Individual ethical decision making styles:

1: Individualism:

Individualist are driven by natural reason, which personal survival and preservation.
Their moral authority is their own reasoning process based on self interests. It may
be called as related to “Ethical Relativism”.

Example:

General Pervaiz Musharraf:

Emergency declared in Pakistan:

On 3 November 2007 Musharraf declared emergency rule across Pakistan. He

suspended the Constitution, imposed State of Emergency, and fired the chief justice of
the Supreme Court. While addressing the nation on State Television, Musharraf
declared that the state of emergency was imposed in the country. In Islamabad, troops
entered the Supreme Court building, arrested the judges and kept them under detention
in their homes. Troops were deployed inside state-run TV and radio stations, while
independent channels went off air.

Clarification:

This example is suitable for individualism. Because he took this step for his own
interest. His moral authority was based on his own reasoning process based on self
interest. So, he showed individualism style.

2: Altruists:

These individuals are concerned primarily with other people. Their moral authority
and motivation is to produce greatest good for largest number of people.

It is proved by taking the example of following personality.

Example:

Hakeem Muhammad Saeed:

In Pakistan Hakeem Saeed established a pharmaceutical manufacturing company and

later on pioneered the Hamdard University, a center of excellence. Hamdard a full-
fledged pharmaceutical organization got the Hamdard Foundation incorporated in 1953
to sponser scientific conferences, lectures, publish scholary books, encourage scholars
 and promote learning. Within few years , the herbal medical products of Hamdard
manufacturing company became a legendary part of the business history of Pakistan.
Hakeem Saeed founded Hamdard niversity in1991 to enliven the intellectual tradition of
The educational institutions of past Muslims civilization and to which all his endeavors
were directed – his cherished dream and the culmination of his whole life.
Hakeem Saeed, a political writer , wrote many books in Urdu and English , edited many
research journals on mediines, history and Islam. He established Hamdard Shura (for
leaders of public opinion) and Naunehal Assembly (for children).
He was also awarded Nishan-e-Imtiaz by Pakistan , in 2002, in recognition of his
services and scholarship.

Clarification:

Hakeem Saeed, a man of intellectual and organizational capabilities, raised social and
moral issues and abhorred corruption in Pakistan society. He was a role model and beam
of light for the Muslims around the world. He did all these work for the people , not for
his personal interest .He just thought for the welfare of the people.

3: Pragmatists:

They are concerned with the situation in hand and not with self or others. Their moral
authority are the perceived needs of the moment and the potential consequences of the
decision taken in a specific context.

Following is the example of this style.

Example:

Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain:

Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain has served as federal minister with two former prime
ministers, Mohammed Khan Junejo and Nawaz Sharif. He left both of them when the
military proceeded against them. When General Zia removed Mohammed Khan Junejo,
Shujaat Hussain joined the faction of the Pakistan Muslim League that was supporting
Geneal Zia-ul-Haq. When Nawaz Sharif fell from grace, the Chaudhrys went with
General Musharraf..

Clarification:

Shujjat Hussain is a shrewed politician, though politically inarticulate and a poor orator,
he is a master in the art of wheeling and dealing. He has always remained on the side of
the country’s military establishment and ditched his civilian bosses and close friends
and colleagues, whenever it came to a choice between the two.
4: Idealists:

They are driven by principles, rules and regulations and values. For the justification of
their values they use rules and regulations.

Example:

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan:

Maulana Zafar Ali Khan was a writer, poet, and journalist who took an important part
in the Pakistan Movement. He is considered as the father of Urdu journalism, and
Zamindar was at one time the most important paper of the Punjab. The Zamindar was
an Urdu newspaper launched for the Muslims. It played a grear part in the awakening of
the Muslims masses and in forming their political outlookdespite the fact that it had
limited circulation since the Muslims lacked industry and commerce with the result that
the advertisements were too meager to cope with the funds needed for the paper. Lahore
was the center of Urdu publications and all the three well-established newspapers:
Partab, Mehrab and Vi Bharat were owned by Hindus. However Maulana started his
creer as journalist in extremely odd and unfavourable circumstances.
In 1934, when the Punjab Government banned this paper, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan who
invariably possessed remarkable courage and mettlesome spirit, sued and got the
government orders revoked by the court. Next day he was thankful to God to for giving
him success.

Clarification:

Maulana ZafarbAli Khan is a man of strong determination, rules and values. Maulana
Zafar Ali Khan a great journalist, poet and politician. Maulana Zafar Ali Khan was a
champion of the Muslim cause. He wrote fearlessly against the British Government and
suffered imprisonment for a long period. He was a member of the Muslim League Party
in the Central Assembly and Member of the Council of the All India Muslim League.