7 Chopper Controlled DC Drives-Closed Loop

Closed-loop Control of DC Drives with
Chopper
By
Dr. Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
College of Engineering
Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008
EEEB443 - Control & Drives
Outline
Closed Loop Control of DC Drives with Choppers
Current Control for DC Drives with Choppers
Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) Controller
Hysteresis-Current Controller
Comparison between PWM and Hysteresis Controller
Transfer Function of PWM-Controlled Chopper
Two-quadrant
Four-quadrant
Design of Controllers
References
Closed Loop Control of DC Drives

Closed loop control is when the duty cycle is varied
automatically by a controller to achieve a reference
speed or torque
This requires the use of sensors to feed back the
actual motor speed and torque to be compared with
the reference values
Reference
signal
Plant
Controller
Output
signal
Sensor

Feedback loops may be provided to satisfy one or more of
the following:
Protection
Enhancement of speed response
Improve steady-state accuracy
Variables to be controlled in drives:

Torque achieved by controlling current
Speed
Position

For DC Drive,
this can be:
Flexible outer loops can be added/removed depending on control Controlled
rectifier or
requirements.
DC-DC
Control variable of inner loop (eg: speed, torque) can be limited by
converter
Cascade control structure
limiting its reference value
Closed Loop Control for DC

Drives with Choppers
Outer speed loop very similar to that in the controlled
rectifier dc drive
Inner current control loop different
Current
Control Loop
Speed Control
Loop
Current Control for DC Drives

with Choppers
Current control loop is used to control torque via
armature current (ia)
Output of current controller determines duty cycle (i.e.
switching) of DC-DC converter
Current controller can be either:

Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) Controller
contain PI controllers, i.e. linear
fixed switching frequency
Hysteresis (bang-bang) controller
on-off controllers, i.e. non-linear
varying switching frequency
Selection of controller affects current control loop
transient response
Hence, affects speed loop bandwidth.
Current Control for Chopper

Drives PWM Controller
In two quadrant chopper, upper and
lower switches are complementary

Only ONE control signal required
Current error is passed to PI controller
to produce control voltage vc
vc is then passed to a PWM circuit to
produce the switching signal q.
q = 1 T1 on, T2 off Va = Vdc
q = 0 T1 off, T2 on Va = 0
1
q
0
vtri
i a* +
ierr
PI
vc
T1 on, Va = Vdc
vc < Vtri
T2 on, Va = 0
+
T1
Vdc
D1
ia
Vdc
+
T2
Pulse Width
Modulator
(PWM)
vc > Vtri
D2
Va
-
ia

Drives PWM Controller
In the PWM circuit:
vc is compared with a triangular
waveform
if vc > Vtri on signal is produced
(q = 1)
if vc < Vtri off signal is produced
(q = 0)
1
q
0
vc > Vtri
Ttri
vc
vc > Vtri
vc < Vtri
(1)
q
0
Chopper switching frequency is fixed
by triangular waveform frequency

regardless of operating conditions
Bandwith of current loop controller
is limited by frequency of Vtri
vc < Vtri
ton
Vdc
va
0
q=1
T1 on, va = Vdc
q=0
T2 on, va = 0
Current Control for Chopper Drives

PWM Controller
Ttri
In the PWM circuit:

Average value of q over a cycle
determines duty cycle of

chopper:
Ttri
t Ttri
q dt
t
ton, T1
Ttri
vc
Average armature voltage:
1
Va va dt Vdc
T 0
ton
va
Vdc
Va
0
va switches between Vdc and 0
average armature voltage Va depends on duty cycle (i.e. how long T1 is on)
10

PWM Controller
PWM controls chopper duty cycle once in every
cycle
Frequency of Va fixed by frequency of Vtri
Hence, chopper is a variable voltage source with
average current control
Instantaneous current control is not exercised
Current can exceed maximum armature current
between two consecutive switching
11

Hysteresis Controller
1 ia ia* - ia
q
* + i
i
i
0
a
a
a
Instantaneous current control

Current controlled within a narrow
band of excursion from the desired

value ia*
Hysteresis window determines
allowable deviation of ia
+
T1
ia
Vdc
Hysteresis
Controller
i a*
ia
+
T2
ia*
ia
ia
ierr
Vdc
D1
D2
Va
-
ia
12

Drives Hysteresis Controller
Actual current ia compared with reference
ia ia* + ia
current ia* to obtain error signal ierr

If ia ia* + ia q = 0, T2 on and Va = 0
If ia ia* - ia q = 1, T1 on and Va = Vdc
1 ia ia* - ia
q
* + i
i
i
0
a
a
a
Value of ia can be externally
set or made to be a fraction of ia

Chopper switching frequency is
not fixed
ia*
ia
ia
ia
ia ia* - ia
q=1
T1 on, va = Vdc
q=0
T2 on, va = 0
13

Qualitative Comparison
Characteristics
Switching
frequency
Hysteresis Controller
PWM Controller
Varying
Fixed
(follows sawtooth waveform
frequency i.e. carrier frequency)
Switching losses
High
Low
(due to varying
switching frequency)
Speed of
response
Ripple current
Fastest
Fast
(due to instantanous
change in current)
Adjustable
Fixed
(depends on hysteresis
window ia )
Filter size
Depends on ia
Small
Preferred method !
14
Closed Loop Control for DC Drives

with Choppers
Controller design procedure:
Obtain the transfer function of all drive subsystems
1.
a)
b)
c)
DC Motor & Load

Current feedback loop sensor
Speed feedback loop sensor
Exactly the same as before

(i.e. transfer functions obtained
in closed loop control using
controlled rectifier)
Design torque (current) control loop first
2.
Two options to choose from:

A.
Hysteresis Controller to design just choose value of ia
B.
PWM Controller (contains PI controller)
i.
determine transfer function of PWM-controlled chopper
ii.
design PI controller using the same procedure as in closed
loop control using controlled rectifier
15
Closed Loop Control for DC Drives

with Choppers
Controller design procedure (continued):
Then design the speed control loop
3.
i.
ii.
Obtain 1st order model of the designed current controller

Design the speed PI controller using the same procedure as
in closed loop control using controlled rectifier
16
Transfer Function of PWM-Controlled

Chopper
PWM current controller is preferred over Hysteresis
Controller
Before we can design the PI controller, need to obtain linear
relationship between control input vc and average armature
voltage Va for PWM method
Need transfer function
for PWM-controlled
chopper
vtri
i a* +
PI
vc
Pulse Width
Modulator
(PWM)
Chopper
Va
DC
motor
ia
ia
17

Two-quadrant Chopper
Need to obtain linear relationship between control input vc
and average armature voltage Va for PWM method

Case 1:
1
q
0
vc Vtri
Vtri
vc > Vtri
vc < Vtri
vc
-Vtri
T1 off all the time

i.e. ton, T1 = 0
Ttri
q0
t Ttri
q dt
t
ton, T1
Ttri
-Vtri
vc
18

Case 2:
vc 0
Vtri
vc
-Vtri
T1 on cycle
i.e.
ton, T1 = 0.5Ttri
1
q
0
Ttri
q dt
t
ton, T1
Ttri
vc < Vtri
1, for 1/2 a cycle

q
0, for 1/2 a cycle
t Ttri
vc > Vtri
0.5
0.5
-Vtri
vc
19

Case 3:
vc Vtri
1
q
0
Vtri
vc
-Vtri
T1 on all the time

i.e. ton, T1 = Ttri
Ttri
q dt
t
ton, T1
Ttri
0.5
1
-Vtri
vc < Vtri
q 1
t Ttri
vc > Vtri
Vtri
vc
20

Relationship between and vc :
1
0.5
vc
2Vtri
(2)
0.5
For the two-quadrant chopper:

Vdc
Va Vdc 0.5Vdc
vc
2Vtri
vc
+Vtri
-Vtri
(3)
Hence, considering only the term due to vc, the twoquadrant
chopper gain is:

Va Vdc
Kr
vc 2Vtri
(4)
21

Four-quadrant Chopper
Recap Chopper operation:
Positive current:
Va = Vdc when T1 and T2 on
Va = 0 when current
freewheels through T2 and D4
+
T1
D1
D3
+ Va -
T3
Vdc
T4
D4
D2
T2
22

Recap Chopper operation:
Positive current:
Va = Vdc when T1 and T2 on
Va = 0 when current
Negative current:
Va = -Vdc when T3 and T4 on +
Va = 0 when current
Vdc
Output voltage can swing
between:
Vdc and -Vdc
Vdc and 0
T1
D3
+ Va -
T4
D1
D4
D2
T3
T2
23

Need to obtain linear relationship between control input vc
and average armature voltage Va for PWM method

Four quadrant chopper has two legs, so it requires two
switching signals (one for each leg)
Depending on relationship between the two switching signals,
4-quadrant chopper has two switching schemes:
Bipolar switching
+
D1
D3
T1
Unipolar switching
T3
+ Va Vdc
Switching scheme
determines output
T4
T2
D2
D4
voltage swing between

Vdc and -Vdc or Vdc and 0.
Leg A
Leg B
24

Four-quadrant Chopper (Bipolar Switching)
Bipolar Switching PWM
Leg A and Leg B obtain switching signals from the same control signal vc
Switching of Leg A and Leg B are always complementary
q
1 vc > Vtri
q
0 vc < Vtri
Leg A
q = 1,q =0
+
T1
vtri
D3
+ Va -
T3
T1 on, T2 on
Va= Vdc
T2
q = 0, q =1
T4 on, T3 on
Va= -Vdc
Vdc
T4
vc
q
D1
D4
D2
Leg B
25

Va = Va+- Va-
Leg A
2vtri
vc
+
T1
D1
D3
+ Va -
T3
Vdc
vtri
Vdc
Va+
0
Vdc
T4
D2
D4
T2
Va-
0
Vdc
vc
Va
Va+
Va-
-Vdc
Leg B
Va jumps between +Vdc and Vdc Bipolar Switching PWM

26

2vtri
1 vc > Vtri
q
0 vc < Vtri
Va AVdc
ton, T1
A
T
2vtri
vc
Va+
vc
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc
Vdc
Va0
Va = Va+- VaVdc
Va
q (1 q)
Va BVdc
ton, T3
B
T
Va BVdc 1 A Vdc
-Vdc
Va jumps between +Vdc and Vdc

27
Transfer Function PWM-Controlled

Each leg is a two-quadrant chopper.
Bipolar
Switching PWM
Output of Leg A (average):
Va AVdc
(5)
ton, T1
1
A
0.5
vc
2Vtri
Ttri
Output of Leg B (average):
where
(6)
V BVdc 1 A Vdc
2vtri
Vdc
(7)
Va+
B ton, T3 Ttri toff , T1 Ttri 1 A (8)
Va-
where
Subt. (6) into (9)

(9)
V
Va dc vc
Vtri
Vdc
0
Vdc
Hence, average voltage across the motor:
Va Va Va 2 A 1Vdc
vc
0
Vdc
Va
-Vdc
28

Four-quadrant Chopper (Unipolar Switching)
Unipolar Switching PWM
Leg B switching signals obtained from the inverse of control signal for
Leg A
1 vc > Vtri
qa
0 vc < Vtri
qa
Leg A
vtri
vc
T1
D1
D3
+ Va -
T3
Vdc
vtri
T4
-vc
1 -vc > Vtri

qb
0 -vc < Vtri
qb
D4
D2
T2
Leg B
29

qa
vc
2Vtri
Leg A
-vc
vtri
vc
T1
D1
D3
+ Va -
T3
Vdc
Va+
Vdc
vtri
Vdc
T4
-vc
Va-
D2
D4
T2
Vdc
Va
qb
Va+
Va-
Leg B
Va = Va+- Va-
Va jumps between +Vdc and 0 Unipolar Switching PWM

30

vc
vc
2Vtri
-vc
1 vc > Vtri
qa
q
0 vc < Vtri a
V AVdc
ton, T1
A
T
2Vtri
-vc
Vdc
qb q
b
0
Vdc
0
Vdc
Va+
Vdc
Va0
Va = Va+- VaVdc
1 -vc > Vtri

-v < V
0 c tri
Va BVdc
ton, T3
B
T
Va
0
Va jumps between +Vdc and 0

31

Each leg is a two-quadrant chopper.
Unipolar
Switching PWM
Output of Leg A (average):
Va AVdc
(10)
vc
ton, T1
1
0.5
A
vc
2Vtri
Ttri
Output of Leg B (average):
Va BVdc
where
2Vtri
-vc
(11)
(12)
Vdc
Va+
where ton, T3
1
vc 1 A (13)V
B
0.5
2Vtri
Ttri
Hence, average voltage across motor armature:
(14) V
V V V V 2 1V
Vdc
dc
dc
0
Vdc
Same as Bipolar Switching Scheme!
0
32
PWM-Controlled Four-quadrant Chopper

Comparison between Bipolar & Unipolar Switching
2vtri

vc
vc
2Vtri
Va+
Vdc
-vc
Va+
0
Vdc
Vdc
Va-
Va-
0
Vdc
Va
-Vdc
V
Va dc vc
Vtri
Output voltage swings from Vdc and Vdc

Output voltage frequency equal to
frequency of triangle voltage (ftri)
Vdc
0
Vdc
Va
0
Output voltage swings from Vdc and 0

Output voltage frequency equal to
2 times frequency of triangle voltage
(ftri)
33
PWM-Controlled Four-quadrant Chopper

Comparison between Bipolar & Unipolar Switching
Characteristics
Bipolar Switching
Unipolar Switching
Vdc and -Vdc
Vdc and 0
ftri = frequency of Vtri
2ftri
Output voltage swing

Output voltage
frequency
Current ripple = i
ripple
Vdc
f output voltage
For same ftri and Vdc, unipolar scheme gives:

better output voltage waveform (less ripple)
lower current ripple
better frequency response
34

Chopper: Two and Four Quadrant
Gain of the PWM-controlled chopper:
Va Vdc
Two -quadrant: K r v 2V
c
tri
Fourquadrant:
Kr
Va Vdc
vc Vtri
(15)
(16)
where Vdc = dc link voltage

Vtri = maximum control voltage
(i.e. peak of the triangular waveform)
Chopper also has a delay:
Tr
1
2 fc
(17)
where fc = carrier (triangular) waveform frequency

35
Transfer Function of Subsystems

PWM-controlled Chopper: G s
r
Kr
1 sTr
(18)
Note: Kr and Tr as given in equations (15) (17) above.

Other subsystem transfer functions are as observed in Closed-loop
Control of DC Drives with Controlled Rectifier.
DC Motor and Load:
m s m s Ia s
Va s Ia s Va s
m s
Kb
Ia s Bt 1 sTm
Ia s
1 sTm
K1
1 sT1 1 sT2
Va s
Current Feedback: H c
Speed feedback: G s
K
1 sT
36
Block Diagram of Motor Drive
Current
Control Loop
Speed Control
Loop
Assume that we are using PWM controlled chopper

Control loop design starts from inner (fastest) loop to
outer(slowest) loop
Only have to solve for one controller at a time

Not all drive applications require speed control (outer loop)
Performance of outer loop depends on inner loop
37
Current Controller
PWM-controlled
Chopper
PI type current controller:

Loop gain function:
G c s
DC Motor
& Load
K c 1 sTc
sTc
K1Kc Kr H c
1 sTc 1 sTm
G Hi s
T
c
s1 sT1 1 sT2 1 sTr
(19)
(20)
Design procedure - same as for current controller in closed-
loop control using controlled rectifiers
38
Current loop 1st order approximation
Approximated by adding Tr to T1 T3 T1 Tr
Ia s
*
Ia s
K c K r K 1Tm
1
1
1 sT3
Tc
K c K r K 1 H cTm
1
Tc
1 sT
Ki
1 sTi
(21)
39
Current loop 1st order approximation
where
T3
Ti
1 K fi
Ki
K fi
(22)
K fi
1
H c 1 K fi
(23)
K1K c K r H cTm
Tc
(24)
1st order approximation of current loop used in speed loop
design.
If more accurate speed controller design is required, values of
Ki and Ti should be obtained experimentally.
40
Speed Controller
PI type current controller:
DC Motor
& Load
K s 1 sTs
G s s
sTs
1st order
approximation
of current
loop
(25)
Assume there is unity speed feedback:

H
G s
1
1 sT
(26)
41
Speed Controller
Loop gain function:

K B K s Ki
1 sTs
GHs
BtTs s1 sTi 1 sTm
(27)
Design procedure - same as for speed controller in
closed-loop control using controlled rectifiers

42
References
Krishnan, R., Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis and
Control, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2001.

Mohan, Underland, Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications and Design, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, USA,
1995.
Nik Idris, N. R., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
43

7 Chopper Controlled DC Drives-Closed Loop

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7 Chopper Controlled DC Drives-Closed Loop

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Closed-loop Control of DC Drives with

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Closed Loop Control of DC Drives

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Closed Loop Control of DC Drives

Variables to be controlled in drives:

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Closed Loop Control of DC Drives

Cascade control structure

limiting its reference value

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Closed Loop Control for DC

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for DC Drives

Current control loop is used to control torque via

armature current (ia)

Output of current controller determines duty cycle (i.e.

switching) of DC-DC converter

Current controller can be either:

Selection of controller affects current control loop

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper

lower switches are complementary

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper

Chopper switching frequency is fixed

by triangular waveform frequency

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper Drives

In the PWM circuit:

determines duty cycle of

Average armature voltage:

va switches between Vdc and 0

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper Drives

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper Drives

Instantaneous current control

band of excursion from the desired

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper

current ia* to obtain error signal ierr

Value of ia can be externally

set or made to be a fraction of ia

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Current Control for Chopper Drives

Closed Loop Control for DC Drives

DC Motor & Load

Exactly the same as before

Design torque (current) control loop first

Two options to choose from:

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Closed Loop Control for DC Drives

Obtain 1st order model of the designed current controller

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008

EEEB443 - Control & Drives

Transfer Function of PWM-Controlled