May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 1

Consider the following system of linear equations

x1
3x1
x1

+ x2
+ 2x2
x2

x3
x3
2x3

=
=
=

2
3
1

Write down the augmented matrix, reduce the augmented matrix to generalized
row echelon form and then determine the solution of system

solution :

Augmented Matrix:

1
3
1

1
2
1

1
1
2

2
3
1

Apply the elimination row operations

3R1 + R2 > R2
R1 + R3 > R3
we get

1
0
0

1
1
0

1
2
1

2
3
1

The matrix is in generalized row echolen form so the solution is

x3 = 1,
x2 + 2x3 = 3,
x1 + x2 x3 = 2

thus x2 = 3 + 2x3 = 5,
x1 = x2 + x3 + 2 = 2

Question 2

Consider system as in Question 1

2.1 Write down matrices A and b

2.2 What are the respective sizes of matrices A, x and b
2.3 Determine the inverse A1 of matrix A

solution:
2.1

1
1 1
2 1
A= 3
1 1 2

2
b= 3
1
2.2 Dimension of matrix A:
33
Dimension of matrix b:
31
Dimension of matrix x:
31

2.3

1
1 1 1 0
3
2 1 0 1
1 1 2 0 0

0
0
1

3R1 + R2 > R2
R1 + R3 > R3


1
0
0

1
0
0

1 1 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0
0
1 1 0 1
R2 > R2

1 1 1 0 0
1 2 3 1 0
0 1 1 0 1

2R3 + R2 > R2
R3 + R1 > R1

1 1 0 2 0 1
0 1 0 5 1 2
0 0 1 1 0 1
R2 + R1 > R1

1 0 0 3 1 1
0 1 0 5 1 2
0
1
0 0 1 1
Thus the inverse

A1

3
= 5
1

1 1
1 2
0
1

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 3
Consider the system
Ax = b

Multiply both sides by the inverse of A

A1 (Ax) = A1 b
Apply associative property for multiplication for matrices, we get


A1 A x = A1 b
But AA1 = I we obtain

Ix = A1 b

and so using the inverse calculated in Question 2 we get

3 1 1
2
2
x = A1 b = 5 1 2 3 = 5
1
0
1
1
1

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 4
If

1
1 1
0 1
C = 3
1 1 2
4.1 Evaluate the det(C)

4.2 Does the homogeneous system Cx = 0 have no solution, only one solution ,
or infinitely many solutions ? Give a reason for your answer.

4.3 Calculate the following:

a) det(CC 1 )
b) det(3C)
c) det(CC T )
d) det(2C 1 )

solution:
4.1 det(C)






 0 1



0 
 1  3 1 + (1)  3
= 1 
1 2 
1 1
1 2 

= 1(1) 1(5) + (1)(3) = 3

4.2 Consider the homogeneous system Cx = 0.

Since the det(C) is nonzero, C has an inverse C 1 .
Multiplying both sides of system by the inverse we get

C 1 Cx = C 1 0

x = C 1 0 = 0

that is x = 0 is the trivial solution (only solution)

4.3 a) det(CC 1 )
= det(C) det(C 1 )

Since det(C 1 ) =

1
we get
det(C)

det(CC 1 )
= det(C)

1
det(C)

1
= 3 3
=1

b) det(3C) = 33 det(C) = 27(3) = 81

2

c) det(CC T ) = det(C) det(C T ) = (det(C)) = (3)2 = 9

since det(C) = det(C T )
d) det(2C 1 ) = 23 det(C 1 ) = 23

8
1
=
det(C)
3

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 5

5.1 a) Identify those matrices that are elementary matrices

b) Give a definition of an elementary matrix

5.2 a) Is the inverse of an elementary matrix also an elementary matrix

b) Determine the inverse matrices of the elementary matrices that you wrote in
5.1 a)

solution:
5.1 a) elementary matrices:

Operation performed on identity

3R2 > R2

R3 < > R1

2R1 + R2 > R2

b) An n n matrix is called an elementary if it can be obtained from the

n n identity matrix In by performing a single elementary row operation.

5.2 a) Every elementary matrix is invertible and the inverse is also an elementary matrix.

b)

0
0
1

1 0
B = 0 3
0 0

B 1

1
= 0
0

0 0
C = 0 1
1 0
1

0
1
3

0
0
1

1
0
0

C 1

0
= 0
1

0 1
1 0
0 0

1 0
F = 2 1
0 0

F 1

1
= 2
0

0
0
1

0 0
1 0
0 1

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 6
6.1 Let L1 be a line passing through the points A(3, 0, 2) and B(4, 3, 0) while
L2 is the line passing through the points B(4, 3, 0) and C(8, 1, 1).
a) Determine the parametric equations for lines
b) Determine whether L1 and L2 are mutually perpendicular
6.2 Does the point (8, 4, 5) lie on the the plane 7x 3y + 4z = 8

solution:
6.1a) L1 :
direction vector v = AB = OB OA = (4, 3, 0) (3, 0, 2) = (1, 3, 2)

if (x, y, z) is the position vector of any point on the line and (4, 3, 0) is the position vector of point B then the parametric equation for L1 :
x = 4 + t,

y = 3 + 3t,

z = 0 2t

tR

L2 :
direction vector
v 1 = BC = (8, 1, 1) (4, 3, 0) = (4, 2, 1)

Parametric equation for L2 :

x = 8 + 4t, y = 1 2t, z = 1 t,

tR

6.2 Substituting x = 8, y = 4, z = 5 into equation of plane, and if equation of

plane is satisfied then the point lies on plane so

7(8) 3(4) + 4(5) = 56 12 20 = 24

which does not equal 8 so the point does not lie in the plane.

6.2 Two lines are perpendicular if dot product of their directional vectors is zero

v v 1 = (4, 2, 1) (1, 3, 2) = 4 6 + 2 = 0
therefore the lines are perpendicular.

6.3 The line L passes through the points P1 (2, 4, 1) and P2 (5, 0, 7). Determine
the point of intersection of L and the xy-plane.
Equation of line, in parametric form is:
v = (5, 0, 7) (2, 4, 1) = (3, 4, 8)
if (x, y, z) is the position vector of any point on line and (5, 0, 7) be the position vector of a point P2 then
L:
x = 5 + 3t,

y = 4t,

z = 7 + 8t,

tR

All points in the xy-plane have the z = 0 coordinate equal to zero so set
z = 7 + 8t = 0, then solving to find t , t = 7/8
Substituting this valve in the remaining equations we get the x and y coordinate

y = 4(7/8) = 7/2
x = 5 + 3(7/8) = 19/8
so the line intersects the xy-plane at point (7/2, 19/8, 0)

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 7

7.1 Determine an equation for the plane that passes through the point (1, 1, 1)
and is parallel to the plane x 3y 2z 4 = 0

solution:
For the equation of plane x 3y 2z = 4 the normal to plane is n = (1, 3, 2)
Two planes are parallel if their normals are scalar multiples of each other

Taking r 0 be the position vector of (1, 1, 1) and if r is the position vector of any
point in the plane (x, y, z) the the vector r r 0 is a vector that is orthogonal
to the normal n.

We get
n (r r 0 ) = 0

(1, 3, 2) (x 1, y 1, z 1) = 0

(x 1) 3(y 1) 2(z 1) = 0

x 3y 2z + 4 = 0

7.2 Determine the volume of the parallelepiped determined by three vectors

u = (1, 3, 1) , v = (1, 1, 2) and w = (3, 1, 2).
Use the triple scalar product

1

u (v w) = 1
3


3 1
1
2  = 20
1 2 

Volume of parallelepiped = |u (v w)| = 20

1

7.3 Calculate the distance between the plane 2x 3y + 6z = 1 and the point
(1, 4, 3)

Let A be the point (1, 4, 3) and B be any point on the plane B(x0 , y0 , z0 )

let b be the vector b = AB = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) (1, 4, 3) = (x0 1, y0 + 4, z0 3).

The distance from A to the plane is equal to the absolute value of the scalar
projection of b onto the normal vector n = (2, 3, 6)
Distance
 
= b |cos |
bn
|n|
|(x0 1, y0 + 4, z0 3) (2, 3, 6)|
p
=
22 + (3)2 + 62
|(2x0 3y0 + 6z0 ) + (2) + (12) + (18)|
p
=
22 + (3)2 + 62
=

but (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is a point on the plane so 2x0 3y0 + 6z0 = 1 so we get

=

|(1) + (2) + (12) + (18)|

p
22 + (3)2 + 62

Alternate solution: You can use the distance formula but do see the formula in
the study guide

May/June 2011 Examination Paper

Question 8

8.1 Express the complex number 1 + i 3 in polar form

8.2 State De Moivres Theorem
8.3 Use De Moivres Theorem to find all cube roots of 8
solution:

8.1 We need to find r and such that 1 + i 3 = r (cos + i sin )

q

r = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
!

3
1
1+i 3=2
+i
2
2
and
1
cos =
2
=

3
sin =
2

+ 2k

for integer k
Polar form :
For k = 0



1 + i 3 = 2 cos + i sin
3
3

8.2 If z = r (cos + i sin ) and n is a positive integer, then

z n = (r (cos + i sin ))n = rn (cos n + i sin n)

8.3 Let z 3 = 8 and z = r(cos + i sin ) then

3

(r(cos + i sin )) = 8 (cos + i sin )

1

Using De Moivres Theorem

r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3)) = 8 (cos + i sin )

1

r = 83 = 2
and
cos 3 = cos

, sin 3 = sin

3 = + 2k
=

2k

+
3
3

for integer k.
 




2k
2k
zk = 2 cos
+ i sin
+
+
3
3
3
3
for integer k.
The distinct cube roots are for k = 0, 1, 2:
If k = 0 then
 
 
z0 = 2 cos
+ i sin
=2
3
3

!
3
1
+i
2
2

If k = 1



 

2
2

+ i sin
= 2 (1 + i0)
+
+
z1 = 2 cos
3
3
3
3
If k = 2




 

4
4

+ i sin
=2
+
+
z2 = 2 cos
3
3
3
3

!
1
3
i
2
2

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 1
Consider the system of linear equations
2x + y 3z = 2
2x 3y + z = 10
2x + y + z = 6
1.1 Is there a value of a such that (a, 1, 3) is a solution of the system? If yes,
give the value of a. If no, explain why not.
1.2 Reduce the augmented matrix of the system to generalized row echelon
form and find all solutions of the system.
solution:
We begin by substituting x = a, y = 1 and z = 3 into the system for each linear
equation we get
2a + (1) + 3(3) = 2
a=5
2a 3(1) + 3 = 10
a=5
2a + (1) + 3 = 6
a=5
Yes, since there is a single value of a that satisfies all three equations, thus
(5, 1, 3) is a solution of the system

1.2 The augmented matrix of the system is given by

2
1 3 | 2
2 3 1 | 10
2 1
1 | 6

Performing the elementary row operations

R1 + R2 > R2
R1 + R3 > R3 we get

2 1 3 | 2
0 4 4 | 8
0 2 2 | 4
1
2 R2

2
0
0

+ R3 > R3

1 3 | 2
4 4 | 8
0
0 | 0

The augmented matrix is in generalized row echelon form.

1

let z = t t R
From the equation
4y + 4z = 8
we get
y = 2 + t
and from the equation
2x + y 3z = 2
we get
x = 2 + t.
Thus the solution is given by
(2 + t, 2 + t, t) where t R

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 2
Consider the nonhomogeneous system of linear equations
x 2y + z
yz

a2 a 2 z

=
=
=

4
3
a+1

2.1 Determine the value/(s) of a for which the system has

a) no solution
b) exactly one solution
c) infinitely many solutions

solution:
From the system, we get
(a 2) (a + 1) z = (a + 1)

a) If a = 2, we get 0z = 3. This equation has no solution, hence the system has

no solution
b) If a 6= 2 and a 6= 1, the equation has a unique solution, hence the system has a unique solution
c) If a = 1, then the equation 0z = 0, has infinitely many solutions, hence the
system has infinitely many solutions

2.2 Is there any value of a for which the associated homogeneous system has no
solution ? Give a reason for your answer

solution:
For a homogeneous system of three linear equations in three variable, exactly
one of the following is true
i) the system has only the trivial solution
ii) the system has infinitely many solutions,
so there is no value of a for which the associated homogeneous system has no
solution

2.3 Find all values of a for which the associated homogeneous system has
a) only trivial solution
b) non- trivial solution

solution:
a) if a 6= 2 and a 6= 1, then the system has only a trivial solution
b) If a = 2 or a = 1 the system has non-trivial solution

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 3
Suppose that

2 1
3
A = 0 1 2
3 4 1
Evaluate det(A) by expanding along the second column.
solution:
det(A)




0 2 
 + (1) 2
= 1 

3
3 1




2 3
3 



4
0 2
1

= 1(0.(1) 3.2) 1(2.(1) 3.3) 4(2.(2) 3.0)

= 1(6) 1(2 9) 4(4)
= 6 + 11 16
= 10 + 11 = 1
3.2 Suppose that

2
B = 1
3

0
3
1 4
2 1

2
C = 3
0

1
3
4 1
1 2

4
D = 0
6

2
6
2 4
8 2

6
F = 0
9

1
3
1 2
4 1

Then evaluate the following:

a) det(B)
b) det(C)
1

c) det(D)
d) det(F )
solution:
a) Since B = AT we get
det(B) = det(AT ) = det(A) = 1

b) Comparing matrices C with A we have that R2 < > R3 in matrix C, thus we get
det(C) = det(A) = 1

c) Since D = 2A we get
det(D) = det(2A) = 23 det(A) = 8.1 = 8

d) Finding det(A) by expanding along the first column we get

det(A)



1 2 

 (0) 1
= 2 


 4 1
 4
1 2 
1
+3
= 2 
1
4 1
=1
Note: the determinant




 1 3
3 


+
3

1 2
1

3
2

is the same no matter which row or column one uses

Now, find the determinant of F by expanding along the first column we get that




1 2 


 + 9  1 3
det(F ) = 6 


4 1
1 2



 


1 2 
 + 3  1 3
= (3) 2 


1 2
4 1
= 3 det(A)
= 3.1 = 3
Question 4
Suppose A is a 2 2 matrix and Ei i = 1, 2, 3 are elementary matrices such that
E3 E2 E1 A = I2

where
1

0

0
E2 =
1

1
E3 =
3


0
1

1
0

0
1


2
=
0

0
=
1

1
=
3


0
1

1
0

0
1

E1 =

4.1 Find Ei1 i = 1, 2, 3.

solution:
E11
E21
E31

4.2 Write A as a product of elementary matrices and determine A by multiplying the elementary matrices.

E3 E2 E1 A = I2

A
= E11 E21 E31



2 0
0 1
1
=
0 1
1 0
3


6 2
=
1 0


0
1

4.3 Write A1 as a product of elementary matrices and determine A1 by

multiplying the elementary matrices.
A1
= E3 E2 E1


1 0
0
=
3 1
1

1
1
2
0
0


0
1

0
1
2


1
3

4.4 Use the inverse A1 to solve the system

Ax = b
where
 
x1
x=
x2

b=

 
2
1

solution:
1
x=
A b   
0 1
2
= 1
3
1
2 
1
=
2
thus x1 = 1 and x2 = 2

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 5

5.1 Let L1 be a line through the points A(3, 1, 2) and B(1, 2, 1) while L2
is the line passing through points C(2, 3, 3) and D(4, 3, 5)
a) determine the parametric equations of lines.
b) determine whether the lines are mutually perpendicular.

solution:
5.1 a)
Direction vector:
v 1 = AB = (1, 2, 1) (3, 1, 2) = (2, 1, 3)
If (x, y, z) is the position vector of any point on the line L1 then the parametric equation of line is:
L1 :
x = 3 2t,

y = 1 t,

z = 2 3t
where t R

Direction vector:
v 2 = CD = (4, 3, 5) (2, 3, 3) = (6, 6, 2)
If (x, y, z) is the position vector of any point on the line L2 then the parametric equation of line is:
L2 :
x = 2 + 6s,

y = 3 6s,

z = 3 2s
where s R
From 5.1 b)
5b) v 1 = (2, 1, 3) and v 2 = (6, 6, 2)
Find the dot product
v 1 v 2 = 12 + 6 + 6 = 0
and since the dot is zero it means that the lines are mutually perpendicular.

5.2 Does the point (8, 2, 1) lie on the plane x + 2y 3z 9 = 0

solution:
Substituting the point into the equation of plane

8 + 2(2) 3(1) 9 = 8 + 4 3 9 = 0
and since the equation is satisfied this implies that the point lies in the plane.

5.3 The line L passes through points P1 (3, 1, 2) and P2 (1, 2, 1).
Determine the point of intersection of L and the xy-plane.
solution:
Direction vector:
v = (1, 2, 1) (3, 1, 2) = (2, 1, 3)
Parametric equation of line:

x = 1 2t, y = 2 t, z = 1 3t
where tR
2

Line will intersect the xy plane the z-component will be zero

z = 1 3t = 0
t = 1/3 substituting this for t we get

x = 1 2(1/3) = 5/3,
y = 2 (1/3) = 5/3,
z=0
The line L will intersect the xy-plane at point (5/3, 5/3, 0)

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 6
6.1 Determine an equation for the plane that passes through the origin and
is parallel to the plane 7x + 4y 2z + 3 = 0

solution:
Since plane passes through the origin the point A(0, 0, 0) must lie in plane.
Let B(x, y, z) be any point in the plane, then the vector
b = AB = (x, y, z) (0, 0, 0) = (x, y, z)
is a vector in the plane and thus must be perpendicular to the normal of the
plane.
Since the plane is to be parallel to plane
7x + 4y 2z + 3 = 0
we take the normal of the plane passing through the origin to have the same
normal vector as the plane
7x + 4y 2z + 3 = 0
which is
n = (7, 4, 2)
Thus we get
bn=0
(x, y, z) (7, 4, 2) = 0
7x + 4y 2z = 0.

6.2 Determine volume of the parallelepiped spanned by vectors

u = (1, 3, 1), v = (1, 1, 2) and w = (3, 1, 2) by evaluating
u (v w)

solution:
Triple scalar product

1

u (v w) = 1
3


3 1
1
2  = 20
1 2 

Volume = |20| = 20

6.3 Calculate the distance between the plane 2x 3y + 6z = 1 and the point
(1, 1, 0) and deduce the relationship between this point and the plane.

solution:

distance =

|2(1) 3(1) + 6(0) (1)|

p
=0
22 + (3)2 + 62

Since the distance is zero this means that the point lies in the plane.

Oct/Nov-2011- Examination Paper

Question 7
7.1 State De Moivres Theorem
solution:
If z = r(cos + i sin ) and n is a positive integer, then
z n = [r(cos + i sin )]n = rn (cos n + i sin n)

7.2 a) Express sin 4 in terms of powers of sin and cos

b) Use De Moivres Theorem to find the cube roots of 1.
solution:
7.2 a) Using De Moivres Theorem we get that
4

(cos + i sin ) = cos 4 + i sin 4

Now, we get using the binomial theorem that

(cos + i sin )4
=

4
0

cos4 +

4
1

cos3 i sin +

Using that i2 = 1,

4
k

4
2

cos2 i2 sin2 +

4
3

cos i3 sin3 +

4
4

4 4
i sin

4!
we get
(4 k)! k!

(cos + i sin )4 = cos4 + i4 cos3 sin 6 cos2 sin2 i4 cos sin3 + sin4

Finally, we get
sin 4
= Im cos4 + i4 cos3 sin 6 cos2 sin2 i4 cos sin3 + sin4
= 4 cos3 sin 4 cos sin3

7.2 b) let
z3 = 1
1

where z = r(cos + i sin ) Then

r3 (cos + i sin )3 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
we get that r = 1 and cos 3 = cos (0) and sin 3 = sin (0)
from which we get that

3 = 0 + 2k
for k = 0, 1, 2

2k
3

and so the cube roots are:

2k
zk = cos 2k
3 + i sin 3

k = 0, 1, 2
z0 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
2
1
z1 = cos 2
3 + i sin 3 = 2 + i

3
2

4
1
z2 = cos 4
3 + i sin 3 = 2 i

3
2

May/June 2012 Examination paper

Question 1
a) If


1 0
A=
2 3
and


1
B=
3


2
0

Check whether or not AB = BA.

solution:


 
 

1 0
1 2
1.1 + 0.3 1.2 + 3.0
1 2
AB =
=
=
2 3
3 0
2.1 + 3.3
2.2 + 3.0
11
4
BA =

3 6
3 0

Thus is follows that AB 6= BA

b) Reduce the following matrix to reduced row-echelon form

0 3 9
0 2 4
0 0 3
1/3R1 > R1

0 1 3
0 2 4
0 0 3
2R1 + R2 > R2

0 1
3
0 0 10
0 0
3
1/10R2 > R2

0 1 3
0 0 1
0 0 3

1/3R3 > R3

0 1
0 0
0 0

3
1
1

R1 + R3 > R3

0 1 3
0 0 1
0 0 0
3R2 + R1 > R1

0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
c) Solve the system
3x + 4y + z
2x + 3y
4x + 3y z

=
=
=

1
0
2

Augmented matrix:

3 4 1
1
2 3 0
0
4 3 1
2

R2 < > R1

0
2 3 0
3 4 1
1
4 3 1
2

1/2R1 > R1

0
0
1 32
3 4 1
1
4 3 1
2

3R1 + R2 > R2
4R1 + R3 > R3

3
0
0
1
2
0 1
1
1
2
0 3 1
2

2R2 > R2

0
0
1 23
0 1 2
2
0 3 1
2

3R2 + R3 > R3

0
0
1 23
0 1 2
2
0 0 7
8
1/7R3 > R3

0
0
1 23
0 1 2
2
8
0 0 1
7

Thus
8
z=
7
y 2z = 2
3
x+ y =0
2

2
7
3
x=
7
y=

d) Let
A=

2 1
1 0

Using row operations, find the A1 and verify it ie show that AA1 = I = A1 A
solution:


A
I

2 1
1 0

1 0
0 1

1/2R1 > R1


1
1
1
0
2
2
1 0
0 1
R1 + R2 > R2


1
0
1 21
2
1
0 21
1
2
2R2 > R2


1
1 21
0
2
0 1
1 2
1/2R2 + R1 > R1


0 1
1 0
0 1
1 2
Thus we get
A



0 1
=
1 2
3

To verify the A1 is the inverse of matrix A we perform the product



 

2 1
0 1
1 0
AA1 =
=
1 0
1 2
0 1


 

0 1
2 1
1 0
A1 A =
=
1 2
1 0
0 1

May/June 2012 Examination paper

Question 2
a) Let

1 5
2 1
2 1

4
A = 6
0
and find its determinant
solution:







1 5
4 5
4 1






det(A) = 0 
2
+1
2 1
6 1
6 2

= 0 2(26) + 1(14) = 66
b) Show that the matrix

cos
B = sin
0

sin
cos
0

0
0
1

is invertible for all values of

solution:


 sin
det(B) = 0 
cos



 cos
0


0

 sin
0

= cos2 + sin2 = 1



 cos
0

+
1

 sin
0


sin 
cos 

since det(B) 6= 0
it follows that A is invertible ie. there exists a matrix A1 such that A1 A =
I = AA1
since the det(B) = 1 is a constant, independent of it follows that B is invertible for all values of

c) Given

2 1 3
C = 1 2 4
5 3 6
show that det(C) = det(C T )

solution:









 2 4
 (1) 1 4 + 3 1
det(C) = 2 

5


5 6
3 6


2 
3

= 2(12 (12)) + 1(6 20) + 3(3 10)

= 2(24) 14 + 3(13) = 5

2
C T = 1
3

2
det(C ) = 2 
4
T

1 5
2 3
4 6






1 2
1 3
3




+5
1
3 4
3
6
6

= 2(12 (12)) 1(6 (9)) + 5(4 6)

= 2(24) 3 50 = 5
Thus we get
det(C) = 5 = det(C T )

d) Solve using Cramers rule

2x y = 4
3x + 2y = 13
solution:


 4 1


13 2 

x = 

2 1
3 2 
21
=
=3
7


2 4 


3 13


y=

2 1
3 2 
14
=2
=
7

May/June 2012 Examination paper

Question 3
Consider the vectors
1
v = (1, 1, )
2

u = (1, 0, 4)
a) proju v
solution:
vu
proju v =
u
|u|2
(1, 1, 12 ) (1, 0, 4)
=
|(1, 0, 4)|2
1 + 0 + 2
=
(1, 0, 4)
17
1
(1, 0, 4)
=
17

b) Calculate the area of the parallelogram determined by u and v

solution:
 i j

u v =  1 0
1 1

0
= i 
1


k 
4 
1
2



1
4 

1 j 
1
2




 1 0
4 


1 + k 
1 1
2

= 4i j 29 + k

Area of parallelogram

q
149
9 2
2
2
= |u v| = (4) + ( 2 ) + (1) =
2
c) Find an equation of the plane containing the point (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the line through the points (2, 0, 1) and (1, 1, 0)
solution:
v = (2, 0, 1) (1, 1, 0) = (3, 1, 1)
Equation of plane:
Let (x, y, z) be any point on plane then
1

(x 1, y 1, z + 1) (3, 1, 1) = 0
3(x 1) (y 1) (z + 1) = 0
3x y z = 3
d) Determine whether the points (5, 6, 10) ,(3, 3, 8) are on the line
x = 2 + t, y = 3 3t, z = 4 + 2t, t R

solution:
For the point (5, 6, 10)
5=2+t

t=3

6 = 3 3t t = 3
10 = 4 + 2t t = 3
Since there is a single value for t = 3 that satisfies all three parametric equations
of line, we conclude that the point (5, 6, 10) lies on the line
For the point (3, 3, 8)
3=2+t

t=1

3 = 3 3t t = 0
8 = 4 + 2t t = 2
Since there is a no single value for t that satisfies all three parametric equations of line, we conclude that the point (3, 3, 8) does not lie on the line

May/June 2012 Examination paper

Question 4
a) Use De Moivres theorem to express cos 3 and sin 3 in terms of powers of
sin and cos
solution:
a) Using De Moivres theorem we get
(cos + i sin )3 = cos 3 + i sin 3

Now,
(cos + i sin )3
= cos3 3 cos sin2 + i3 cos2 sin i sin3
Equating real and imaginary parts we get
cos 3 = cos3 3 cos sin2
and
sin = 3 cos2 sin sin3
b) Determine the cube roots of i in the polar form

solution:
Let z 3 = i and if z = r(cos + i sin ) then



r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3) = 1 cos + i sin
then it follows that
2
2
1

r = (1) 3
and

+ 2k for some integer k

2

2k
= +
6
3





2k
2k

+ i sin
+
+
zk = cos
6
3
6
3
3 =

For distinct roots:

If k = 0
 
 
+ i sin
z0 = cos
6
6
1

If k = 1
 

 
5
5
+ i sin
z1 = cos
6
6
If k = 2
 

 
3
3
+ i sin
z2 = cos
2
2
c) If (a + ib)3 = 8, prove that a2 + b2 = 4 (Hint: solve for b2 in terms of a2 then
solve for a
solution:
If (a + ib)3 = 8 we get
a3 + i3a2 b 3ab2 ib3 = 8
Equating real and imaginary parts we get
a3 3ab2 = 8
3a2 b b3 = 0
If b 6= 0 then
3a2 b = b3
3a2 = b2
Substituting this into the first equation
a3 3a(3a2 ) = 8
8a3 = 8
a = 1
If a = 1 then b2 = 3(1)2 thus
a2 + b2 = (1)2 + 3 = 4

If b = 0 then a3 = 8
a=2
a2 + b 2 = 4 + 0 = 4
2

October/November 2012

Question 1

a) Describe the properties of a matrix in reduced row echelon form

b) Solve the following system using Gauss-Jordan elimination

4x1 8x2
3x1 6x2
2x1 + 4x2

c) Let A =

=
=
=

12
9
6



0 1
.
1 1

Find A3 .

2
d) Given B = 1
1

7 1
4 1.
3 0

Use row operations, find B 1 , verify that BB 1 = I = B 1 B

solutions:
a)
If a row does not consist entirely of zeros, then the first nonzero number
in the row is a 1

If there are any rows that consist entirely of zeros, then they are grouped
together at the bottom of the matrix

in any two succesive rows that do not consist entirely of zeros, the leading
1 in the lower row occurs further to the right than the leading 1 in the
higher row

each column that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else

b) Augmented matrix

12
4 8
3 6
9
6
2 4
1/4R1 > R1

1 2
3
3 6
9
2 4
6
3R1 + R2 > R2
2R1 + R3 > R3

1 2
0 0
0 0

3
0
0

Let x2 = t, t R then we get

x1 2x2 = 3

x1 = 2x2 + 3 = 2t + 3

solution set = {(2t + 3; t) : t R}

c) The product


1 1
A2 = AA =
1 0
A3 = A2 A



1 1
0
1 0
1

2
d) 1
1


7 1  1
4 1 0
3 0 0

 

1
1 0
=
1
0 1

0 0
1 0
0 1

R1 < > R3

1 3
1 4
2 7


0  0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0

1
0
0


0  0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0

1
1
2

R1 + R2 > R2
2R1 + R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 1

R2 + R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 0

1
0  0 0
1 0 1 1
2  1 1 1

0.5R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 0


0  0
1 0
1  12

0
1
21

1
1
21

R3 + R2 > R2

1 3
0 1
0 0


0 0
0 12
1 1
2

0
1
2
21

1
23
21

3R2 + R1 > R1


1 0 0 23 23 11
2
1
0 1 0 1
23
2
 12
1

2 21
0 0 1 2

B 1

3
2
= 1
2
1
2

32

1
2
12

11
2
23
21

BB 1

2
= 1
1

3
2
B 1 B = 12
1
2

3
2
7 1
4 1 21
1
3 0
2
23

1
2
21

11
2
2
23 1
12
1

32

1
2
21

7
4
3

11
2
23
21

1 0
= 0 1
0 0

1
1 0
1 = 0 1
0
0 0

0
1
1

0
1
1

October/November 2012

Question 1

a) Describe the properties of a matrix in reduced row echelon form

b) Solve the following system using Gauss-Jordan elimination

4x1 8x2
3x1 6x2
2x1 + 4x2

c) Let A =

=
=
=

12
9
6



0 1
.
1 1

Find A3 .

2
d) Given B = 1
1

7 1
4 1.
3 0

Use row operations, find B 1 , verify that BB 1 = I = B 1 B

solutions:
a)
If a row does not consist entirely of zeros, then the first nonzero number
in the row is a 1

If there are any rows that consist entirely of zeros, then they are grouped
together at the bottom of the matrix

in any two succesive rows that do not consist entirely of zeros, the leading
1 in the lower row occurs further to the right than the leading 1 in the
higher row

each column that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else

b) Augmented matrix

12
4 8
3 6
9
6
2 4
1/4R1 > R1

1 2
3
3 6
9
2 4
6
3R1 + R2 > R2
2R1 + R3 > R3

1 2
0 0
0 0

3
0
0

Let x2 = t, t R then we get

x1 2x2 = 3

x1 = 2x2 + 3 = 2t + 3

solution set = {(2t + 3; t) : t R}

c) The product


1 1
A2 = AA =
1 0
A3 = A2 A



1 1
0
1 0
1

2
d) 1
1


7 1  1
4 1 0
3 0 0

 

1
1 0
=
1
0 1

0 0
1 0
0 1

R1 < > R3

1 3
1 4
2 7


0  0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0

1
0
0


0  0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0

1
1
2

R1 + R2 > R2
2R1 + R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 1

R2 + R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 0

1
0  0 0
1 0 1 1
2  1 1 1

0.5R3 > R3

1 3
0 1
0 0


0  0
1 0
1  12

0
1
21

1
1
21

R3 + R2 > R2

1 3
0 1
0 0


0 0
0 12
1 1
2

0
1
2
21

1
23
21

3R2 + R1 > R1


1 0 0 23 23 11
2
1
0 1 0 1
23
2
 12
1

2 21
0 0 1 2

B 1

3
2
= 1
2
1
2

32

1
2
12

11
2
23
21

BB 1

2
= 1
1

3
2
B 1 B = 12
1
2

3
2
7 1
4 1 21
1
3 0
2
23

1
2
21

11
2
2
23 1
12
1

32

1
2
21

7
4
3

11
2
23
21

1 0
= 0 1
0 0

1
1 0
1 = 0 1
0
0 0

0
1
1

0
1
1

October/November 2012
Question 2
a) Given

3 2 1
3
A = 1 6
2 4 0
find Adj(A)

b) Let k = 2,

2
B = 3
1

1 3
2 1
4 5

find det(B) and det(kB) and compare them.

c) Let

2 1
C = 3 4
0 0

0
0
2

and

1
D = 7
5

1 3
1 2
0 1

det(CD) = det(C) det(D)

d) Given the following system of equations

5x1 + x2 x3
9x1 + x2 x3
x1 x2 + 5x3

=
=
=

4
1
2

Apply Cramers Rule to find x1

solution:

a) Co-factors:

1+1

c11 = (1)

1+2

c12 = (1)

1+3

c13 = (1)

2+1

c21 = (1)

2+2

c22 = (1)


6

4


3
= 12
0


1

2


3
=6
0


1

2


6 
= 16
4


2

4

3

2


1
=4
0

1
=2
0


3
c23 = (1)2+3 
2


2 
= 16
4


2

6


1
= 12
3


3

1


1
= 10
3


3

1


2
= 16
6

3+1

c31 = (1)

3+2

c32 = (1)

3+3

c33 = (1)

Let C be the co-factor matrix

12
6
16
C =4
2
16
12 10 16

12
6
16
12
4
12
2
16 = 6
2 10
Adj (A) = C T = 4
12 10 16
16 16 16


2
b) det(B) = 2 
4






3 2
3 1 
1
 = 56



+3
(1) 
1 4
1 5
5

4 2
6
2B = 6 4 2
2 8 10






6 4
6 2 
4 2 
 = 448





6
2
det (2B) = 4 
2 8
2 10
8 10
det(2B) = 448 = (2)3 56 = (2)3 det(B)

4
c) det(C) = 2 
0

1
det(D) = 1 
0



3
0
1 
2
0




3 4
0

 = 10
+0
2
0 0






7 2 
7 1
2



 = 17
(1) 
+3
1
5 1
5 0

9 1 8
CD = 31 1 17
10 0
2


1
det(CD) = 9 
0






31 17
31 1
17



 = 170
(1) 
+8
2
10 2 
10 0

det(CD) = 170 = 10(17) = det(C) det(D)

5
d) 9
1

1 1
x1
4
1 1 x2 = 1
1 5
x3
2

5 1 1
A = 9 1 1
1 1 5
det A = 16

Ax1

4 1
= 1 1
2 1

det Ax1 = 12
x1 =

det(Ax1 )
=
det(A)

12
16

1
1
5

October/November 2012
Question 3

a) Consider the vectors u = (3, 0, 4) and v = (1, 1, 0)

i) Determine the orthogonal projection proju v

ii) Calculate the area of the parallelogram bounded by these vectors.
iii) Determine the perimeter of the parallelogram bounded by these vectors.

b) Find an equation of the plane containing the point (0, 1, 1) and perpendicular
to the line passing through the points (2, 1, 0) and (1, 1, 0)
c) Determine whether the point (2, 10, 8) lies on the line whose parameteric
equation are x = 2 t, y = 2 3t, z = 4 + t
solution:
a) i) proju v =

uv

2 u
|u|
3
(3, 0, 4) (1, 1, 0)
(3, 0, 4) =
(3, 0, 4)
=
32 + 42
25

ii) First we find the cross product of u and v

uv

i

= 3
1


j k 
0 4
1 0

= 4i + 4j + 3k
Area of parallelogram = |u v|


= 4i + 4j + 3k
=

42 + 42 + 32 = 41units2

iii) Perimeter of parallelogram

1

= 2 |u| + 2 |v|

= 2 32 + 42 + 2 12 + 12 = 2.5 + 2 2

b) Direction vector of line

v = (1, 1, 0) (2, 1, 0) = (1, 2, 0)

Let (x, y, z) be the position vector of any point on the plane and since the line
is perpendicular to plane we can use the direction vector v as the normal vector

(x, y 1, z 1) (1, 2, 0) = 0
and so we get
x 2(y 1) = 0
x 2y = 2
c) Substituting the point (2, 10, 8) into the parametric equations of line we
get
2 = 2 t
t=4
10 = 2 3t
t=4
8=4+t
t=4
since there is a single value for t that satisfies all the parametric equations
it means that the point lies on the line

October/November 2012
Question 4

a) Use De Moivres Theorem to express sin 4 in terms of sin and cos

b) Determine the cube roots of 8
c) Let a, b be real numbers such that (a ib)2 = 4
i) Prove the b = 0
ii) Show that a4 + a2 20 = 0
solution:
a) Using De Moivres theorem we get
4

(cos + i sin ) = cos 4 + i sin 4

Now, we get using the binomial theorem that

(cos + i sin )
=

4
0

cos4 +

4
1

cos3 i sin +

4
2

cos2 i2 sin2 +

Simplifying and use that i2 = 1 we get

(cos + i sin )

4
3

cos i3 sin3 +

= cos4 + i4 cos3 sin 6 cos2 sin2 i4 cos sin3 + sin4

Finally, we have

sin 4
= Im cos4 + i4 cos3 sin 6 cos2 sin2 i4 cos sin3 + sin4
= 4 cos3 sin 4 cos sin3
b)Let z 3 = 8 and if z = r(cos + i sin ) then
(r(cos + i sin ))3 = 8 (cos + i sin )

4
4

4 4
i sin

Using De Moivres Theorem

r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3) = 8 (cos + i sin )

1

r = 8 3 = 2 and cos 3 = cos , sin 3 = sin

3 = + 2k
=

2k
+
3
3

where k is an integer.





2k

2k
zk = 2 cos
+
+
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
where k is an integer
The distinct cube roots are:
for k = 0
 
 
+ i sin
=2
z0 = 2 cos
3
3

!
1
3
+i
2
2

for k = 1




 

2
2

+ i sin
= 2 (1 + i0)
+
+
z1 = 2 cos
3
3
3
3
for k = 2

 




4
4
z2 = 2 cos
+ i sin
=2
+
+
3
3
3
3

!
1
3
i
2
2

c) i) if (a ib) = 4 then


a2 b2 i2ab = 4.

Two complex numbers are equal if there real parts and imaginary parts are
the same. So equating we get

a2 b2 = 4 and 2ab = 0
From the second equation we get a = 0 or b = 0

If a = 0 then from first equation we get b2 = 4

which means that b must be complex, but since b is real, we cannot have that
a = 0. Thus a 6= 0.
Thus we get that b = 0 must be zero.

ii) since b = 0 we get that a2 = 4 thus we get that

a4 + a2 20 = 42 + 4 20 = 0

May/June 2013- Examination paper

Question 1
1.1 Describe the elementary row operations on a matrix.
solution:
Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant
Add a multiple of one row to another
Interchange any two rows
1.2 Verify that
x = 19t 35

y = 25 13t

z=t

is a solution of
2x + 3y + z = 5

5x + 7y 4z = 0

solution:
Substituting for x, y and z in terms of t, we get
2(19t 35) + 3(25 13t) + t
= 38t 70 + 75 39t + t
=5
and
5(19t 35) + 7(25 13t) 4t
= 95t 175 + 175 91t 4t
= 4t 4t
1

=0
Thus we conclude that x = 19t 35, y = 25 13t, z = t,
tion of the system

1.3 a) Compute




3 2 1
3 0 2
5
5 1 0
1 1 2
b) Find A in terms of B if 2A B = 5(A + 2B)
solution:

3 2
a)
5 1

3 2
=
5 1
12
=
0




1
3 0 2
5
0
1 1 2
 

1
15 0 10

0
5 5 10
2 11
6 10

1.3 b)
2A B = 5(A + 2B)
2A B = 5A + 10B
2A 5A = B + 10B
3A = 11B
A=

11
B
3

1.4 a) Given
A=


3
0

Compute A2 A 6I2
solution:
A2


3 1
3 1
=
0 2
0 2


3.3 + 1.0 3. 1 + 1. 2
=
0.3 + 2.0 0. 1 + 2. 2


9 1
=
0 4
2


1
2

t R is a solu-

A2 A 6I2

 



9 1
3 1
1 0
=

6
0 4
0 2
0 1

 

9 3 6 1 + 1 + 0
0 0
=
=
0
4+26
0 0
b) Given
B=

6
4


9
6

Compute B 2 and say what you observe about B 2 in relation to B.

solution:


6
9
6
B2 =
4 6
4


0 0
=
0 0


9
6

Relation of B 2 to matrix B is:

B 2 = 0B where 0 is a scalar
B + B2 = B

0
1.5 If A =
1




1
1 1
and B =
1
1 0

Show that A and B are inverses of each other.

solution:

0
AB =
1


 

1
1 1
1 0
=
1
1 0
0 1



 

1 1
0 1
1 0
BA =
=
1 0
1 1
0 1

May/June 2013- Examination paper

b) Given
B=

6
4


9
6

Compute B 2 and say what you observe about B 2 in relation to B.

solution:


6
9
6
2
B =
4 6
4


0 0
=
0 0


9
6

Relation of B 2 to matrix B is:

In this Question it is not clear as to what the examiner is getting at nevertheless
For matrix B the entries have the relation:

b11 = b22
If b21 6= 0 then b12 =

(b11 )
b21

and so the matrix has the form

2
(b22 )
B = b22 b21
b21
b22

For the matrix B 2 are entries are zero despite the fact that all entries of B
are non zero
In this example, we that product BB = 0
but
the matrix B 6= 0

May/June 2013- Examination paper

Question 1
1.1 Describe the elementary row operations on a matrix.
solution:
Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant
Add a multiple of one row to another
Interchange any two rows
1.2 Verify that
x = 19t 35

y = 25 13t

z=t

is a solution of
2x + 3y + z = 5

5x + 7y 4z = 0

solution:
Substituting for x, y and z in terms of t, we get
2(19t 35) + 3(25 13t) + t
= 38t 70 + 75 39t + t
=5
and
5(19t 35) + 7(25 13t) 4t
= 95t 175 + 175 91t 4t
= 4t 4t
1

=0
Thus we conclude that x = 19t 35, y = 25 13t, z = t,
tion of the system

1.3 a) Compute




3 2 1
3 0 2
5
5 1 0
1 1 2
b) Find A in terms of B if 2A B = 5(A + 2B)
solution:

3 2
a)
5 1

3 2
=
5 1
12
=
0




1
3 0 2
5
0
1 1 2
 

1
15 0 10

0
5 5 10
2 11
6 10

1.3 b)
2A B = 5(A + 2B)
2A B = 5A + 10B
2A 5A = B + 10B
3A = 11B
A=

11
B
3

1.4 a) Given
A=


3
0

Compute A2 A 6I2
solution:
A2


3 1
3 1
=
0 2
0 2


3.3 + 1.0 3. 1 + 1. 2
=
0.3 + 2.0 0. 1 + 2. 2


9 1
=
0 4
2


1
2

t R is a solu-

A2 A 6I2

 



9 1
3 1
1 0
=

6
0 4
0 2
0 1

 

9 3 6 1 + 1 + 0
0 0
=
=
0
4+26
0 0
b) Given
B=

6
4


9
6

Compute B 2 and say what you observe about B 2 in relation to B.

solution:


6
9
6
B2 =
4 6
4


0 0
=
0 0


9
6

Relation of B 2 to matrix B is:

B 2 = 0B where 0 is a scalar
B + B2 = B
det(B) = det(B 2 ) = 0
In this example we that product BB = 0
but
the matrix B 6= 0




0 1
1 1
1.5 If A =
and B =
1 1
1 0
Show that A and B are inverses of each other.
solution:

0
AB =
1
BA =


 

1
1 1
1 0
=
1
1 0
0 1



 

1 1
0 1
1 0
=
1 0
1 1
0 1

Question 2
2.1 Find det(A) if

a)

cos
A=
sin

sin
cos

solution:
det(A) = cos2 + sin2 = 1

2.2 b)


a+1
a
A=
a
a1
solution:
det(A) = (a + 1)(a 1) a2 = a2 1 a2 = 1
2.2 Using the cofactor expansion find the

3 0
5 1

B=
2 6
6 3
solution:




1 2 0 
5 2





det(B) = 3 6 0 1 0  2 0
3 1 0 
6 1




 
0 1
6 1

 2
 + 0 6
= 3 1 



3
1 0
3 0
= 3 [(1).(1) (2).(3)]

det(B) where

0 0
2 0

0 1
1 0



5 1
0 


1 + 0  2 6
6 3
0


0
1

= 3(5) = 15
2.3 Let
C=


4
3


1
2

and show that

det(C 1 ) =

1
det(C)

solution:
det(C) = 8 3 = 5
Since det(C) 6= 0, the matrix C has an inverse.




 5 1 2
0 


1 0  2 6 0
6 3 1
0

C 1 =

1
5


2 1
3 4

Now, we find the determinant, we get

     
5
4
3
1
1
1
2
1

=
= =
det(C ) =
5
5
5
5
25
5
det(C)

2.4 Let


3 2
D=
1 1
find det(2D) and compare it to det(D)
solution:
det(D) = 3 2 = 5

2D =


6
2


4
2

det(2D) = (6)(2) (4)(2) = 12 8 = 20 = 22 (5) = 22 det(D)

2.5 Solve the system using Cramers rule

2x + y = 1
3x + 7y = 2

solution

   
2 1
x
1
=
3 7
y
2


 1 1


2 7

x = 

2 1
3 7
9
7+2
=
=
14 3
11



2 1 


3 2

y = 

2 1
3 7
7
4 3
=
=
14 3
11

May/June 2013- Examination paper

Question 3
Consider the vectors

u = (1, 0, 3)

v = (1, 3, 0)

3.1 Find proju v

solution:
proju v
vu
u
k u k2

(1, 3, 0) (1, 0, 3)

(1, 0, 3)
=
2
k (1, 0, 3) k

1.1 + 3.0 + 0. 3

(1, 0, 3)
=
2
( 1 + 0 + 3)

1
= (1, 0, 3)
4
=

3.2 Calculate the area of the parallelogram determined by u and v.

solution:
Find the cross product:

i
j k 

u v = 1 0
3
1
3 0 

 



 0
1
1

3
3




j
+ k 
= i 


1
1 0
3 0

= i(3) j( 3) + k 3



0

3

Area of parallelogram = i(3) j( 3) + k 3

9 + 3 + 3 = 15

3.3 Find an equation of the plane containing u and v

solution:
Normal vector:

n = u v = i(3) j( 3) + k 3
Equation of plane:
1

Let (x, y, z) be a point on the plane then

(x 1, y

3, z) (3, 3, 3) = 0

3(x 1) +
3x +

3(y 3) + 3(z) = 0

3y + 3z = 0

3.4 Determine the parametric equations of the plane in 3.3

solution:
From 3.3, we get

3
3
x=
y+
z
3
3
If we let y = s and z = t then the parametric equation of plane is:

3
3
s+
t
x=
3
3
y=s
z=t
where t, s R

May/June 2013- Examination paper

Question 4
4.1 Use De Moivres theorem to express cos 2 in terms of powers of sin and
cos
solution:
cos 2
= Re[(cos 2 + i sin 2)]
= Re[(cos + i sin )2 ]
= Re[cos2 + 2i cos sin sin2 ]
= cos2 sin2
4.2 Determine the cube root of 1 in the form a + ib , a, b R
solution:
Let z 3 = 1
If z = r(cos + i sin ) then
z 3 = r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3) = 1(cos + i sin )

It follows that
r = 11/3 = 1 and
3 = + 2k
for some integer k

zk = cos

+ 2k
3

For distinct roots:

If k = 0
z0 = cos

 
3

+ i sin

 
3

1
3
= +i
2
2

+ i sin

+ 2k
3

If k = 1
z1 = cos

+ 2
3

+ i sin

+ 2
3

= 1 + 0i

+ 4
3

+ i sin

+ 4
3

If k = 2
z2 = cos

1
3
i
2
2

4.3 Use De Moivres theorem to determine (1 + i)134 in the form x + iy

solution:
Polar form
| 1 + i| =

(1)2 + (1)2 = 2

1 + i =

1
1
+ i
2
2

It follows that
1
1
cos = and sin =
2
2
3
+ 2k for some integer k
=
4
The polar form is:



3
3
1 + i = 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4
Using De Moivres theorem we get that
(1 + i)134 =


134
3
3
cos 134
= ( 2)
+ i sin 134
4
4



67
=2
cos 201 + i sin 201
2
2



67
cos(200 + 1) + i sin(200 + 1)
=2
2
2



67
cos(2(50) + ) + i sin(2(50) + )
=2
2
2



= 267 cos + i sin

2
2
= 0 + i267

Question 2


a+1
a
a) i) A =
a
a1
det(A) = (a + 1)(a 1) a2 = a2 1 a2 = 1
ii) det(B 2 C 1 AB 1 C T )
1
1
det(A)
det(C)
det(C)
det(B)
1
1
= 22 (1) (3) = 2
3
2

1
a b
b) A = a 1 c
b c 1
= (det(B))2

det(A)






a 1 
a c 
 1 c



 a
= 1 
 b 1 + b  b c
c 1
= 1(1 + c2 ) a(a + bc) + b(ac + b)

= 1 + c2 + b2 + a2
c)i) (det B)n = det(B n ) = det(0) = 0
det(B) = 0
it follows that matrix B is invertible.
ii) det(I) = det(C 2 ) = (det(C))2
det(C) = 1


3 4
d) let A =
2 1
det(A) = 3 8 = 11


9
4
Ax =
1 1

det(Ax ) = 9 + 4 = 5
5
x=
11


3 9
Ay =
2 1
det(Ay ) = 3 18 = 21
y=

21
11

Question 3
a) i) proj u v
uv
u
|u|2
(1, 0, 2) (1, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 2)
=
|(1, 0, 2)|2
1
= (1, 0, 2)
5

ii) u v


 i j k


= 1 0 2 
1 1 0 






0 2
1 2
1 0






j
+k
= i
1 0
1 0
1 1
= 2i + 2j + k

Area of parallelogram = |u v| = (2)2 + 22 + 1 = 9 = 3

iii) perimeter of parallelogram = 2(|u| + |v|) = 2( 5 + 2)

b) Normal vector
n = (2, 1, 1) (1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 1)
Equation of plane containing point (1, 1, 1) is: let (x, y, z) be the position
vector of any point on plane then
(1, 0, 1) (x 1, y 1, z 1) = 0
(x 1) + (z 1) = 0
i.e., x + z = 2
c) If point (0, 4, 6) lies on the line x = 2 t, y = 2 3t, z = 4 + t then there
is a t such that
0=2t
1

4 = 2 3t
6=4+t
Solving the system of equations we get t = 2
the point lies on the line.

Question 4
a) (cos + i sin )3 = cos 3 + i sin 3
cos 3
= Re(cos + i sin )3
= Re
=

3
0

 3

cos3 +

cos3

3
2

3
1

cos2 sin i

3
2

cos sin2

cos sin2

= cos3 3 cos sin2

b) Let z 3 = 8, where z = r(cos + i sin ) Then
z 3 = r 3 (cos 3 + i sin 3) = 8(cos 0 + i sin 0)
r = 81/3
=

cos 3 = cos 0 and

sin 3 = sin 0

2k
for integer k
3

The distinct roots is given by



2k
2k
zk = 2 cos
for k = 0, 1, 2
+ i sin
3
3

z0 = 2 (cos

 0 + i sin 0)
2
2
+ i sin
z1 = 2 cos
3
3

4
4
+ i sin
z2 = 2 cos
3
3
c)
(a ib)2 = 4i
a2 2iab b2 = 4i
a2 b2 + i(2ab 4) = 0

3
3

i sin3

since two complex numbers are equal iff the real parts and imaginary part
are equal, it follows
i) a2 b2 = 0
ii) 2ab 4 = 0 ab = 2

May-June 2014 Examination paper

Question
 1 
1 2 0
a)(i)
0 1 1
(ii) x = 2y x = 2
b)

1 1 1 4
2 1 3 0
0 1 5 8

2R1 + R2 R2

1 1 1 4
0 1 5 8
0 1 5 8
R2 R2

1 1 1 4
0 1 5 8
0 1 5 8

R2 + R3 R3

1 1 1 4
0 1 5 8
0 0 0 0

Question
1.
c)

1 2 2
1
2 4
1

i) AB = 2 1 1 1 1 3 = 0
1 0 1 1 2 5
0

1
2 4
1 2 2
1 0
BA = 1 1 3 2 1 1 = 0 1
1 2 5
1 0 1
0 0

0 0
1 0 = I3
0 1

0
0 = I3
1

B = A1
ii) AX = Y
A1 (AX) = A1 Y
IX = A1 Y
X = A1

1
2 4
3
11
X = 1 1 3 0 = 9 x1 = 11, x2 = 9, x3 = 13
1 2 5
2
13

Question
1 d)
Since C is an inverse of B,
we have
CB = I.

Multiplying both sides on the right by D gives

(CB)D = ID = D.

But we also have by the associative property, that

(CB)D = C(BD) = CI = C

since D is an inverse and so we get that C = D

Question 1
e)
Let T be a m n matrix
T = T
T + (T ) = T + (T )
T + T = 0 ( 0 is the zero m n matrix)
2T = 0
 
1
T =
0
2
T = 0

Question 2
a) Finding the determinant using co-factor method by expanding along the
second row
det(F )


8 1 2 


= 3 0 9 
1 2 1






8 1
8 2 
1 2 



+0
= 3 
1 1 9 1 2
2 1




 
8
8 2 
1 2 






3
+
0
= 3 
1
1 1
2 1

= 3 det(E)

 
1
2

Since matrix F results when the second row of E is multiplied by scalar

3, then det(F ) = 3 det(E)

2.b)
i)det(G) = 4 6 = 2

det(H) = 4 + 1 = 5


1 2
GH =
3 4




 
4 3
2 1
=
10 5
1 2

det(GH) = 20 30 = 10

det(GH) = 10 = (2)(5) = det(G) det(H)



 

2 1 1 2
1 0
=
ii) HG =
1 2
3 4
7 10
det(HG) = 10
det(GH) = 10 = det(HG)

Question 2
c) If J, K are n n matrices then JJ 1 = I and KK 1 = I.

Then det(J) det(J 1 ) = 1

and det(K) det(K 1 ) = 1

Thus det(J 1 K 1 JK)

= det(J 1 ) det(K 1 ) det(J) det(K)

1
1
det(J) det(K)
det(J) det(K)

=1

2.d)


1 4
=0
det
0
4
( 1)( 4) = 0
= 1 or = 4

Question 2
e)
Let

2 3 1
2 1
A= 1
2 1 1







1
 1 1
 2 1
2

 1
 3
det(A) = 2 




2 1
2 1
1 1
= 2(1) 3(1) 1(3) = 2

1
3 1
2 1
A1 = 4
3 1 1






4
 4 1
 2 1
2 





3
1
det(A1 ) = 1 
3 1
1 1 
3 1 
= 1(1) 3(1) 1(2) = 4

x1 =

det(A1 )
4
=
=2
det(A)
2

2 1 1
4 1
A2 = 1
2 3 1






1
 1 1
 4 1
4 





1
1
det(A2 ) = 2 
2 3
2 1 
3 1 
= 2(1) 1(1) 1(5) = 6

x2 =

det(A2 )
6
=
=3
det(A)
2

2 3
1
2
4
A3 = 1
2 1 3






1
1
2
2 
4 
4 



+1
3
det(A3 ) = 2 
2 1
2 3
1 3
1

= 2(2) 3(5) + 1(3) = 8

x3 =

det(A3 )
8
=
=4
det(A)
2

Question 3
a) i)
u a = 4.2 + (1)(1) + 3.2 = 8 + 1 + 6 = 15
ii)


 i j k


u a = 2 1 3 = i + 8j + 2k
4 1 2
iii)
p

kuk = 22 + (1)2 + 32 = 14
kak =

42 + (1)2 + 22 =

21

iv)
Vector projection of u in the direction of a
15
ua
(4, 1, 2)
=
2 a =
21
kak
Vector projection of u perpendicular to a
ua
15
(4, 1, 2)
=u
2 a = (2, 1, 3)
21
kak

v) The vector u a is perpendicular to both u and a

u a = i + 8j + 2k

Question 3
b (i)
Find a point in plane 2x 3y + 6z = 1
Let z = 0 and y = 1 then
2x 3y = 1
x=2
(2, 1, 0) is a point on the plane 2x 3y + 6z = 1
Form a vector from this point A(2, 1, 0) to point B(1, 4, 3)
Let
v = (1, 4, 3) (2, 1, 0) = (1, 5, 3)
The normal vector of plane 2x 3y + 6z = 1 is :
n = (2, 3, 6)
The distance between the plane and point is:
Distance
= ||v| cos |




v

n

= |v|
|v| |n| 
|v n|
=
|n|
|(1, 5, 3) (2, 3, 6)|

=
22 + 32 + 62
|5|
5
= =
7
49
Alternate solution Use the formula

Question 3
ii) Let u = P1 P2 = (1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 3) = (1, 2, 2)

v = P1 P3 = (3, 0, 2) (2, 1, 3) = (5, 1, 1)

The normal vector

of plane:


i j
k 

n = u v = 1 2 2 = 9j + 9k
5 1 1
Equation of plane containing all points is given by:

Let (x, y, z) be any point in the plane then

(0, 9, 9) (x + 2, y 1, z 3) = 0
9(y 1) + 9(z 3) = 0
yz+2 =0

Question 4
a)
cos 3
= Re (cos 3 + i sin 3)
= Re (cos + i sin )3
= Re

3
0

cos3 +

3
1

cos2 (i) sin +

3
2

cos (i)2 sin2 +

3
3

= Re cos3 + 3 cos2 (i) sin + 3 cos (i)2 sin2 + (i)3 sin3

= Re cos3 + 3 cos2 (i) sin 3 cos sin2 i sin3
= cos3 3 cos sin2

(i)3 sin3

Question 4
b)
Let z 4 = 16
Then this equation in Polar form is given by :
if z = r(cos + i sin ) we get

r 4 (cos + i sin )4 = 16(cos + i sin )

Using De Moivres Theorem we get

r 4 (cos 4 + i sin 4) = 16(cos + i sin )

r 4 = 16 and cos 4 = cos(); sin 4 = sin()
r = 161/4 = 2
4 = + 2k for k Z
=

k
+
4
2

Thus the
 roots
 are given
 by: 

k
k
zk = 2 cos
+ i sin
+
+
4
2
4
2
For distinct roots k = 0, 1, 2, 3
z0
z1
z2
z3



 
  
1
1
+ i sin
= 2 + i
= 2 cos
4
4
2
2


 
  
1
1
+ i sin
= 2 + i
+
+
= 2 cos
4
2
4
2
2
2


 



1
1
= 2 cos
+ + i sin
+
= 2 i
4
4
2
2





 
3
1
1
3
+ i sin
= 2 i
+
+
= 2 cos
4
2
4
2
2
2

Question 4
c)

z1 = 1 + i 3
Represent in polar form:
|z1 | =

12 + 3 = 2
!
1
3
+i
2
2

|z1 |
(1 + i 3) = 2
z1 =
|z1 |

3
1
cos = and sin =
2
2
tan =

sin
= 3
cos




Polar form: z1 = 2 cos + i sin

3
3

z2 =

3+i

Represent in polar form:

|z2 | =

12 + 3 = 2

|z2 |
( 3 + i) = 2
z2 =
|z2 |
cos =

3
1
+i
2
2

3
1
and sin =
2
2

 tan =

1
sin
=
cos
3


Polar form: z2 = 2 cos + i sin
6
6
z1 z2 

 


.2 cos + i sin
= 2 cos + i sin
 3 3
 6  6
2
= 2 cos
+ sin
+
+
3
6 
3
6


= 4 cos + i sin
2
2
z1
z2 


2 cos + i sin
3
3
= 


2 cos + i sin
 6  6  
= cos
+ i sin

3 6
6

  3
= cos
+ i sin
6
6