CE 331 - Water Distribution PDF

CE331
EnvironmentalEngineeringI
Water Distribution
WaterDistribution
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
AssistantProfessor
Assistant
Professor
Dept.ofCivilEngineering,BUET
Coursematerials:teacher.buet.ac.bd/tanvirahmed/
PurposeoftheWaterDistributionSystem
o Tomakewateravailableincloseproximitytotheconsumers
o Tosupplywaterinadequatequantitiesaccordingtothe
demandoftheconsumers
o Tosupplywaterwithadequatepressure
o Toregulatewatersupplyasperrequirement
g
pp y p
q
CE331:EnvironmentalEngineering
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ClassificationofT&DSystem
1) Gravityflowsystem
2) SystemwithDirectPumping
3) Systemwithpumpingandstorage
System with pumping and storage
Gravityflowsystem
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ClassificationofT&DSystem
SystemwithDirectPumping
y
p g
SystemwithPumping
y
p g
andStorage
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
GravityFlowSystem
Advantages
1) Requiresnoenergytooperate
2) Nopumps,veryfewmovingparts
N
f
i
3) Construction,operationandmaintenancesimple
Disadvantages
1)) Notsuitableforflatcountrieswhereanelevatedwater
sourceisunavailable
2) Waterlossbyleakageandwastageiscomparativelyhigher
as the system remains under constant pressure
asthesystemremainsunderconstantpressure
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
DirectPumpingSystem
Advantages
1) Watercanbepumpedonlywhenrequired
2) Lowwaterlossduetosystemleakage
L
l
d
l k
Disadvantages
1)) Powerfailuremeansbreakdownofthesystem
y
2) Directpumpingatauniformrateisnotabletomeet
varyingwaterdemandandmaintainrequiredpressure
under varying rates of consumption
undervaryingratesofconsumption
3) Maintenanceandoperationcostsarehigh
4) Inflowofwaterthroughleakscausecontaminationduring
nonpumpinghours
i h
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
PumpingwithStorageSystem
Advantages
1) Systemmorereliableandcancopewithfluctuationof
waterdemand
d
d
2) Thepumpscanbeoperatedatratedcapacityresultingin
higherefficiencyandeconomyinoperation
g
y
y
p
3) Reasonablepressurecanbemaintainedwithvaryingwater
demandandthereisnopossibilityofinflowofpolluted
water in the system
waterinthesystem
Disadvantages
1) Relativelyhigherinitialcost
2) Comparativelyhigherlossduetoleakageandwastage
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
DistributionNetwork
1) BranchedDistributionNetwork
2) LoopedDistributionNetwork
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
BranchedNetwork
Advantages
1) Relativelycheapaslengthofpiperequiredisless
2) Easyforhydraulicdesignanddeterminingdischargeand
E
f h d li d i
dd
i i di h
d
pressureatanypoint
3)) Canbeeasilyexpandedtoprovidecoveragetonewly
y p
p
g
y
developedareas
Disadvantages
1) Stagnantwater(i.e.atdeadends)promotessedimentation
and water contamination
andwatercontamination
2) Frequentblowofforflushingisneededtokeepthesystem
clean
3) Repairworkinmainsandsubmainscutsoffwatersupply
Repair work in mains and sub mains cuts off water supply
downstream
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
LoopedNetwork
Advantages
1) Nostagnationofwater,consumptionofwateratanypoint
activatesflowinthewholenetwork
i
fl
i h h l
k
2) Repairworkdoesnotdisruptcontinuityofwaterflow
3)) Goodcontroloverflowofwater
Disadvantages
1) Highinitialcost
2) Alargenumberofvalvesisneededifcontrolofflowinthe
A large number of valves is needed if control of flow in the
systemisdesired
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
DistributionSystemDesign
RecallHazenWilliamsFormulaforcircularpipes:
V = 0.55CD 0.63 hL0.54
(BritishUnits)
V = 3.7 10 6 CD 2.63 hL0.54
(Qinlitre/sec,Dinmm,hL inm/m)
hL = 1.39 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87
(when C = 130)
(whenC=130)
hL = 1.59 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87
(whenC=120)
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
DesignProcedureforBranchedNetwork
1) Preparelayoutofthepipesusingthemapofroadnetworks
2) Determinepeakflowatdifferentpointsandthereby
D
i
k fl
diff
i
d h b
determinethequantityflowingthrougheachsectionofthe
pipe.Peakflow=averagedailyflow
p
p
g
y
peakfactor
p
3) Assumepipesizesofallpipesinthenetwork(tocalculate
pipesizethevelocitymaybeassumedtobe1m/s)
4) Calculateh
Calculate hL (useHazenWilliamsFormula)andtotalhead
(use Hazen Williams Formula) and total head
loss(usingtotallengthofthepipe)
5) Determinetheterminalpressureheadtakingintoaccount
thechangeinelevationofthepipe
h h
i l
i
f h i
6) Incaseofdifferencebetweenthecomputedand
permissibleterminalpressure,revisethepipesize
p
p
pp
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
DesignProcedureforLoopedNetwork
Requirestrialanderrorsolution
Principle:
Theflowenteringajunctionmustbeequaltotheflow
leavingit
Thealgebraicsumofthepressuredrop(headloss)around
anyclosedloopmustbezero
HardyCrossdevelopedamethodofsuccessiveapproximationin
H
d C
d l
d
th d f
i
i ti i
whichthecircuitsarebalanced,distributionofflowisdetermined
andtheabovetwoconditionsofflowaresatisfied.
Aflowisassumedforeachpipe,acorrectiontotheflowisapplied
successively for each pipe loop until the correction is reduced to
successivelyforeachpipeloopuntilthecorrectionisreducedto
anacceptablevalue
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
Thecorrection,inHardyCrossMethod
IfassumedflowisQa andactualflowisQ,thenthecorrectionisQ Qa
Q = Qa +
k (Q
+ ) = 0
x
hL = H / L = 1.39 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87
H = kQ x
(whenC=130)
(kisaconstantdependingonthe
length diameter and roughness of
length,diameterandroughnessof
thepipeaswellasfluidproperty)
(x = 1 85 according to Hazen Williams formula)

(x=1.85accordingtoHazenWilliamsformula)
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
Expandingtheequation
kQ
+ x kQa
x 1
k (Q
+ ) = 0
x
x2
x 1
2
+
k Qa + KK = 0
2
issmallcomparedtoQ,thethirdandallsuccessiveterms
is small compared to Q the third and all successive terms

oftheequationmaybeneglected
kQ
+ x kQa
x 1
=0
Solvingfor:
kQ
=
x kQ
x 1
=
x H / Q
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
(
H ab + H bc ) (H ad + H dc )
=
x[(H ab + H bc ) / Qabc + (H ad + H dc ) / Qadc ]
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
StepsinHardyCrossMethod
1) Assumereasonableratesofflowineachpipesuchthatthe
inflowequalsoutflowineachjunction
2) Ineachloop,determinetheheadloss,HandH/Qforallpipes
I
hl
d
i
h h dl
H d H/Q f
ll i
3) Computethetotalheadlossaroundeachcircuitwithgiving
dueconsiderationtosign
g
4) ComputeH/Qforthesamecircuitwithoutgivingany
considerationtosign
5) Calculatethecorrection,foreachloopandapplytoeachloop.
Calculate the correction for each loop and apply to each loop
Whenthesignofisnegative,decreasetheclockwiseflow,
increasethecounterclockwiseflowandviceversa
6) Withadjustedflows,repeattheprocedureuntildesired
With dj t d fl
t th
d
til d i d
accuracyisobtained
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ExampleProblem
Calculatetheflowineachofthepipesinthefollowingloopedpipe
network
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
WaterDistributionNetwork:Saidabad phIII
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
StorageReservoir
Constructedinthedistributionsystemtoprovidestorageto
C
d
h d
b
d
meetthefluctuationofwaterdemand,stabilizepressureand
providestorageforemergencyrequirements
p
g
g y q
Intheabsenceofstoragereservoir
Pumpinghastocontinueforallhoursof
supply
Pumpinghastoberegulatedtomeetthe
fluctuationofdemand
Thisisnottechnicallyandeconomically
feasible
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
HowtoDesignaStorageReservoir
Steps:
Cumulativewaterdemandandsupplyatdifferenthoursofapeakday
areplotted
Thealgebraicsumofthehighestdifferencesindemandandsupplyis
Th l b i
f th hi h t diff
i d
d d
l i
thecapacityofthestoragereservoir
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ExampleProblem
Determinethestoragevolumeofanoverheadtanktobalancethe
Determine
the storage volume of an overhead tank to balance the
treatmentplantoutputof113500m3/daywiththehighservice
pumpingwiththefollowingschedule:
12Midnight 6A.M.=2.83m3/hr
6A.M. 10P.M.=5.68m3/hr
3/
10P.M. 12Midnight=m
g
/hr
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ExampleProblem
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
StorageReservoirsinDhakaCity
OverheadTanksatMohakhali DOHSandGulshanI
DWASA has 43 Overhead tanks 17 of which are currently operational

DWASAhas43Overheadtanks,17ofwhicharecurrentlyoperational
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
FireHydrant
Anoutletfromawatermainprovidedchieflyforthepurposeofforming
An
outlet from a water main provided chiefly for the purpose of forming
aconnectionwithafirehose
Usuallymadeofcastiron
withbronzesurfaces
Agatevalveisdesirablein
additiontothemainvalve
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
FireHydrant
Placement:footpathorstreetcornernearthecurb(street
Placement:
footpath or street corner near the curb (street
intersectionsaswellasintermediatepoints).AccordingtotheNational
BoardofFireUnderwriters,aspacingof200ftisrequiredfora
community of 25000 to 30000 population requiring a fire flow of 5000
communityof25000to30000populationrequiringafireflowof5000
gpm.Forsmallcommunitiesrequiringonly1000gpm offireflow,the
requirementis300ft.
Otherrequirements:
oShouldbeabletodeliver600gpm withalossofnotmorethan2.5psi
in the hydrant and a total loss of not more than 5 psi between the street
inthehydrantandatotallossofnotmorethan5psibetweenthestreet
mainandtheoutlet.
oNotlessthan2.5inchoutlets
oLargesuctionconnectionwhereengineserviceisnecessary
Large s ction connection here engine ser ice is necessar
oHydrantshouldremainclosedwhenbarrelisbrokenoff
oStreetconnectionsnotlessthan6inchdiameterandshallbegated
oSize:atleast4fortwo2.5nozzles,atleast5forthree2.5nozzles,
Si
t l t 4 f t
2 5
l
t l t 5 f th
2 5
l
atleast6forfour2.5nozzles
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
NonRevenueWater(NRW)
Nonrevenuewater (NRW)iswaterthathasbeenproducedand
islostbeforeitreachesthecustomer.
NRWhasthefollowingcomponents:
oUnbilledauthorizedconsumption(firefighting,publicarea
p
(
g
g p
landscapingetc.)
oApparentlosses(watertheftandmeteringinaccuracies)
oReal losses (from transmission mains storage facilities
oReallosses(fromtransmissionmains,storagefacilities,
distributionmainsorserviceconnections)
UnaccountedforWater
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
NRWIndicators
%NRWasashareofwaterproduced:
Mostcommonandeasytounderstand
notanappropriateindicatortobenchmarkNRWlevelsbetween
pp p
utilitiesoreventomonitorchangesovertime
Lossesperconnectionperday: recommendedbyIWA
Lossesperconnectionperday:
recommended by IWA
Percentage,lossesperconnectionorlossesperkmof
networktogether:
t
kt
th
RecommendedbyTheInternationalBenchmarkingNetworkforWater
andSanitation
Lossesperkilometerofnetworkaremoreappropriatetobenchmark
reallosses,whilelossesperconnectionaremoreappropriateto
benchmarkapparentlosses.
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
BenefitsofNRWReduction
financialgainsfromincreasedwatersalesorreducedwater
production,includingpossiblythedelayofcostlycapacity
expansion;
i
increasedknowledgeaboutthedistributionsystem;
increasedfirefightingcapabilityduetoincreasedpressure;
g
g p
y
p
reducedpropertydamage;
reducedriskofcontamination
More
Morestabilizedwaterpressurethroughoutthesystem
stabilized water pressure throughout the system
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed
ReadingMaterialsforthisLecture
Chapter20:WaterSupplyandSanitation(byF.AhmedandM.
Rahman)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonrevenue_water
Dr.Tanvir Ahmed

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CE331

V = 3.7 10 6 CD 2.63 hL0.54

hL = 1.39 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87

hL = 1.59 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87

hL = H / L = 1.39 10 6 Q1.85 D 4.87

(x = 1 85 according to Hazen Williams formula)

is small compared to Q the third and all successive terms

DWASA has 43 Overhead tanks 17 of which are currently operational

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