area CkY68) System ( S i t e East Two System).

The S i t e I F - 2 A r e a (1968) System was produced by TOPOCBM in December

1968 as an amalgamatim o f overlapping control systems wIrich had been
generated to enable evaluation o f consistency o f Photo S u p p o r t Data.

The .,dl=%
systen:

program was used to combine t h e follo~dfarngsystems i n t o a s i n g l e

S i t e 11-2 (1968)

Site 111-1 (1968) ( S e c t i o n 3 . 3 1,PJ&'l

S i t e V - I 1 (1968)
(Sectf-on 3,3 1.20)

3,3,1,10 SITE 11-6 $1967) MD (1969) S Y S T m S

'T'hz 59ce 71-6. ($067) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in

Sept~x&iier1067 t o s ~ ~ g p o sire
rt
m p p i n g . It i s composed o f some 1400 p o i n t s
and is i n c a t e i at .!oi'bl and 24"O'E w l r h coverage as indicated i n Control
Tndes No3 I c 4 I e
The LOSAT a ~ a a l y r f c a ltriangulation program was used to develop site
coardlnates in t w o overlapping photo s t r i p s cc;omposed o f medium r e s o l u t i o n
Lunar. O r I 2 i t e r >fission 11 frames 76-83 and 54-91.
SePenographic c o o r d i n a t e s
from these t w o solutions aghich are based on i n d i v i d u a l s t r i p Photo Support
Data are a v a i l a b l e as corl;trol subsystems 11-6a 61967) and IL-6b (1967).
A com4sinatfor~ o f the l l - 6 a and 11-6b systems was effected through the LOWS
program to produce 5%te 11-6 system c o n t r o l values.
The 11-6 System was produced with an evaluated h o r i z o n t a l accuracy
(90% probab%ibi:y) o f 88 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of
262 meters relaeLive to the datum d e f i n e d by the p r e l i m i n a r y Photo S u p p o r t
Data" Points related EG the DOD Selenodetic System (1966) were i n c l u d e d in
t h e LOSAT compu@at%.ansWowever, the limited w e i g h t given these p o i n t s d i d
n o t allsw them to significantly a f f e c t the s o l u t i o n ,

The S i t e 11-45 (1969) System was produced by TOPOCOM in Januaty 1969

kt* 9rav::fde 'basic information bearing on the consistewey ~f Photo Support
D a k a generated for i n d i v i d u a l o r b i t a l passes s f Lunar O r b i t e r Missions 11,
IWLI
and V o Arna landnark p o i n t s and potential l u n a r l a n d i n g p a i n t s were
% ncIud~3d
m

his cowtro-L d a t a roasisting o f approximately 138 points i s based on

s LOSKC analytical t r i a ~ a g u l a t i s ns o l u t i o n which employed t h e same photography
used in $be 1-967 s o l u t f o n with refined Photo S u p p o r t Data, d a t e d October 1968,
As in t h e ~a~c$^weer
s o % . ~ ~ t i ocoordinate
n,
values are a v a i l a b l e in s u b s y s t e m s
1 1 - b a (1969) s o d IF--$b (19691. Its usage is preferred over the 1967 system.

3,

S i t e IT-$Area 61969) System ( S i t e East One System).

'Jl"Ine S i t e I'b-6 Area (1969) System was produced by "llOPCOM in January

of overlapping c o n t r o l s y s t e m s which had been
1.369 ae av arns_",ga!~at)ora
gene112 tcei to e-i;,nblc cvsbuation o f csnsfstency of Photo Support Data
'Xhe
LORMS progz:am was used to csmmbinet h e IZw6 (1969) system with t h e V 4 6
(E95t3) spst:em,

Section 303,%a18

3,3e1a11S I T E 11-8 (1967) (1969) (1971) SYSTEMS

1, Site 11-8 (1967) System,

The Site 11-8 (1967) System was produced by A C I C i n July 1967 t o s u p p o r t

l u n a r site mapping. I t i s composed of same 775 p o i n t s and i s l o c a t e d at
OON and 1 " W as i n d i c a t e d on C o n t r o l Index No. I ( 4 ) . The Satellite S t r i p
Control E x t e n s i o n Prograln (SSCE), a f o r e r u n n e r of LOSAT, w a s used t o develop
analytical strip solutions which are a v a i l a b l e as c o n t r o l subsystems 11-8a
(19671, 11-8b (1967) and 11-8c (1967). The three o r b i t a l photographic
s t r i p s were developed from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission II medium r e s s $ u t i o n frames
113-136 and p r e l i m i n a r y Photo Support Data d a t e d February 1967.
They were adjusted t o the a b s o l u t e p o s i t i o n r e f l e c t e d by strip 8b
P h o t o Support Data and had a n e v a l u a t e d accuracy of 28 meters h o r i z o n t a l l y
and 65 meters v e r t i c a l l y (90% p r o b a b i l i r y ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e strip 8b
d e f i n e d datum, Mowever, s y s t e m t i e ; ( p a r a b o l i c ) d i s t o r t i o n was evident i n
these s t r i p sobutions and the e l e v a t i o n data i s of v a l u e o n l y f o r l o c a l
topographic d i f f e r e n c e s r e f l e c t e d .

2, Site 11-8 (1969) Systems.

The 11-8 (1969) Systems were produced by ACIC i n February 1969 t o

provide basic infortnation b e a r i n g on the c o n s i s t e n c y of Photo Support Data
generated f o r individual orbital passes of Lunar O r b i t e r Missions 11, 111,
and V.
Area landmark p o i n t s and p o t e n t i a l l u n a r l a n d i n g p o i n t s were i n c l u d e d .
The controk data csnsisting of approximately 133 p o i n t s was based on

LOSAT analytical triangulation s o l u t i o n s which employed the same p h o ~ o g r a p h y

used in t h e 1947 s o l u t i o n s and r e f i n e d Photo Support Data d a t e d October 1968,
Coordinate v a l u e s are only available i n terms of t h e sub-systems 11-8a
(19691, I1.-8b (b969), 11-8c g%96"3 der1.ved from t h e i n d i v i d u a l LOSAT s o l u t i o n s .
oliow wing are t h e 11-8 (1969) sub-systems e v a l u a t e d h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l
accuracy (90% probability), stated with r e s p e c t t o t h e datum d e f i n e d by the
1968 Photo S u p p o r t DataB
.SUB--S

Horizontal

Vertical

11-8a (1969)
IT-8b (1969)
II-8c (1969)

40 m e t e r s
40 meters
60 meters

106 meters
1 2 8 meters
136 meters

Section 3 * 3 , L e l $

3, Site 11-8 Area (1969) System.

The Site 11-8 Area (1969) System was produced by ACIC in February
1969 as an amlgamtion of werlapping control systems which had been

generated $0 enable evaluation of consistency of Photo Support Data.

The 11-8 Area (1969) System control was formed by an adjustment of 11-8
(1969), 111-7 (19691, and V-27 (1969) sub-systems into a single system.
The d a ~ u mof the sin@e systea is reflecthe of the combination of III-7a,
111-7b, V-27a aad V-27b Photo Support Baa. Control points used to
establish the adjusted system have an evaluated horizontal accuracy
(90% probability) of 25 meters and vertical accuracy (90% probability)
of 50 meters. Coordinate values are available in t e m s of sub-systems
11-8a (19691, II-8b (1969) and II-8c (1969) as produced from the individual
LOSAT solutians,

4, Site 11-8 Area (1971) System.

The Site 11-8 (1971) Systems were produced by ACIC in July 1971 as
Control data
consisting of approximtely 117 points is based on a LOSAT computation
which employed the same photography used in earlier solutions and Photo
Support Data dated September 1969. Coordinates are available only in
terms sf sub-systems LZ-8a (1971), II-8b (2971) and 11-8c (1971) produced
from the individual LOSAT solutions* Evaluations of the 11-8 (1971)
sub-systems produced with the 1969 Photo Support Data are comparable to
those of the 11-8 (1969) sub-systems. Use of the 11-43 (1971) sub-systems
is prderred aver previous 11-8 systems due to incorporation of the 1969
Photo Support Data and refined computation.
a b m r o d u c t of the performnee of a Control Extension Test.

Section 303e1611

The Site 11-11 (1967) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in

September 1967 to support site mapping. It is composed of 663 points and
is located at 0'7'S and lg945'W with coverage as indicated in Control
Index No, I ( 4 ) ,

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop site

coordinates in two overlapping photo strips composed of medium resolution
Lunar Orbiter Mission I1 frames 163-167 and 170-178. Selenographic
coordinates fram these two solutions which are based on individual strip
Photo Support Data, are available as control sub-systems 11-lla (1967)
and I I - l l b (1967). A combination of the TI-lla and II-llb systems w a s
effected through the LO
program to produce Site 11-ll system control
values,
The 11-11 system was produced with an evaluated horizontal accuracy
(90% probability) of 62 meters and vertical accuracy (90% probability) of
130-180 meters relative to the datum defined by the preliminary Photo
Support Data. Points related to the DOD Selenodetic System (1966) w e r e
included in the LOSAT computation. However, the limited weight given
these points did not allow t h e m to significantly affect the solution.

Section 3,3,1,%2

3,3,Ie13SITE 11-13 (1967)

(1968) SPSTmS

1, S i t e XI-1.3 (1967) System.

Trae S i t e IT--13 (19671 Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in July
1967 to s u p p o r t s i e e mapping. It is compased af 688 p o i n t s and is l o c a t e d
at J-"45'N and 41"3BtW wfth coverage as i n d i c a t e d 2x1 Ceer%$;bshq. Index No, I ( 4 )

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program wars used to d e l e h p s i t e

coordinates in two ~ v e r % a p p % nphoto
g
s t r d p s coatposed of medium r e s o l u t i o n
k u n a ~Brbbter M%ssioa E I frames 191-204 and 205-212,
SeHenagraphic
coordinates from these t w o s o l u t i o n s which are based on i n d i v i d u a l strip
Plloto S u p p a r t Date a r e available as c o n t r e l sub-systems 11-13a (1967) and
IL-%3b (1967B0 A combination o f XI-13a and TI-13b sysrems was e f f e c t e d
through t h e LORAS program to prsduce S i t e 1 1 ~ 1 3system c o n t r o l v a l u e s .

The 11-13 S y s t e m was produeed w f t h an evaluated horizsnkal accuracy

(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 85 meters and vertical accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f
190-225 meters relative to .the datum d e f i n e d by the p r e l i m i n a r y Photo
Support Data, Pofaes r e l a t e d to t h e DOD Selenodekic Systena (1966) were
i n c l u d e d %n t h e LBSAT computation, Hatsever, t h e limited welght given
these p a i n t s d i d n o t allow them to significantly a f f e c t the s o l u t i o n ,
2,

Site

11-13 (1968) Systea,

The S i t e 11-13 (1968) System was produced by TOP6COP.r in Decembe?r

1968 t o p r o v i d e basic information b e a r i n g on t h e consistency sf Photo
S c s p o r t Data generated f o r i n d i v i d u a l o r b i t a l passes of Lunar Orbiter
Missions 11, 111, and V o Area landmark p o i n t s and potential l u n a r landing
p o f a t s were i n c l u d e d
T h i s control data consisting of a p p r o x i m t e l y 150 p o i n t s is based
on a LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l triangulation s o l u t i o n wklch employed t h e same
p h o t s g r a p b used l a , t h e 1967 s o l . u t i m w i t h r e f i n e d Photo S u p p o r t Data,
d a t e d October 1968, As in t h e e a r l i e r s o l u t i o n , c o o r d i n a t e values are
alrai1abl.e in suh-systems 11-13a (1968) and 11-13b 61968).
I t s u s a g e is
p r e f e r r e d over t h - e 1967 system,

3, S i t e 11-13 Area 0968) System ( s i t e W e s t O n e System),

The S i t e 11-13 Area (1968) System was prcaduced by TCTPOCOM in
December 1968 as an amalgamation of o v e r l a p p i n g c o n t r o l systems which
had been generated ra enable evaluation o f eansistency o f Photo S u p p o r t
Datae The LOW1dS prog%am was used to combine t h e 11-13 (1968) system with
t h e X%I-'18 (1.968) s y s t e m which is described in S e c t i o n 3 . 3 , 1 . ~ 7 ,

S e c t i o n 3,3,%,$3

3.3.1.14 SITE 111-1 (1968) SUSTm

The Site 111-1 (1968) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in December

1968 to provide basic information bearing on the consistency of Photo Support

Data generated for individual orbital passes of Lunar Orbiter Missions 11, III,

and V. Area landmark points and potential lunar landing points were included.

It is composed of 153 points and is located at 2"45'N and 35'15'E with

cov-age as Indicated in Control Index No. I(5).

The control data is based on a LOSAT analytical triangulation solution

which employed medium resolution lunar Orbiter Mission I11 exposures 5, 9, 11,

13, 15, 17, 19 and Photo Support Data dated October 1968. The accuracy of

this system is unevaluated.

Section 3.3.1.14

3 3,1,15 SITE 111-7

1+

S i t e 111-7

(1969) (1971) SYSTEMS

(1969) Systems.

The Site 111-7 (1969) control systems were produced by ACLC i n

February 1969 to provide basic information bearing on the consistency of
Photo Support Data generatea for individual orbital passes of Lunar Orbiter
Missions TI, 111 bud V. Area landmark points and potential lunar landing
p o i n t s were I n c l u d e d , The 111-7 Systems are composed of 1 2 2 points and
are l o c a t e d at O'N and 1 W with coverage as indicated in Control Index
No, I ( 5 ) .
C o o r d i n a t e v a l u e s are only available in terms of sub-systems 1x1-7a
(1969) and I I I - 7 b (1969) produced from individual LOSAT* solutions. Lunar
Orbiter Mission I I T medium resolution frames 86-101 and Photo Support Data
dated October 1968 were used in d e v e h p i n g these systems. They have t h e
fo%PowPng evaluated horizontal and vertical accuracy (90% prsbability),
Hsrf zoratal

Vertical

56 meters
24 meters

54 meters

43 meters

2, S i t e 111-7 (1971) S y s t e m s *
The S i t e 111-7 (1971) Systems were produced by A C I C i n J u l y 1 9 7 1 a s
a b y p r o d u c t s f t h e performance of a Control Extension Test, Control data
c o n s i s t i n g of appraximately 110 pohts was based on a LOSAT computation
~ q h i c hemployed the same photography used in earlier solutions and Photo
Support Data d a t e d S e p t e m b e r 1969. Coordinates are a v a i l a b l e only in t e r m s
s f sub-systems 111-$a and LIE-7b produced from the individual LOSAT solutions,
Relative accuracies achieved with the 111-7 (1971) sub-systems are comparable
to t h o s e o f t h e 111-7 (1969) sub-systems.

Section 3,361,P5

3 , 3 , 1 , E 6 SITE 118-9 (1967) MD (1969) SYSTEMS

1,

Site =I-9

91967) System.

The S i t e 111-9 (1967) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM in

November 1967 to support site mapping. It i s composed of same 1023 p o i n t s
and i s l o c a t e d a t 3 ' 7 ' s and 22'45'W with coverage as i n d i c a t e d in C o n t r o l
Index NO* I ( 5 ) *
The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n program was used t o develop s i t e
co~rdinatesin *GWO averlapping photo strips cempesed o f medium r e s o l u t i o n
Lunar O r b i t e r Mission III frames 145-152 and 153-160.
Selenographic
c o o r d i n a t e s from t h e s e two solutions which are based on i n d i v i d u a l strip
Photo S u p p o r t Data ape a v a i l a b l e as c o n t r o l sub-systems 1x1-9b (1967) and
111-9c (1967). A combination of t h e 111-9b and 1x1-9c s y s t e m s was e f f e c t e d
t h r o u g h t h e LOWS program to produce S i t e 111-9 system c o n t r o l values.
The I I I - 9 system was produced w i t h ran evaluated h o r i z o n t a l accuracy
(90% probability) of 58 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of
100-300 meters r e l a t i v e t o t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e p r e l i m i n a r y Photo
S u p p o r t Data d a t e d A p r i l 1967,
2;-

S i t e 111-9

(1969) System,

Site 111-9 (1969) System was produced by TOPOCOM i n S e p t e m b e r 1969

t o s u p p o r t t h e Mission A p o l l o 1 2 l a n d i n g . I t c o n s i s t s of a p p r o x i m a t e l y
400 p i n t s , Landmark p o i n t s , Apollo 1 2 l a n d i n g e l l i p s e c e n t e r , and t h e
Surveyor 111 s p a c e c r a f t image were i n c l u d e d in t h e tr%a-b%gukatl.lan. %he
111-9 (1969) System was based on LOWS a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n s o l u t i o n
which employed t h e same photography as in t h e 1967 s y s t e m s and Photo
S u p p o r t Data d a t e d October 1968,

3,3,1,17 SITE 111-10 (1968) SYSTEM

P

The S i t e 111-10 (1968) control system was produced by TOPOCOM in December

1968 to provide basic information bearing on the consistency o f Photo Support
Data generated for indi.k-idualorbital passes sf Lunar Orbiter Missions 11,
III and V, Area landmark points and potential lunar landing points w e r e
included. E t 1s composed of 164 paints and is located at P 0 4 5 ' N and 4 I 0 4 5 ' W
with coverage as indicated in Control Index No, I ( 5 ) *

The control data is based on a LBSBSI analytical triangulation solutian

which employed m e d i m resolution Lunar Orbiter Mission 111 exposures 163-170
and Photo Support Data dated October 1968. The accuracy of this System is
uaeva$uate$,

S e c t i o n 3a3.1,17

3 * 3 0 1 e 1 8SITE 11%-11
(1967)

(1968) SYSTEK

1. The S i t e 111-11 (1967) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM I n November

7 t o support s i t e mapping. It i s composed of 1277 p o i n t s and i s Located
3'15'5 end 36'3OFW, w i t h coverage as i n d i c a t e d i n C o n t r o l Index No. I ( 5 ) .
The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n program was used t o develop s i t e

control p o i n t s w i t h Lunar O r b i t e r Mission III medium r e s o l u t i o n exposures

173-180 and p r e l i m i n a r y Photo Support Data. The 111-11 system was produced
w i t h a n evaluated h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 72 meters and
v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) gf 180-300 meters r e l a t i v e t o %he datum
d e f i n e d by t h e p r e l i m i n a q Photo Support Data d a t e d A p r i l 1967.
2,

S i t e 111-11 (1968) System.

The S i t e 111-11 (1968) system was produced by TOPOCOM i n December 1968

t o p r o v i d e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n b e a r i n g on t h e c o n s i s t e n c y of Photo S u p p o r t Data
generated Esr i n d i v i d u a l o r b i t a l p a s s e s of Lunar O r b i t e r Missions XI, 111 and
V.
Area bandmask p o i n t s and p o t e n t f a 1 l u n a r l a n d i n g p o i n t s were i n c l u d e d ,
This c o n t r o l d a t a c o n s i s t i n g of 160 p o i n t s i s based on a LOSAT anaiyticii
triangulation s o l u t i o n which employed the' same photography used in the 1 9 6 7
s o l u t i o n w i t h r e f i n e d Photo Support Data, d a t e d October 1968. Its u s a g e is
preferred over the 1967 system.
3.

S i t e 111-11 Area (1968) System ( S i t e West Two System).

The S i t e 111-11 Area (1968) System was produced by TOPOCOM i n December

1968 as an amalgamation o f o v e r l a p p i n g c o n t r o l systems which had been generated
t o enable e v a l u a t i o n af c o n s i s t e n c y of Photo Support Data, The LO
was used t o combine t h e 111-11 (1968) w i t h V-42 (1968) system which i s
d e s c r i b e d i n Section 3 , 3 , 1 , 2 4 .

Section 3,38%.18

363-i 19 S I T E E&H-$2

1, S i t e TIT-P-1.2

(1969) N D (1968) SYSTEm

(1967) System,

The S i t e 111-P-1% (1967) C o n t r o l System was produced by ACIC i n

December 1967 ::a support s i t e mapping and to evaluate triangulation usage
o f oblique Lunar O r b i t e r photography. The system i s composed of approxi
mately 285 p o g n t s and i s Located a t 230'S l a t i t u d e and 43"30% Woongirude
with c o v e ~ a g e86 i n d j - c a ~ e din Control Index No, I ( 5 ) .
The Satell1.te S t r i p C o n t r o l Extension Program (SSCE) was used to
develop site control points, T h i s a n a l y t i c a l photogrammetric program, a
forerunner o f I,OSkT, a l s o ei~p9ol.s o r b i t a l cons t t a i n t s
Preliminary Lunar
Oxbiter Mission I11 P h o t o S u p p o r t Data produced by J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y
in Naveml~er1967 and medium resolution photography o f p h o t o s t r i p s 12a,
125.1, i2R2, and !.2c were slsed i n computing t h i s s o l u t i o n . The f o u r photo
g r a p h i c s t r i p s had local r o l l angles o f from %" t o 2 8 " .

Alrhoirgh good relativify was achieved within each SSCE s t r i p s o l u t i o n ,

l~unarsurface p o i n t s derived from different strips e x h i b i t e d biases in the
order of 2 km. H o r i z o n t a l and vertical adjustments of the four strips were
performed t o the surfa~edefined by s t r i p 12a t o produce a s i n g l e s i t e
control system. The v e r t i c a l a d j u s t m e n t s d i d not a d e q u a t e l y compensate f o r
i n t e r s t r i p differences and elevations were n o t produced o r p u b l i s h e d i n t h i s
system. Rorfzontal adjustmetlt r e s u l t e d in a single s y s t e m having an accuracy
o f approx3rnat:ely 130 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) r e l a t i v e t o t h e datum defined
by s t r L p 1251 Pkaoto S t l p p ~ r tData,
2

Site 111--P-I2 ($968) Syszern*

The. Site "LIT--P-1-2 (1-968)System was produced by A C I C i n March 1968 i n

response to t h e f a i l u r e s f t h e a d j u s t e d v e r t i c a l sersiution i n the 1967 a y s w m ,

T h i s systeln used &he LQBAT program t o b l o c k t h e f o u r Lunar O r b i t e r 111

s t r i p s o l u t 3 o n s t o g e t h e r aclrievfng a 20 meter kacsrizcsntal and 30 meter v e r t i c a l
190% accuracy) relative to t h e daterm d e f i n e d by the November 1967 edition
of Lunar O r b i t e r Photo S u p p o r t Data,

.3,3,1.28 SITE V - 1 1 (1968) SYSTEM

The Site V - l l (1968) C a n t r a l System was produced by TOPOCOM i n Decelnber
1968 to provide b a s i c i n f o m a t i a n b e a r i n g on the consistency of Photo
Support Data generated f e z i n d i v i d u a l o r b i t a l passes of Lunar O r b i t e r
Hissions 11, I n , and V, It was composed o f a p p r s x i m t e l y 170 points and
i s located at 2'45%
a d 34'30% with coverage as indicated in Control
Index Noe %(S),
" 6 h e LOSAT analytical friangulatisn program was used to develop s i t e
coordinates i n t w o overlapping photo s t r i p s camposed o f medium r e s o l u t i o n
Lunar O r b i t e r Mssisn V frames 55-58 and 59-62, Selenographic coardlnates
from these t w o solutions which are based on individual s t r i p Photo Support
Data d a t e d Octsber 1968 are available as s s n t r a l sub-systems V-1Pa (1968)
and V-1Lb (1968). A combination of the V - l l a and V-llb systems was
e f f e c t e d through t h e LBMS program ks produce S i t e V - $ 1 system c o n t r o l
values, The accuracy s f t h i s system i s unevaluated,

Section 3,3,9,20

3,3,1,21 SITE V-16

(1969) SYSTEM

The S i t e V-16 (1969) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM in January

1969 to provide basic information bearing on t h e consistency of Photo
Support Data generated f o r individual o r b i t a l passes o f Lunar O r b i t e r
Missions LI, III and V. It was composed of approximately 1 2 0 p o i n t s and
i s located at 115'W and 24"O'E w i t h coverage as i n d i c a t e d i n C o n t r o l
Index No, I($),
The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l triangulation program was used t o develop s i r e
coordinates i n t w o overlapping photo s t r i p s composed of medium r e s o l u t i o n
Lunar Orbiter Mission V frames 71-74 and 75-78. Selenographic coordinates
from these two s o l u t i o n s which are based on i n d i v i d u a l s t s i p Photo S u p p o r t
Data d a t e d October I968 are available as c o n t r o l sub-systems V-16a (1968)
a l ~ dV-16b (1968). A combination o f V-L6a and V-16b systems was e f f e c t e d
through t h e I . O W program to produce S i t e V-16 system c o n t r o l values.
The ascuracy o f t h i s system fs unevaluated,


----1*11

3,3,1,22 SITE V-27

S i t e 'F$-27

(1969) (197%) SPSTMS

The Site V-27 (1969) Control Systems were produced by AGIC in F e b r u a r y

1969 to p r o v i d e b a s i c information bearing on t h e eansfsteney o f Photo S u p p o r t
Data generated f o r i n d i v i d u a l o r b i t a l passes o f Lunar O r b i t e r Missisns 11,
111, and iL The V-27 systems are composed sf 115 p o i n t s a d are Located a t
0'0% a d loe)'G with coverage as i n d i c a t e d on C o n t r o l Index No. ~ ( 5 ) . A r e a

landmark p o i n t s and potential lunar landing p o i n t s were i n c l u d e d ,

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used t o develop s i t e

c o n t r o l p o i n t s with Lunar O r b i t e r Mission V median1 r e s o l u t i o n frames 108-11l
and 112-1.15 and Photo Suppart Data d a t e d October 1968. Coordinate valraes
are available in eerms s f sub-systems V - 2 7 a and V-27b.
They were produced
r e l a t i v e t o the datum defined by t h e P968 Photo S u p p o r t Data with an eva.Luated
horizontal and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) as follows:

54 meters
7 3 meters

136 meters
123 meters

2, S i t e V-27 (1971) Systems,

The

(1971) Control Systems were produced by A C I C i n J u l y

$971 as a byproduct of' t h e performance o f a Gontrol Extensign T e s t * Contra1
Bata consisting o f
90 p o i n t s is based on L O S N csmputations
which employed t h e same photography used in t h e earlier s o l u t i o n s and Photo
S i t e V-27

S u p p o r t Data d a t e d September 1969, Coordinates are a v a i l a b k only in terns

o f sub-systems V-27a and V-27b as produced fron t h e i n d i v i d u a l EOSAT s o l u t i o n s .
P o i n t accuracy f a c t o r s did not vary significantly from 1969 system. The
1969 and 1971 systems have comparable relativity h t t h e datum of t h e l a t t e r
is p r e f e r r e d ,

S e c t i o n 3.3,B.22

3 , 3 . 1 , 2 3 SLTE V 31 (1971) SYSTEM

The S i t e V - 3 1 (1971) Control System was produced by ACIC i n J u l y 1 9 7 1 as

a byproduce of a Contra1 Extension T e s t , The system congists of some 6 6

p o i n t s and is l o c a t e d 48'N and ZaW with coverage as indicated on Control
Index No* 1(5)

The LOSAT ana$yticcpl trissngwlation program was used to perfarm t h i s

tri;22ng~%igtjr3Pzi
Wfth OJc"Bitr V medium resslutian exgohjustls 124-132 and Photo
Support Data d a t e d September 1969, The F 3 & (1991) System has an e l e v a t e d
h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 295 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy
(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 923 meters relative to the datum defined by t h e Photo
S u p p o r t Data,

Section 3,3#1,23

3 . 3 6%,24 SITE V-42 (1968) SYSTEM

The S i t e V-42 (1968) c c n t r o l system w a s produced by TOPOGOM in December

1968 to p r w i d e basic information bearing on the consistency o f Photo
Support Data generated %or indiv%dual o r b i t a l passes of Lunar O r b i t e r
Missions X I , 1x1 and V. It was composed of approxfglately 130 points and
i s located at 3 @ 0 ' S and 36'0'W
with coverage as i n d i c a t e d on C o n t r o l
Index NO I (5) ,

The UlSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop s i t e

coordinates I n t w o overlapping photo strips conposed of medium r e s o l u t i o n
Lunar O r b i t e r M s s i o n V frames 169-172 and 173-176. Selenographic
coordinates from these t w o solutions which are based on i n d i v i d u a l s t r i p
Photo Support Data dated October 1968 are avaklable as control sub-sys tems
V-42a (1968) and V-42b (19681, A combination o f the V-42a and V - 4 2 b
system was e f f e c t e d through t h e LO
progralcslz to produce V-42 system
control values, The accuracy of this system i s unevaluated,

The Alphonsus (1971) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in September

1971 to support lunar site mapping. It is composed of some 1700 p o i n t s and
is located a& 13'45% a d dWPW with caverage as idicated an C o n t r o l Index
No, I ( S ) ,

The LOSAT analytical t%iangeslstis-ea grogram was used ta develop conera1

p o i n t s w i t h Lunar O r b i t e r V medium resc42utic;dn frames 1916-119 and Photo
Support Data dated October 1968. Abhaneus (1971) System has an m a l u a t e d
horizontal accuracy (90% probability) of 250 meters and vertical accuracy
(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 371-1015 meters relative to the datum d e f i n e d by t h e
1968 Photo Support Data.

S e c t i o n 3.3.1,25

3,3,1.26 m1STAaCBrEUS (1969) SYSTEM

The A r i s t a r c h u s (1969) C o n t r o l System was produced by ACIC i n October 1969
to s u p p o r t l u n a r s i t e mapping. I t i s composed of some 1400 p o i n t s and is
l o c a t e d a t 2 4 ' ~ and 4 7 O w
~ i t h coverage a s i n d i c a t e d on C o n t r o l Index No. L ( 5 ) .

The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l t r i a n g u l a t i o n program was used t o develop site c o n t r o l

points with Lunar O r b i t e r V medium r e s o l u t i o n exposures 194-201 and P h o t o
Support Data d a t e d September 1969. The A r i s t a r c h u s (1969) system was produced
w i t h an e v a l u a t e d h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 20-298 meters and
a v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 98-542 meters r e l a t i v e t o the datum
defingd by t h e %969 Photo S u p p s r t Data.

Section 3 * 3 . 1 , 2 6

3 , 3 , 1 . 2 7 CENSORINUS (1968) SYSTEM

The Ceaaorislrss (1968) Systetrr w a s produced by TOPOCOM i n November 1968 t o
p r o v i d e c o n g r o l d a t a f o r t h e e e n s o r i n u s s i t e . It is composed of a p p r o x i m t e l y
4 1 p s i n t s and i s l o c a t e d at; OoN with coverage as i n d i c a t e d on C o n t r o l Index:

I(5)

The: WSAT a n a b t i c a l t r i i j m g u l a t i o n progrw was used t o develop s i t e

c s s r d i n a t e s , w i t h high r e s o l u t i o n Lunar O r b i t e r Mission I V frames 72 and
73 a d medium r e s a l u t i o n Mission V frame 6 3 , Twenty-ane polnts were
measured ern frame $7-63 and t i e d t o the O r b i t e r IV f r a e s . Twenty
a d d i t i s n a l p o i n t s o u t s i d e t h e area of t h e V-63 f r m e were measured
on frrames 72 and 73 t o i n c r e a s e the geometric s t r e n g t h of t h e s o l u t i o n .
Selenographic c o o r d i n a t e s from t h i s block s o l u t i o n were based on p o s t m i s s i o n Photo Support Data d a t e d October 1968, dipproximately 200 a d d i t i o n a l
p o i n t c o o r d i n a t e s were produced i n t h e s l t e a r e a . These p s i n t s were n o t
iaclrsded i n the triarngbllation network. The Censmiaus (1968) System was
produced with an e v a l u a t e d h o r i z c n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of
262 meteus
- 144 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of
relative to the datum defined by t h e October 1968 Photo S u p p o r t Data.

S e c t i o n 3,3,1+27

3,3.ke28 COPEWIGUS (1969) SYSTEM

The Copernicus (1969) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in

September 1969 to support lunar site mapping. Area landmarks, p r o f 3 le
points and potential landing points were included. It is compost.( of
approximately 1800 points and is located at 1015'N and 2040'W w i t h
coverage as indicated on Control Index No. I(5).
The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop c o n t r o l
points with Lunar Orbiter Mission V medium resolution exposures 150-157
and Photo Support Data dated October 1968. The Copernicus control system
was produced with an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90% probability) of
88 meters and v e r t i e a l accuracy (90% probability) of 102-585 meters s e j a t i v e
to the datum defined by the Photo Support Data published October 1968.

Section 3,3.1,2&

(OCTOBER 1969) SYSTEMS

1, Fra Mauro (June 1969) System,

The Fra Mauro ( ~ u n e1969) System w a s produced by ACIC i n June 1969 t o

s u p p o r t l u n a r s i t e mapping. I t i s composed o f some 1 2 2 5 p o i n t s and is located
at 4"s and 1 7 " W w i t h coverage as i n d i c a t d in Cont;rol I d e x Na, 1(5).
The LOSAT a n a l y t k a l t r i a n g u h t b r n progrm was used tcs develop s i t e
c o n t r o l p o i n t s with Lunar O r b i t e r Mission IIP m e d i m r e s o l u t i o n frames 132-135
and P h s t o Support Data d a t e d October 1968, R e F%a Maurs system was produced
with an evaluated horizontal aceuracy (96% probability) of 17-98 meters and
a v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) sf 32-86 meters r d a r i v e to t h e datum
defined by the Photo S u p p o r t Data.

2,

Fra Mauro ( ~ c t o b e r1969) System.

The Fra Mauro (October 1969) System was produced by ACIG i n October
1969 by LOSAT recomputation u s i n g Photo Support Data d a t e d September 1969*
The Octsbex 1968 Phats S u p p o r t data used ifa t h e e a r l i e r system was found t o
b e erroneous and t h i s s o l u t i o n produced control data w i t h respect to
c o r r e c t e d horizontal and vertical datums* P o i n t accuracy f a c t o r s d i d n o t
v a q significantly from t h e June 1969 s o l u t i o n ,

The Gassendi (1969) Control System waa produced by TOPOCOM i n May 1969
to support lunar s i t e mapping. It is composed of approximat&%y 3.370 p o i n t s
and i s located at 16@45'S and 4025'W with covegage ;as indts,il
,sLrtroi
Index No, I(5) ,
L

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used t o devel.op s i t e

control points trfth Lunar Orbiter V medium resolution exposures 177-180
and Photo Support Data dated Octeber 1968. The Gassendi System wae:
produced with an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) s: ,,>
meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 138-263 metera re?atLv:.
t o the datum defined by t h e 1968 Photo Support Data.

3.3,1*3$ HIPPARCHUS (1969) SYSTEM

The Hipparchus (1969) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM i n May

1969 to support lunar site mapping. It is composed bf a p p r o x i m a t e l y 780
p o i n t s and i s l o c a t e d at 4 ' 4 5 ' s and 4 " O ' E w i t h coverage as indiceted on
Control Index No, L ( 5 ) ,
T h e LQSAT and LOBAT analytical triangulation pvogxams were used t o
develop s i t e c o n t r o l p o i n t s with Lunar Orbiter medium r e s o l u t i o n frames
98-101 (Orbiter V - 2 4 ) and 108-111 ( O r b i t e r 111-17) and Photo S u p p o r t Data
dated October 1968, A cambination of 111-17 and V-24 exposures was
e f f e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e LOBAT Program t o produce t h e Hipparchus S y s t e m .

The Wlpparchus (1969) System was produced with am evaluated b r i z c s n t a l

accuracy (90% probability) of 82 meters and v e r t i c a l a c c u r a c y (90%
probability) o f 164 to 441 meters relative to the datum d e f i n e d by t h e
1968 Photo S u p p o r t Data,

Section 3,3,Jm31

The Mari%rsF (1969) Cont%.ol S - y ~ t e mWI~EBproduced by "FOPOCOM in July

1970, to suppart lunar a f t e mappix. Bo%a(??:n&laE
area l a d i n g points
were included, It is composed of same 1200 points and is locatad at
13"36)'M and 5 5 @ 2 S 0 Ww i t h coverage as iadieated on Control Index No. X(5).
LOSAT analytical triangulation g r o g r a w a s usad t o develop control
p o i n t 8 d t h Lumr Orbiter V mfacaiua r e s ~ l u t i ~frames
n
210-216 and Photo
Support Data dated October 1968. The Marius F (1969) System was produced
with an e v d u a t e d harizonbal accuracy (90X p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f fQ3 meters and
v e r t i c a l accuracy (90X p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 126-609 meters relative to t h e
d a t m defined by t h e 1968 Photo Support Data,

Section 3 * 3 , 1 , 3 2

3,3,$,33

MOSTING C (1969) SYSTEM

The Mosting G (1964) System was produced by ACIC i n June 1969 t o s u p p o r t

l u n a r s i t e mapping, It i s composed of some 483 p o i n t s and is located at
2"s and 8 ' W w i t h coverage as indicated sn C o n t r o l Index No, 2 ( 5 ) ,
The LOSAT analytical t r i a n g u l a t i o n program w a s used t o develop sit^ t,onL r $ i- ~
p o i n t s with Lunar O r b g t e r Mission $11 medium r e s ~ l u t f ~frames
n
112-115 and
Photo Support Data dated October 1968. The Mosting C System was produced
wiQlk an evaluated h o r i z o n t a l aearatsy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) of 9.7-188 aneters
and v e r t i c a l accuracy (904 p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 58-121 meters r e l a t i v e t o the
datum referenced by the October 1968 Photo Support Data,

3 , 3 , 1 . 3 4 PRENZ (1969) SYSTEM

me P r i n z (1969) C m t r o l System w a s pr~dueed by TOPOCQM in October
1"39 to support lunar sPte m p p i n g . It is emposed of some 1350 p a i n t s
and i s l o c a t e d at 26'54's and 43'35'W wlth coverage as indicated on
Control Index Nol I(5)*

The LBSAT analytical triangultatisar prcsgrm was used to develop c o n t r o l

p o i n t s with Lunar O r b i t e r V medium resoluti~nexposures 186-193 and P h o t o
S u p p o r t Data dated October 1968, Evaluated accuracy of the P r i n z (1969)
System relative t o t h e datum defined by the 1968 Photo Support Data i s
126 meters horizontally and 130-195 meters vertically (90% probability).

S e c t i o n 3,3,1,34

3,3,1,35 RIBU

LEY (1970) SYSTEM

The Rirna Hadley (1970) Control System w a s produced by TOPOCOM in

January 1970 to support l u n a r site mapping. Area landmarks, potential
l a n d i n g p o i n t s , and p r o f i l e p o i n t s were i a e l u d e d , It i s composed o f
approximately 1150 points and i s l o c a t e d at 2 2 ' 3 0 ' ~ and 3"23'E w i t h
coverage as i n d i c a t e d on Control Index Ns. 1 ( 5 ) .

The EOSAT asalalgt$cd triangulation prsgrtnm was used t o develop sits

c o n t r o l p o i n t s with Lunar 0rbia;er V medium resolution eqasarres 1.04-107
and Photo Support Data d a t e d September 1969. Use of t h e 1969 Photo
Support Data f o r this s i t e was necessitated by exposure time inconsisten
c i e s evidenced i n the 1968 Photo Suppart Data,
The Rima Wadleg (1990) System was lproduced w i t h an evaluated horf zoiital
accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 86 meters and v e r t i c a l accuracy (90%
p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 142-250 meters r e l a t i v e to t h e datum e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e
1969 Photo S u p p o r t Data,

3 , 3 , 1 , 3 6 R I M aGImS (1969) SYSTEM

The R i m a Wyginus (1969) Control System was produced by TOPOCOM in

May 1969 to s u p p a r t lunar s i t e mapping. Tt is composed af some 1270
p o i n t s and is located at 8 " O ' N and 5'45'E with coverage as i n d i c a t e d on
C o n t r o l Index No, I(5)

The LOSAT a m f y t i e a l triangulatisn program was used %a develop s i t e

c o n t r o l p o i n t s w i t h Orbiter V medium resoPution exposures 94-97 and Photo
Support Data d a t e d October 1968. The R i m Hyginus 1969 Control System
was produced with an evaluated harizontal accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) nf
177 meters and vertical accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 227-503 meters
r e l a t i v e to t h e datum d e f i n e d by 1968 Photo Support Data.

1, R i m e %$ttrsw (19691 System.

The Rinse Littrow (1969) Control System was produced by T0POCOE.I. i n
May 1969 to s u p p o r t s i t e mapping. It i s comprised o f approximately 900
p o i n t s and i s located at 2L055'N and 29O19'E with coverage as indicated on
Control Index No, 1(5),

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop s i t e

control p o i r r t s with Orbiter V medium resolution exposures 66-69 and Photo
Support Data d a t e d October 1968. The Rimae Littrow (1969) System was
produced w i t h a h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 164 meters and
vertical accuracy (90X
of 392 t o 576 meters as r e f e r e n c e d t o
t h e datum e s ~ r a b l i s h e dby the October 1968 Photo Supporr. Data.
2, K i m a e Littrow (1970) System.
S i t e L i t crow, Apol lo 1.4 Landmark T r i a n g u l a t i o t ~System, was produced
by TOPOCOM, Hay 1970, i n s u p p o r t of the Apollo 14 Mission. E i g h t e e n
landmark l a n d i n g poLnis and s i x landing e l l i , p s e centers were i n c l u d e d in
t h e triangulation,

T h i s control system i n c o r p o r a t e d t h e same p a i n t s , Photo Support

Data, and exposures t h a t were used in t h e 1969 system,

Section 3,3,1,3%

1, R i m Bode I1 (1969) S y s t m ,
The R i m a Bode II (1969) System was produced by ACIC i n September 1369
to support lunar s i t e m p p i n g . It is c~mposed 9% same 1230 poiwcs a n d i s
l o c a t e d at l 2 " N and 4"W with coverage as P w d i ~ & t e dan Gontr01 Lndm Ng), I$5),

The LOSAT analytical triangulation program wars used to develop s?l.te

control points with Lunar O r b i t e r Missian V medium r e s s l u t i o n frames 120
123 and Photo Support Data d a t e d October 1968, The Rina Bode 11 (1969)
System was produced with an evaluated h o r i z o n t a l accuracy (90% l ~ i r o b a b i l i t y )
o f 21-351 meters and vertical accuracy of 145-420 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y )
r e l a t i v e to t h e datum d e f i n e d by Photo Support Data,
2,

Rima Bode 11 (1971) System,

The R h a Bode 11 (1971) S y s f e m was produced by ACIC in July 1971 as

a byproduet o f t h e p e r f o
rice of a Conrrol Extenslan Test, Csn$rol data
consisting of approximately 80 p o i n t s I s based on a LQSAT coaputat";on which
employed the same photography used in t h e e a r l i e r s o l u t i o l l and Photo S u p p o r t
Data d a t e d September 1969. Point accuracy factors did not vary significantly
from t h e 1969 system, The 1971 system is p r e f e r r e d ,

Section 3 8 3 . b , 3 8

The Tycho (1971) C o n t r o l System was produced by TOPOCOM in 13;1 t o

support lunar s i t e mapping. It i s composed of some 840 p o i n t s and i s
located at 4 I 0 2 6 ' S and 1I029'W with coverage as indicated on C o n t r o l
Index No, I(%),
The LOSAT analytical triangulation program was used to develop s i t e
c o n t r o l points w i t h Lunar O r b i t e r MFssdsn V frames 125-128 and Photo
Support Data d a t e d October 1968. The Tycho (1971) System was produced
with an evaluated horizontal accuracy (90% probability) o f 423 meters arid
vertical accuracy (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) o f 696 to 1885 meters r e l a t lve t o che
datum d e f i n e d by the 1968 Photo Support Data.

Sec i-.i.on 3 , 3 l ,39

a

3 , 3 . 2 mOLEO BMED SYSTEMS

The suitability of Apollo mapping camera photographs and Photo S u p p o r t
Data f o r c o n t r o l d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a s enabled development of r e g i o n a l
c o n t r o l systems through t h e a r e a of Apollo photographic mapping coverage.
Local control systems based on Apollo photography have only been produced
when the r e g i o n a l system were u n a v a i l a b l e t o s a t i s f y p r i o r i t y requirements.

Taurus Littrow (1972)

. . . . . . . . . . . . 3,3,2.2

3,3,2,1 DESCmTE (1971) SYSTEM

The Descarte $1971) Control System was produced by TOP0COM in 1971

to s u p p o r t pre-mission study and mapping of t h e Agollo 16 l a n d i n g s i t e ,
It is composed o f some 250 p o i n t s and i s l o c a t e d a t 9 ' 0 0 ' ~ and 15"30'~
w i t h coverage as i n d f c a t e d in C o n t r o l Index 1 ( 4 ) ,
The LOSAT analytical t r l a n g u l a . t i o n was used t o develop s i t e c s o r d i n a t e s
w i t h ,%pollo 1 4 $Om focal l e n g t h HassLeblad frames 9780-9786, A p o l l o 1 4
Photo S u p p o r t Data and Landmark Tracking P o i n t s ( S e c t i o n 3,2,2), As the
triangulatfon so%ution was p r i m a r i l y constrained tcr the Landmark Tracklaag
Values, t h e d a t m of the Descarte System is . c l o s e l y related t o the Landmark
Tracking System. Points common t o t h e Apollo 12 (TOPOCOM 1971) System
(Section 3.2,3.3)
are carried i n t h i s t r i a n g u l a t i o n .

The Descarte System was produced with an e v a l u a t e d horizontal accuracy

o f 47 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) a n d a v e r t i c a l accuracy of 105-181 meters
(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) w i t h respect t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d datum.

More detailed Descarte System i n f o m a t i o n i s given i n reference 3,4,51,

S e c t i o n 3,3,2,%

3,3,2,2 TAURUS LITTROW (1972) SYSTEM

The Taurus Littrow (1972) Control System was produced by
A p r i l 1972 to s u p p o r t pre-mission s t u d y and mapping of t h e Apollo 17
Landing s i t e . I t i s composed of some 200 p o i n t s and i s located at
2O030"N and 31'00'E w i t h coverage as i n d i c a t e d in Control Index No. I ( 4 ) .

The LOSAT a n a l y t i c a l triangulation program was used t o develop s i t e

coordinates w i t h ApoLlo 15 mapping camera frames 966, 968, 970, 972, 9 7 4 ,
camera orfentatissn data from companion s t e l l a r e q o s u r e s and o r b i t a l
revolution 27 Photo S u p p o r t Data. A greater d e n s i t y o f c o n t r o l p o i n t s is
prtivdded i n t h e inmlediate l a n d i n g s i t e area,

m e Taurus I + i t t r o w Sysrem was prccsducd w i t h an evaluated horizontal

accuracy o f 31 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) and a vertical accuracy o f 56
meters (30% p r o b a b i l i t y ) with respect t o t h e datum e s t a b l i s h e d from
A p s l l ~15 O r b i t a l Revolution 27 Photo Stre)port Data,

This System and t h e o v e r l a p p i n g K i m a e Littrow (1969) and (1970) S y s t e m s

( S e c t i o n 3,3,1.371 are o b s o l e t e d by the A p o l l o 15 and Apollo 17 Regional
Control Systems ( S e e t i o n 3,2,3.5 and 3 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) ,

More derai led in-formation i s given f n reference 3 , 4 , 5 2 ,

Section 3,3,2,2

3 , 4 MFXRENCES

3*bkig$.

L U H U CONTROL

Physics and Astronomy o f t h e Moon; Kopal, A,,

Xd; 1962

The Bioon;- Kopal, A, ; 1970

3,4*3

Recent Researches on t h e Determination o f ~ ~ e e M ~ : g 2=d~4

66s and Sl~ac:e
Science Library, Vol 8; 1967

3,4,4
suf

Franz, J, ; As tronomische Beoh;. bit,,ngen

der Koniglichen ~niveksitats-sternwarre, 0 1 ?8; 1899

---S o c i e ~ ~ , - - ~ ~ ,

3-4.5

Notices s f
Saunder, S. A,; 1901

3,4,6

Observational
Uncertainties
~ ~ ~ v Meey er~ , - ;
-D, L,; A s t r o p h y s i c s and S p a c e S c i e n c e L i b r a r y , '~GI,8; 1967

3,4*7

-- o f t k Moon; I-fopmnn, Jr ; AstropPlysbes ani~Spai.6.

Science Library, Vole 8 ; 1967

is
---and
- Nautical

J,4e8

3,4,10

; Arthurs 11- K * C L
and Bates, P,; C o m u n i c a t i o n a o f t h e L t m a r and ZqPane.;s.ary
Laboratory, University s f Arizona, Vel, I , P a r t 5; 1968

3,4,11

The Measure of

3,4,12

taE and
f i r c h a n t , M. I$$. ; M S "lipeshnical Report No. 29

3e4.13

; Baldwin, R,B,; 1962

--"-

&&&

I ' 6C)

P a r t -pLbg;

Hardy, M, , and Mamfiant, M e IZ ; MS Tec'ltr::

Army Map Service; 1964
a

Section 3.4

- 1

';:

;t2Les

1- r t No. 29,

3,4.16

A Method f o r L
Moon; Gavxilov, I RV I ; 1965
--u
--

3,4,17

F i g u r e and Motion of the

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:
Aue
2 20" Se%enscen&ric P~sitksnso f 508 Basic-----Points
on
t
h
e
~
~
a
s
n
surface;
*
6
8
v
r
m
v
,

I.
V,
,
D
I
E
I
~
B
,
A
,
S,
, and
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by A 1%- TakovBf.n, Naukova Dumka Publishing House, Kiev,

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L lae Xaeizhea
ter Sal
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-----
and Davidson, M * E, ; A s t r o p h y s i c s and Space Sclence
tj.trary, Val* 8; 1967
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; Mills, 6 , A , ,

6
E~ , t r ~ i..r~at
~ d e~
--$carus, 3; 1-968

Abba$;:e
--- t

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~ ~ , c , h,3 o.anerrkc: Research; KogaL and MoutscuY-as:

- A:-------Aatzonomy, U n i v e r s i t y o f Yanchester , EngJ-&nd;
r'i'-Yisq

,),."

l ~"!by>
~ ~ a r $ ~ i n *12f
< i i t ~

T"f,t

~rG kl

9 79

------ Results
-
of
14eascrerent
3
f
Eo
S.
A
*
:
---- - -- - -".."-
> f c * m o - t r ~ 3nf &he Royal d\st~onomlcaLS o c i e t y , V o l , 57, Bar& I;
$904
The D e ~ e r -~ ~ i--n----a t--
iaof n
B

ve

4
-

rv-

Dt2 t- z x i ~ l a
-r -- ----
b--f-~--b a sera..e~~nt
~r

Pociety,
r%Li -+OLIC
- " aiafc ~ S
*

%
-

4.

Vol. 60; 1910

r,oord$rrates --o..------f 1,u~xi-rFeatures,

--%I S o l u t i o n s ;
Meyer, a * C e , and Ruffin, B, W e ; ACLC Technical Paper Not
1 7 , ~ 6 . r -s:sa-,t$ c a 1 Chart arsd Information Center, USkF; 1965
-*---

-$

3,4,24

81

Sc*$enodetic
far NA
------ -"-- --- --Control
---- ""---f":,-"n-?
Y6~;lService; 1966

rnLrarv
-".---A

a q c- t
--

3,4,26

"a.s<

3,4,27

--_----_
II and
92- Missionsa
9
Ll- 60822;November
i(S

Lunar
----- Laadaark
-- - -- Locations
------

-&

.*

.Y

d ~ E"~ TE
a4

w~

;Pie sindi*;!-fk:al
-- _- Aera Trian
---o f t h e A --~ i o1 ll:-- -E i ~-t z ;ZC: 1'l;lad
6"Y.A
Final
R
e
p
o
r
t
for
NASA b!a~:nec:. L3zit el :r l A
&+&:&-:I~~;~~;~-!.
--a

-a

-s-eml,ek

I*

as

-*

e-ew

1975
-------

*-

-of

Lunar iTontrsS

; Technical Report,
208, A C I C ; July 1971

Corttx:ac$: No* W-13,

Request No. W-13,

; NASA D e f e n s e Purr base

2 8 3 , TOP860M; July 1971

Production S u ~ m a r

ti onand Gompibstjon o f

Triangulation Corn
-------------

s; Arm7$ Flap S e r v i c e ;

January 1969

-etric

O r b i t e r 111 P

P-12)
---- ;

Phot-anmetric
------ ----T
-ter
------111-Sc
ientifi c
S i t e 5-18 (Hosting
--
C); Technical Report, ACIC; J u l y 1969
----*---

Phi3
---

Site

-*-*---

rb iter Ilf, - ~ ~ : ~ ~ e i ; ~ ~ f i c
5-23
(
~
r
a
~auro)
;
Technical
~
e
~ o r t undated
x ;
-- ---

Lunar S f t e V - 3 1 Triangulation; T e c h n i c a l Report, NASA C o n t r a c t

-------XQ. W-17,
308, A C I C ; September 1 9 7 1
; P r o 3 ec k H i s t o r y ,
NASA Contract No, W-12,

375, TOPBCUb2; August 1969

Scientific
------- S i t e V-14 Rimae L i t e r o w P r o j e c t M i s t o r y
a: No. W-2.2, 375, TOPOCOM; August 1970
Lunar--- --Ex~losatior
S i t e 4%-23,1 R i m
--
x 2 : -

"----

; P r c j e c t Ijisbory

NASA i k n t r a r . t ~

st 193G
h u s ; P r o J e ~ l f History

NASA Contract Noe

of
g Scientific
E ~~ E* h ---------
--,

NASA Contract W-12,

Site

; Project History

375, TOPOCOM; November 1970

Pfrotegrdmet~ic
--------~
T r i
biter V Sc-Le~~thflc
S i t e V-29 (Rima
Bode
11);
Technical
R
e
p
o r t , XCLC

----v--------~~

--*-----

S e c t i o n 3.4

Luna
--

; P r o j e c t History, NASA

Contract W-12,

375, TOBOCOM; J u l y 197%

; P r o j e c t History

NASA Contract V-12,

375, TOPOCOM; December 1970

; P r o j e c t History, NASA
Coneract W-12, 375, TOPOCOM; December 1970

; Project History
NASA Cc~ntractV-12,

E7aB
-TechnfcaS

375, TOPOCOM; July 1970

ApoI10 S i t e 11 B-8 Area,

Report, ACIC; F e b r u a q 1969

Technical Report, ACIC; August 1967

--11
-- Phot

Project History,
6

15 Z n i t f
March 1 9 7 2
-*---

August 1973

BMTC;

May 1-973

Re1

S c l ~ i m m e ~ ~ aCannell
s
and Meyer, D t W C ; August 1973

Section 3,4

3,4,58

January 1975
Loca
---

Mulholland, Shelus and S i l v e r b e r g , Depart:, o f Astronomy

and HeDonald O b s e n a t o r y , University o f Texas; May 1873
The
Bendee, C u r r i e , Ecklzardt ,
F a l l e r , Kaula, Mulbolland, Platkin, P o ~ ~ l t m q xS, i l v e s - b e r g ,
Wilkinson, William% A l l e y , Volume 1.82, SCIENCE; October 7973

COSPAIt P a p e r No, T,$,6;

1974
--..Frorn&ollii
----."--

Po~oraniic

Phstaera~hv.Neier and S h u l l , DmTC: September I 9 7 4

!&A

erinhent S-23-3,

and USGS, July 3976

-*----

F , D o y l e , A. Ehassal, J. L u c a s , NO&

P r e c i s i o n Selens

onu-Bas
-----el ine
s I n s t i t u t e of
*----

Tccknology, June 1975

~

August 1976
r - ------and Rad lo
"*

P o s t t i o n a l Relat l a n s h i ~o f t h e Laser R e E i e c t o r and Kdd Lo

Transm
----

C, March 1977

Sec t:i.ozea 3,4

Control Indf ces

3 . 5 CONTROL INDICES
DESCRIPTION

INDEX NO,

. . . . . . . . . . . . L unar O r b i t e r Regional S y s t a

I(2) . . . . . .
.. . , . . Landmark Tracking Regional S y s t m

I(3) . . .
.
.. .
.. . . . Wpollo 10 and 1 2 Regional Systems

X(3a)
. . . . . . . . . . . Apolka 1 5 (Apr 7 3 ) and S e l e n o c e n t r i c

I(1)

Geodetic Reference S y s t m (1976) Regiondl

Systems

I(3b)

. . . . . . . . . . . kipolio

1(3e)

. . . . . . . . . . . Laser

15 (Nov 731, ApolPo 16 and A p o l k o 17

Regional Systems
Retroreflector and VLBI Regional

Systern

I(3d)

I(4)

. . . . . . . . . . . Apollo Laser Altimeter ( 1 9 7 4 ) System

. . . . . . . . . . . . Lunar O r b i t e r I and I1 and Apollo ioca!
Systm

. . . . . . . . . . . . Lunar O r b i t e r III and V Local S y s t e n s

IL(1) . . . . . . . . . . . Landmark Tracking Regional Systfm
i I f 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . Apollo 10 Regional System
11(3)
...
.
A p o l b 15 (Apr 7 3 ) and Sclensaentric
I(5)

Geadetic Reference S y s t e m (1974) Regional

Systems

II(4)

. . . . . . . . . . . Apollo

II(5)

. . . . . . . . . . . A p o l l o Laser

1 5 (Nov 7 3 1 , Apollo 16 and Apalio 1.7

Regional S y s t m s

Section 3,s

A l t h e t e r ( 1 9 7 4 ) System

PHOTO MOSAICS
me moon's surface does not lend itself t o portrqal by s p b o l s es used
in earth mapping. Almost without exception, United States lunar cartographic
works have pictorially expressed lunar terrain either through the direct use
o f photography or by artistic rendition. Modern l u n a r maps f o l l o w e a r t h
convention of North at the sheet top with p r h e meridian referenced to
Crater Hosting A, Hn the past, U,S. Emar m p s have ewressed lunar longitude
of 0-180 degrees east (+) and 0-180 degrees west - o f the prime
meridian, In 1 9 7 4 , based on agreemen% bemeen the U,S, P"bational Aeronautics
and Space A d d n i s t r a t i o n and the %headermyof Sciences, USSR, M S A adopted a
Imas l o n g i t u d e system of 360 degrees, proceeding eouxttercPschise f r o m the
prignle meridian, More recently published h a r maps r e f l e c t this convention,

The productton o f &marnap p r o d u e t s has g e n e r a l l y respeaaded to the

a v a i l a b f l i ~ yof new and mare d e f i n i t i v e photographic source materials, only
sometimes a w a h i n g t h e development o f improved c o n t r o l data t o p r o v i d e a
like degree o f positional p r e c i s i o n , me f o l l o w i n g discussion o f maps,
photomaps and photo m~saiesis categorized on the basis of p r o d u c t scales,

Section 4,0

Maps, Photamaps and Phstomosaies

PHQTOHOSAICS

(1:2,080,000 and Smaller Scale)

Small scare l u n a r maps have served for reference and p l a n n i n g purposes as

well as supporting regional studies. The information contained in the later
d a t e sheets has also been used as the basis f o r many s p e c i a l i z e d maps prep a r e d kn support of Apollo Missions.

The Lunar Planning Chart Series is recornended within its area o f

coverage f o r completeness of detail and positional accuracy. I f use of a
photographic base id advantageous, the Lunar Equatorial Zone Mosaics inay
be substituted, The Lunar Earthside, Farside, and Polar C h a r t Series
reysresent t h e primary s o u r c e of complete mag cawrage of tkbe moan.

Lunar Planning Chart (LQC) Series

. . . . . . . . . 4,1,1

Lunar Equatorial Zone Mosaics (LEMC) Series

4.1.2

Lunar E a r t h s i d e , Farside & Polar Chart

(LMP) S e r i e s

4,%,3

...................
"The ~arth's ~ o o n ' ? . . . .
.. . . . . . . . . .
Lunar C h a r t s LPC-1 & LFC-2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
USAF Lunar Reference Mosaics (LEM) . , , . , , . .
Lunar E a r t h s i d e Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A p o l l o Zone Primary S i t e s Mosaic . . . . . . . . .

Section 4.1

4.%-*$1

%,1,5

4,1,6

4.1..7

4,E,8

$il%,3,

LWAR l?
(LOG) SERIES
(Published by ACIG)

Lunar Planning Chart LOG-%

1st E d i t i o n , &y 1971
Scale: 1:2,%50,800
P r o j ection: Mereator
Limits: 40"N-S, 40&J-148"W
S i z e : 41,s x 4 4 * 5 i n ,

Lunar Planning Chart LQC-2 ( o b s o l e t e )

1st E d i t i o n , J u l y 1969
Scale: P:2,500,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
Lbits:
25"N-S, 5Q"E-50W
Size: 28,5 x 49 i n ,

Lunar Planning Chart LOC-2

1st E d i t i o n , Hay 1971

Lunar Planning Chart LOG-3 ( o b s o l e t e )

l9t E d i t i o n , J u l y 1969
Scale: 1:2,500,800
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
L i m i t s : 25"N-S, 4O"E-140"~
Size:
28,s x 49 i n ,

Scale: B:2,750,600
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
L i m i t s : 4 Q " N - S , 5Q"E-50W
Size:

41,s x 4 4 , s in,

Lunar Planning Chart LO@-3

1st Edition, my 1 9 7 1
Scale: 1:2,750,000
P r o J e c t i o n : Mercator
Limits:
40" N-S, 40"E-l40"E
Size:

41.5 x 4 4 , 5 i n ,

'

Lunar Planning Chart LOCm4 ( o b s o l e t e )

1st E d i t i o n , J u l y 1969

Scale: 1:2,500,000

P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator

L i m i t s : 25"N-S, 130"

S i z e : 2 8 , s x 49 i n .

Lunar P l a n n i n g Chart LOC-4

1st E d i t i o n , my 1971

Scale: 1:2,750,000

Projection: Mercatsr

Limits:
Size:

4Q"N-S, 130E-13Q'W

41,s x 4 4 , s i n ,

The LOC planning series was designed t o s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g requirements :

1, T s cover t h e Apollo a r e a of i n t e r e s t ,

Ts p r o v i d e increased d e n s i t y of f e a t u r e d e t a i l than S ~ Q Won

~ the
1:5,080,000
series.
3 , $0 show a l l primary and secondary approved EAU names.
4. To serve as a common b a s e f o r t h e v a r i o u s A p o l l o mission c h a r t s .
2,

Campilation of t h e EOCs w a s i n i t i a t e d i n 1968 based upan Lunar O r b i t e r

photography flown i n 1966-67, supplemented by Hasselblad coverage from
Apello Misslcns 8 and 10. E a r t h b a s e d t e l e s c o p i c full moon photographs
were used as source ~ O Pa l b e d s p a t t e r n s a d r a y s t r u c t u r e . Details from
U C @ h a a r t swere also used to t h e e x t e n t 06 t h e i r coverage,

The A C I C S e l e a o d e t i c System (1965), supp$emented by t h e Apollo Zone

Triangulation ";969"4), was t h e primary c o n t r o l basis f o r t h e l u n a r e a r t h s i d e
areas. TBIC VCIS i t i c n a l Reference System (1969) was used for control of
l u n a r lipah
f a c ~tle regions.

, ~ ei: snpn-+ii.r~
c~"ip r o c e d u r e r e q u i r e d the masaiekfng of recrf f i e d o r b i t e r
photograb;;kby r:c a ...o;?tro";pbot
, T h i s resulted i n a ccantrolled photo base
from w h f c h I~J~,TT
r cPief was %ortrayel%by a i r h u s k teekzmiques u s i n g an
assumed ea=r lig&?Jag, The f i n a l charts were lithographed in colors o f
b r o w , b l b v and l > l a e i t p
6

1 he orLgFnal LOCs, gu&l%shed in July 1969, were Piiited to 2 5 ' N - - ~

latitude arid ozlv ~ h r e echarts were completed, Numbers were used to
designate l a r k d r fan s i d e f e a i ~ u r e ssince IAU names f o r t h i s area were not
approved unti l a -7ear l a t e r , P r i o r to initiating p r o d u c t i o n on t h e l a s t
c h a r t in I : ~ I ~ Ss e r i e s , LOC-1, i t was d e c i d e d t o extend t h e latitude coverage
to 40"Z-5, ~ t + . l -zk~ a s t h e n d i r e c t e d toward a d d i n g another 15"N-S to t h e
exfstlng charts a i d pzaducfng LOC--Is However, a f t e r extending the l a t i . t u d e
limits r,z Lb;
59
scral e. had t o be reduced to 1:2,758,000 because of
- - *
press ~ E a er;m~t*a&%onh,
p8-

TBie revi h~ 5 !,CCs, i n ( - l u d i n g t h e xlew LOC-1, were p u b l i s h e d in May 197L

The BLtho c o f ~ n r szz3 e he same as the original LOCs; however, t h e shaded
r e l i e f w a s ex"sa~.;c-es~
by t k s duotone process. "%"is series o f charts i s t h e
bses t aval%ak,Ie ;,arlar coverage at t h i s scale, A l s o , i t i s t h e only c h a r t
e up-to-date nomenclature,
sex"ie9 wf$% ccjxk

In s u p p k 3 r t 3; A p ~ b l omissions, t h e LOCs were used as a base f o r t h e

Lunar Orbitad S. ienc*e F l i g h t C h a r t , scale 1:2,750,000, t h e A p o l l o Lunar
O r b i t Chart:, scale 1 :la, 600,000, and t h e ApoPlo Photographic Index Map,
s c a l e 1:5,600,068,
A r e a cawrage o f these map sheets i s reflected i n Map Indexes 1$2)
and I I ( 2 1 ,

% , 1 , 2 LUNm EQUATOWPL ZBm MOSAICS

(Published by USATOOPOCOM)

Lunar Equatorial Zclne Mosaics

1st Editisn December 1968
$~a%e: 1:2$500,000
Limits: 15'N-$5"SS
0'-360'
longitude
Number sf Sheets: 4
Sheet S i z e : 14.5" x 38"
Lunan Equatorial Zone Hosaics
Ist E d i t i o n November 1969
Scale: 1:2,500,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
L
t : 2O"N-20" S, 0'-360 l e n g i t u d e
Number of Sheets: 4

Sheet S i z e :

24" x 445"

The F o n t r o l l e d Lunar E q u a t o r i a l Zone g h o t ~ m o s a i c sgrsaside complete

coverage s f t h e Lunar e q u a t o r i a l zone based on Lunar O r b i t e r 1-V photographic r e c o r d s , u s i n g b o t h medium and h i g h r e s o l u t i ~ nphotographs,
The four sheets i n the s e r i e s cover t h e E a r t h s i d e (//I),F a r s i d e ( # 2 ) ,
Eastern Limb (113), and Western Limb (114). Each i s p r i n t e d w i t h o u t lunar
nomenclature, c o n t a i n i n g only a white-masked projeetioro w i t h values,
C

The ACTC Selenodetic System (1965), supplemented by the A p a l l o Zone

Triangulation (19691, was the primary c o n t r o l b a s i s for t h e lunar earths i d e areas a f the 1969 e d i t i o n . The P o s i t i o n a l Reference System (1969)
was used for e a a t r o l o f lunar limb and farside r e g i o n s .

Eagh sheet is p r i n t e d w i t h a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e pattern s f parent crater

and secondary crater names f o r t h e e a r t h s i d e and limb areas i n white-masked
type, The f a r s i d e nomenclature r e f l e c t s t h e i n t e r i m numbering system
e s t a b l i s h e d for use in r e f e r e n c i n g s i g n i f i c a n t surface f e a t u r e s as t h e
International Astronomical Union ( I s A e U e )d i d n o t e s t a b l i s h f a r s i d e
nomenclature until 1970, Bar s c a l e s , an index of photographs used, and
c o n t r o l f ~ ~ f o r m t i oare
a available in t h e c h a r t m r g i n e
The 1969 edition i s preferred w i t h r e s p e c t t o both e x t a n t o f coverage
and accuracy o f feature p o s i t i o n s .
Area coverage provided by t h e s e photo mosaics i s r e f l e c t e d i n Map
I n d i c e s ~ ( 3 , and
)
HI(3) a

Section 4 J . 2

4,1 3 LI-Q;kQ EmTWSXDE, FUSIDE

POLm C
( ~ u b l i s h e dby ACXC)

Lunar E a r t h s i d e Chart Lm-L

1st EdP"&d.cn, Jav~uary1970
2nd E d b t l c n , 3b:tober 1970
Scale: 1,:-5,960,0044
Pro1 ac tian: $ic:ncator
L i m i t s : 5B"X-S, 108"W-$8QeE
Size:

TS (LW)

SERIES

Lunar E a r t h s i d e Chart LEC-I ( o b s o l e t e )

1st Edition, July I968
Scale: P:5,008,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereatsr
Limits: 48"N-S, %00"W-1Q8"~
S i z e : 27 x 4 2 in,

23 x 41 $nw

L u n a r P Q L ~ T aart 3 f l - 3
1st F ! d t ~oa, -Tdantisry1970
2nd E 3 j t - 3 L ~ I I * f-khtoker1970
Scale: 1 ;5,fiC23,Q~O
P r o $ ec ~ i o a * F ~ l a rS t e r e o g r a p h i c
L i n t i t s : 45"%-9C1"$?$,360'
t45"sm-9@"j, 36(""

S i z e - 2c3 x 67 jmas

Lunar F a r s i d e Char& LFC-1, ( o b s o l e t e )

1st E d i t i o n , August 1967
2nd E d i t i o n , October 1969
Scale: 1:5,000,800
P r o j e c t i o n (Front of Chart) Mercator
Limits: 48"N-S, 80"E-80~
P r o j e c t i o n ( ~ a c kof Chart) Gnomsnfc
L i d t s : 48"N-9O0N, 180"
4 8 s - 9 0 0 s , 16ae
Size:
27 x 39 in.

LFC-1 ~ o b s atred
l
by am-2) was t h e f i r s t F a r s i d e c h a r t to be compiled
The original LFC-1, published in August 1967
tram I,:inar :vrbd :c-J- oi.3i.ai;raphy
for df s t r i - b ~ t t j c na: t h e ktugust PAU meeting in Prague was based ow Lunar
Orbiter i.I T , 111, i V and USSRZond 3 photography. At t h a t rime,
photography was Tacking f o r some 20% o f t h e F a r a i d e area which reslalted
in LFC-1 being published w i t h some holiday areas. Photography f o r t h e
missing areas wag at:quired by Lunar O r b i t e r V which allowed LFG-P to be
refS S I P P ~in Oc% ober 2367 w i t h complete hemispherical coverage* Also,
hy.

Lunar Qrbbegei: V r e p l a c e d tale Zond $ 3 coverage,

l h e posS t . 3 01. r r f ~ a t u r e "on
; ~ EPC-P was considered as provieional, having
been Indepewdeaat1:d dekermined from predicted coordinates o f t h e p r i n c i p a l
p o i n t 8 o i t h e kL,t:nar B:rbi%erphotographs. Topography was p e r t r a y e d by air
brush ebaded re1Pef writh an a s s u e d l i g h t i n g from t h e wese, The F a r s i d e
p o l = areas, froa 48"N--.6 ta t h e poles, were psl.nted as t h e reverse s i d e
o f I,~Fc;--",I,

-1) was compiled as a companion c h a r t t o LFC-1 i n

LEG-1 ( ~ b s o l e t e dby
o r d e r %a p r o v i d e s i m i l a r coverage of t h e E a r t h s i d e hemisphere* The LAGS
were used as s o u r c e f o r t h i s c h a r t , supplemented by Lunar O r b i t e r photography
i n t h e limb r e g i o n s . However, t h e p o l a r a r e a s f o r t h e E a r t h s i d e hemisphere
were n o t compiled because a t t h a t time, p l a n s were being formulated t o
c o q l e t e l y recompile LFC-6 and LEG-1 based on a new network of c o n t r o l , The
P o s i t i o n a l Reference System (1969) provided t h e r e q u i r e d c o n t r o l basis for
limb and f a r s i d e a r e a s w i t h t h e ACIC S e l e n o d e t i c System (1965) b e i n g the
primary c o n t r o l s o u r c e used f o r c e n t r a l e a r t h s i d e coverage of t h e LW s e r i e s ,
The LMP c h a r t s p r o v i d e complete coverage ?f t h e l u n a r sphere and serve a s
a b a s i c r e f e r e n c e / p l a n n i n g s e r i e s . I n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n p r o c e s s , maximum
u t U z a t i o n was made of e x i s t i n & LOG drawings (LOGS 2 , 3 , and 4 , 25"N-S)
reduced to thcl LW s c a l e and redrawn. For t h e remaining a r e a s , O r b i t e r
photographs were reduced, r e c t i f i e d and paneled t o t h e c o n t r o l . T h i s formed
t h e base f o r drslwing t h e shaded r e l i e f * I n t h e shaded r e l i e f rendering t h e
conventional west l i g h t i n g was changed t o a n e a s t l i g h t i n g i n order t o
closely approximate shadows a s would b e s e e n on t h e E a r t h s i d e of t h e moon
during a n Apollo m i s s i o n f l i g h t . The r e l i e f w a s p r i n t e d i n brown, h i g h l i g h t e d
by ray patterns and a l b e d o background, compiled from Earthbased photograpby
and p r i n t e d i n b l u e ,
The LW series was f i r s t published i n J a n u a r y 1970 but w i t h o u t names f o r
t h e F a r s i d e f e a t u r e s . Following t h e IAU General Assembly i n A u p s t 1970,
a second e d i t f o n was i s s u e d i n October L970 which included t h e newly
approved F a r s i d e names* However, same minor name changes have occurred
s i n c e t h e October 1970 e d i t i o n was d i s t r i b u t e d .

LW-l and LW-2 a r e c o n s t r u c t e d on a Mercator p r o j e c t i o n w i t h t r u e

scale a t 34"N-S l a t i t u d e . Thus, t h e s c a l e a t t h e e q u a t s r i s 1:6,035,533.
LW-3 contains both t h e n o r t h and s o u t h p o l a r a r e a s on t h e same c h a r t ,
fhese areas a r e compiled on a P o l a r S t e r e o g r a p h i c p r o j e c t i o n w i t h t r u e
s c a l e t a n g e n t af t h e p o l e s , LMP-1, 2 and 3 have a c m o n scale a t 451bN-S

latitude

The LW s e r i e s r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e l:5,000,008 s c a l e map

coverage s f the e n t i r e l u n a r s u r f a c e , Coverage of t h i s s e r i e s i s shown

i n Map I n d i c e s I (1) and 11 (1)

Section 4,1s3

4 , 1 , 4 '"THE E U T M' s NOON''

( P u b l i s h e d by the National Geographic S o c i e t y )

"The ~arth'a ~ o o n "

F e b r u a r y 1969
Scale: 1:1%,620,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Lambert A z b u t h a l
E q u a l Area
E i m i t s : 90"N-S 90"~-&d
Sheet S i z e : 28" x 42"

"The Earth's ~ o o n "

1976
S c a l e : 1:10,408,000
P r ~ection
j
:: kamber t Azimuthal
E q u a l Area

L h i t s : 980N-S ~O"E-W

Sheet Size: 28" x 42"

" ~ h rEarth's ~ o o n "presents the n e a r and f a r s i d e hemispheres of t h e

moon in a s i n g l e sheet with lunar topography p o r t r a y e d by s h a d i e n t r e l i e f
i n b l u e and g r a y tones.

The 1969 e d f t f o n w a s compiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission photography

and Photo S u p p o r t Data. I n t h e c o m p i l a t i o n process, a L a t i t u d e and
longitude grid waq applied t o each O r b i t e r photograph used a s s o u r c e
f o r t h e r e n d i t i o n o f t h e hemisphere d r a w i n g s * T h i s was aecamplisked by
photographing a g l o b e having an i n s c r i b e d p r o j e c t i o n , from a p o s i t i o n
and d i r e c t i o n which corresponded t o tHne Photo S u p p o r t DataPs definition
of spacecraft earnera and moon r e l a t i o n s h i p . Each image of t h e grid
represented t h e same perspective v i e w as i t s r e s p e c t i v e photograph,
Composites o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r i d s and photographs were used to d e f i n e
t h e p o s i t i o n s of f e a t u r e s p o r t r a y e d ,

The itnap body contains c o n s i d e r a b l e supplmental lunar and general

i n t e r e s t i n f o r r ~ ~ a t l oinn e l u d i n g a names i n d a , diagrams of t h e earth-moonsun r e l a t i o r ~ s l l i p , Huaar data n o t e s and p o s i t i o n s of 2 2 s p a c e c r a f t wHaich
have l a n d e d on or b p a c t e d t h e moon,
The e q u a l area characteristics o f t h e p r o j e c t i o n used minimizes
d i s t o r t i o n s in limb areas, and portrayal by hemispheres employed has
r e s u l t e d in a very good general purpose l u n a r r e f e r e n c e map, I n f a c t ,
t h e base maps suppsrtfng indexes a p p e a r i n g in this Dossier are reduced
c o p i e s of the lainaa.. hemispheres pertrayed i n '"me. Earth's Moone"
The updated

1976 e d i t i o n p r e s e n t s a redrawing of l u n a r topography

a k a s l i g h t l y reduced

scale w i t h f a r s i d e p o s i t i o n s b a s e d on tkae Lunar

Positional Refexgnce S y s t m a f 1964 (Section 3.1,BO). A comprehensive
Index of Lunar F e a t u r e Nmes a p p e a r s on t h e map" r e v e r s e s i d e ,

( P u b l i s h e d by ACIC)
Lunar Chart EPC-1

1st Edition, March 1970

Scale: 1:%0,000,000

P r o j s c t i o ~ ~ :Equatorial Area - Mercatoac

Polar Areas - S t e r e o g r a p h i c

L l m l ta : Co~npLeteLunar Coverage

Size:
26 x 38 in,

Eunzx F a r s i d e Chart LFC-2 ( o b s o l e t e )

1st E d i t i c s n , A i ~ g u s t L967

Scale: %:lO,Q00,000

P r o - j e c t i s n : Equatorial Area - Mercator

P o l a r Areas -- Gnomonic

I A m i ts : Ek7eslde Hemisphere

Size,
23 x 29 i n ,

The L u n a r F a r s t d e Chart, EFC-2, i s a p h o t o g r a p h i c reduction o f LFC-1

to a scale o f 1.10,000,000. T h i s was t h e f i r s t l u n a r c h a r t published a t
The equatorial
this s c a l e , True scale i s a t 30N-S and 70'40' N-S.
ll%er'cat.,srsectioab, 4S0N-%, was p o s i t i o n e d i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e chart w i t h
t w o p o l a r Irenlsgheres Escated n o r t h and s o u t h , tangent a t $ 8 Q Q * A b l a c k
background surrounds the chart imagery and c o n t a i n s two masked areas in
w h i t e , cae showing general n o t e s and t h e o t h e r a n index of photo coverage.
Topography was p r i n t e d i n green
t h e same cobor as LFC-1,
Nomenclature
cans.bsts or~%.g
o f a, kew e a r t h s i d e names w i t b i n the l i P n b r e g i o n s ,
-m

LFC-2 c o n t a i n s the salne h o l i d a y areas as t h e 1st e d i t i o n LFG-1.

never revised when t h e m i s s i n g topography became a v a i l a b l e ,
Accordingly, %PC-1 soon became o b s o l e t e ,

Al.so,

i t was

The availability o f t h e L m series in January 1970 afforded an o p p o r t u n i t y

publish a new I:3.0,0w900Oscale l u n a r c h a r t . T h e r e f o r e , LPC-1,
produced from LMP-~1, 2 and 3, came i n t o b e i n g i n March 1970. I n assembling
$8

w a s d e c i d e d to center t h e e q u a t o r i a l Mercator area on the first

T h l - s d e ~ i s i o nresulted i n s p l i t t i n g LMP-2 a t 180' and a d d i n g
e a c h h a l f to t h e east and west s i d e s of LMP-1.
Also, t o p e r m i t a rolling
f i t to the t w a p o l a r areas, positioned i n t h e upper h a l f of LPG--1, t h e 5"
o v e r l a p on 1,W4 sad 2 (45" to 50" N--S) was d e l e t e d ,

LPC-1,

it

meridian.

LPG-1 was wintea;$_

i n brown and b l u e a g a i n s t a b l a c k background similar
to &PC-2, All,, primary f e a t u r e s were named with t h e e x c e p t i o n af Fnxsfdc
names wl~l.f:h had not been apprsved, In October 1970 when t h e Farside nalnes

Section 4@1.5

became available, LPG-$ was not reissued* Gonsequently, this is an area of

deficiency on the current edition of EPC-I.
A s p e c i a l NASA e d i t i o n o f LPG-1 was issued in August 1970 in support o f
t h e 14th ZAU General Assembly. Overprinted in purple were unofficial nau
names proposed by the IAU Lunar Nomenclature Committee. This special
edition was printed in limited quantities and only file copies remain in
e x i s tenee,

Section 4 , b a 5

4 , L e 6 USnP

EWAR mFERENCE MOSAIC
(Published by ACIC)
USA42 Lunar Reference M~saf
c LEM-1
Advance SdLicion, February 1960
1st
t i :?a, Navember $960

2nd i:d i t iox:, X~vember1962

3rd Fdwtlcn, Bulg 5966
* 1 :~,600,000
12x r-jetc ;". <
fl~*thographic
L t ~ i . ; i z ~ Lunex Diameter 27 in,
7-

1%

-*?

USM Lunar 14a%lMoaafc LEN-IB

1st E d i t i o n , January 1943
2nd E d i t i o n , +July 1966
3rd Edition, November I 9 6 9

Scale: 1:2,508,8QO
P r o j eetfon: Or thograpll-ic
Limits: Lunar Diameter 55*5 in,
Size:

58 x 70 in,

fy2*

1;

YS:".aF i ~ : ~ aReference
r
140saic LEM-IA

L!:4-i &ax!t 2 tsn, $ebruarg 1960

"-3:: "i;.,Ft ; ) " j : i l a r ~ v

19QQ

2nd F d ;; IGT-, > J ~ b f e m t > e r1962

$5:

'*a

ktipej;$t*,

lupaj

1967

Fat: * OGtI

Per&: W. B d an* c r l t iiographic

5
5
B a:-zc Dlaaetex 13+5 i n ,

6 *

:"r

&Lh $

" k c

dfi,

Reference Hosaic, LEN (Lunar E a r t h s i d e Mosaic) fs a

compohif P plae to a s w a i ~of the mmn produced frm selected p h o e s g r e p b
t a k e n ~ $ 1?ti ,
l d n w , Mc9saald and P i e du Midi Qbservatories. S e c t i o n s of
w
e
i>-s&r
s 3gsaphs were chosen which would p r o v i d e a constant sun
angLk3 i z ts: d c x 2)a a i n t a i n a uai-f o m p o r t r a y a l o f lunar craters and
rr& LI-, C

T-UE~X

prominences,

en$z aic-=ajic was <samp%lmed

to an orthographic p r o j e c t i o n which sl%ows
t h e maan ah a sphere as viewed from an i n f i n i t e distance, Bosizfan was
detem~inedthrough che u s e o f selenographic c o n t r o l established primarily
from the qeasuree of Pranz and Seunder as compiled in the Orthographic
A t l a s o f the Mooc, e d i r e d by @, P e Kuiper in 1960, Each photograph was
espied t~ a c$-:rmon ~ c a l eand r e c t i f i e d t o mean libration in order f o r i t
to matct: or f % a adjacent sections.
P*

The I ~ S M Lxnar Reference Mosaic w a s o r i g i n a n y compiled in February

3.960 a d piibllshed at the l:5,000,000 scale. I n 1962 it was recompiled
w i t h 6mprove.l photo i m a g e 7 and isaued in t h e t h r e e existing s i z e s ,
Subsequent r e v i s i o n s have been limited t o updating names.
r n

I h i s ~e1j j ~ s of 1 unar m0sa3 k;is have been one o f t h e most p s p u l a x $tams

f n %.lxe.lwrt~;.. ~~2343% r ~ ~ v e w t o rThey
g ~ have been very much in demand f o r
21, waPA d itsplay and as a base f o r v a r i o u s i n d i c e s .
use
A l l tt1ra.i. srzen o f LE
,M are l i t h o g r a p h e d in duotone b l u e and gray
a g a i r a ~ ta ~ o i - i d$l.ack backgrounds

Section 4 , 1 * 6

4,f,7

LUNM MRWSIDE

(Published by USATOPOCOM)
Togographic Lunar Map

1st Edition, September 1964

Scale: ~:5,QOO,QQO
Projection M c ~ d l f i e dStereographic
Limit%: 9O"N-S, J.80"
Number 0: Sheets: 2
Sheet S i z e : 54" x 38"

Mare Nectaris - Mare Imbrium

1st Edition, March 1962
Scale: 1:2,500,000
P r o j e c t i o n Modified Stereographic
L i n i t s : 4 0 ~ - S , 40"~-40"W
Number s f Sheets: 1
Sheet S i z e : 54" x 332"

T o p c ~ g r a y k f ~L-unar Map

1st E B S t f o i ~ , June 1965

S c a l e : 1:2,000,000

P u o j eetisn 14c)difEed Stereographic

180"

54'"
38''

OO"X--S,

N ~ ~ m b eor f S h e e t s :

Sheet S i z e

Lunar eartiasfc%emaps were produced to provfde full& tcapsagraphic mnp

coverage pemadtng t h e a l r a i f a b i l i t y o f spaeecraft photsgraphy of t h e moon,
and to a s s i s t in the planning o f e a r l y l u n a r missions such as t h o s e s f

the Ranger and Orbiter series, These m p s were produced in separate

Shaded Relief, WeQLef, and Gradient T i n t versions, The eontour i n t e r v a l
i s 1600 meters with supplementary contours at 500 meter intemals.
Relief i s allown b;y f o r m lines in some areas.
E i g h t palrs s f photographs taken at P a r i s Bbservatsry between Harch
1.896 and J a m i a ~1987 were used as comp8lation source. The photographs
of each pair were taken near t h e extreme longitude librations o f -b 7'5bte
The p a i r s o f photos were t h u s stereo p a i r s with an e f f e c t i v e basekine o f
about 65,000 miles, The scale s f t h e source photography i s about
1:22,088,000,

The c o n t r o l used in the compilation of these maps consisted of the

coordinates o f 150 p o i n t s d e t e m i n e d by Schrutka-Rechtenstam in 1958
d e s c r i b e d in Section 3,LS2, The hearhsntal datum was ehe crater Hosting A,
which was assigned latitude 3'10'47" s o u t h and longitude 354"5OV13", based
on Sctlrutka-Reehtenstaam cen$sol. Nosting A was also chosen as t h e
v e r t i c a l datum, However, i t was considered desirable $0 avoid the use
sf n e g a t i v e elevation valuese As t h e crater Aristarchus was found t o b e
t h e lowest feature in the c o n t r o l system, 7 a 8 kilometers lower than
Msstkng A, i t was a s s i g n e d an e l e v a t i o n o f zero, making t l ~ eelevation
af the v e r t i c a l datk~m9006 meters,

These
were compiled with an M-2 s t e r e o p l o t t e r which was substantially
modified to sccomsdate the special characteristies a% the l u m r photography,
The p r i n e p a l modification was an increase in the projection distance of
the p l o t t e r from 2-112 to 10 feet. The compilation was performed f a r 288
i n d i v i d u a l %OBx1O0s e p e n t s which were then rectified and Joined to form t h e
compilation o f the entire lunar earthside. This compilation, at 3,300,000
scale, was the basis f s r all three m p series listed above,
Area coverage o f these maps is shown in Map Index I ( 4 ) .

4,1,8 MOLL0 Z6m PR

RY SITES MOSAIC
(Published by USATOPOCOEf)
Aprzllas Zone P r i m r y Sites

1st Editisn 9968

Scale: 1:2,500,006 (approximtely)

Projection: Mereator

Limits 8'N 8's (approx) 52'~ 52'W

(approx)

Sheet Size: 99" x 55'!

This c o n t r o l l e d photomosaic provides limited coverage of the lunar

equatorial zone using Orbiter IV photographs and showing the five primary
AQollo landing sites initially defined by the Harmed Spacecraft Center
(HSC>@ This photamsaic was produced with no overprint nanaes or b ~ r d e r
notes.

(1:250,002

.1.1.999.

Lmar h t r o n a u t i c d Chart Series

Ranger Lunar Charts

(Me)

PHOTO MOSAICS

999)

. . . . . . . . 4.2.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2. 3

Section 4 2

cal Chart Series

4 , 2 , 1 LUNAR ASTRONAUTIC& C
( P u b l i s h e d by ACEC)

Lunar Astuonautheal Charcs

Scale: 1:1,003,006
Projection; Mereator and Laabert Conform% Conic
Street Stztz: 22'' x 29'"
The LAG sheet l a y o u t which has o f t e n been used as a l o c a t i o n ~ e f e r e n c e
in other lundr maps and publications provides f o r c o ~ l e t elu n a r coverage
througii 144 sheets. Forty-two n e a r s i d e sheets have a c t u a l l y been published
u s i n g earrhbascd t e l e s c o p i c photography and visual observations as b a s i c
sources.

The c h a r r s are c o n s t x u c t e d on a Mercator p r o j e c t i o n ( t r u e scale at

11"00'4=5")for c h a r t s in hands O 0 to lGoN and 0' to 16"s; and, on a
Laniberg ca:ilormai con4 s pro3 ect i o n Bn the following bands :
2.t"'K-S

ti) J2"IN-5

32"td-3

"t.)

(standard parallels 2 1 9 0 ' a ~ d42'4fIv )

&8"'4-t3 (standard p a r a l l e l s 21"20' and 42e040'~

a8"N--i ta fiflePN-S (standard p a r a l l e l s 53"208 and 74'40')

The AClC S a l e n o d e t i c 'ystem (1965) was under development d u r i n g t h e
praductfan af t h e LdLlC Series and later d a t e sheets used t h i s System far
control, "oweve:,
sheets i n production at e a r l i e r d a t e s p r i n c r i l y r e l i e d
on sekt?na$;~agh$-cc a)a$ral e s t a b l i s h e d from t h e measures o f J, Franz and
S , A, S R F I - I ~ ~as
Z compiled by D , W. G . Arthur and E m A * mitaker in t h e
O r t h a g r a g t ~ i fA&PC&s
~
0C t h e Moon, Gradients o f major surf33ce u n d u l a t i o n s
were estahl i t ~ i ~ eb yr ~2 L n t e r p ~ l a t i n gSchrutka-Rechtenstam~cnmpu~ati~ns
of
J. F r a s z " :mea.,ureaen%rF o f 150 moon cra$ers, The v a r y i n g e o c r r c % saurces
used d m i n g ~ h e
c ourse o f compilation have sometimes r e s u l t e d sn mismatch
0f

eontotAr inko:rnation between a d j aeent sheets,

LAC i h a r t s portray lunar topography by shadient relief w i t h a western

ilbumlnatfian, approximate e o n t o u r s (300 meter interval.), s p o t elevations,
h e i g h t d i f i erenses betweeah l e v e l f e a t u r e s and c r a t e r d e p t h s , Fackgrsvnd
c o l @ r a t i C <ne
n also used to i n d i c a t e variance i n reflectance s f l u n a r areas
under f ulkl :-"il;nmi nati r j r , ,
Contours are o m i t t e d f rsm maray sheets ( g e n e r a l l y
these covering 76mb areas) and the reverse s i d e of some sheets contains
a p r i n t i n g s f the @hadj.en&relief p o r t r a y a l , unencumbered w i t h o t h e r
chart d e t a 8 ~ .

Chart niarg 3 n xxaf cs~nia.c,~ko

includer, an ixxdex o f ''he series avpd y mldn? f y f n g
and exg lanat.8 ry s t a t e ~ ~ ~ csa
n t st h e mntr01, datum:, n h ~ m e n ~ 1 B t u ~I rekleE
e~
p o r t r a y a l and el evatjan d a t a cangained

Feature names were taken from t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union

nomenclature system. A dashed limiting line o r datted l i n e i s used t o
i d e n t i f y some features*
The LAC series was t h e p r i n c i p a l source o f available l u n a r c a r t o g r a p h i c
i n f o m a t i o n prior t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n of l u n a r maps from orbital photography.
Its csmp1Patian included d e r i v a t i o n af a c c u r a t e Local feature h e i g h t s and
$epths through measurement of shadow images on source photography,
However, use o f earthbased v e r t i c a l c o n t r o l and photography have not
allowed definition s f r e l i a b l e r e g i o n a l elevation d i f f e r e n c e s , By v i r t u e
o f i t s scale, e x t e n t of coverage and t o p o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n contained,
the T d C series continues t o b e o f c a r t o g r a p h i c i q o r t a n c e .
Tl-se area of coverage provided by i n d i v i d u a l LAC 'sheets i s reflected
in Map Index I(5)

LAC- 24

J o Herschel

1 s t Ed, Mar

Plato

1st Ed. J a n 1967

Rumker

1 s t Ed. Feb 1967

Sinus I r i d u m

1st Ed, Sep 1966

Cassini

1st Ed. Sep 1966

Eudoxus

1st Ed. Mar 1967

1967

1st E d L Nov 1963

1st Edg Qct 1963

Montes Ap enninu s

1st Ed, Sep 1963

Mare Serenitatis

k s t Edc Feb 1965

1st Ed. my 1965

I s g Ed.

Dee 1965

lee Ed, my $963

2&

E d 8 May 1962

Cap@rnicur?sl

2nd Ed, Apr 1964

Juliug Caesar

P B Ed,
~
Sep 1962

Tarua t i u e

1st Ed, Feb 1963

ure

a@%e d , Feb 1964

U P D ~ ~ P U ~

l a r Ed. Apr I962

Letronns

2nd Ed. Jun 1962

mn tts

2nd Ed. Apr I964

Riphae%aar

P o t Ed. May 1963

Tkeophilus

1st Ede Mar 1863

Colombo

Bat Ed. Apr 1963

Langrenus

1st ~ d m, r 1964

Byrgfus

l 8 t Ed. Feb 1966

Mre Humorurn

1a.t Ede Jun 1962

9 0 Edo
~ May 1964
I P
Ed. ~
Bec 1964

Section 4,2,9
3

EDITION d DATE

Fracastorius

1 s t Ed, Mag

1965

B et a v i u ~

1 s t Ed, Hay

1966

Schf ckard

1st E d , Sep 1967

Wilheiern

1st Ed. Q c t 1967

Tycho

Zse Ede Ju9 1967

'Pliaa~rslbycus

1st Ed, Dec 1966

f i e f &a

1st Ed* 0 ~ t1966

Schiller

1st ~ d O, e t 1967

Clavius

1st Ed, Q6t 1967

Home1

1st Ed, Nov 1967

Section 4 2 * 1

4 2.2 APOELO X m E

T (AIG)

SERIES

(Published by ACXC)
A p o l l o Xntemediate Charts

Scale:

$:500,000

P f o J e~tfon
: Mercator

Sheet S i z e : 22'"
22'"

The Apol.20 Interned-late Chart Series (AIC) was produced to s u p p o r t early

planning la the priaarg portion of t h e A p o l l s Zone o f i n t e r e s t ,
T11is s e r i e s was constructed on a Mereatgar p r o j e c t i o n wfth t r u e scale at
11.012iB Noxi'n and South l a t i t u d e . I t s area o f coverage i s from '3' to 8 O north
and so~ztlil a t l . t u d c and 50' east to 50' w e s t longitude* The twenty charts
wiiajech :amp.r--3ss* the A I C series were published between August 1965 and
January 1967,

Feature p c ~ s % t i o aand
s e l e v a t i o n s s h o w on these c h a r t s are based on t h e
ACXC Seleaodeti~Svstem (19651. To s u p p o r t c h a r t compilation at t h i s scale,
supplementary posftlonal data was developed in each c h a r t areaY
teI&escc=ipicphotographs which
were re&t i 6 iv:d and aotsalcked to f i t t h e horizontal c o n t r o l n e ~ g o r k , Photog r a p h $ ~d e t a i l s were suppl,ement,ed by v i s u a l t e l e s c o p i c o b s e w a t f o n s
accomp%f-sh~>d
at L o w e l l Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizonae
~ ~ h
c hba r t s weye devt?loped f rsm ear th-based

"$"

The shaded r e l i e f drawing contained was developed using an assumed light

from the w e s t to p o r t r a y r e l i e f features as they would appear when
t h e angle o f % I l - j ~ n i n a t i oi ns e q u a l t o t h e angle of s l o p e . This r e s u l t e d in

SOUP(:C

a draw5-ng w J ~ i c hsimulates t h e lighting conditions on the lunar Landscape

under he eveatng rerminator, b u t without shadows* A l s o , a background
eolorat-fon drawing was p r e p a r e d to supplement t h e scheduled r e l i e f p o r t r a y a l .
T h i s d r a w i ~ ~depicts
g
t h e varfakies in reflectance of the l u n a r surface under
f u l l moon i l l s ~ m l r ~ a t i s n .The t w o drawings were l i t h o g r a p h e d wfth t h e r e l i e f
f n green and ttae background coloration in b i g h t b l u e ,
D e f i n i t i o n s f relief includes l u n a r r a d i u s v e c t s r s of s e l e c t e d f e a t u r e s
and thelei: csf:ima%ed r z l i a b l l i t y . Relative h e i g h t s and crater d e p t h s detemined
by shadow measurfng t e c h n i q a ~ e sare a l s o shown,

Eeature names were taken from t h e International Astronomic Union

nomenclature system* A s necessary, a d o t t e d o r dashed $ i ~ a i t k n gline was
used to p o s i t i v e l y j-dentif y t h e exact f e a t u r e .

The sHraded reLjef i s a l s o p r i n t e d on t h e reverse side o f these c h a r t s ,

A l l overprinting ~ n f n r m - a t i o nwas omitted to provide t h e u s e r an u n o b s t r u c t e d
v i e w af c l r ~-$ n t - ~ r y ~ r e t e claani*r
3
s u r f a c e d e t a i l , S e l e c t e d areas o f Bnterest
on t h e revcrg9e 5ddl-l p r i n t l a g are outlined and described fn the margin with
respect t e a thi@ o b s e r ~ r e dappearance w i t h o u t an intended Inference as ts t h e
o r i g i n and a i t ~ ~ ~ e i a p m esf
n t t h e l u n a r surface*
Section 4 , 2 , 2

Chart margin information i n c l u d e s c h a r t t i t l e , general n o t e s , b a r scale

r e l i a b i l i t y diagrams and a s h e e t index referenced t o t h e T A C series. Within
the b o r d e r notes a r e statements on t h e c o n t r o l , datum, nomenclature, relief
p o r t r a y a l and e l e v a t i o n data. Extent of coverage of i n d i v i d u a l AIC charts
i s shown in Map Index %(5)

EDITION AW DATE

57C

1st Ed Bug 1966

AIC 57D

1st Ed Aug 1966

A I C 58C

1st Ed May 1965

2nd Ed Aug 1966

arc

1st Ed Mar 1965

2nd Ed Aug 1966

AIC

5 8 ~

AIC 59C

1st Ed J a n 1966

AIC 59D

1st Ed J a n 1966

APC 60C

1st Ed Mar 1966

AIC 60D

1st Ed May 1965

2nd Ed h g 1966
Secchi

1st Ed Jan 1967

A I C 6PD

Maskelyne in

Is%Ed May 1966

A I C 75A

Fjlams teed

%st Ed Aug 9966

% a i chmann

1 s t Ed Aug

A I C 76A

Euclides P

1st Ed Jun 1966

A I G 76B

Fra Mauro

1st Ed Jun 1966

AIC 77A

F1amar i o n

% s tEd May 1965

2nd Ed Sep 1966

AIC

AIC

61C

75B

1966

1st Ed Mas 1966

Section 4,2,2

AX@ 7 8 A

Delambsre

1st Ed Mar $966

AIC 7 8 B

Torricelli

1st Ed Apr 1966

AIG 79A

Gapella

1st Ed Jun 1966

AIC 79B

Meesier

1st Ed Dec 1966

Section 4 , 2 . 2

">&actsw e m produced by A'CIC d u r i n g 1964-1965 ushag

Range.:.
photagrap!~y a\:qul ced on %anger Miesions TJII,V I P 1 , I X e Xndividual charts
were g:*od.~:e$ st 2 r a b e ~ranglnb Pron 11:%88--. 1:1,000,000 on a, I f e r c a t - ~ r
prz3jactlon vieh c%e scalbe at 3 61"80'45"~, A skeet s i z e o f 22'' x 29" was
iised i?x;qt
~ G Ti-i;:> - a RLC--2 whtch i s 29" x 31". Details of l a r g e scale
atleets are provirled in Section 4 3.3,
6;

These pmdi-::ti %ere: ~-,:nplliil f ram photographs recorded from rhe Ranger
Tel.ev$.aisn Casieloa spstem~ ( b ~ z 1 1narrm and wide angle f i e l d s ) b e f o r e
-L~apac,s%ngthe Lunar ssurfbc e m The v a r i o u s publication scales were
selected to ~ ~ i - s g t coma kei:ely p a r t r a y Lmagery contained in t h e available
phce3gsa-prag.r IYxtensice il;hor*~receif % c a t i o n was r e q u i r e d to a i a e t h e
p h o t n g c a p t ~ s ~2 the ~ e l e c c e ds & : s l a a
~nd c o n t r o l . AIL o f the sheets e f
this a e r i e s awe based OM he ALkC Selenodetic System (19651,

-ssse$ b y ~3aadientp o r t r a y a l , s p o t elevations and c r a t e r

The
re1 la: .:.a produced by a duotone p r i n t i n g using b l a c k
depth v a l ~ l e s ~
Eixcli
sheet c o n t a i n s a b l a c k o v e r p r i n t o f p r o j e c t i o n , lunar
and greed inks.
nomenclar12re, ~ x a t 2 - rd e p t h s and s?a% e b e - ~ a t i a n s , A red o v e r p r h t i s used
to show t i l e a
t r a j c r - o r y trace, each camera t r a c k , ptlotu coverage
and c h t outlil-ee i t k h :zi~c,eeding c h a r t p l u s t h e inpact p o i n t . A black
p r i n t i l a g , -r.c:piB c?b o v e r p r i n t infcraat*%sn, i s also a v a i l a b l e to g i v e t h e
u s e r a~ a , z a - b ~ t ~ u ~vt Hev
~ c i o f the lunar s u r f ace d e t a i l d e p i c t e d by the
shaded r e P ~ e f d f a ~ ~ i n g ,
Reifef

gs

ky7%-w
,%

-peacure

names are taken from tk*? i.liir's accepted l i s t . . SuppLementary

f e a ~ u r e sare asaol=iadte2with t h e named f e a t u r e s througlz t h e a d d i t i o n o f
identifying l e t t e r s C h a r t R I ~ ~ ~ Lb~forma%:fon
P L
i n c h ~ d e ssliart I s c a t i o n , diagram, and genaxyal
mtes and statement8 on t h e c o n t r o l system u s e d , l u n a r nomenclature,
e l e v a t t s n data, and relief portrayal,

---

EXTENT OF COVEMGE PER SIIEET

l"ly--eu^Y"-"-m-;arsurra

-w--L-m

CER VI"% LUNM C

l e t Edition Wrc'bE 1966

RLC-6 Hmstia

Scale 1:1,00O,OQO

EMGE PER SHEET

-^___

mC-13 P t o 1emeus
Scale 1:9,000,000

Lunar Maps
Scale: 1:1,000,000
Projection: Mercator, Lanbert Conformal Conic
Sheet S i z e :

and P o l a r S t e r e o g r a p h i c
25'"
22''

The X:L,808,000 scale Lunar Map (LH) S e r i e s i s designed t o p r o v i d e

tsgagrapbie coverage of the e n t i r e l u n a r s u r f a c e . I t i s the successor
t o the Lunar A s t r o n a u t i c a l Chart (LAC) S e r i e s ( S e c t i o n 4 . 2 . 1 ) and c l o s e l y
foillows that series i n fornab: a~add e s i g n * However, l u n a r orbital p"ramg-rapby and d e r i v a t i v e mapping and s e l e n o d e t i c works are bedng used extens i v e l y i n the
Series, r e s u l t i n g i n g r e a t l y improved d e f i n i t i o n s f
topographic d e t a i l and p o s i t i o n i n g of f e a t u r e s .
I n d i v i d u a l M sheets have t h e same i d e n t i f y i n g numbers and areas of
coverage as LAC'S. Use of t h e Mercator p r o j e c t i o n i n equatorial sheets
and t h e Lambert Conformal Conic i n middle and h i g h e r latitudes i s a l s o
followed and t h e s p e c i f i c l a t i t u d e Limits and standard p a r a l l e l s l i s t e d
f o r t h e LAC Series in S e c t i o n 4 , 2 , E are also a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s Series,
additionally, t h e 1:E,800,000 s e a l e Lunar Map Series does provide for
Polar coverage through u s e a f a P o l a r S t e r e o g r a p h i c Projection between
80
900 n o r t h and s o u t h l a t i t u d e s . A v a i l a b l e sheets are diagr
Map Index 1 ( 5 ) ,

The LM maps portray lunar trspagraphy by s h a d i e n t r e l i e f i n green as

viewed w i t h an eastern i l l m i n a t i o n , Spot elevations, crater depths and
a basic 306 meter contour i n t e r v a l w i t h I 0 0 meter supplementap.a3- contours
i n r e l a t i v e l y l e v e l areas a r e a l s o employed t o p r o v i d e relief i n f o m a t i o n ,
F o m l i n e s are sometimes used ts d e p i c t topographic f e a t u r e s -where source
d a t a 1s inadequate far contour p o r t r a y a l , Bac'lrgrsannd caloed.atiork i s a l s o
used to indicate crater r a y systems and v a r i a n c e of reflectance of l u n a r
areas under f u l l i l l u m i n a t i a n . The s h a d i e n t r e l i e f r e n d i t i o n a l s o appears
on map reverse in b l a c k and w h i t e unencumbered by o t h e r map detail,
Chart margin information i n d u d e s a sheet l o c a t i o n index and exphanat o q skaternewts on c o n t r o l u s e d , e l e v a t i o n infoxmation c o n t a i n e d , f e a t u r e
nomenclature and map r e l i a b i l i t y ,
b indicated by areas of v a r y i n g accuracy w i t h i n Map Reliability
Diagrms, compilation of t h i s Series r e q u i r e s e%npl.opkenr of a varS p&y
of source m a t e r i a l s . For areas i n which. tliney a r e available, "k250,000
s e a l e Topsphotomaps ( S e c t i o n 4 * 3 . 7 ) a r e b e i n g used f o r b o t h h o r i z o n t a l
positioning of features and c a n t o u r i n f o r m a t i o n . I n o t h e r areas of
Apollo mapping photography coverage, o r i g i n a l compilations by yhuto-Section 4,2,4

e t r i c s t e r e o p l . ~ t t e rare b e i n g accomplished, Other LM a r e a s covered

o n l y by Luaar O r b i t e r Mission p b t o g r a p h s and e a r t h b a s e d t e l e s c o p i c
photographs, r e f l e c t t h e i n a d e q u a c i e s of t h e s e s o u r c e s f o r c o m p i l a t i o n
by the approximate contours, f o r m l i n e s and r e l a t i v e h e i g h t s and depths
(determined by measurement o f shadow images) shown.
The A p o l l o 1 5 ( A p r i l 1973) C o n t r o l System ( S e c t i o n 3 . 2 . 3 . 5 ) i s being
used f o r primary c o n t r o l of this S e r i e s , supplemented by e a r t h b a s e d
t e l e s c o p i c c o n t r o l and the P o s i t i o n a l Reference System (1974)
( s e c t i o n 3.1.10) i n some f a r s i d e r e g i o n s .

At the time of t h i s w r S t i n g only t h e below l i s t e d two sheets of t h e

LM Series have been p u b l i s h e d w i t h s t a t e d (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) h o r i z o n t a l
accuracies o f 545-820 meters and 40-450 meter v e r t i c a l a c c u r a s % e s w i t h
respect t o t h e
C 1 9 7 7 S e l e n o d e t i c S y s t m Datums,
~ B I ,i s an earthbased T e l e s c o p i c Systenn s t f l l
Actually t h e D
under development and preliminary v a h s from t h i s work have been adj u s t e d t o t h e Apollo 1 5 D a t u m t o s u p p o r t compilation of t h e LM s h e e t s .
EDITION BMD DATE

LM 4 1

Montes Apennfnus

1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 6

M 42

Mare S e r e n i t a t i s

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 6

Section 4.2,4

4*3 LARGE SCALE %"paps, PHOT

PMBTOMglj,SAI@S
(1:250,000 and Larger Scale)
P r o d u c t i o n of v a l i d large s c a l e l u n a r maps became p o s s d b l e with the
a v a : t l a b f l i t y af spaeeeraft phstQgraphy a t scales allawfng d e t a f l e d desa-ript i o n sf l u n a r features and o t h e r s e n s o r d a t a which provided a basis f o r
control p o i n t determination. The maps have been produced t o e n a b l e s t u d y
of potectiaS lunar landing s i t e s and areas of scientific interest,
The following large s c a l e map s e r i e s d e s c r i b e t h e lunar surface through
rectified photographic tmagery, c o n t o u r i n f e r n a t i o n , s h a d i e n t r e l i e f
(artistic r e p r m e n t a t i o n ) and a r t h a p h o t o g r a p h i c imagery. The Lunar
Topographic Orthophotomaps and Lunar Orthophotomaps are a continuous
series whie11 are generally preferred within their scale range and area
sf coverage, These sheets e l i m i n a t e p o s i t i o n a l inaccuracies d u e tc
relief d i s p l a c e m e n t occurring i n map bases p r e p a r e d from conventional
perspective photographs w h i l e r e t a i n i n g t h e advantages of completeness
of detail p r o v i d e d by p h o t o g r a p h s , The Lunar Topaphotomap and Photomap Series
p r o v i d e s Larger s c a l e coverage over selected sites of high interest.

Photomap & Lunar Map Series

(Om)

. . . . . . . . . 4.3,1

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Phstsmap,

and Topographic Map Series

. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,2

Ranger H,unar Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 , 3

Surveyor Lunar Photomap ti Map Series . . . . . . . 4,3.4

Lr,r,nar Topogs-a p h i e Orthsphotomay ti

Lunar Orthophotomap Series
Other

. . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,5
Maps, Phatomags 6 Mosaics . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 , 6

Lunar Topophotornap d Lunar

Photomap Series

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,7

4,3 P

JdWM BMQTOYD

SERIES (Om)

Thsac l u n a r ~9 ta mape wese produced in Photamp and Lunar Map f01x1$ ~ C X C

and TOYOCOM in 1967 sad 1968 t o s u p p o r t study of p o t e n t i a l ApolLo l a n d i n g sites.
The e k c e t ~are idgntifisd by t h e designatom Om followed by s i t e nunbers and
an abbrevkated statement o f scale in parentheses. For example: a $:900,088
acaBe nap s f Lunak O r b i t e r 1, s i t e 5 , i s designated Om 1-5 (108).
The maps
were p ~ o d u c , e da: l:LO0,000 and 1:25,000 scales to provide photomosaic and
topographic map coverage o f these s i t e s * The L:IOO,Q00 scale sheets used
m e d i w resolution Lunar O r b f t e r Mission photographs; 1:25,068 scale aheets
used high r e e o h t i a n photogcaphe, and generally w e s e produced o n l y in photom p f o m , A black ovexgriat o f t h e p r o j e c t i a a and feature names a p p e a r s on
all maga of this serlas. The nomenclature is selected from t h e International
b tronomical ~ n f o n kaccepted f i s t ,
Vertlt2a% and k o r i z o r ~ t e lp o s i t i o n s are baaed on local lunar c o n t r o l s y s t e n ~ s
w h i c h =ployad analytical p h a t o g r a m e t r i e triangulation w:Lth Lunar Orbiter
Mission S i t e Phatogrsphy and P h o t o S u p p o r t Data*

Map ~ r p f nen5azmatfon c o n t a i n s a site index referenced to LAC andAXC

c h a r t s e x l e a , Area -kjverage s f f:300,600 and 1:25,000 scale shedes ark
shown an h
p
a
p Tndi.~.es"(;
adiiI(8)
respectively.

The phf3tmap gheeilts only r e f l e c t photographic detail and are l i t h o g r a p h e d

in blac-k* The my s i ~ a e t oshow hypsography by shadiant r e l i e f , coatsalrs, s p o t
elevatian~,h e i g h t o f rim e l e v a t i o n s above surrounding t e r r a i n , and c r a t e r
d e p t h s , Contour values and s p a t elevations are shorn as lunar r a d i u s vectors
e q r s a s e d in meters* The b a s i c contour i n t e r n a l is 100 meters with 50 meter
supplements, Contau 3 n f s m a t i s n i s l a c k i n g fn areae n o t hav:Lng stereoscopic photograph%s: cbvernge. Rorizont.al and ver t i c s f r s l i a b i l d - t y Snforrdation
i e e q r e e e e d P a thb- m q : ~ margina The m p base is a green and black duotone
print%ng with relief values o v e r p r i n t e d in black and contours in redB In
come instances where stereoscopic coverage i a lacking, t h e l u n a r suLface area
p o r t r a p e d o~n&he lirxczar Maps has been reduced from that s&komon the @ho"P,~nqs.

PublLshea sheets were developed from a 1:100,000 photomosaic base which

w a s g r o d t i ~ e dby rec L l f d c a t i o n and assembly o f medium resolution Lunar Orbiter
photograrka to contaoi paints, T h i s base was enlarged to 1:25,600 and used
t o contrLb%
the iectltfsatian axxi assemb1y of t h e high r e s s l u t b o n photographs,
Beprodue t $ o e ai t h e f f aal 1:25,000 and 1:100, $00 mosales wf t k a descr fbed
~ v e r p r i ~3 t tre""nou8r e d in t h e P h o t s m p series sheets,
ku A ~ J C , e~
~ ~ t s k L L ~ Li b y p ~ ~ ~ d t ~ t * t from
f 3 n bLunar t l x k i ~ ~P em~e l , ~ x ~ a L s ,
positio13s o f s e l ~ n ~ a: afeat.g;;,re~
~ c
were taken d i r e c t l y from LIE 3:l~O,OtKl X~ase
mosa%<ss In O r b . s $ d e r "11 amd It1 based productsp the base mosaic& anti O ~ k h i ~ k e r
photograplie were a.i 81) ast3ed f o c the d e l i r b e a t i o n o f Hap serIe8 features, wit11
readjustment@ to ~ o i ~ t x opoint
l
pubitions b e f o r e addition 0.f s k ~ a d l e n tre's"i-e$
~.;ax~touc
f nf arxmatlsn was developed by Sn$e:pciat%ng
by airhrueh tac.hal qua
between t !~t% e t ~ ~r rjj l8 pas i nt EI dctve%oped % rom anafy t% c a l g l t s tograrn~netrf tA

tr iaxlgul-at 1 on.

TOPOCON employed stereoplotting equipment to cozngile feature positions

and contour i n f o r m t i o w f o r Lunar Map manuscripts. However, the s e p e n t e d
frmelet form o f Orbiter photography prevented continu~uscompilation
within each photo frame, requiring adjustment of individual framelet
model compilations to each other.
The principal value a f this series is in the lunar surface details s h o r n
and the relative positions and elevations expressed for area features. The
horizontal and vertical datums af sheets of this series are based on early
C o n t r o l Systems which are subject to the systematic errors contained in
preliminary Photo Support Datae
Orbiter 1

Site I (ORB 1-1)

. . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1,$

Orbiter I

Site

2 (BRA 1-21

. . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.2

. . . . . . . . . . . 4,3,9,3

Orbiter
S i t e 486B (OW I-4A,B) . . . . . . . . 4 * 3 , $ , 4

O r b i t e r I - S i t e 5 (ORB 1-51 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 3 . 1 8 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.9*6

O r b i t e r I - S i t e 7 (ORB-7)
O r b i t e r 1 - S i t e 8 (ORB-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1.7

O r b i t e r I - S i t e 9 . 2 (ORB-9.2) . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 . 1 , 8

O r b i t e r 11 - S i t e 2 (ORB 11-2) . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 3 , B e 9

O r b i t e r I1 - S i t e 6 (ORB 11-6) . . . . . . . . . . 4,3.9,10

Orbiter 11 - Site 8 ( O R B 11-81 . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 , $ , 13.

O r b i t e r X I - Site II (ORB 11-11) . . . . . . . .

4.3.1.12

O r b i t e r IP - S i t e 13 (ORB 11-13] . . . . . . . . . 4 . 3 . 1 , % 3

Orbiter 111 . S J t e 9 (ORB 111-9) . . . . . . . . . 4 , 3 , P a 1 4

O r b i t e r 1 x 1 - S i t e 11 (ORB 111-11)
. . 4.3.1,15
O r b j - ~ e r1T.I Site 1 2 (ORB 191-12) .
, .

,. . . 4.3,1,16
1-

Orbiter 1

S i t e 3 (ORB 1-31

Section 4 e 3 s k

4 , 3 , 1 , 1 ORBITER I - SITE I ( O M 1-1)

(Published by TOPOC~PT)

Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n June 1967
Scale: %:lOQ,000
P r o j ect2on:
Sheet Size:

Hercator
21,5" x 44'"

Lunar &p
1st Ediekoa Sep&ember 1967
Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Mercahor
Sheet Size: 21.5" x 44''

The extent o f coverage o f the L u m r Photomap (standard parallels at 2"30'

N-S) i s 012'S to I 0 4 8 ' S and 40'00'E to 43"48'E. The Lunar Map (same
standard p r a l l e l s ) pr~vfdescoverage from 0 ' 1 2 9 t o 1-8"
and 4 0 9 2 ' E
t a 43eQOvEI

These products were campiled from L u w r Orbiter M i s s i o n I mediumr e s o l u t i o n frames 52-67 and are based on Control System 1-1 (1967) described
in Seekion 3e3e1,%,which c l a r i f i e a use of Department o f B e f ense (BOB)
c o n t r o l noted in Photomap m r g i n . The 282 meter h ~ r i z o n t a land 529 meter
verk$@a%aecuxacy 8tatements a p p e a r i n g in t h e Lunar Map margin a p p l y to
c o n t r o l used rather than overall map accuracy,
P h o t s m g uise i s Iinlted by paor quality of photo imagery shorn in western
p o r t i o n , "I@h%s
has also caneributed t o t h e l e s s e r v e r t i c a l accuracy a d i e v e d
in t h e Lunar Map h e r e use of eonksurrs i s limited to defin-8tIon s f large

elevation changes,

Section 4,3,Ie1

4 , 3 * 1,2 ORBITER P SITE 2 (ORB 1-21

(Published By TQPOCBM)
Lunar Photomp
1st E d i t i o n June 1967
Scale: 1:100,000
P r a j ection: Mercatsr
Sheet S i z e : 21,5" x 44"

Lunar Map
%st Edition September 1967
Scale: 1:106,000
P r o J e c t i s n : Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 21,5" x 41"

The =tent: of coverage for t h e Lunar Photomap (standard p a r a l l e l s at

2'30%--S) is I"OOrN t o 0'48'5 and 34"00'E to 3 7 ' 0 0 ' ~ . The Lunar Map
(Same standard p a r a l l e l s ) p r o v i d e s coverage from 1'00'3 to 048'S and
34"48% t o 3 7 " 8 2 ' ~ ,

These products were compiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission I medium

r e s o l u k i o n frames 68-78, 7 4 , 7 7 , 88-83 and are b w e d on C o n t r o l System
1-2 (1967) d e s c r i b e d in Section 3.3.1,2.
The 142 meter h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y
and 200 $0 600 meter v e r t i c a l accuracy statenents appearing i n t h e L u r ~ a r
Map lnargin a p p l y to c o n t r o l used r a t h e r than o v e r a l l map accuracy. The
280 meter v e r t i c a l accuracy a p p l i e s t o t h e c e n t r a l portion of the c h a r t ,

4 , 3 , $ , 3 ORBITER I SITE 3 (Om I-3)

(Published by TOPWOM)
Lunar Photsnap
1st E d i t i o n A p L i l 1967

Scale: 1:108,000
Mercatsr
20,5" x 44"

Pro1 eetisn:
Sheet S i z e :

Lunar W p
%st Edition b y 1967
Scale: 1:100,080
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
Sheet Size: 21'' x 40,5@"

Tho extent of coverage for the Lunar Photomap (standard parallels at

2'30%-S)
i s I036'N to 024'S and 2 4 @ 2 4 ' E to 28'00'E.
The Lunar Map (same
seawdard p a p a l h f s ) p r o v f d e ~C B V ~ V &from
~ ~ 136% t o 0 " 2 4 @ Sand 26"242 to

27"48'E,

These produets were compiled frsm Lunar Orbiter Mission H mediun

resolution frames 85-88, 91, 9 4 , 97-100 and are based on Control System 1-3
(1967) described in Section 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 . Photomap margin data i n d i c a t e s p r o d u c t
is based on UOD (1966) S e l e n o d e t i c Control System. However, n a t u r e o f
c o n t r o l development d i d not e f f e c t this relation as d i s c u s s e d in referenced
Control Section, Lunar map margin data states relative a b s o l u t e error
factors and relacionship to DOD 1966 c o n t r o l system. The s t a t e d 44 meter
h o r i z o n t a l and 160 meter vertical relative errors apply to relation o f
nearby control points. The 338 meter horizoneal and 605 meter v e r t i c a l
error statements axe intended t o apply to relatianship of points throughout
the chart area, These error quantities apply to the c o n t r o l points used
rather than actual map accuracy,

Section 4.3,1,3

4 , 3 , k e 4 ORBITER I SITE 4A, B (ORB 1-4A, B)

( P u b l i s h e d by TQPOCOM)

Lunar P h o t o m p A and B
1st Edition February $968

Scale: X:BQO,QOQ
Pro3 ection: Hercator
Number o f Sheets: 2
Sheet Size: 19'" 225,5"

Lunar Map A and B

%st Editi(;ssa May 146&
Scale: 9:$00,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator
Number of S h e e t s : 2
Sheet S i z e : 19" x 25e%19

The extent o f shoverage for t h e 'l.ikaar $ & a ~ t o ? $ and

l ~ ~ p'&uatar Nap (standard
parallels at 2301N-S) i s 0'36'~ t o D036'S and 1 1 ' 2 4 ' ~ t o 15O36'E.
These products were c o i ~ plfe d f r o m Lunax O r b i t e r X i s s i o n I med%am
r e a a l u t i o n frames 105-112 and are "rased on h a t r o P System 1-4 (196%)
described in S e c t i o n 313.1,4a Ule 99 meter Easrizsntal accuracy and 100
to 258 meter vertical accuracy statements appearing in t h e Lunar Map
margin a p p l y to control used rather than overal.1 map accuracy.

Section 4w"3,5,44

4 , 3 , 1 , 5 ORBITER I SITE 5 (ORB 1-5)

(Published by ACLC)
Lumr Photomp
1st E d i t i o n March 1967
Scale: 1:100,OQO
Sheet S i z e : 19'' x 4Qtt

Lunar Map
1st Edition March 1964
Scale: I:180,008
Sheet Size: 19" x 4.0''

The e x t e n t of coverage f a r the Lunar P h o t o m p (standard p a r a l l e l s at

2'34'N-S)
is 1"N t o 048'S and 012'E t o 3'12'W.
The Lunar Map (same
standard parallels) provides coverage from OQ52"N to OQ46'S and O " 1 2 ' W
t o 2"4BVW,

These products were coanpiled from Lunar 0rbi"e;r HMis~lonI medium

r e s o l u t i o n frames $18-133 and are based on G o n t m L System 9-5 (1967)
described i n Section 3.3.1.5.
Photomap m r g i n data characterizes t h i s
c o n t r o l system as an extension of the DOD Selenadetic System (1966) and
three of the earthbased system control points are symbslfzed on these
map s ,
Contour i r l f o r m a ~ i o nappearing 0x1 the Lunar Map is L i m i t e d and t h e 25
meter relative vertical accuracy stated in chart margin is c o n s i d e r e d
overly optimistic. Relative vertical =curacy is estimated to a p p r o x i ~ n a t e
+- 150 meters at 90% probability and the horizontal accuracy o f these sheets
w i t 1 1 respect to t h e 1-5 ( a 9 6 7 ) Datum is e s t h a t e d a t 500 meters (90%
probability),

Section 4 , 3 . % . 5

4 a 3 e 3 e 6 ORBITER I SITE 7 (ORB 1-7)

(Published by TCBPOCOM)
Lunar Map
1st Edition Septerrsber 1961
Scale: 1:100,OQQ
Sheet Size: 20" x 37'"
Projection: Mercatow

Lunar Photomap
1st Edition June 1967

Scale: 1:180,OBQ
Sheet Size: 20" x 40"
P r o j ection: Mereator

T h e e x t e n t o f coverage for t h e Lunar Photomap ( s t a n d a d p a r a l l e l s at

2'30%-S)
i s 2'36'3
t o 4'24'S and 2024'W t o 23'48'W.
The Lunar Map (saxe
standard parallels) p r o v i d e s coverage from 2"36% t t o 4'24% and %0"3b9W to
23"36WW3

These p r o d u c t s were conpiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mfssioibb 1 mkdium

resolution frames 157-160, $ 6 3 , 166, 169-172 and are based on C o n t r o l
S y s t a 1-7 (196%) deserlbed In S e c t i o n 3 , 4 s 6 , 6 , which c l a r i f i e s u s e s f
DOD control noted %n Photomap marginD The 202 meter h a r f z a n t a l and 513
meter vertj.ca4. accuracy statements appearing in t h e Lunar Map margin apply
to c o n t r o l used rather than o v e r a l l map accuracy. Accuracy o f contour
i n f o m a t i o n i s inadequate f a r definition of elevatLan differences in t h i s
e

S e c t i o n 4,3,1.,6

4,3.1*7 OBITm f SITE 8 (Om I-$)

(Published by TOPOCQM)
Lunar I?hotamp
1st E d i t i o n June 8967
Scale: % :1m00,08Q
B r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 20'"
22"8,5"

h m r Map
1st Edition July 1967
Scale: P:100,08Q
R r a j e c t i o n : Mexcatsr
Sheet S i z e : 20" x 2 4 L j ' '

The exten% s f coverage f o r the Lunar P h a t m a p (standard parallels ac

i s 2"12'5 t o 3 " 4 8 ' S and 3S024'W .to 3 7 ' 4 8 ' ~ . The Lunar &p
(same
s t a ~ ~ d a rpda r a l l e l s ) p r o v i d e s coverage from 2'12'S to 3"48" and 35c36fW

2'30'N-S)

to 37"36'W,

These products were compiled f r ~ mLunar O r b i t e r Mfssfsn Z medfun

r e s o l u t i o n frames 176-183 and based sn Control System 1-8 (1967) d e s c r i b e d
i a Section 3 , 3 , l . f which c l a r i f i e s u s e of DOB c a n t r g l n o t e s In t h e map
margins, mo p r i n t i n g s of the map emress v a r y i n g accuracy evaluation
c r i t e r i a . The raap accuracy i s ' u n e v a l u a t e d .

Section 4,3.1*7

4,3,1,8OWITER 1 SITE 9,2 (ORB I - 9 , 2 )

( ~ u b l i s h e dby A C K )

Lz~narPha $~ymap
1st Edition mrch 1967

Scale:

2:%00,008

Pro3 ection : Hercator

Skeet Size:

24" x 44'"

Lunar Plaotomaps A-M

1st Edition Mareb 1967
Scale: B :25,000
Broj s e t i o n : Mercatos
Number s f Sl~eets: 8
Sheet S i z e :
23" x 30"

Lunar Map

1st E d i c i o n A p r i l k967

Scale: 1:100,0QO

P r o j e c t i o n : Mereator

Sheet Size;: 24" x 40''

Lunar &ps A-H

1st E d i t i o n May 1967

Scale: 1:25,008

Pro1 ec-tion: Mercatos

Number af Sheets: 8

Sheet S i z e : 23" x 30''

The extent sf caverage f o r t h e 1:100,000 scale sheers (standard p a c ~ I : t i l ;

2"30'~-S: is lei" t t o 3'26%
a d d41"36'W to 45'W.
The 1:25,000 scale
sheets (same standard p a r a l l e l s ) p r o v i d e s coverage f lrom 1"16'5 to 2
' 58'i a;wi
41'58'~ to 4 4 " 3 2 ' W e Map sheet contours are restricted to p o r t r a y a l o f ourstanding f e a t u r e s and prominences and have an evaluared l o c a l a c c u r a c y o f + 25
meters. A 25 meter contour i n t e r v a l was used for t h e 1.:25,000 s c a l e maps,
The 1:25,000 photomap sheets have poor definition of photographic detail due
to excessive enlaxgembent r e q u i r e d to b r i n g Q a b i t e r Mission 1 medfum resolutioa
g h ~ t ~ o g r a p bto
y publication scale,
of

The 1:lQ0,060and 1:2%9000scale products were compiled from Lunar Orbiter

Hissinn imedium reselution frames 184-215. They are based on C o n t r o l Syst~m
1-9 (1967) described in Section 3,3,1,8.

4 , 3 * % , 9 ORBITER 11 SITE 2 (Om XI-2)

( ~ u b l i s h e dby TOPOCOM)
L u n a r Phatomap
1st E d i t i o n September I967

%:1QQ,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Hercator
Sheet Size: 24,s" x 18''
Scale:

Lunar Map

1st Edition Decembez 1967

Scale: $:100,000

P r s j e c t f on: Merca?:o~

Sheet S i z e :
21,"9' a 19''

Lunar Phatoaap

1st R d i t i a e November 1967

Scale: 1:25,000

Pro3 ectiaal: Meaca t o r

Sheet Size:

29'"

50''

The exrent of coverage f o r the 1:100,000 scale sheets (srxndari' i ~ ~ - i:Js

*l?
The l:?S,i?Rit scale
2"20'N to 3"?% an4 3 ~ ; s 2 $ 2 ~

af 2"30FN-aS) IR
155FN to 3'26'N and 3 3 ' ~ to 35'E.
( s a m standard p a r a l l e l s ) provides coverage from

to 34"32?4a5r%E,
The 1:$00,008 and B:25,000 p r o d u e t s were compiled from L ~ i n a rO a r b ~ t ~ . a
Missfan II medium and hl.gk r e s o l u t i o n frames 35-42, They are based on
Control System I T - 2 a9678 deserabed in Section 3,3.%,9 whtch c J a r $ f j e s
t h e use 0% DOD control noted in the Photomap margin, The 66 metec hurizortal
and 100 to 1.50meter vertical accuracy s t a t m a t s in t h e Euner Map margfa
a p p l y to c o n t r o l used rather than overall m p accuracye

4 , 3 , 1 , % 0 O B Z T E R X I SITE 6 (OW 1 1 - 4 )
(Publiehed by TOPOCOM)

Lunar Photoaag
1st Edition October 1967
Scale: ~:loO,OOQ
Prs:J ectisn: Mereator
Sheet S i z e : 2 4 , % ' h 26'"

Lunar M p
1st Editisa December 1961
Scale: $:$QO,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercatsr
Sheet S i z e : 23" x 24''

Lunar Photomaps A-D

1st EEd%gl.on November 1967

Scale:

%:25,008

P r ~a cj t i o n :
Mereator
N~lmber of Sheets: 4

Sheet S i z e : 28,5" x 29.5"

The extent o f coverage from the 1:100,000 scale sheets (standard p a r a l i e i s

of ~'~O'N-S) i s 0'08'5 to 1'54'~ and 2 2 ' 5 7 ' ~ t o 25'15'~.
The 1 :25,000 s c a l e
and
~
map (same standard p a r a l l e l s ) prevides coverage from 0'18'N t o 1 ~ 3 0 '
23"26% t o 24"%4QE,
"i;le 1:100,000 and 1:25,000 sealst; p r o d u d s were compiled from Lunar O r b i t e x *
MPssfsn II medium and h i g h r e s a l u t i o n frmes 76-91.
They are based on Gontro3
System E1--6 $1967) described i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 a P e 1 0 which c l a r i f i e s use a$ DO11
c o n t r o l noted F a t h e Photomap margin. The 88 meter horizental and 26% m e t e r
v e r t i c a l accuracy statements appearing in t h e Lunar marfin a p p l y to eontrcl
~
was added to t h e L ~ ~ u a aMap
r
fro~n
used rakher than o v e r a l l map S C G U ~ B G ~Dam
Lunar Orbiter Missions B and 1x1 phot:ographs,

d &
J Series
------ &Wl
--

PX_r-

--*--"*

4,3,11 OWETER XI SITE 8 (Om I T - 8 )

(Publ$shed by A C I C )
Lunar Photomap
Pat Editfnc August 1967
Scale; IsX00,008
Prob$s c t i o n ; Mescator

z 2/""27*5**

B,unay :3;"Bi)akc3mapa A-D

1st Ed-ition Oetohex 1967
S c a l e : II: 4 a , OOQ
.-?

P x o j ectior~a Mercatou
Narmber o f Sheets- 4
She@?- S i z r > : 3Q,5" x 36- 5''

Lunar m p

%stEdition Det~ernber 1967

Scale : 1.:900,f~CI~1

Broj ection: Mexcata~.

Sheet S i z e : 2 $ , ! i g 5 . 3 F 5

Lunar Maps A-=D

1st E d j - t t s n February 1968

Scale: 1:2%,000

Prof ectlan: M e r e a t ~ n ~

Number o f Sheets Fb

Sheet S i z e :
3 h s f "itO

%ire extenr o f ~ w q e r a g efor t h e 1.:100,000 scale s h e e t s (s~an6ar.apas,l [el:,

at 2"30ffN--5 4s J . " % ~ ' K to 0'36"

and 0'12'~ to 2'12'W,
The '..2i:,i?Oi,
~ i j j e

sheets Qwame s t a n d a r d garalleBs3 provides covepage from X"N to O " 3 E % dntd

O 0 1 8 ' W to 3 ~ e 4 8 p V c B

The I-: 1062000 ex16 1 :25,806) scale prodUcgs were c o q i l e d From E.uiier

O r b i t e r B$iss$%pzn11 m e d i a ~ mand h i g h resolution frames 193-176, Thev were

wupp1em~:ated by Clrbiter M i s ~ ~ ~1omdium

n
r e s s l u t i o n e v o s u r e a B P ~ L -$J 3 and

M%se%.oaIgl cxpoeuraa 86-101, me maps are based on c o n t r o l systenb IT-8

(11967) describe-d i i a S e c t l o a 4.3.1eLI. The 1:25,000 scale maps R w e shadienr
relief portraya3- and show s 25 meter eontour internal with an evaluated
v e r t i c a l accuracy o f 3,OQ meters at 9OX p r o b a b f l i t y ~ The 4-:POCj,OOO
m p b a s an eva"1uated vertical accuracy s f 300-800 meters i90X pa.o?.ab%r!$,;e-,v)Tbe e ~ ~ a , l : ~ a ti*or.~aan.&a$
ed
accuracy f f a aall sheets of t h j h gjotw 3,$
eb
expressed at 30X prcb8bdl.j %-yr

W i t h ehc; e;ra-ephos o f elevation differences betweeri local feitxri s!s,

eantoua infox31at ion

on ehese sheets is considered u n r e l i a M ~ 2 ,

~ G ~ Q W

5,3,3,12 ORBITER IP SITE 11 (ORB 11-11)

(Published by TOPOCOH)
Lunar Phs % o m p
%.st Ed%tj*oaNovember 1967
Scale: 3 :B00,800
P r o j eetisn: Hercator
Sheet S i z e : 26" x 30''

Lunar Map
1st Edition February 1968
Scale: P:100,OQO
P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator
Sheet Size: 26'' x 26e5"

Lu;~ar Photomaps A-D

1st Fdatl~nNovember 1967

Scale:

1;25,000

Projection;

Mercatar

Number o f Sheetse 4

Sheet Size: 28'"

333'"

T h e extent of coverage f o r t h e %:%00,000 scale sheets ( s t a d a x d

p a r a l l e l s at 2'30AN-S) 1s 057'N t o L0L8'S and 18a36'W to 2054'W.
The 1:25,080 scale sheets (same standard p a r a l l e l s ) p r o v i d e s ewerage
from 8"30CN to O"47" and from L8"59" t o 28"2O8%J, The 1:108,850
photomap i s devoid sf p h o t o coverage in t h e area n o r t h o f 8"$29 aand
east o f 18"30%W, Sheet 11--B$B is devoid o f photo coverage in $he area
s o u t h 06 0"6% and w e s t o f 2020'W.
The P:100,008 and b:25,000 scale products were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Wtsaion I1 m e d i u and high r e s s l u t i o n frames 163-167, $69-178,
and 171-178, %hey are based on C o n t r o l System 11-11 (1967% described
!n Section 3e3.1062,w l ~ d c hc l a r i f i e s use o f DOD c~ntrslnotes In t h e
phcttnm,ap margin. The 62 meter h o r i z o n t a l and 130 t o 180 meter v e r t i c a l
accuracy statements appearing in the Lunar Map margin a p p l y to contra$
used rather than a v e r a l l map accuracy,

4 3 , l . 13 OmZTER I1 SITE 13 ( O D 11-13 )

(Bubliaked by TOPOCOM)
Lunar Map
l.st E d i t i o n December l.967
Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Mercatc)~
Sheet S i z e : 24" x 24>"

The e ~ t e a t o Xc a=veT-agc far the 9:180,000 scale sheets (standarea

p a r a l i e l i at 3
- i s 043'N t o 2'40'N and 4 0 " 3 6 ' ~to 4 2 " 4 8 ' b .
The l ; r 2 5 , Q O O s c a l e sheets ( s m e standard g a r e l l e l s ) p r o v i d e s coverage
from I 0 $ " M
t t c ~ 2"17% and 441"8% t $ o 42"$9'W,
The 1:100,000 scale
pk~otc1rna13:hW devodd o f ptlobo coverage in s m l l areas in t h e n o r t t i e e s t
and s ~ ~ p ~ t l ~ w
cgl)rners
est
0% t h e sheet, Sheet 11-13A i s devoid o f p h o t o
caverage in a smll area along t h e eastern p o r t i o n o f the n o r t h margin,
Sheet ZI-L3B f s d @ v ~ 3 do>f photo coverage in the area east a f l + l e 1 2 ' W
and n o r t h o f l.'4CilNp Sheet TI-23D i s devaid o f phoeo coverage in an
area s o u t h of R " Z ~ %
and west af 42"%5'~,
The I:IQO,(IO[I and 1:24,000 s c a l e p r ~ d u c " %were compiled f r m Lunar
O r b i t e r Mj-asJ-on I T medium and high resolution frames 197-212. They
system 11-19 (1967) d e s c r i b e d i n Section 3,3,6,23
axe based n n m~~t?"-clr%
which ~ l a v i f t e su s e o f FJOD c o n t r o l noted in t h e Photomap aargfn, The
WT.-L-d Bi19671 t:swt~..ar? s x r s t e m i s based an ephemeral data from Lunar
Gxb$t~a: Miabft:n XI, and n o t from Lunar O r b i t e r Missi-on I, as s k a t e d
In ?:he l u n a r Hap marq.fal The 85 meter RmIzont81 (90X p r o b a b i l i t y )
and I90 tn 2% meter ~ ~ e r t i c a(90%
l
p r o b a b i l i t y ) accuracies a p p l y te
contwo1 used, rattler tha~: overal3, nap accuracy,

4,3,P,14 OWITER PZI SITE 9 (OW 111-9)

(Published by TOPOCOM)
Lumr Phstmag
1st Edition January 1968
Scale: %:100,090
Pro3 e c t i o n : Mercatos
h e e
%3,%"x 2h8'

Lunar E.3j%p

1st Edition &rch 1968

Scale: 1:100,000

P r o j e c t i o n : Hercator

Sheet Size: 24" x 26"

Lunar Photornaps A-D

1st Edition February 1968

Scale: %:25,000

P r a j ect ion: Mereator

aurnl~erof Sheeta: 4

-,-+

Sheet Size: 2 7 ' 5 34'"

The extent s f coverage f o r t h e 1:100,00Q scale sheets (standard

p a r a l i e i s 2"38$N-S) is h054F"S to 4"83" a d d % l g M B Wt o %IPr0O8'~, $""he
1:25,000 scale sheets (sanre standard parallels) p r o v i d e coverage from
2O21% to 3'24%
and 22"07'W to 23044WW. The 1:100,000 scale sheets
are v o i d of d e t a i l $a small areas of t h e northwest and southeast corners,
Sheet 1x9-9A i s v o i d of photo coverage in the area west o f 23"87% and
north o f X 0 3 8 ' S . Sheet 1x1-9C i s v o i d o f p h o t o coverage i n the area east
s f 22"$38% sand souttk o f 3"16%@
These products were eonpiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission 111 medium
and h i g h resolution frames 145-160. They are based on Control System
I B H - 9 (1967) descx3"bed in Section 3 , 3 * 1,16, The 58 meter horizontal.
and 100 to 303 meter ~ r e r t l c a laccuracy statements appearing in the
Leawar U p margin a p p l y to c a n t s o l used rather than o v e r a l l map aieiird,.y"

4,3,1.15 ORBITER III SITE 11 (ORB 1x1-11)

( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCOM)

Lunar Phatomap
1st Editian January 1968
Sca3-e: 1:180,800
P r s j e c t i s w : Mescator

Sheet S h e :

23" x 22''

Lunar &p
1st E d i t i o n February 1968
Scale: %:100,080
PraJ e c t i o n : Mereat or
Sheet S i z e : 2H,5" x 2-5''

Lunar Photomaps A and B

1st Edition January 1968

S 4 e : 1:25,OQQ

B r s j e c t Lon: Mereator

Number o f Sheets: 2

Sheet S i z e : 29" x 3@"

The extent o f coverage f o r t h e 1:100,000 scale sheets (standard

p a r a l l e l s T030%-s) i s 2 ' 2 4 ' S to 4'26'S and 35"42'W t o 38'009W
The
1:25,000 scale sheets (same standard p a r a l l e l s ) p r o v i d e coverage from
2'53'S ra 3'549 and d36"10'~t o 37O30'W.
These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar Orbiter Mission 111 m e d i m
t o h i g h resolution frames 173-180. They a r e based on Control S y s t e n
1 x 1 - l l (1967) d e s c r i b e d in Section 3.3.1.18.
The 7 2 meter horizontaf
accuracy and 100 t o 300 meter v e r t i c a l accuracy statements a p p e a r i n g i n
t h e Lunar Map margin a p p l y t o c o n t r o l used rather t h a n o v e r a l l map
accuracy,

Lunar Photomap, Topograpksbc P'&.aotorc:~~

ma

197

l'hese l u n a r q c i e n t i f i c s i t e maps were produced as P h o t o m a p s , T

oi i
Photomaps and Topographic Maps by ACIC and TOPOCQM* Publication o f i n $ i * z ~ d u a l
shcet.s began in May 1969 to p r o v i d e a basis f o r study of l u n a r s i t e s c i
s c l e o k i f bc interest
Each sheet is i d e n t i f i e d by t h e name o f the Irt s, r
f e a t u r e or area o f p r i m e i n t e r e s t within i t s limits. Maps were p! c i l ~ i ~ ~ i ~
a s c a l e a f lr2%(3,000 using Lunar O r b i t e r Mission 111 and V medbi,lm ~ t ; : : ~ l ~ i t ; c ~
p h o ~ o g r a p h sas b a s i c s o u r c e material. The 1:25,000 s c a l e prcdilctb .ikL:d : , l g i .
r e s c l u t i o i ; p h o t o g r a p h s and were produced o n l y as photomaps
A t.i;lr r o v e i p i 3 ct
o f the p r o j e c t i o n and feature names a p p e a r s on all s h e e t s of t r i 3 ~ e r f ~ f ~ ~
The nomenclature i s s e l e c t e d from the International Astronomies$ l ~ : ~ i o 5z ~
'
accepted Idst,

:I

V e r t i c a l and horizontal positions are b a s e d on local l u n a r (onrroi a y r t i i . (

which employed a n a l y t i c a l p h c z t o g r a m e t r i c triangulation w i t l i I..yii.~nuc O L ~ :r-eb
3 - L s s l c n s i t e p l ~ a t u g r a p h y and Photo S u p p o r t Data*

Map ~xiargin i n f o r ~ v a l i o nc o n t a i n s a s i t e i n d e x referenced co s Luncir

A ~ t r o r ~ o m i c aCl h a r : (LAC), vertical and h o r i z o n t a l r e l i a b i i i t y i ~ ; f : r n a c , z ~ ~
and a d i a g r a m depicting t h e s u n angle o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h s u s e d ,
Sheets sjww photom(lisaic detail and a r e l i t h o g r a p h e d in black, r r ~ 2 2 ~ - g r a p h i c Photomap sheets show photomosaics d e t a i l , o v e r p r i n t e d by corrtzui.;
in red with s p a t t+levatisns expressed as l u n a r r a d i u s v e c t o r s _i"nxneaaers,
The T o p o g r a p t ~ i zNap sheets express relief by s h a d i e n t portrayal, C O T I L O I I5~
and s p o t el e y ~ a i t ~ n sare a l s o S % ^ I O as
~
on t h e Topographic Photomar s i ~ e e ~ s ,
T h e map "base 1s a green and black duotone p r i n t i n g * Maps based con c l s l ~ ert
III p h a ~ t ~ g i - ~t ~? 'a~ ~a~ econtour i n t e r v a l of 200 meters w i t h 1 QC!
sup~sJen~t?nr
a r y ; c > r ~ t o u r s . Maps b a s e d on the higher a l t i t u d e O r b i t e; t
phokagr;i~)iay lki:,avt? a s o n t i ) u ~I n t c r v a l sf 400 lnetek-s w i t l a . 20C narg tea1%P P C ~ I4-,
Clontsrur -I:afon~~*ion i s not shown in areas lacking stereansr,opie ph;i 3graiiii:
coverage.
-

.--ti:>-

S h e e t s p u b l 4 s h e d by A C I G were developed from a 1:258,000 rnosaiL base

which was produk.ed by rectifying and assembling Lunar Orbiter ~ ; ~ e d i u n
resalu4-ion p h o t o g r a p h s to c o n t r o l * Reproduction of t h e rnosnlc baht:
t h e ovkrpxixt, Jesi,ribed above resulted in the photomap sheets. A 1:::
a16'3ik
mosaic base was also produced by rectifying and assembling Lunar Gi-t1 r trs
h i g h r e s e ' " k u t % o np h o t o g r a p h s . B l f f i c u l t y In o b t a i n i n g a n adequate? I rl ,, :I$

t h e h i g h r c s d u t - i o a ~p n s t a g r a p k s to control points, d u e t o the* ~ f k t-:;c C-1

rel .ief tb ls9gsB c I - ~ ~ IE P EZLI,; & a i t , r k . 5 1 ~1 t ed ;~1 &he produc t i on s i ~ ~ ~ a i:7krrli-.
gt
c $ ; g n t rI ~Ji ~a , p h i ; ~ , ~ I I I ~ ~L )~S Lr he 4 :%";.ObjCii
serdi e s .
~ 7 ; , 5

-?

Lunar Photomap, Tapographie PRocomap and

The base mosaics and individual Orbiter p h o t o s were a l s o used t o delineate

features f o r t h e Topographic mp and some l a t e r sheets c o n t a i n a d d i t i o n a l
d e t a % l compiled from ApoLlo Mission photograpky. In t h e ACXC compiLat$sns,
contours f o r b o t h t h e T o p ~ t g r a p h i cPhotomap and Map S e r i e s were developad by
interpolation between ana%.yt%caIlydeveloped control p o i n t s w i t h adjustment
t o mosaic imagery in the Topographic Photomap, TOPOCOM eaployed stereoplotting equipment ts cosng;iZe f e a t u r e positions and contour i n f o r m a t i o n f o r
1-unar map manuscripts, However, t h e s e p e n k e d f r m e l e t form of Lunar OrMlter
p h o t o g r a p h s prevented continuous c o m p i l a t i o n within each photo frame and
further adjustment o f individual frmelet m d e E eompilatisns m s required,

Area coverage of 1 9 5 0 , 0 0 0 and 1:25,000 scale s h e e t s are s h o w i n Map

Indices T ( 6 ) and 1 ( 8 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Lunar Photomap, Topagraph t c Photomap and

e Scale

Tspog

4,3.2.1

MISTARCtlUS ( O ~ I TVESITE
R
48)
( P u b l i s h e d by ACIC)

Lunar Topographic Map

1st E d i t i o n January 1972

Scale: $:250,$00

P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator

Sheet S i z e :

21'' x 31.5"

The extent of coverage f o r t h e Topographic Map i s 2 0 3 0 ' ~ t o ?6*18'~

and,
45'05'~ to 4 9 " 3 0 ' ~ . The map was compiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Missivn V
medium r e s o l u t i o n frames 1 9 4 t o 201. The map i s based on the h o r i z o n t a l
datum defined by t h e A r i s t a r c h u s (1969) C o n t r o l System described i n
S e c t i o r l 3.3.1.26 and has a h o r i z o n t a l accuracy of 225 meters expressed at
90% probability and a v e r t i c a l a c c u r a c y range o f f 104 to + 517 meters
(967; p r o b a b i l i t y )
7--

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

4 , 3 , 2 , 2 CENSORIWS ( O ~ % % E RV S I T E 1 2 )
Q ~ u b l hed
i s by TOPOCOM)
Lunar P hst ornag
1st E d i t i o n May 1969
Scale: 1:250,900
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 18'"
22"

Lunar Photomaps A and B

1st Edition May 5969

Scale:

L:25,OQO
Transverse Mereator

Projection:
S h e e t Size:

28" x 42"

The extent of coverage of t h e 1:258,800 s c a l e map i s 1 " 9 3 % t t o 2 " 1 3 ' $

and 3 1 ~ 1 7 't ~
o 35'20'E.
The 1:25,000 scale map's coverage i s 0 ' 0 9 ' 3 7 " ~
t o 9 " 3 9 ' 2 O W 5 and 3 2 " 0 4 ' 2 5 " ~ to 33O43'E.
These p r o d u c t s use Lunar O r b i t e r
Mission V medium and h i g h r e s o l u t i o n frmes 6 3 f o r t h e 1:256,000 and
1:25,008 r e s p e c t i v e l y , The Photomap products a r e based on a horizontal
and vertical datum defined by t h e Censorinus (1969) C o n t r o l System
descsribed L r r Section 3 J e % , 2 J , Phstomap margin d a t a r e f l e c t s a horizontal
accuracy o f 144 meters, with t h e 1:250,000 s c a l e p r o d u c t showing a + 262
meter vertical accuracy, a l l expressed at 90% p r o b a b i l i t y .
owev very these
accuracy statements apply to control d a t a u s e d r a t h e r than a c t u a l map
accuJCacy *

Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 2

Lunar Photomap, T a p g r a p h i c P h s t o ~ m p~ind

4,3.2,3 GOPEWICUS (ORBITER V S I T E 3 7 )

(Published by TOPOCOM)
Idunar Photomap
1st Edition December 1969
Scale: B:250,800
Projection: Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 21'"
24"

Lunar Topographic Photoerrap

1st Edl.tion. J a n u a r y 1971.
Scale: $:250,008
Projection: Transversa Ei~r;ab
Sheet S i z e :
21'' x 24'"

Lunar Tspograplrie Map

1st Edition January 2971

Scale: 1:258,000

Projection: Transverse Mereator

Sheet S i z e :
21" x 22''

T h e extent of coverage f o r these % : 2 5 8 , 0 0 8 scale sheets is 7 " 5 5 ' ~to

12~30% and d18"40'W to 2155'61. These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Mission V medium resolution frames 150-157.
A l l o f the maps a r e
b a s e d an the datum defined by t h e Copernicus (1969) C o n t r o l System
d e s c r i b e d in Section 3.3.1.28. The Lunar Photomap and T o p o g r a p h i r Ehct~nLa;:
express a horizontal accuracy of 1184 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . The
Tspographic Map shows a horizontal accuracy of 88 meters (90% p r o b a " o l . l i t v j
The Topographic Photomap and Topographic Map shows a vertical aciurac:y
range of 4 97 t o + 585 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . However, tbese n c c u r a \ - , $
statement; aaplly to control d a t a used rather than a c t u a l map accuracy

Lunar Photomap, T o p o g r a p h i c Photomap and

d

4,3,2,4F M W U R O (ORBITER 111 SITE 23)

( P u b l i s h e d by ACLC)

Transverse Mercator
19" x 19"

Lunar Topographic Photomap

1st E d i t i o n June 1969
2nd E d i t i o n December 1969
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mereator
Slseet S i z e :
19" x 119''

Lunar T o p s g r a p f ~ i cMap
1st Edition A p r i l 1970
Scale: 1:250,0OQ
P r o j ec % ion: Transverse Flercalor
S h e e t Size: 13" x 220''

Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t f o i l August 1969
Scale: P:25,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 24" x 43"

Lunar Photomap
1st EdLtj-on June 1969
S c a l e : 1:250,800

Projection:
Skreet: S i z e :

'fie e x t e n t o f coverage for t h e 1;25D,000 scale sheets i s 2 O 3 0 ' ~ to

3 O 3 0 9 a d 115"30'~tr-.19"?-?"We T h e 1 :25,000 scale sheet p r o v i d e s coxrerage
from 3'07%
to 3"5C" a d d17"88'W to 1 7 " 3 4 ' W .

These praduc~swere compiled f r o n ~Lunar Orbiter Mission 111 medicsm and

hig19 resa1ur.l"on frames 132-1-35, T h e L :2"9 000 Lunar Photomap used, h i g h
arresolutior~f same 133,
The Lunar Photomaps and t h e f i r s t edition o f the Topographic Photomap
axe based on the Fra Mauro ( J u n e 1969) Control System d e s c r i b e d -in
S e c t i t ~ t r3 -3, f 2 g 8 The 1:25,O(BO slaeet was constructed as a serni--.cesntre3_-%1
ed
mosaic referenced to t h i s system* The second e d i t i o n s of t h e T o p o g r a p h i c
Photoma-p , n ~ ~ rt21.c)
t
Topograplaic Map were produced on tE~ecorrec;t e d datum
d e f i n e d ?:y t h e Fra Mauro (October 1969) C o n t r o l System which i s a l s o

d e s ~ _ r j L ) e dhii r e f k : eis~;ed S ~ e c t l o n ~
a 8ae Pk * 2.50,OdO 6'l:tstomap d ? ~ d2opsllrgraphic Photcaxaap sheets have an
w a l u a t e d horizo-I: rlii accuracy oi 1600 meters (90% probability) w i t h
r e s p e c t to t h e i r a"d.entified datinm. The L : 25,QI)O sheet h a s a reLatl.vc
a -curalzsr a f %.B36 m~:i%..e~"s,
The r ' c p ~ 3 g r a p h i cMap has a X-~orizcuntala cctzracy
af 180 meizclrs and n v e r t i c a l . ac6:uxacy o f 85 t o 100 m s 2 t e r s expressed at.
90% p r ~ \ b a t s a " I - i t y .

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

--

4 , 3 , 2 , 5 GASSEP;IDI (OMITER V S I T E 43.2)

( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCOM)

Lunar Photomaps A and B

1st Edition February 1970
Scale: 1:258,000
Projection: Transverse Mercatsr
Sheet Size: 20" x 26''

Lunar Topographic Phokamap A and ',

1st Edition October 1971
Scale: 1:2%0,000
P r o j e c t i ~ :n Transverse Merc:ltc~ncSheet S i z e : 20" x 26''

Lunar Topographic Maps A and B

1st Edition December 197%
Scale: 1:250,000
Projection: Transverse Mercatar
Sheet Size: 28" x 26'"
The extent of coverage for these 1:250,000 scale sheets is 13"2S" SLI
20"40% and 37"55'W t o 42"05'~. (Sheets A - 1 3 " 2 5 ' S t o 17'OO'S and 3 7 " 5 J 1 W
to 4 I o 4 5 ' W ; Sheets B - 16'50'~ to 2 0 4 0 ' S and 38'07'W t o 4 2 ' 4 5 ' i J . )
Tile~e
prodeaets were compiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission V medium resolution
frames 177-180. A l l o f t h e maps are based on t h e datum d e f i n e d b y t h e
Gasserrdi (1969) Control System d e s c r i b e d i n Section 3.3,1,30, m e Lunar
Photomaps and Topographic Phetomiaps have a h o r i z o n t a l accraracy of. 692
meters e x p r e s s e d a t 90% p r o b a b i l i t y , The Topographic Maps show a
horizontal accuracy of 78 meters expressed at a 90% p r o b a b i l i t y . The
T a p s g r a p h i c Photomaps and T o p o g r a p h i c Haps have a vertical accuracy range
of + 138 to + 263 meters expressed at 90% probability. However, these
acc:uracy staTements apply to control data used rather than actual map
accuracy,

Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 5

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

4 , 3 , 2 , 6 HEPFmCWS (ORBITER V S I T E 2 4 )
( P u b l i s h e d by TOBOCOM)
Lunar Pbo tomap
Is% Edftton January 1970
Scale: 1:258,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 18" x 20"

Lunar Topographic Photomap

1st E d i t i o n November 1970
Scale: 1:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercatsr
Sheet Size: 18'"
228''

L ~ ~ n aTopographic
r
Mag

1st Edition March 1971..

Scale: E:250,OQO
P r o 3 ection: Transverse Hercator
Sl-eeer- S i z e : 18%" 20''
T h e extent s f coverage for t h e s e 13250,000 scale sheets i s 2"55'~t o
6"lO" annd 2U005% to 5'25QE, These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
Orbiter Mission V medi~lm r e s o l u t t o n frames 98-1131, All of t h e maps a r e
b a s e d an the datum defined by the HFpparchus (1969) Cmtrol System d e s c r i b e d
i n Sec*tio~?a
3,:3,1-, T h e Lunar Photomap and Topographic Phseomap state a
E l ~ r i z o n t a %B C : ~ L X R ^ B V o f 6 4 2 meters expressed a t 90% p r o b a b i l i t y . The
Topographic Map s t a t e s a horizontal accuracy of 8 2 meters expressed at 90%
p x ~ b a b i - l i t y ~The Topographic Photomap and Topographic Map state a vertical
accuracy range o f + 164 to
441 meters expressed at 90%: p r o b a b i l i t y .
However, t l e s e accuracy statements a p p l y to control d a t a used rather than
a c tual map accuracy

Lunar Photomap, %spographfc Photomap and

4.3,2.7 MARIUS F. (ORBITER V S I T E 51)

( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCOM)
Eunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n J a n u a r y 1970
S c a l e : 1:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
S h e e t S i z e : 22'' x 23"

Lunar Topographic Photomap

Ist E d i t i o n Aeagus"cr.970
S c a l e : 1:258,000
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Merrator
Sheet S i z e : 22" x 223'"

Lunar Topographic Map

1st E d i t i o n A p r i l 1971

S c a l e : L:250,000

P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator

S h e e t S i z e : 22" x 23"

The e x t e n t of coverage f o r t h e s e l:250,000 s c a l e s h e e t s i s l L " 2 5 ' ~t o

and 5 4 O 2 0 ' ~t o 57O55'W. These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
A l l of t h e maps are
O r b i t e r M i s s i o n V medium r e s o l u t i o n frames 210-217.
based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e Marius F (1969) C o n t r o l System described
The Lunar Photomap and Topographic Photomap state a
i n Section3.3.1.32.
h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y of 697 m e t e r s (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . The T o p o g r a p h i c Map
s t a t e s a h o r i z o n t a l accuracy of 3-03 m e t e r s e x p r e s s e d a t 90% probability.
The Topographic Photomap and Topographic Map have a v e r t i c a l accuracy range
of
136 t o f 609 m e t e r s (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . However, these accuracy
s t a t e m e n t s apply t o c o n t r o l d a t a used r a t h e r t h a n a c t u a l map accuracy.

15'15'N

Section 4.3,2,7

Lunar Bhatomap, Topographic Photomap and

'El0

4 , 3 , 2 , 8 MOSTENG C (ORBITER I11 SITE 18)

( P u b l i s h e d by A C I C )

Lunar Photsmap
1st Edition August $969
Scale: 1:258,OQO

Lunar Topographic Photomap

1st E d i t i o n December 1969

Projection: Transverse M e r c a t a r
Sheet S i z e :
19'"'
x 19"

Projection:
Sheet S i z e :

Scale:

l:250,000
T r a n s v e r s e Mercator

$9'' x 19''

Lunar Photomaps A-B

1st Edition December 1969

Scale: 1:25,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Nu~nber o f Sheets : 2
Sheet S i z e :
2 8 , 5 ' h 44-5''
T h e extent sf coverage for the 6:250,000 scabe sheets is Y80'S t o
3"30rSand 7"009 t o 9 " 3 O T W . The I:25,OQO scale sheets p r o v i d e coverage
from lo30'S t o 2'30'S and 7"56W t o 8"28'Fb. These p r o d u c t s were campiled
from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission 111 medium and h i g h r e s o l u t i o n frames 1P2-1L5,
The Photomaps are based on the h o r i z o n t a l datum d e f i n e d by t h e H o s t i n g C
(1969) C o n t r o l System d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . 1 . 3 3 . The 1:250,000 scale
products have 3 horizontal accuracy of 1100 m e t e r s expressed at 90%
The 1:25,000 scale sheets are c o n s t r u c t e d of s e m i - c o n t r o l l e d
probability.
mosaics with a 105 meter relative h o r i z o n t a l accuracy. The Topographic
Photomap has a vertical accuracy of 65 t o 165 meters expressed at 90%

probability.

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

4 , 3 , 2 , 9 PRINZ COE~BITER
V S I T E 46)
( P u b l i s h e d by TOPBCOM)
Lunar Pkst ~ m a p
1st E d i t i o n A p r i l 1970
Projection: Transverse Mereatsr
S c a l e : 1:250,008
S h e e t S i z e : 2B8$ x 32'@

Lunar Topographic Photomap

Is&E d i t i o n Decerarber 1970
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
Scale: l:250,000
Sheet S i z e : 28'"
32"

Lunar Topographic m p

1st E d i t i o n m y 1971

S c a l e : L:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 28" x 332"

The e x t e n t of coverage for t h e s e 1:250,000 s c a l e s h e e t s i s % 4 " 8 5 ' ~

to
3 0 ' 2 5 ' ~ and 4 1 ' 0 0 ' ~ t o 45'55'W.
These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r M i s s i o n V medium r e s o l u t i o n f r a m e s 186-193.
A l l of t h e maps are
based on t h e h o r i z o n t a l datum d e f i n e d by t h e P r i n z (1970) C o n t r o l S y s t e m
The Lunar Photomap and Topographic Photomap
d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3.3.1.34.
e x p r e s s a horizontal accuracy of 1188 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . The
Topographic Map has 126 meter h o r i z o n t a l accuracy e x p r e s s e d a t 90%
p r o b a b i l i t y . The Topographic Photomap and Topographic Map express a
v e r t i c a l a c c u r a c y r a n g e of f 131 t o
915 m e t e r s (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) .
However, these a c c u r a c y s t a t e m e n t s a p p l y t o c o n t r o l d a t a used r a t h e r
t h a n a c t u a l map a c c u r a c y .

L u n a r Pha%omap, Topographic Photomap a d

LEU ( O m I T E R V SITE 26.1)
( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCOM)

4,3,2,10RIM

Lunar Photomaps A and B

1st E d i t i o n A p r i l 1970
Scale: 1:250,088
Nttmber o f S h e e t s : 2
Prod estion: Transverse Mereator
S h e e t S l z e : 22" 9x 24'"

Lunar Topographic Photomaps A and B

1st Edition November 1970

Scale: 1:258,0@0

Number o f Sheets: 2

P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator

Sheet S i z e :
22" x 24"

Lunar 3'opographic Maps A and B

1 s t Edition January 1971

Scale: 1:250,880

P r o j e c t i a n : Transverse Mercator

Number o f Shee,ts: 2

Sheet
22" x 24"

The extent o f cloverage for these P:250,OQO s c a l e maps i s 22"05% NO 2 9 ' 5 5 ! ~

26"05'~to 29'55'~ and 0 ' 5 5 ' ~ t o 5O30"~;
and 0h5% to 5"3UFF, (Sheets A
S h e e t s B - 22'05'N t c 26'15%
and 045'E to 5"0OVE). These products were
compiled from JJuwar Orbiter Mission V medium r e s o l u t i o n frames 104-107, A11
o f the maps are based on the datum defined by t h e Rim Hadley ($970) C o n t r o l
System d e s c r i b e d in Section 3.3.1.35, The horizontal a c c u r a c i e s for t h e maps
of t h i s s i t e a r e s t a t e d as follows: Lunar Photomaps - 1167 meters; T o p o g r a p h i c
Photomaps - 1164 meters; Topographic Maps - 486 meters, a12 expressed at a
90% p r o b a b J l . i t y c The T s p s g r a p h i c P h o t o m p s and Topographic Maps have a
v e r t i c a l accuracy statement of + 250 meters expressed at a 90% p r o b a b i l i t y .
However, these accuracy statements apply to control data used rather than
actual map accuracy,
.-

&

?h68 ; - O ' @ S ~

Lunar Tcaogrnnhic Phn t ~ m l ?

l s t Edit-:ap. Pec:e~%cr 19651

S r d - e : :,:350 , r ? 2

P-Q? ection: T s . ~ , ~ ~ ~ z3ee r cs as t o r

1 s t Edj-f;y.j-r?7
f i Y m ~ . i e ~ ~ $ ~ . .1969
.~fi
Sea>-e:

1:253,QQI

Pro,j ection .:
She..:

T - - , ~ - - s - r ~ r sMerc;a,to~
e
] R e ' x 2zf'

f r - ~ e tS q - ~ e : 1 pr:

tv

?Ye

'T
_ h e e:stcnt ei: ~ s v " ? r a g ef o r t i , = r : ~ >
';*":".fino scale s h c ~ ; ;j,.:~ l)"$QBg a ; ~
l ~ c o l O ' N and 2"16 1; t-;> ~ " Z O ' W . These p::~c:~i:-.; were c ~ m y j ? c z i f r c n L~*n,-r
Orbi"ie lC2m~r;ict~
I' ~ - : f ! i c m resalutii . -pr-:; 3.20-123. A:;.: rf ~ F Q
p,-?s 2.r"
based ail 21:- rLi:.?-zm?:al c'at:nm c'c : - Y ; i y i h i Kim Bode XI 6
Cor::rol.
Q R :-30,Syof-em deqr*-3-:t~ac!jn, $ C ? C ~ ~ 3.3
A I:?
TJf~il3r
Flhd~toma? zszd 'i'apt~gr.~&ab"i.
P h a b - ~ ~ ahz,.ve
p
l i e - - 7 :-nqtal cccu~ecq,s--? CZO 21:eters pxp::-,
a & CEZ:
p ~ o b t . , S i k i t y . Tkc T ~ * ~ ~ "LC
gh2
. c a ISITh3.; L h~riz~rtal
~ . c c ~ ~ r ; cC; -T ? f:" ~ ~ Y C T
expz~ssedct t?CL i ) - r . r ' y z F i i f . i t : : .
. :?e ~ ~ c r t i c accrtrac5al
cC t-ks Tc2ngrcni:ic
Photomap ard T z ~ Q ~ T ~ - ;Zln?,
% ~ c eu;.rci r ? d at a 90X prebe?:,J-i~:;, ranees '
.
:
o
n
*

- )

ri

lCIIP

*."

Tr a

-i-

150

+
-

l+25

1y/22iaan~

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

4.3,2.12 RIMA HYGLNUS (ORBITER V SITE 23.1)

G u b l i s h e d by TOPBeOM)

Lunar Pho t omap

1st Edieion August 1969

Scale : 1:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 18%'x 22'"

Lunar Topographic Photomap

1st Edition January 1970
2nd Edition October 1978
Scale: 1:258,008
P r a j e c t i o n : Transverse Mereator
Sheet Size: 18" x 222"

Lunar Topographic Map

1st Edition November 1970
Scale: I:250,6QQ
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet Size:
18'' x 22''

6"LO'N t o
and 4'00'~ to 7 ' 2 0 ' ~ . These products were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Mission V medium resolution frames 94-97.
All o f the maps a r e
based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by t h e Rima Hyginus (1969) Control System
d e s c r i b e d in Section 3-3.1.36. They express a horizontal accuracy o f 591
meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) and a vertical accuracy range o f + 227 to 503
meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) as stated on t h e Topographic photomap and Topog r a p h i c Pup. Nowever, these accuracy statements apply t o c o n t r o l d a t a
used r a t h e r than a c t u a l map accuracy,
The extent o f coverage f a r these 1:250,080 scale sheets is

9'50'N

T h e second e d i t i o n of t h e Topographic Photomap r e f l e c t s an improved

compilation of v e x t i - c a l information, The f i r s t edition d i d n o t p r o v i d e
satisfactory adjustment s f e f f e c t s of i n d i v i d u a l photo framelet d i s t o r t i o n s .

Section 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 2

Lunar P h o t o m p , Topographic Photomap and

LETTROW ( O ~ I T E WV S I T E 1 4 )
( P u b l i s h e d by TOP860M)

Lunar Phe tomap

1st E d i t i o n June 1969
2nd E d i t i o n August 1969
S c a l e : 1:25Q,QQO
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse M e r c a t s r
Sheet S i z e : 20" x 24"

Lunar Topsgraphic Photomap

1st E d i t i o n October 1969
2nd E d i t i o n my 1978
S c a l e : 1:250,OQQ
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
Sheet Size: 20" x 24"

Lunar Topographic W p
1st Edition January $978
2nd E d i t i o n m y 1990
Scale: B:250,000
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mercator
Skeet Size:
20" x 224''
The e x t e n t of coverage far t h e s e 1:258,000 s c a l e sheets i s 20'05%
tts
These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar
O r b i t e r Mission V medium r e s o l u t i o n frames 66-69.
A 1 1 of t h e maps are
based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by the R i m a L i t t r o w (1969) C o ~ ~ t r oSystem
l
d e s c r i b e d in S e c t i o n 3.3.1.37.
A h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y of 678 meters
(90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) and a v e r t i c a l accuracy range of + 392 t o + 676 meters
(90% probability) is s t a t e d on t h e Topographic photomap and Topographic
Map* However, these accuracy statements a p p l y ts c o n t r o l d a t a used
r a t h e r than actual map accuracy

24"15'N and 27O25'~to 3I020'E.

The seconxd edition s f trhese sheets r e f l e c t s an improved com.g)il.ation af

v e r t i c a l information. The first e d i t i o n did n o t p r o v i d e s a t i s f a c t o r y
a d j u s t m e n t of e f f e c t s o f i n d i v i d u a l p h o t o framebet distortionse

Lunar Photomap, Topographic Photomap and

4 , 3 , 2 , 1 4 TYCHO (ORBITER V SITE 30)
( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCBM)

Lunar P h o t s m p s A. and R
1st E d i t i o n October 1969

Scale:

1:250,060

P r o j ec t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Miexcator
Number of Sheets: 2
S k e e t S i z e : 22'"
34"

Lunar Topographic Photomaps A and 13

1st E d i t i o n August L971
S c a l e : 1:258,000
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
N u d e r of S h e e t s : 2
S h e e t S i z e : 22'"
34"

Lunar Topographic mps A and B

1st Edition September 1971
S c a l e : 1:250,OQO
P r o j e c t i o n : T r a n s v e r s e Mereator
Number o f Sheets: 2
S h e e t S i z e : 22" x 34''
The extent of coverage f o r these 1:250,000 s c a l e sheets is 3 8 " 2 5 $ S t t o
4 5 " 3 5 9 and 7'25"
to $6'E5'We
Sheets A - 3 8 " 2 5 ' S t o 41'58"
and 9'25'W t o
15"30tW; Sheets B - 4 1 ' 4 5 3 t o 45O35"
to 16'16VW,

These p r o d u c t s were compiled from Lunar O r b i t e r Mission V medium r e s s l u t i o n

frames 125-128.
A l l of t h e maps a r e based on t h e datum d e f i n e d by p r e l i m i n a r y
v a l u e s from t h e Tycho (1971) C o n t r o l System d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 . 1 , 3 9 ,
The Lunar Photomap and Topographic Photomap e x p r e s s a h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y of
1883 meters (90% p r o b a b i l i t y ) . The Topographic Map h a s a h o r i z o n t a l a c c u r a c y
o f 423 meters expressed a t a 90% p r o b a b i l i t y .
The v e r t i c a l a c c u r a c y of t h e
Topographic Photomap i s + 4 2 3 t o 5 1146 m e t e r s and t h e Topographic Map i s
- 696 t u 1- 1 8 s meters, e x p r e s s e d a t a 90% p r o b a b i l i t y , However, t h e s e
a c c u r a c y statements apply t o c o n t r o l d a t a u s e d r a t h e r t h a n a c t u a l map
a661WraCY

Section 4 , 3 , 2 , % 4

RIrlnger Lunar Charts were produced by A C I C during 1964-1965 using

photography a c q u i r e d on kanger Xissions V L I , V L I I , ZX. I n d i v i d u a l charts
were produzed at scales r a n g i n g from 1:480 - P:1,080,080 on a Mercator
p r o j e c t i o n w i t 1 1 t h e s r a l c ac 11"00'45""S A sheet s f z e sf 22" x 229 was
used except f o r Chart KiC---2 w h i c h i s 29'' x 31,'" Details o f medium scale
sheets a r e provided in S e c t i o n 4 , 2 , 3 ,
These prc~d;l&.tswere (:on~pilCSd f ram photograpbts recorded From t h e Ranger
Tli:el.evis.l.on Camera ?;ysti;ns (both narrow and wide ar-bgle f i e l d s ) b e f o r e
inpactfng t h e l u f i a r surfact.. )'he v a r i o u s publicatian scalzs were s e l e c t e d
to must cs~rapbetelgrp o r t r a y inaagery clon",i1114 in the a v a i l a b l e phstup,rapIzp
Extensive pho::o i - e c k i f i r a & i o r a was r e q u i r e d to s i z e t h e pixotograpErs to t h e
s e l e c t e d s c l l e s and c o n t r o l . All o f t h e sheets o f t h i s s e r i e s a r e based
on the ACIC Selenodetic Sysrern ( L 9 6 5 ) .

Relief is e x p r e s s e d by shddient portrayal, s p o t e l e v a t j o r ~ sand c r a t e r

d e p t h val.r.riis* The r e l i e f i s p r n d ~ l c e dby a duotsne pc-knting u s i n g bla&
and g r e e n ink-3. Lac 8ri s h e e t colztaains
b a c k ov~:rprin"r,cf p r s j c t r t i o n , l u n a r
nomenclatare, c r a t e r d e p t h s and s p o t ek~fations~A red o v e r p r i n t i s used
to stsow t h e s p a c c c r a f l s i r a j e c t o r y tr-ace, each. ame era t r a c k , p h o t o coverage
and t h e o u t l i n e o f t h e succeeding c l l a r t plus the impact point. A black
p r i n t i n g , v o i d o f o v e r p r i n " ' : in?-.:r,ii;~ti.~n~
is a l s o a.rraj1ab.l.e to g i v e t'ne
u s e r an unobstru:t~d vLew trf the i t i n a r s u r f a c e d e t a i l d e p i c t e d by tkxe
shaded r e l i e f drdwing*
F e a t u r e names are tirkcn t r v m t h e i ! \ U ' s 3cci:pted I ist, Supplementary

f e a t u r e s a r e asi:(-?(i a t t l d T V :h~ t h e snarxed f e a t u r e s t h r o u g h C E I C m d i t i o n of

i d c z - s t i f y i n g 1s-:$-terse

Chart rnargln r nf earmcitloa~in( l u d t i ~;:hdx c Ikaaxci:%ticn,#?lagram, and general.

n o t e s and s t s t t . m t n t s on t h e c c n t r c ~ it < Y S t . ~ l i iU S Z ~ , . l - L ~numen~jature~

~~a~

e l e v a t i o n d a t a , and r e l i e f portrayal,

ilA!hi(-El$ V b I LliNrWR CHARTS

I::.t L d i k i o s i a O c t o b e r $ 3 0 4

L9"459W t o 21'45'~
1 0 " $ U % sto IL045'S

RLC-5 $dnx>arned

Scale %:1,000

Section 4 , 3 , 3

-W
in ,
jz
CU,
- m

a -I
M ri
-3-3-

'J 0

CI

4-J 8

=W =

X
m
ria

-m

4M

4- 0
N N

Febru
-----

1973

--*---

- ------ ----S u r w e _~ o_rLunar

_ " - _Pho
-

4,3,4 SURVEYOR LUNm PHOTO

M P SERIES

The Surveyor l u n a r l a n d i n g s i t e maps were produced in 1967-1968 in photomap

and l u n a r map form by 11CIC and TOPOCOM in s u p p o r t of s t u d y o f Surveyor
Missions I, 111, and VI r e s u l t s . The maps are i d e n t i f i e d by t h e number
of t h e S u m e y o r l a n d i n g v e h i c l e whose l o c a t i o n i s shown on each s h e e t ,
The 1:2,000 and 1:1,000 scale maps were produced b o t h in photomap and Lunar
map form, while t h e 1:500 and I:L00 scale maps were produced only as l u n a r
maps, hl.argc5d hig"P;esolutid.n photographic frramelets from Lunar O r b i t e r
Missions 1, IT and 111 were used to p r o d u c e the image bases f o r these
v a r i o u s s i t e s in an eifort te p r o v i d e maximum definition o f s i t e f e a t u r e s
and topography.
V e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l positions a r e g e n e r a l l y based on local analytical
p h o t o g r a m e t r i : trianguiatio~,u s i n g Lunar Orbiter mission s i t e photographs
and p r e l i m i n a r y Photo Support Data. These control solutions o n l y provided
an a r r a y o f control points s u p p o r t i n g t h e r e l a t i v e positioning o f f e a t u r e s
on t h e map s l ~ e e t s , T h e a b s o l u t e selenographic values slaown are n o e o n s i d e r e d
to be r e l i a b l e ,

C o n t o i ~ r information on t h e 1:2,000 scale maps I s

i n t e r v a l w i t h f i v e meter ssupplenlentary contours. A
one meter suppien:ent;iry i o n t o u r are d e p i c t e d on t h e
contours arc expressed as r a d i u s v e c t o r s beet sh0ul.d
r e l a t i v e elevation i r l f o u m a t i o n shown.

shown at a I 0 meter
t w o meter interval and a
L:500 s c a l e maps. All
on$.; 'Re used f o r t h e

The Surveyor Photomap series r e f l e c t s photomosaic d e t a i l , lithographed

in black and overprinted in r e d with contours, c r a t e r d e p t h s and r i m elevation
values. l'hc map margin information contains v e r t i c a l and horizontal r e l i a b i l i t y
statements, relative error information, and n map legend d e s c r i b i n g the overp r i n t e d informat her:,

The S u r v e y o r Lmnar Xap Sei-Lcs depicts hypsography by s h a d i e n t r e l i e f ,

contours, rim i ~ l e v a t i o n ca'n;l*c srrroundiag t e r r a i n , and crater depths.
The base map i s a g r c e ~ - - S l i t c kd ~ o r o n ep r i n t i n g , Relief values are overp r i n t e d in black; contours in red.
1
n t r ~ c !h~
i gSiirveyor mal)s, port-ions of i i ~ d i v i d u t ~
h il g h r c i s o l u t i o n

Lunar Orbicer photo l r a n ~ r i c ~were

s
enlarged to a s c a l e 01 i:2,ODO and were
mosaiced t o g e i i l c r with sd:uscment to t h e contained film reseau. The photomosaic base was r e p r o d u c e d with described o v e r p r i n t s r e s u l t i n g in t h e
photomap sheets. Thz Lunar !jar s e r i e s at 1:2,000 w a s produced by using
the base rnosal~.: ahickr p r c v i d c d c c n t r o l for delineation 0-l f e a t u r e s on t h e
l
served in
slladient r e l i e f d r ~ w ~ r g : : n e n l a r g e i ~ ~ c not f t h e mosaic s i t r ~ iarly
compilatiori cl the 1 :O
:;c;-Ie !naps. C o n t o u r s and s p o t elevations were
interpolated from the analyticda-b photogrammetric c o n t r o l s o l u t i o n s a s s i s t e d
-i
I I ~ S t-nd rAe,nsairc
inel19 5. a
b y pho tcirwt r . i t I

...........
Surveyor Site III Mapping . . . . . . . . . .
Surveyor Site VI Mapping . . . . . . . . . .
Surveyor Site I Mapping

Section 4.3. 4

4.3.4.1

4.3.4.2

4.3.4.3

4,3,4,1 SURVEYOR SITE I mPPING

Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n , January 1968
Scale: 1:2,008
Projection: Mercatsr
Sheet Size: 24" x 3Of'
Published by: ACPC

Lunar Hap

Lunar Map
1st Edition, January 1968
Scale : L :2,800

Pictorial Lunar Map

1st Edition, October 1967
Scale: I:100
Projection: True Orthographic
Slzeet Size: 39'"
443"
Published by: TOPOCOM

1st Edition, January 1968

Scale: L:508
Projection: Mercatsr
Sheet Size: 24" x 30"

Published by:

Projection: Mercator
Sheet Size: 24" x 30''
P u b l i s h e d b y : ACEC

ACIC

1, 1:500-b:2,000 Surveyor I Site mapping w a s produced on a b$ercator

projection (standard parallels at 2'30"N-~) with coverage from 2'3L'S to
2"33'S and 4"3"21'12'% t o 4 3 O 2 4 " M for the 1:2,000 scale maps. T h e 1 ~ 5 0 0
scale map provides coverage from 2"3l%Y"sSto 232015'''S and 43g22'15"~to
The maps were compiled from Lunar Orbiter III h i g h r e s o l u t i o n
43'22'57"W.
frome 183, framelet numbers 872 through 878, Framelets 875 and 876 were
used to provide the base imagery for the 1:500 s c a l e m a p . The map margin
coxltafis a s i t e I.ocat:iora. d i a g r a m keyed t o a LAC i n d e x and another keyed
to ORB 1-9,% (100) and ORB 111-12 (100) map outlines, b o t h o f which
overlap the s i t e , These Surveyor I S i t e maps have an evaluated horizontal
accuracy of three meters and a vertical accuracy of ten meters, b o t h
expressed at 90% probability.
2 , T h e ;:I00 s c a l e Fi.cturi_a$. Map was produced on a t r u e O r t h o g r a p x i c
P r o j e c t i o n based on tFae l o c a l lunar surface with the Surveyor 1 Site as
its c e n t e r . The extent s f coverage is 46 meters in any direction from
portions o f t h e S u r v e y o r 1 camera s t a t i o n , The base imagery was compiled
from Lunar Orbiter 11%-h i g h resol~ationframe 183, The map margin c o n t a i n s
a s i t e locatlcsn d i , i g r ; ~ m keycd t o ORB 111-12 (100) map outline, T h i s sheet
c o n t a i n s no o v e r p r i n t e d conLour o r r e l a t i v e height information and its

accuracy is unevaluated.

Section 4 , 3 . 4 , 9

4 , 3 , 4 , 2 SURVEYOR SITE IIP MBPING

(Pub lished by ToPOCOM)

Lunar Photomap
1st Edition, January 6968
Scale: 1:2,000
Projection: Mercator
Sheet Size: 24" x 30''

Lunar Map

1st Edition, February 1968

Scale: 1~500

Projection: Mercator

Sheet S i z e :
24" x 28''

Surveyor III Site mapping was produced on a Mercator projection (standard

parallels at 2'30'N-S) with coverage from 3'11'12"S to 313'12"5 and
23"21'36""W to 23"24'2V""Wfor the P:2,OOO scale map* The It500 scale map
provides coverage from 3'11'48"S to 312'18'fS and 2 3 ' 2 2 ' 4 2 " W to 23"23'18"W.
The maps were compiled from portions o f Lunar Orbiter 1x1 h i g h res~llation
frame 154, Map margin information includes a site location diagram keyed
to a LAC index and another keyed to ORB 1-7 (100) and ORB 111-9 (LOO) map
outlines, both of which o v e r l a p the site, T h e emaps compiled for S u n e y a r
IIE Site h w e an evaluated horizontal accuracy sf t h r e e meters and a
ve~ticalaccuracy o f ten meters, both expressed at a 913% prababi..li.ty.

Section 4,3,4.2

4,3+4.3 SUIXVEYOR SITE VI MAPPING

( P u b l i s h e d by TQPOCOM)
Lunar Photomap (Experimental)

1st Edition March 1969

Scale: 1:1,000 (approximate)

P r o j e c t i o n : Mercator

Sheet S i z e : 26" x 30"

The Surveyor VL S i t e map w a s produced on a Mercator p r o j e c t i o n (standard

parallels at 2'308~S) w i t h coverage from "3"2 ' 4 5 " ~t o 0'30213''~and
lo23"7"'W
t o 1 " 2 4 ' 4 0 9 ' W e The $ase imagery was campiled from Lunar O r b i t e r
I1 h i g h r e s o l u t i o n frame 121 using p o r t i o n s o f framelets 265 t h r o u g h 267.
"k'e map margin contains a s i t e l s c a t F o n d i a g r a m keyed to LAC 59 with
reference to ORB 11-8 (10Ohf~iapo ~ t l i r a eIn whf ch t h e St~rvegor S i t e i s
l o c a t e d . The c c n t c z r interval is one meter w i t h 50-centimeter supplementary
contours,

The map datum is .In a r t i t a r y one based on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e s u r r o u n d i n g

tl-ie S u r v e y o r Vf. Panding si;e,
CoPltcur v a l u e s , as s t a t e d on tbe map, are
r e l a t i v e to merasmements made from t h e aassumed l a n d i n g site datum. The
accuracy s f the sheet i s unevdluated,

--#--

~ ETO and

LO Series~

4,3,5 LImAR T0P0G

H I C OWTWBPHOTOMN (LTO)
TJUNM ORTHOPBOTOHM (LO) SERTES
( P u b l i s h e d by DKITC)

Lunar T a p o g r a ~ l ~ iQrt
c hophotornaps and L I I R ~ LQrthe>phot:-omaps
Scale: %:250,000
P r o j c c t l o n : T ~ w a s a ~ e r sMercator
e
Sheet S i z e : 2-5a 5"x26 a 5''
The Lunar Topographic Orthophotomap and Lunar Orthoph~tomapS e r i e s a r e
t h e f i r s t c o m ~ ~ u e h e n s ~and
v e continuous mapping to be ac&ro~rphishc?dfrom
A p s l l s Mission 15-17 mapping p b o t ~ g r a p h ~"%"$.xis
~
s e r i e s i s a l s o tkre f i r s t
major e f f o r t to apl>?~yrecent a d ~ ~ a n c ein
s or thopho"graphy
kc I.unar mzpping,
Presently developed ma;>s 06 t h i s series were d e s i g n e d to s u p p o r t i n i t i a l
l u n a r s i : i e n t i f i r * i n v ~ : s r l g a t i o n s primarily employing r e s u l t s o f Apilill~;?
Miss1 on 15-"3i data
Hndkvidusl ~ R J Snk this s e r i e s cover 4 degrees o f l u n a r lacitude and
of lw-iar- longitude c o n s t i m t i . n g 1/16 tif t h e area o f a L:1,1500,020
seahe Lunar A3a-rm":~znticalm a r t (LAC) (Section 4 , 2 , 1 ) .
Tkkelr a%r~tl;a-numeric Fdentlt i t - a t L c n (example
LT038R1) cons B R ts of the designater
LTO f o x to~og~ap%".loi-t!.xn~)k~otot
editions or LO f o r orthophoto edi"rcns
f o l l o w e c i hg-,, t h e LAG :,zI~T~~!>";T
in which {hey f a l l , f o l - l o w e d by an A, B , 5 o x
D t3esjgwarsr d t a t ~ r i ~ ntgh e pertinent LAG q u a d r a n t and a 1, 2, 3 or 4
designator deein=Lng k B i ~c;pc r i f f c sub-quadranr a c t u a l l - j covered, %lie
following d e s i g n a t i o n (250) identifies t h e s h e e t s as b e i n g at 1:250,000
scale. Map i n d e x ~ s1 (Gal an$ I1 $4), which show t I i e location o f a v h i i a b l e
maps, a l s o serve rt) provide a g r a p h i c explanal ion ut sheet i d e r ~ Zfication
t

5 degrees

--

numbers,
'The LTG k i l l - t ! 03s (14spa a79 100 meter contours, 50 meter suppleraieartal
contours and spct elc-d-atlons in a red overpri-nt tn t h e orthophoto base
~ h F i . l r 1.s litnogr;ipluiva :n b l . x k and white, Lgi t..ditfons are i d e n . t i c a $ _
exidept t h a t ail. re Lief i,nf6irmatfon i s omitted anJ seLenograph1i- graticule
is r e s t r l r t et? 90 s ~ r i k - rk i t - k s , presenting an u ~ ~ e n c u m b e r ovdi e w of ?t.;raar
features L-maged
tie p h i s t s g r a p M c base,
Both edittons carry a L m s r
Transverse Mere-at or [l,'fWj trig4 to facilitate r6:ference and r e l a t i o n of
featlures by rcictsr-rg-a.~.la~
c o o r d i n a t e s , The L"3h"3hR
G r i d ss s h o r n by b o r d e r
ticks in red,

Map margin L ($7

"e ~ 7 . i - 2ir" M O P
f n ~ l ~ a
d el a~
c a t ion d l aE.,ram keai ed
t o t he L A C
5 y s t e n l anri q ~ w Q 1 6 : ~ - rt~rkd
g c x ~ ) l a n a t o qs i a t r - ~ n e t ~ ~on
t s t ' h ~photograph-,\

c o n t r o l , ciatiam, nent~:~ai.ia~-ure,
g r l d s v s t e m , I-el i e k
nfc r m a t i o n and ai3curai.v

o f data containc s\
%-a-ri,"
T P C C I D ~$ y p ~ ~ b
isil~a!
.l
heels atortray ' I ~ m a r.%&rngi

tude

fn a 360 degre;.i.6: s y s t : m xaj-'her t h a n 0-180 degre>es east- 9-r w c l s t ,

Section 4,3,5

ETO and LO Series

The c o n t r o l basis f o r t h i s map series is the Apoklo 15 (April 1973)

Control S y s t m described in Seetion 3 . 2 , 3 . 5 ,
The orthophotography and
relief information have been developed throasgkl analytical stereoplotter
compilation with A p s l l o 15-17 mapping photography, I n isolated cases,
Apollo panoramic and Lunar Orbiter Mission photography have been used
t o fill coverage gaps. In other instances, there are areas where relief
i n f smat ion i s l h ~ d t e dor complete voids exist, More specific comentary
is included w i t h the listi~gof available map sheets.
The evaluated horizontal and vertical accuracy cf subject series at 90%
p r o b a b i l i t y generally ranges from 160 t o 500 meters and 30 to 115 meters
respectively r e l a t p ~ eto t h e ApoEls 15 ( A p r i l 1973) Datum, In instances
where sigalificant i~sacereraey exists in relaking map sheets to this Datum,
a statement o f accuracy w i t h respect to local datum is also provided.
No

Edition -6
- Date

LO & LTO 38B1

LTO

38B1

1st Edition, J u l 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , Nar 74

Void North o f 3 1 ' 0 0 ' ~ .

Vaid N w t h of 3 l 0 0 0 ' ~ ,
Rectificdimagery extended to cover Crater

LO 38B2

NIELSEN
NIELSEN
NIELSEN

LTO 38B2

NIELSEN

1st Edition, Aug 73

2 n d E d i t i s n , Apr 7 4
2nd & 3 r d Edittons,
Aug 75
4th E d i t i o n , S e p 75

FmUD
FWUD

1st E d i t i o n , Jul 7 3
2nd Mition, Feb 7 4

LO 6 LTO 38B2
LTQ 38B2

L O & E T O 38B3
LTO38B3

---Remarks

Nielsen.

Void South of 2 6 ' ~ ~

Rectified imagery ex-

tended to cover Crater

Freud,

LO 6 LTO 38B4
%To 38B4

ZTNNER

1st Edition, J u l 73
2nd Edition, Feb 7 4

Void South of 26ON,

ZINNER

LO & LTO 39AP

KRIEGER

1 s t Edition, J u l 7 3

Void North o f 3125'N,

LTO 39A2

NGSTOM

1st Edition, J u l 73

Void North of 1 3 2 0 P ~ .

LO d %TO 39A3
LTO 39A3

PRINZ
PWTNZ

1st Edition, Aug 73

2nd Edition, Apr 7 4

Void South of 2610%So

LO & LTO 39A4

VAISA14A
VAI%hA

1st Edition, Aug 73

2nd Edition, Mar 74

Void South of 2 6 " 2 0 8 ~ .

Rectified rPmagery exten-

ded t~ cover Crater Vaisala.

LO Q LTO 39B1

FEBEEIV

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

V o i d North o f

LO & LTO 39B2

D@l,ISEE

1st Edition, Mar 74

Void North sf 3 1 Q 1 5 ' ~ .

LO & LT8 39B3

DEO:PBMTUS

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74

LO

LTO 3984

Section 4 , 3 , 5
2

3115'N,

E d i t i o n & Date

Remarks

LO 6 LTO 39B4

ARTSEMOVIGH

1st Edition, Mar 74

LO & LTO 39C1

BUYLEV

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 75

LO 6 LTO 40A1

CAVENTBU

1 s t E d i t i o n , Apr 74

V o i d North of 3115'lt.

LO & LTO 40A2

MCDBNmD

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

Void N o r t h of 3 P 0 0 0 ' ~ ,

% s tE d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO & LTO 40A4

LA H I R E

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 74

LO & LTO 40B2

LANDSTEINER

1st Edition, May 7 4

LO %r: LTO 40B3

MOVM,E"ilSKIJ

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO d %TO 48B4

MEIMRICM

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO 6 LTO 48C2

PGPIN

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO & ETO 40Dl

ECLER

1st E d i t i o n , S e p 76

LO & %TO 49D2

BYTHEAS

$ s t E d i t i o n , Sep 7 6

LO 2% %TO 41A3
ETO 41A3

SPURR
SPUM

%st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4

LO & LTO 41A4

BEER

1st E d i t i o n , May 74

LO 6 LTO 41B3

JOY

1st Edition, Jan 7 4

LO 15 LTB 41B4
LTO 41B4

BmLEY
IUDLEP

%st E d i t i o n , Jan 7 4
2nd @ d i . t i o n , Aps 75

LTO 41C2

@&EN

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO & LTO 41C3

LT8 41C3

BBWEN
BOWN

1st. E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Aps 75

LO & LTO 49@4

kT8 4%C4

PmGEL
PmGEL

1st E d i t i o n , Jun 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4

LO

LO

LTO 40A3

Section 4 , 3 , 5

O r t h ~ p h u t o ~ r a pand
h ~ ~

contours r e s t r i c t e d t o
South of t 9 " 5 0 % N .

Void S o u t h of 3 0 " 4 5 ' ~ .

Southwest corner i s
void,

Rmarks

E d i t i o n & Date
LO & LTO 41D1

WALLACE

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LO & LTO 4PD2

HUZEP

3-st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LO & L T 8 4 2 8 3

BMTENG

1st E d i t i o n , Feb 7 4

Void North of 2 7 " 5 0 ' ~ ,

LO 6 L T 6 42A4
LO 6 LTO 42A4

LIWE
LPmE

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Northeast corner is
void.

LO & LTO 42B3

VERY

%st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

Void North of 2 6 4 5 ' ~ .

LO ti LTO 42B4

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

Void North af 26"2SVN.

LO & LTO 42CI

DESETLLIGNY

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

CLE

1st E d l - t i o n , May 7 4

LO & LTO 42C3

LTO42C3

DAWS
DAWS

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Feb 75

L O & L T Q 42C4

BMCMETT

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

LO 6 LTO 42D1
LTO 42B1
LO 42DI

HOWSBY
MBWSBY
EIORNSBY

1st Edition, Aug 7 3

2nd E d i t i o n , May 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , J a n 7 6

$8 6 L T O 42D2

BESSEL

%st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LO 6 ETO 42D3

&ENELAUS

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LQ & LTO 42B4

STKPICLBJS
GMJLUS

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LO ti LTO 4384

1e MOWIER

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

LO&LT843C1

BILL

1st E d i t i o n , May 74

LO & L T 8 4363

PROCLUS

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

EO&LTO43C4

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

LITTROW
LITTROW

1st E d i t i o n , Q c t 7 4
2nd Edition, O c t 7 4

FMNGK

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

TAEOPBRASTUS

1st E d i t i o n , Auy 7 4

LO

& L T 8 42C2

$68 ti
LO &

LT8 43B1.
LTO 43B%

LO

& %TO 43B2

LO

LTO 43D3

Section 4 , 3 , 5

Southwest c o r n e r i s v o i d d

'

Void North of 23O15WN.

LTO and LO S e r i e s
E d i t i o n & Date

Remarks

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
LO & LT8 44D4

LTO 44D4

PEIRCE
PEIRCE

1st E d i t i o n , J u n 74
2nd E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
1st E d i t i a n , Mar 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , J u l 74

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74
1st E d i t i o n , Jan 77
%stE d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Oet 7 4

1st E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Aug 74
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
LO & ETO Q 1 B 3

WATTS

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

LO & LTO 6%B4

BA V I N C I

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 3
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

LO d LTO 61C3

ILLE

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74

LO & LTO 6%C4

SECCHI

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 74

LO & LTO 62Al

YEWES

1st E d i t i o n , May 7 4

L Q d L T O 62A2

CURTIS

1st Edition, May 7 4

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4

LO & LTO 62A4

TEBBUTT

1st E d i t i o n , Mar 7 4
Section 4 , 3 , 5

Void i n s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r ,

LTO and LO Series

Edition

Remarks
-

Date

L O & LTO 64DI

NaJNN

1st Edition, O c t 74

64D2

EM0

1st Edition, Sep 74

LO&LTO64D3

FOX

1st Edition, S e p 74

LO 6 LTO 64D4

MCmIE

1st Edition, Sep 74

LO & %TO 65A3

GWOT

1st Edition, Sep 74

Lacking cartographic

information Norkll of IloN.

LO 6 %TO 65B4

WCHT

1st Edition, Sep 74

Void North of 1 1 " 3 0 ' ~ ,

L O & LTO 65Cl

KING

1st Edition, S e p 7 4

Zl"akaSTM

1st Edition, S e p 74

L O & LTO

L O Q LTO

65C4

S o u t h e a s t corner is

void,

1st Edition, Seg 74

2nd Edition, Peb 75
LO & LTO 65D3

mULWA~FA

1st Edition, Feb 75

1st Edition, Nov 74

Lacking cartographic

information North of
loopa,

%st Edition, Nsv 74

Lacking cartographic

i n f o m a t i o n North of
10050 ?p9 *

LO & %TO 66C1

FISCHER

1st Edition, Nov 7 4

LO ti LTO 66D2

BERG

$ s t Edition, Nov 7 4

LO & LTO 75C1

SCWEELE

1 s t Edition, Aug

LO & LW 75C2

NO

%st Edition, Sep 74

7SD2

WINTHROP

1st Edition, Aug 74

LO & La"$> 76CP

BONPLrnFS

1st Edition, Sep 7 4

LO 6 ETO 76C2

GUERPGm

1st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4

LO & LTO 7 6 D I

EPPINGER

1st Edition, Sep 7 4

LO & LTO 76B2

KUXPER

1st E d i t i o n , S e p 7 4

LO

kjb

%TO

Section 4 . 3 , s

74

LTO and LO S e r i e s
E d i t i o n d Date

LO & LTO 77C2

LEY

Remarks

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Cartographic i n f o m a t i o n l a c k i n g I n southe a s t corner.

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Cartographic i n f o m a -

t i o n lackdng South of

1L038 ' S
S,

LO ti LTO Tag1

LO 6 LTO 77D2

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

NIWS

1st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4

Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c

information South of

IQ~S.

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Lacking c a r t s g r a p h i c

i n f o m a t i o n North af

530'~,

LO & LT8 78B3

TBWICELLI

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

LO & LTQ 78B4

WFATIA

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
inf o m a tion i n northwest c o r n e r ,

LO & LTO 78C1

1st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4

Void South of 1 1 0 3 0 ' ~ ~

LO & LTO 78C2

LER

1st E d i t i o n , Sep 7 4

Void South s f I l g 3 0 9 S ,

LO 6 LTO 78D1

MDEL

1st E d i t i o n , 8 c t 7 4

LO & LTO 78D2

DESCmTES

Ist E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c

i n f o m a t i o n South of

11~15'~.

% s t E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Lacking c a r t o g r a p h i c
i n f o m a t i o n North af
2Os.

LO & LTO 79A3

CMELLA

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

LO & LTQ 79A4

ISIDOWUS

1st E d i t i o n , Oet 74

LO 6 LTO 79B1

LUBBOCK

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

& LTO 79B2

mSSIER

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

mONT8NS

I s &E d i t i o n , Nov 74

LO

LO & %TO 79B3

Section 4 , 3 * 5
8

Void a t L'S

4030'E.

E d i t i o n & Date

Resnarks

LO 6 LTO 79B4

GUTENBERG

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

LO & L T O 79Dl

DAGmRM

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Void South of 1125'.

LO & LTO 79D2

GAUDIBERT

L s t E d i t i o n , Dec 74

V o i d S o u t h o f ll"S.

LO & LTO 80M

GEIKIE

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 74

LO & L T 8 80A2

WBB

1st E d i t i o n , Apr '74

LO ti LTO 80A3

BIESg&hm

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 4

LO & ETO 8OA4

LINDBERGH

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

LO 6 LTO 88Bk

BfOmEY

1st E d i t i o n , J u n '74

LO & LTO 80B2

WCLAURIN

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 74

BOW

1st E d i t i ~ n ,Jan 7 6

ACOSTA
ACBSTA

1st E d i t i o n , Nsv 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , J u n 75

LO & LTO 80CI

SOmRVILLE

1st E d i t i o n , h g 7 4

LO & LTO 806%

1st E d i t i o n , J a n 47

LTO 80B3

LO

LO

LTO

80B4

LTQ 88B4

MKUSTII

LO

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

81M

WYMINE

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

LO 6 LTO 81A2

GILBERT

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

LO 6 LTO 81AP

MASTWER

1st E d i t i o n , B c t 7 5

LO d LTO 81A4

VON BEHRPNG

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 75

LO & LTO 8%BP

MUDME

%stE d i t i o n , Dec 7 3

LO

WWGE

1st E d i t i o n , N w v 7 3

R I E SS

1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 3

& LT8

&

LTO 81B2

LO 6 Z,%O 8EB4

Section 4 , 3 , 5

C a r t o g r a p h i c informat i o n lacking i n
southwest c o r n e r ,

Julv 1977

LTO and LO S e r i e s

.
LO & LTO 81Cl

E d i t i o n & Date

Remarks

1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 3

KWIUM
S

1st E d i t i o n , Bee 7 3

LO & LTO 89B2

LA PEROUSE

1st E d l t i o n , J a n 7 7

LO & LTO 8 2 A 1

PU

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3

LO & LTO 82A2

mLD

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3

LO & LT8 82A3

LmWEG

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3

LO & LTO 82A4

HIMY

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3
1st E d i t i o n , Dec 7 3

LO & ETO 82D2

GmSKPJ

1st E d i t i o n , Dec $ 3

LO & L T O 8 3 B 4

NEmB

1st E d i t i o n , J a n 7 6
1st E d i t i o n , Sep 74
2nd E d i t i o n , Aug 7 5

LO & LTO 83C3

DBBROVOESKIJ

1st E d i t i o n , J u % 7 3

LO & LTO 83C4

DELPORTE

1st E d i t i o n , JuP 7 3

1st E d i t i o n , O c t 7 4

LO & LTO 83D2

Is%E d i t i o n , Apr 7 6
LO & ETO 84D4

1st E d i t i o n , JuL 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , Mar 74

LT(9 84D4

1st E d i t i o n , Play 7 6

1st E d i t i o n , Apr 7 6

LO & LTO 86D4

1st E d i t i o n , J a n 7 7

1st E d i t i o n , Dec 76

LO & LTO 100A2

LO & LTO lQOCP
LT6 180C%

TETIUS

TITIUS

1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 4
2nd E d i t i o n , Agr 7%

Void i n southwest
corner,

E d i t i o n & Date

LO & LTO 1 8 l B l

LITMlE

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3

LO 6 %TO 101B2
LTO l01B2

TSXOLKOVSKIJ
BOmUIS

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3
2nd E d i t i o n , J u l 73

LO & %TO IO1B3

TSIOLKOVSKIJ

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73

LO & LTO 101B4

LTO 101B4

BBMEN
BMMIN

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Apr 74

LO & LTO L O l G l

NEUJMEN

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 7 3

LO & LTO 101C2

WATE

1st E d i t i o n , J u 1 73

LO & LTO 102A1

LTO 102Al
LTO 1 0 2 U

PATSmV

PATSMV

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Sep 73
3 r d E d i t i o n , Feb 74

LO & LTO 10284

FESENKOV

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73

LO

ISMV

1st E d i t i o n , Sep 74

MDWONOV

1st E d i t i o n , Oct 74

& LTO 102B2

LO & LTO l02B3

BATSWV

Remarks

Void South of 26"s

and E a s t of 126OE.

Void In southwest
e

LO & LTO 102D1

LTO 102D1

ST
ST

1st E d i t i o n , J u l 73
2nd E d i t i o n , Nar 74

LO & %TO 103Al

GMW

%stE d i t i o n , Oct 74

LO & LTO 103A4

MSPLETIN

%st E d i t i o n , Oct 7 4

LO & LT8 103B2

ZWIGKY

1st E d i t i o n , Hay 76

Car t o g r a p h ic i n f o m a t i o n l a c k i n g I n deep
shadow areas,

1st E d i t i o n , Agr 7 6

Cartographic Infomat i o n lacking i n deep

shadow areas,

Void South s f 27"s.

Included are large s c a l e maps which have not been p u b l i s h e d as part

These sheets have been produced to support exploration
of a map series
and/or scientific study af individual l u n a r sites.

. . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.6.1

Descarte T a p g r a p h i c Maps and Photomaps . . . 4.3.6.2

Taurus Littrow Topographic ~hdtorna~s . . . . 4.3.6.3

Lunar P h s t m a p s (Site Traverses) . . . . .

.4 . 3 . 6 . 4

Rima Nadley Photomaps

Section 4 , 3 . 6

4,3,6,1RIMA WLDL,EY TPIJOTO%f&r5

( P u b l i s h e d b-i ACTS)

Lunar TJ"ncontroi%e~l
Phs,:on~i-~
1 : t
o 0
1371
Scale:
1,15,000
Proje c z i o ~ :s Trr1nsverse Her c a t o r
S h e e t S l ze: 4 I ~ * ' x 5 8 ' '

%'he e x t e s t 2 f co-j.~--ageof these s h e e k s is i r c m 2 5 " 3 k \ i

3"'19" 1-0 4"4SF!5 Area coverage 3s r e f l e c t e d f 91 PLklio ynciex

16c4;s-TT,i
(WR)

~y:_i

c.rti3 tint owtralleci P h o t - ~ r n ~ lwas

p
producaec1 to D ~ P I P i -C ~- "a ~bholo pr8.zph Lc base
f o r ttPrneLy USE hy s e i e - s s ~f ii c investigators c ~ n d r t ii i;lg s t ~ ~ t - 1 6o 2f ~ :he
Apo2-1o 5 ".-andC.ri~~ raE 9-e ~.x-c;I~ L x t r a vehicular a " : iv? r - ' :rc17,aer~e r r ~ ~ ~ i - e s
and
: rb-,=? +cyOrl- -h)-lid--;
f-l-3 panorama ~ > h c~
l tg - k - ' n ; >WP
: ~ ~ E. -lkc"~, arka s h o w n ,
%nddi;7 ~ n a E
ly t1-!1 , m 4 j ; a - t r' I o p o g r a p i ~ i CP h o t c b n ~ a U
~ O I - yt ~ ~ q Ie 5 i cf w -I
t-17 2 0
meter c:on~-ofirs and 10 n e t e r supplement-ary c.onl"s-~al.k-~,
?..
rir c - s s of 35w r ~ l l i e f ,
r.72

-a"

A p o l le? 15 pano-*a.rssr photographs 9791-9800 we% ~ n s r e S ,n t h e -2nal;i t. ical

stere:;p b o t t e x crsmp: la"iio nof r e l i e f infiormat i o n f p_:, t v i e *'l"i;rbgraphi6 p i r o t m a p ,
Topographlt. ~ ~ h pRiena
s
H3t3ley A & R (Seca'i-.ic?n4 , \, 2 , \ t i \ wi:.?-.e ~ d s e d as a
c o n t r o l s o ~ r2i arlc the l . / ' S , 0 0 0 s h e e t s are t h e r e h j r c I-.. L ~ ~ ~ P Ct~I ? t h e Rirnd
Ilad...lt; {49,0/:C,ontro? S - v s ~ e m( S e d i o n 3,?,1, 55%. T ~ F 1. I ~ l i o l i t : v i l e d 7'hc-,tomap
was cuzrstecuct-ed thr~xu.q!-amosaicfng 3 f r e c i t i f i e d s e g ~ n F n t s L ~ ft h e ~ a n c r a n ~ i c
photogssaplls w i t i b a best averal i f i t o f t h e assembled rnssatc to I ontrc)%
data, 9 he p h ~ t o g r a ~ ~bl a~s le c f o r t h e Topographic Photomap w a s com~liiled bp
f~tting
~4ihditv-f
E ~ " e ~ t - ;3fed p a n o r a m i c ~ T I C ~ 0
? s e ~ ~ ; l ~ r f: Pt s /%orizon t al
CG~~TC
ciaO
pa,
I

'

i-9-

r-

he tlrxcsnkrc~.' Led Phk.5-o~ap i s s f presenil

v a l kJLe3~ l 7

ft-7

k~e~ ~ l i ~ ~ n e - ~ l m b e r e d

piceure o f t h e H s d B + i y Z a i 9 e r e g i o n i t presents, T $ h v r ~ .re l a r g e l ~ o r i z o n t a l

pc-;isitie;analS1er-,osc ir. ~ ~ 8 >hot
t h o g l - a p h i r base.: aa are?, r :i pa;lSf lc-ant r e l i e f ,
In Ft case r>b. t hc -eogog;raphic
Photomap, cent our i n 8 ctr:rr,it aa>j? f 3 w h been
a d j u s t e d t : 3 n ? ~ ; &pbotcg?:aph%.
i
cletail an11 f ts sent i n ~ a e d u s e is recommended
f o r rPl.atix e. k,eS g h t f n g d i f fercnces p o r t r a y e d , T t s e v a l u a t e d verticayl
accuracy f o r t h i s p u r p o s e i s f li nreters a t 90P* p r o b a b i l i t y .
(LA

4,3,6,2 DESCARTE TOPBG

( P u b l i s h e d by TOPOCOM)

Lunar Bho tomap

1st Edition, September 8971

Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Transverse Hereator
Sheet Size: 25'kx25"
Lunar Photomap
1st E d i t i o n , October 1971

Scale:

1:25,800

P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheet S i z e : 28"x31*'

Lunar Topographic Map

1st Edition, March 1992
Scale: 1:100,000
Projection: Transverse Hercator
Sheet S i z e : 25"'x25"
L u n a r Topographi; C- Photomap
1st E d i t i o n , January 1972
Scale: 1:25,000
P r s j ection: Transverse Mercatsr
S h e e t S i z e : 28""x3IET

Lunar Topographic Map

1st E d i t i o n , March 1942
Scale : 1 :25,800
P r o j e c t i o n : Transverse Mercator
Sheel- S i z e :: 28''x31'%

The Descarte Maps and Photomaps were p r o d u c e d w i t h 1:%00,000 s c a l e

coverage extending from ROIO'S to 9"50'S and L5"OO'E to 17"03'E, 1:25,000
scale coverage extends from 8 " 4 b g ~t o 9'12'~ and 15"32'~to 15Q%$'~,
Coverage i s p o r t r a y e d g r a p h i c a l l y on Index I ( 8 a ) ,
Tie Photomap p r o d u c t s show p l ~ o t o m o s a i cdetail assembled from A p o l l o 14
HassLeblad photographs w i t h t h e photobase b e i n g lithographed in black. Map
products are a l s o based on t h i s photography u s i n g a green and b l a c k duotone
printing which carries shadient r e l i e f p o r t r a y a l . R e l i e f i s expressed by
c o n t o u r s and s p o t elevations on t h e Topographic Map and Photomap editions.
A 100 meter contour i n t e r v a l w i t h 50 meter supplementary contours i s used
on lr3.00,000scale products and a 1.0 meter contour inkerval. with 5 meter
supplementary contours appears on t h e 1:25,000 s c a l e t o p o g r a p h i c sheets.
Map margin i n f o m a t i o n i n c l l a d e s a sheet i n d e x reference(& to a E,unar
Astronautical Chart (LAC), vertical and h o r i z o n t a l r e l i a b i l i t y i n f o m a r i o n
and a diagram d e p i c t i n g t h e sun angle o f photographs used.
Map Feature l o c a t i o n s and re1 ief information are baseti on analytical
s t e r e o p L o t t e r compilation o f A p o l l o 14 80mm and 500nm f o c a l l e n g t h klassleblad
p h o t o g r a p h s b a s e d on Descarte (1971) System ( S e c t i o n 3.3.2.2)
control points.

Following a r e evs3.uate-i sr cbru-car.leio f s u b j e c t sheets w i t h respect tro

t h e d a t ~ ~omf !:be Descartg (1971) Sys tern,

S e c t i o n 4,3,6,%

Horizontal

Bhotomap, 1:2%,00Q
Topographic Photomap, 1:25,000
Topographic Map, 1:25,000
Photomap, $:100,090
Topographic Map, I :100,000

3142
142
47
230

meters
meters
meters
meters
72 meters

Vertical

--$81 meters
181 meters

---

105-181 meters

'.-I

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4,3.6,4 LmAR PHOTONUS (SITE TMWRSES)

Lunar Phstomaps ( S i t e Traverses)

Scale: 1:25,000

P r o j ection: None

Size:

22,1" x 229,0"

These s p e c i a l edition S i t e lfri181erse Mags are s i m i l a r in titling and

f o m a t t o 1:2$,000 scale maps o f t h e Lunar Photomag Series d e s c r i b e d i n
Section 4.3.7.
However, t h e primary purpose of these sheets is t o prov i d e a diagram o f t h e ApolPo M i s s i o n 15-17 A s t r o n a u t traverses and
feature names s u p e r h p o s e d on a photographic base f o r ready reference
t o As&ronaut a c t i v i t i e s * S u b j e c t sheets p u b l i s h e d by D U T C i n c o r p o r a t e
traverse i n f o m a t i o n developed by t h e USGS Branch o f Astrogeologic S t u d i e s
and bear approximate corner c o o r d i n a t e s but no s e l e n o g r a p h i c graticule.
Users requiring positional o r relief information s h o u l d refer t o a p p l i c a ble sheets o f t h e Photomap and Topophotsmap S e r i e s (Section 4 , 3 , 7 ) ,
The l o c a t i o n of t h e following s h e e t s is shown on Nap Index L(8a) by
large s c a l e maps titled R i m a Hadley ( ~ p o l 1 . o151, Descarrrs (Apollo 16)
and Taurus Littrow ( A p o l l o 17)@
S h e e t Name

Sheet No,
--

EdPtion 6 - Date

Apollo 15 TraveSfses

4JB454 (25)

2nd Edition, Apr 1975

ApolLo 1 6 Traverses

43D1S2(25)

1st E d i t i o ~ a , Mar 1975

A p o l l o 1 7 Traverses

78D2~2
(25)

let Edition, Mar 1975

gas

X----pm----%%*_

*
--

TO

----and

m-

Phot
v H

Lunar Topsphotomapa dnd Lunar Photomaps

Scale: 1:10,000, 1:25,00{3, I:50,008
B r o j eet i o n : Transverse Mercaf~ar
Sheet S i z e : V a r f a b l ~ ,genen$all.y l l ~ d n i t e dto 40'"
in t h e naximuxa dj-mensian
The k r ~ n a a T o p o p h a r ~ r a ~ land
p
E u ~ a rPlaotsmap Series are a f~lrt?r~:r
;:xpPoItat %on of Apollu Missl-n 15-17 photographs, u s i n g h i g h rescrls~ti c n panoramic
camera exposures to present m=inum d e t a i l and accuracy ovcr sea ected s i t e s
of h i g h sci~ntiflcInterestc

The 1:258,OQQ s r a j e 0rthi;~photsmapSeriet3 f(SectJor % e ? , e 5 i which p r c w i d e s

smaller s c a l e c o v ~ ~ s z gOF
+ areas storrounding s u b j e c t :Taps i s i:jtc-:.~.ded as a
C Q ~ ~ ~ pp~
~ ghr~I~t~i,:t
~ ~ - :*TI($ ~ I 1 he
<
f wo Serl eq a r e s i m f lar %I> At-.-, Tgrt a n d n ' c r n ~ t
a,
XwdPx~idua"a%eet~
kQeJJe
~
published at e i t h e r 1:56$,"1U0, 9 : 2 5 , ? 3 ( ~ Oor
1:50,000 scale dependi-rkg rdpsn t h e c h a r a c t e r i a t ics s f t l ~ t i s a i ~ eb e i n g partrayed and t h e q u a l i t y s n d cppx icabili ty of s p e c i f fc: 9 1 1 t b t ~gr,"ig!,":i Lwemage
to l a r g e sca%emap c ~ r n p l ~ i a t i o n ,These maps are t t t l e d as
:,rpo-h.iffaotr.o--photomaps or PElsato~~aps
f u l l o w a d by t h e des.9-gnator s f the 1 :I?aC ,000 Or-t hop$aotomap
in whlch t h e y f a l l , an S number wlrish f h n t i f i e s that p a r t i r u 3 a . r .-napby i t s
iont?l-act1011 o f mag s c a l e in p,:renttii-sib . Fcr
o r d e r 0% p r a d r r c t i . ~ - ian?
~~
e x m p l e , the d c s ignatcr Topophotclimap 42C3S3 (50) p e r t a ? 11s ts t h e re i f ef
e d i t i o n of the 3rd (53) 1 :iO,oOO s c a l e map proktiding; coxTeray+-z i - r h i n t h e
conflnes af 1:250,000 s c a l e sheet 4 2 C 3 , Each ssh~et -fs; ~ " ~ r i i i t > red by e k e
name o f
pr$nt,ipaJ c o n t ~ i r : + d f'ta-.-ac~re,

Topophato cjclf

L tot3s

d ~ s p I ! d - \ sj p o t eI,evatfz[rns, 2 ( $ i ~ e + * ~8 :I* * ~ :5r ~ : x I Z

6

18 metes s u g p l e ~ i ~ ~se nan

t 1 :50,QOO arid J :2%,000 sc 2 16% lnc4psaracl ; I:I~:T PIcontsajrs and 5 meter ~ t ~ ~ g d e ~or]
~ e11:10,0QO
ats
s c a l e vai:~ph, k e 4 b f i ~ r - i ~ f c ) x - m aion
t
i s c a r r i e d in a red :~s-c;.FIri i i t t o t h e photographic ba.ii: w h i t f i t :., i it i ~ c ~ g r a p h e d
in b l a c k dnd ~ h f t c BI.Pktc:am~pversions are i d e n t f c
Liidt
S re1je.f
i n f o m a t i o n 9s inf it tea' 3n.d salenographic g r a t i c t ~ B . eis r . c - f s t r f r ! +-i: 20 bcrder
t i c k s , p r e s e n t i n g an ii.rae:tc umbered v i e w of Lunar f eattires Ir8tapt.d
the
f i o t a g r a p h i c base. B c r rk e d i t 8n11,13 c a r r y a Lunar Tr:~nsv-erseM e r c a c o r (6,TM)
G r i d &a 9'aciU tate z e i - ~ p . e n t ~
t e f e a t u r e s by rectangular c-~.~c;d~r:a.t
e~
The
LW G r i d i s shown by b o r d e r t i c k s in red,
9:

Map ~nargf-v 911% f-a2r;;taT f - 1 il:a7 B i ' i d t h s

1 ~ ~ c a ? i t , ~<it
np
-" r ~ j krrtk '
L B ~ ;Itat: ~ 'jl~c-am~ ~
tbona s f slreet*~
of CkI:, 567 8es tu I :$50 OW Clx t hc;+ti:otcmag>i il;: i t 2 rxtj~i-~lii y 3 - n ~
and explar:atury starement i oc t l i t jaiicltugrapl!y, i;ir ii
, da:!r;, i ~ ~ u m r i atiire,
ici
grid s g s t e ~ n ,relief J ~ f o r " r ats ion and accur-acy 01: dht ~L;I ct\:xi 3 l k - t X i ~ j
*r

.:-I

Mags o f t h i s series have been p r i n t e d and p u b l i s h e d by DMATC, g e n e r a l l y

w i t h a photo mosaic base, More recent sheets covering areas o f significant
relief difference m i n h f z e errar from t h f s source through an orthophotar
base developed by D W A C from t h e Apo120 panoramic photographs.
Sheets o f t h i s series are c o n t r o l l e d by an i n t e n s i f i e d pattern of
control p o i n t s based on the Apollo 15 (April 1973) C o n t r o l System, prov i d i n g m a i m u r n r e l a t i v e h o r i z o n t a l and v e r g i c a l accuracies o f 25 and 5
meters respectfvel-y in t h e largest scale maps,

Location o f tile fclllowlng l i s t e d sheets are shown i h Map Indexes I(8b)

and I I ( 5 ) . Each sheet has been produced in b o t h a Photomap and Topophotomap edition.

38B2Slg50)

MONTE0 A G R I C O U

l a t E d i t i o n , Hay 7 4

V M BIESBROECK

1st Edition, Jun 7 4

R I U PRINZ

1st E d i t i o n , Bec 7 4

%MIA

1st Edition, Jun 7 4

RIMA ELnER

1st E d i t i o n , Dee 7 4

DOWUM Z%=EL

%st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

R X U MOZhTT

1st E d i t i o n , At18 7 4

MOLL0 15 LMBING

Or thophoto
Base

RIM BmLEY GENT

1st Edition, Apr 75

Orthophoto
Base
Orthophoto
Base

FOSSm LITTROW

1st Edition, Nav 74

Orthophoto
Base

Section & 3 , %

Number

Remarks

Edition & Date

42C4SP $50)

DORSUM NICOL

1st ^_dikf8n9, T t l l $ 4

4 2 C 4 S 2 (50)

DORSA LISTER

1st E d i t i o n , J a n 77

43D1S1(50)

MOLL0 1 7 L m D I N G A m A

1st E d i t i o n , Nov 7 4

Orth~photo

Bas63

61A2SB(50)
G M C E

%st E d i t i o n , J a n 76

I s t Edition, May 75

Ortk~~iiphotii
Kabe

1st E dition, Nov 76

Orthophoto

Base

65D2S1(%8)
KING N
ORTH FLMK

%st
Edition, May 75

Ortflorhsto

Base

1st E dition, Dec 74

77D3S3.(50)
FUSSAE aPHONSUS
78D2Slg50)
D01,LO 16 LmDING
10061S1(50)
S I E G F E T D

1st Edition, Nsv 7 4

1st Edition, Nov 7 4
1st E d i t i o n , Nov 94

Orthophoto

Base

1 : 25,000 S c a l e Phot o m a----and

~
T-~~~gS~~tc:rnans
-,,,"-------

39B2S4 (251
SaMIW

1st E d i t i o n , Set

39B2S2(25>
PI9FES BBWTS

Is% E d i r J ~ ~ nS ,
and

40A4S%(IO)

ARTEMTS

&-

------em--

"3

~ B
76

klo
---- t om*^
-

2nd Edition, Apr 75

4a63%1(%0)
INA

1st Edition, Jul 7 4

~ ~ A ~ S I C J O )L ~ R ~ A w E s T

1st Editton, tJov 7 4

42A4S 2(10)

LORCA EAST

1st Edleasn, Nav 14

42C:3Sl(lO]

IS'IS,

1st EAdjt i a . x ~ ,hpr $4

Section 4 , 3 , 7

Edition d Date

-4263S2(PO)

OSIRLS

1st E d i t i o n , M a r 7 4

77D1S1$10)

D A E CATENA

1st E d i t i o n , Aug 7 4

Remarks
-

4 , 4 REFERENCES

4,b);C,P

Llmm

i c Atlas o f the

an$ E , A, b%itaker,

edfted by Gerard

P, Mufper, 1961
Project E l s t o r y ,

NASA Contract No,

K-12, 375, TOPBCm,

,lentiFfe
----Histow, NASA Contract No, W-12,
$970
W i ~ t o q2IASA
~
Contract

August

1969

375, TOPOCOM,

Project
A ~ g uts

Project
No, W-12, 375, TOPOCON, August 1970

Project
of -----Sc:ierL$ $
-M i s t o r y , NASA Contract No, 14-12, 375, TOPOCOM, December

S c P e n t ~ f - E l cS i

sf
----------

H i s tory, NASA C o n t r a c t W=-12,

375, TOPOCOM, November 1-970

P r o j e c t History, NASA

Contract TfJ-12,

375, TOPOGm, J u l y 1970

Project

H i s t o r y , NASA Contract 14-12, 375, TOPOCOM, December 1970

--

----

Projec t History,
NASA C s a t ~ r a m!-e W==I?, 975, TOBBCOM, December 1970
--*

2, P r o j e c t
H i s t o r y , NASA Contract Id-12,

375, TOPOCOM, J u l y 1978

Technical R e p o r t , ACEC

o f L~inar S i t e

m
-

A p r i l 1970

Mapping o f Lunar S s : i e n t i f l c S i t e R l m a Bode I T , Technical

Report, AGI.&, Sepf_exrrber 1940
orapifia
S J r e -"V- --43-2
,---,----22-*_"--C a q s e r d l 9 Project:

L u- n a r
-

., _,,-*

HistoQ , TOFGCCVf, liugte~t 1471

1 36-f --A- h ~ 3 $0
History, TO1:5&314, ? ( e ~ v e ~ n b e1971
t
IA

*--

Project

o f-- the ---Moon-2--- Paat

and P r e s e n t Z, R s p a l and
-"-p
.
W, Carder, V03. 50, Asa-.rup%aysl,c.a h Space S i - $ e n r e Ia.l.'brw.afy,
v

---2-k~
DESCAPTrfS3

1974

-a*----s

INDEX NO

I(1)
I(2)
X(3)
I(4)

I(5)
L(6)
I(6a)
1(7)
I(8)

I(8a)
L(8b)

T(9)
II(9)

II(2)

11( 3 )
11 ( 4 )

II (5)

DESCRIPTION
.
-

. . . . . . . Small Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (L:5.000,000)

. . . . . . . Small Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.2.500. 000 .1.2.750. 000)

. . . . . . . Small Scale E a r t h s i d e Mosaics (1.2.500. 000)

. . . . . . . Small Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.2.000. 000 .1.2.500.000)

. . . . . . . Medium Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.500.000 .1..190009

000)

.
. Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.250.000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.250.000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.100.000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.25.000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.25.000 .1.250. 000)

. . . . . . . L a r g e Scale E a r t h s i d e Maps (1.10. 000 .1.50.000)

. . . . . . . Ranger Lunar Maps

. . . . . . . Small S c a l e F a r s i d e Maps (1.5.000.090)

. . . . . . . Small S c a l e F a r s i d e Maps (1.2.500. 000 .1.2.750. 000)

. . . . . . . Small S c a l e Farside Mosaics (1:2.500. 000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale F a r s i d e Maps (1:250. 000)

. . . . . . . Large Scale F a r s i d e Maps (1:50. 000)

Section

4.5