LBM I

Infectious Diseases
STEP I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Symptoms : a sign or an indication of disorder or disease.

Sub febris fever : Fever that have temperatur under 38 degree celcius.
Malaise : general feeling of being unwell
Infection : agent that find in human body that occuring imune response with clinical symptoms.
Promotive : promotion efforts is an attempt to improve the community through learning or
conseling from, by, for, and with the community.
6. Preventive : an effort to take precaution against the risk of disease transmition and spread of
potentially infectious disease or causes disease outbreak.
7. Follow up : a continue action to control or look for know the development of treatment or
condition of patient.
8. Home visit : activity that is done by doctor to give explanation for the family.
9. Fever : body temperature above the normal.
10. Infectious diseases : the disease that can spread to another people.
STEP II
Infectious Disease
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Mention any factor that caused infectious disease !

What is the example and the symptomp of an infectious disease ?
How to avoid our body from infectious disease ?
How is the process of infectious disease transmition ?
What kind of medication we can take when we are suffered from infectious disease ?
What the medium of infectious disease ?
Why somebody can be easily infected by infectious disease ?
How many factor that influence insident of infectious disease ?

Natural History of Disease

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is the definition of natural history of disease ?

The benefits of natural history of disease ?
The stage of NHD ?
What is contained in NHD ?
What is the relation between NHD and Infectious disease ?

Promotive and Preventive Management

1.
2.
3.
4.

What is promotive and preventive management ?

What the contrains and solution of promotive and preventive management ?
What activities of PPM ?
In what situation doctor can conduct home visit ?

5. Whats the benefit of PPM ?

6. Whats the purpose of PPM ?
7. What should be done in home visit by doctor ?
8. How the step of promotive to prevent infectious disease ?
9. How the step of prevetive to prevent infectious disease ?
10. Who can be involved in PPM ?
11. When we need to do PPM ?
12. What kind of indicator that show the effectiveness of PPM ?
STEP III
Infectious Disease
1. Mention any factor that caused infectious disease !
Bacteria, Protozoa, Virus, Fungi, Environtment, Internal and external parasit, the condition of
people (immunity, disease, life style).
2. What is the example and the symptomp of an infectious disease ?
Influenza : fever, mucus from nose, discomfort, sneeze, pale face.
Varicella : red spots, fever, pale face, weary, itch.
TBC : cough every night, night sweat, weight loss.
Dangue fever : red spot on skin, irregular fever, decreasement of trombocit.
3. How to avoid our body from infectious disease ?
Wash hand, take an enough rest, using mask, consume suplement or vitamins, sterilitation,
consume healthy food and meal pattern, imunisation or vaccination.
4. How is the process of infectious disease transmition ?
Direct : without host
Indirect : with vector.
5. What kind of medication we can take when we are suffered from infectious disease ?
If our disease caused by bacteria we need to consume antibiotic, when it caused by virus take
some rest and do activity that can increase our imun, also consume vitamins.
6. What the medium of infectious disease ?
Air, water, soil, vectors, food borne disease.
7. Why somebody can be easily infected by infectious disease ?
Low human immunity. Unhealthy environment. Bad life style.
8. What factors that influence insident of infectious disease ?
The knowledge of the people in an area. The health facilities. Sanitation. Condition of an area.

Natural History of Disease

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is the definition of natural history of disease ?

The benefits of natural history of disease ?
The stage of NHD ?
What is contained in NHD ?
What is the relation between NHD and Infectious disease ?

Promotive and Preventive Management

1. What is promotive and preventive management ?
The acitivity to promote the healt degree and prevent from the spreading of the diseases.
Promotive : explain about the diseases
Preventive : action to prevent from the diseases
2. What the contrains and solution of promotive and preventive management ?
3. What activities of PPM ?
4. In what situation doctor can conduct home visit ?
5. Whats the benefit of PPM ?
6. Whats the purpose of PPM ?
7. What should be done in home visit by doctor ?
8. How the step of promotive to prevent infectious disease ?
9. How the step of prevetive to prevent infectious disease ?
10. Who can be involved in PPM ?
11. When we need to do PPM ?
12. What kind of indicator that show the effectiveness of PPM ?
STEP IV
Factor Infectious diseases NHD Promotive, Preventive Decrease the infection.

STEP VI
1. food borne disease
Foodborne diseases are the illnesses contracted from eating contaminated food or beverages. Illnesses
include foodborne intoxications and infections, which are often incorrectly referred to as food poisoning. There
are more than 250 different foodborne diseases. They are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxins,
metals, and prions. Symptoms of foodborne illness range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening
neurologic, hepatic, and renal syndromes.
Source : http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/foodbornedisease/index.html

2. What is the definition of natural history of disease ?

Natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in
the absence of treatment. For example, untreated infection with HIV causes a spectrum of clinical
problems beginning at the time of seroconversion (primary HIV) and terminating with AIDS and
usually death. It is now recognized that it may take 10 years or more for AIDS to develop after
seroconversion.(43) Many, if not most, diseases have a characteristic natural history, although the

time frame and specific manifestations of disease may vary from individual to individual and are
influenced by preventive and therapeutic measures.
Source : http://www.cdc.gov/osels/scientific_edu/ss1978/lesson1/Section9.html

3. The benefits of natural history of disease ?

The primary benefit is improved understanding of the disease, which can support informed
treatment and management decisions. Natural history of disease registries can also facilitate
the creation of a community of clinicians who can share their experiences and work
collaboratively to develop treatment guidelines or recommendation. Natural history can also
provide a foundation for the development of new treatments.
Source : Patient Registries for Understanding the Natural History of Diseases
Richard Gliklich, MD and Michelle B Leavy, MPH
http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=benefit%20natural%20history%20of%20disease
&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outcome.com%
2FCollateral%2FDocuments%2FEnglishUS%2FiHealth_patient%2520registries.pdf&ei=sxLBUOfBEoz_rAff94CYAQ&usg=AFQjCNG7ct
MZEoyYWuqsRKdYk95KNwJe4A
4. The stage of NHD ?
a. Tahap Pre-Patogenesis ( Stage of Susceptibility)
sudah terjadi interaksi antara host dengan bibit
penyakit serta lingkungan
interaksi ini masih berada diluar tubuh.
penyakit belum ditemukan
daya tahan tubuh host masih kuat.
kondisi seseorang masih terlihat sehat.
b. Tahap inkubasi (Stage of Pre symptomatic Disease)
bibit penyakit sudah masuk ke dalam tubuh host
gejala penyakit belum tampak dlm keadaan latent
atau sub klinik (bisa dikenali dg uji serologi).
masa inkubasi yang berbeda-beda, ada yang
beberapa jam, hari, minggu, bulan bahkan sampai
bertahun-tahun.
tahap inkubasi dimulai dari masuknya bibit penyakit
sampai sesaat sebelum timbulnya gejala.
Jika daya tahan tubuh tidak kuat maka penyakit
akan berjalan terus yang mengakibatkan terjadinya
gangguan pada bentuk dan fungsi tubuh, sehingga
pada suatu saat penyakit makin bertambah hebat
dan timbul gejalanya.
Horison Klinik : adalah garis yang membatasi antara tampak atau tidaknya gejala
penyakit.
c. Tahap Penyakit Dini ( Stage of Clinical Disease)
dihitung mulai dari munculnya gejala penyakit.
penjamu sudah merasakan sakit tetapi sifatnya
masih ringan.
umumnya penderita masih dapat melakukan

aktifitas sehari-hari shg sering tdk datang berobat.

Perawatan penderita pada tahap ini biasanya
cukup dengan berobat jalan.
Jika tidak diobati dapat mendatangkan masalah
lanjutan yang makin besar antara lain:
penyakitnya akan semakin parah dan
memerlukan perawatan yang relatif mahal.
dapat menularkan kepada orang lain dan dapat menimbulkan KLB atau wabah di
masyarakat.
d. Tahap Penyakit Lanjut:
Apabila penyakit makin bertambah hebat,
penyakit masuk dalam tahap penyakit lanjut.
penderita sudah tidak dapat melakukan pekerjaan
jika datang berobat umumnya telah memerlukan
perawatan (bad rest).
e. Tahap Akhir Penyakit
Perjalanan penyakit pada suatu saat akan berhenti.
Bisa menjadi beberapa keadaan yaitu:
a. Sembuh Sempurna
b. Sembuh dengan cacat
c. Karier
d. Kronis
e. Meninggal Dunia
Source : http://suyatno.blog.undip.ac.id/files/2009/12/ikm4-konsep-sakit1.pdf
Suyatno, Ir. MKes
Contact:
E-mail: suyatnofkmundip@gmail.com
Blog: suyatno.blog.undip.ac.id
Hp/Telp: 08122815730 / 024-70251915
5. How the step of prevetive to prevent infectious disease ?
Primary prevention is the protection of health by implementing personal
and community-wide actions, such as preserving good nutritional status, physical
activity and emotional well-being, immunizing against infectious diseases and
making the environment safe.
Secondary prevention encompasses measures for early detection of
departures from good health and for prompt and effective corrective actions.
Tertiary prevention consists of measures to reduce or eliminate longterm impairments
and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing
departures from good health and promote the patients adjustment to
irremediable conditions. This extends the concept of prevention to the eld of
rehabilitation
Source : http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/pau/_docs/age/2010/Policy-Briefs/6Policybrief_Health_promotion.pdf