PDHonline Course M398 (3 PDH)

____________________________________________________________________________

ASME Section I & Section VIII

Fundamentals

2012

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Contents:
1.0 - INTRODUCTION
2.0 ASME SECTION I & SECTION VIII Fundamentals
3.0 ASME SECTION I POWER BOILERS: Types, Design, Fabrication, Inspection & Repair
4.0 ASME SECTION VIII Division 1, Division 2, Division 3
5.0 ASME SECTION I: Dished Heads Formulae
6.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae
7.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes
8.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles
9.0 ASME SECTION II - Materials
10.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Suplementary Design Formulae
11.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Hydrostatic Pressure Tests
12.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

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1.0 - INTRODUCTION:
The ASME Code design criteria consist of basic rules specifying the design method, design loads, allowable stress, acceptable materials, fabrication, testing, certification and inspection requirements.
The design method known as "design by rule" uses design pressure, allowable stress and a design formula compatible with the geometry to calculate the minimum required thickness of pressurized tanks,
vessels and pipes.
The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code is made of 12 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections.
1.1 - Code Sections:
I. Power Boilers
II. Materials
III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components
IV. Heating Boilers
V. Nondestructive Examination
VI. Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers
VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
VIII. Pressure Vessels
IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications
X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI. Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
XII. Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks
SECTION I - Power Boilers:
This Section provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric, and miniature boilers; high temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in locomotive,
portable, and traction service.
SECTION II Materials:
Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications
Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications
Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
Part D - Properties
SECTION III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components:
Subsection NCA - General Requirements for Divisions 1 and 2
DIVISION 1
Subsection NB- Class 1 Components
Subsection NC- Class 2 Components
Subsection ND- Class 3 Components
Subsection NE- Class MC Components
Subsection NF - Supports
Subsection NG - Core Support Structures
Subsection NH - Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service
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DIVISION 2
Code for Concrete Containments
DIVISION 3
Containments for Transportation and Storage
SECTION IV - Heating Boilers:
Requirements for design, fabrication, installation and inspection of steam generating boilers, and hot water boilers intended for low pressure service that are directly fired by oil, gas, electricity, or coal. It contains appendices which cover approval of new material, methods of checking safety valve, safety relief
valve capacity, definitions relating to boiler design and welding and quality control systems.
SECTION V - Nondestructive Examination:
Requirements and methods for nondestructive examination which are referenced and required by other
code Sections. It also includes manufacturer's examination responsibilities, duties of authorized inspectors and requirements for qualification of personnel, inspection and examination.
SECTION VI - Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers:
It defines general descriptions, terminology and guidelines applicable to steel and cast iron boilers limited
to the operating ranges of Section IV Heating Boilers. It includes guidelines for associated controls and
automatic fuel burning equipment.
SECTION VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers:
Guidelines to promote safety in the use of stationary, portable, and traction type heating boilers. The section provides guidelines to assist operators of power boilers in maintaining their plants as safely as possible. Contains fuels for routine operation; Operating and maintaining boiler appliances; Inspection and
prevention of boiler failure; Design of installation; Operation of boiler auxiliaries; Control of internal chemical conditions
SECTION VIII - Pressure Vessels:
Division 1 - Provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
Division 2 - Alternative rules, provides requirements to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
Division 3 - Alternative rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels, provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either
internal or external pressures generally above 10,000 psi.
SECTION IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications:
Rules relating to the qualification of welding and brazing procedures as required by other Code Sections
for component manufacture. Covers rules are related to the qualification and re-qualification of welders
and welding and brazing operators in order that they may perform welding or brazing as required by other Code Sections in the manufacture of components.
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SECTION X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels:

Requirements for construction of FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) pressure vessels in conformance with
a manufacturer's design report. It includes production, processing, fabrication, inspection and testing
methods required.
SECTION XI - Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components:
Requirements for the examination, in-service testing and inspection, and repair and replacement of components and systems in light-water cooled and liquid-metal cooled nuclear power plants.
SECTION XII - Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks:
Requirements for construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of dangerous goods via highway, rail, air or water at pressures from full vacuum to 3,000 psig and volumes
greater than 120 gallons.
1.2 - The ASME-ANSI B31 Codes:
ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31. The B31 Code for Pressure Piping, covers Power Piping,
Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items
necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures
such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.
B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping:
Required piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes requirements for the
design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems
for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping:
This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still
available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the
appliance).
B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping:
Code rules for design of chemical, petroleum plants, refineries, hydrocarbons, water and steam. This
Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,
paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
It prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages
within a packaged equipment assembly.
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B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids:
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and
testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids,
liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum
products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.
The requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this
Code are:
Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and proper loops;
Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set
aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk
plants;
Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and
protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping
systems.
B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components:
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and
inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as
low as -320 F (-196 C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically
excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in
their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:
Any self-contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or
other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
Water piping and piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi
(105 kPa) regardless of size; or
Pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems:
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for
the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of
those facilities.
B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines:
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport
gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including
pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations,
delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
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The principles and processes are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and
implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping:
This Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multiunit residences, which does not require range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or
within the property limits.
B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems:
Rule for design, construction, inspection and security requirements of slurry piping systems. This code
covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral
ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.
B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines:
The scope of this Manual includes all pipelines within the scope of the pipeline codes that are part of
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping, ASME B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons,
Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols; ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems; and ASME B31.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems. Parts 2, 3, and 4 are
based on material included in ASME Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, 1983
Edition.
1.3 - ASME Certification and Inspection Procedures:
The symbols "A", "S", "U", "PP" and "H" Stamps covers the fabrication and alteration of high pressure
boilers, unfired pressure vessels, power piping and heating boilers.
Once an ASME Stamped Pressure Vessel is manufactured, it is checked, tested and approved by the
ASME Authorized Inspector, who review all the procedures and all documentation and sign the Data
Report Form before the procedure to stamp the name plate with the U or UM symbols, which means
that the Pressure Vessel fully complies with the ASME Code rules for construction of Pressure Vessels.
The National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors uses the NB Symbol as well the R
Symbol to repair or to alter any previous Stamped Pressure Vessel.
All material used in manufacture must be documented. All welders must be certified. Manufacturers
have an Authorized Inspector, who is the judge of code acceptability. The quality of weld is then
checked for lack of weld penetration, slag inclusion, overlap and excessive reinforcement. At the final
inspection the units are hydrostatically tested at 1.5 times working pressure and observed for leaks.
1.4 Imperial and Metric Values:
Professionals and students should be well versed in conversion practice. Many US customary unit
values presented in the ASME codes do not convert directly into metric values in the ASME editions.
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2.0 ASME SECTION I & SECTION VIII Fundamentals:

The formulae in ASME Section I and Section VIII are used to determine the minimum required thickness and design pressure of piping, tubes, drums and headers using the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP). However, Paragraph UG-31 states, that these formulae may be also used for
calculating wall thickness of tubes and pipes under internal pressure.
2.1 Design:
The ASME Boiler Code Section I, as well as Section VIII, requires longitudinal and circumferential butt
joints to be examined by full radiograph.
When the vessel design is required fully radiographed longitudinal butt-welded joint, the cylindrical shell
will have a joint efficiency factor (E = 1.0). This factor corresponds to a safety factor (or material quality factor) of 3.5 in the parent metal.
When the vessel design is required non-radiographed longitudinal butt-welded joints the vessel will
have a joint efficiency factor (E = 0.7, which corresponds to a safety factor of 0.5 in., resulting in an
increase of 43% in the thickness of the plates.
2.2 Pressure Vessels Maximum Allowable Stress Values:
The maximum allowable stress values to be used in the calculation of the vessels wall thickness are
given in the ASME Code for many different materials. These stress values are a function of temperature.
Maximum Allowable Stress Value for Common Steels
Material

Carbon Steel
Plates and
Sheets

High Alloy
Steel Plates

DIVISION 1
-20F to
650F
13,800
15,000
16,300
17,500

DIVISION 2
-20F to
650F
18,300
20,000
21,700
23,300

SA - 203

Grade A
Grade B
Grade D
Grade E

11,300
12,500
13,800
12,700
16,300
17,500
16,300
17,500

15,000
16,700
18,300
16,900
21,700
23,300
21,700
23,300

SA - 240

Grade 304
Grade 304L
Grade 316
Grade 316L

11,200
12,300
10,200

20,000
16,700
20,000
16,700

Spec. Nbr

Grade

SA - 516

Grade 55
Grade 60
Grade 65
Grade 70

SA - 285

Grade A
Grade B
Grade C

SA - 36

Division 1: governs the design by Rules, is less stringent from the standpoint of certain design details
and inspection procedures, and thus incorporates a higher safety factor of 4. For example, if a 60,000
psi tensile strength material is used, the Maximum Allowable Stress Value is 15,000 psi.
Division 2: governs the design by Analysis and incorporates a lower safety factor of 3. Thus, the maximum allowable stress value for a 60,000 psi tensile strength material will become 20,000 psi.
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Many companies require that all their pressure vessels be constructed in accordance with Division 2
because of the more exacting standards. Others find that they can purchase less expensive vessels
by allowing manufacturers the choice of either Division 1 or Division 2.
Normally, manufacturers will choose Division 1 for low-pressure vessels and Division 2 for highpressure vessels. The maximum allowable stress values at normal temperature range for the steel
plates most commonly used in the fabrication of pressure vessels are given in Table above.
3.0 ASME SECTION I - POWER BOILERS: Types, Design, Fabrication, Inspection & Repair:
Provides requirements for construction of power, electric, and miniature boilers; high temperature water
boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in locomotive, portable, and traction service.
Rules allow the use of the V, A, M, PP, S and E symbol stamps. The rules are applicable to boilers in
which the steam is generated at pressures exceeding 15 psig, and high temperature water boilers for
operation at pressures exceeding 160 psig and/or temperatures exceeding 250 F.
This code covers Power Boiler Superheaters, Economizers, and other pressure parts connected directly to the boiler without intervening valves are considered as part of the scope of Section 1.
3.1 ASME SECTION I Boiler Tubes up to and including 5 inches O.D. (125 mm):
a) The minimum required thickness, according to ASME paragraph PG-27.2.1, use equation below:

b) To calculate the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):

Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
D = Tube Outside Diameter (in)
e = Thickness Factor (0.04 for expanded tubes; 0 = for strength welded tubes)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A
Example 1 - Boiler Tube:
Calculate the minimum required wall thickness of a water tube boiler 2.75 in O.D., strength welded (E,
or, e = 0) into place in a boiler. The tube has an average wall temperature of 650F. The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is 580 psi gauge. Material is carbon steel SA-192.
Note: Before starting calculations check the correct stress table in ASME Section II, Table 1A:
Consider SA-192 = 11,800 psi allowable stress Div. 1.
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Solution:
For tubing up to and including 5 in O.D., use equation 1.1 above.
P = [580 psi]
D = [2.75 in]
e = 0 (strength welded)
S = [11,800 psi] at [650F])
t=

2.75 x 580
2 (11,800) + 580

+ 0.005 (2.75) + 0

t = 0.079 in.
Note: Where the manufacturing processes produce only standard plate thickness, so should be used
1/8 in (3.2 mm) minimum.
3.2 ASME SECTION I Piping, Drums, and Headers:
The following formulae are found in ASME Section I, paragraph PG-27.2.2. The information for piping,
drums, or headers may be given with either the inside I or outside D measurements.
a) Using the outside diameter:

b) Using the inside radius:

Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
D = Tube Outside Diameter (in)
R = Tube Radius (in)
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe)
y = Wall Thickness Welding Factor (0.4 for 900F & lower; 0.7 for 950F & up)
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A
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Example 2 Steam Piping:

Calculate the required minimum thickness of a seamless steam piping at a pressure of 900 psi gauge
and a temperature of 700F. The piping is 10.77 in O.D., (10 inches nominal) plain end; the material is
SA-335 P1, alloy steel. Allow a manufacturers tolerance allowance of 12.5%.
Note: Before starting calculations check the material stress table in ASME Section II, Table 1A:
SA-335 P1 = 13,800 psi allowable stress Div.1. Use equation 2.1:

P = [900 psi]
D = [10.77 in]
C=0
S = [13,800] (SA-335 P1 alloy steel at 700F)
E = 1.0
y = 0.4 (Ferritic steel less than 900F)
t=

900 x 10.77. + 0 =
2(13,800)(1.0) + 2(0.4)(900)

t = 0.34 in.
Therefore, including a manufacturers allowance of 12.5%; - 0.34 1.125 = 0.38 in.
Example 3 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):
Calculate the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) for a seamless steel pipe of material SA209-T1. The outside pipe diameter is 12.75 in. (nominal diam. 12 in.) with a wall thickness of 0.46 in.
The operating temperature is 850F. The pipe is plain ended.
D = 12.75 in (outside diameter)
t = 0.46 in
C = 0 (3 to 4 inches nominal and larger)
S = 13,100 psi (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1, SA-209-T1 at 850F)
E = 1.0 (seamless pipe as per PG-9.1)
y = 0.4 (austenitic steel at 850F)
Use equation 2.2:
P=

2SE (t C) =
D (2y) (t C)

P = 2 (13,100) (1.0) x (0.46 0) =

12.75 (2 x 0.4) (0.46 0)
P = 26,200 x 0.46 =
12.75 0.368
P = 973 psi
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Example 4 Welded Tube Boiler Drum:

A welded water tube boiler drum of SA-515-60 material is fabricated to an inside radius of 18.70 in. on
the tube sheet and 19.68 in on the drum. The plate thickness of the tube sheet and drum are 2.34 in.
and 1.49 in., respectively.
The longitudinal joint efficiency is 100%, and the ligament efficiencies are 56% horizontal and 30% circumferential. The operating temperature is not to exceed 500F. Determine the Maximum Allowable
Working Pressure (MAWP) based on:
Welded Water Tube Boiler Drum:
DRUM &
TUBESHEET

Note: This is a common example of a water tube drum fabricated from two plates of different thickness.
Thicker material is required where the boiler tubes enter the drum than is required for a plain drum.
This example has two parts:
c) The drum consider the drum to be plain with no penetrations.
d) The tube sheet consider the drum to have penetrations for boiler tubes.
(a) Drum. Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R):

Where:
S = 15,000 psi (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1, SA-515-60 at 500F)
E = 1.0
t = 1.49 in
C=0
R = 19.68 in
y = 0.4 (ferritic steel less than 900F)
Drum P = (15,000) (1.0) (1.49 0).. =
19.68 + (1 0.4) (1.49 0)
Drum P = 15,000 x 1.49
19.68 + 0.894
Drum P = 1,086 psi
(b) Tube Sheet. Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R):

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S = 15,000 psi
E = 0.56 (circumferential stress = 30% and longitudinal stress = 56%; therefore = 0.56 < 2 x 0.30)
t = 2.34 in
C = 0 (3 to 4 inches nominal and larger)
R = 18.70 in
y = 0.4 (Ferritic steel less than 900F)
Tube Sheet P = (15,000) (1.0) (2.34 0) =
18.70 + (1 0.4) (2.34 0)
Tube Sheet P = 15,000 x 2.34
18.70 + 1.404
Tube Sheet P = 1,746 psi
Note: Consider the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) = 1,086 psi (lowest number).
4.0 ASME SECTION VIII Division 1, Division 2, Division 3:
The ASME Section VIII, rules for fired or unfired pressure vessels, is divided into three divisions to
provide requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification. The formulae and allowable stresses presented in this sketch are only for Division 1, the main code.
It contains mandatory and non-mandatory appendices detailing supplementary design criteria, nondestructive examination and inspection acceptance standards. Rules pertaining to the use of the U, UM
and UV Code symbol stamps are also included.
4.1 SECTION VIII - Thin Cylindrical Shells:
The formulae in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-27, used for calculating the wall thickness and design pressure of pressure vessels, are:
a) Circumferential Stress (longitudinal welds):
When, P < 0.385SE:

(R = Internal Radius)
b) Longitudinal Stress (circumferential welds):
When, P < 1.25SE

(R = Internal Radius)
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Example 5 Thin Cylindrical Shells:

A vertical boiler is constructed of SA-515-60 according to Section VIII-1. It has an internal diameter of
96 in. and an internal design pressure of 1,000 psi at 450 F. The corrosion allowance is 0.125 in., and
joint efficiency is E = 0.85. Calculate the required thickness of the shell. (Consider SA-515-60 = 15,000
psi allowable stress, ASME Section II, Table 1A, Div.1). (Since P < 0.385SE (6,545 psi) as 1,000 psi <
6,545 psi, use equation 1.3):
t=

PR + C
SE 0.6P

Considering the internal radius = (48 in.) and corrosion allowance = 0.125 in.
t=

1,000 x 48 . + 0.125 =
2(15,000)(0.85) 0.6(1,000)

t = 2.052 in.
4.2 SECTION VIII - Thick Cylindrical Shells:
For internal pressures higher than 3,000 psi, special considerations as specified in paragraph U-1 (d).
As the ratio of t/R increases beyond 0.5, an accurate equation is required to determine the thickness.
The formulae in ASME Appendix 1, Supplementary Design Formulas used for calculating thick wall
and design pressure, are:
a) For longitudinal welds:
When, P > 0.385SE:

and

b) For circumferential welds:

When, P > 1.25SE:

and

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Where:
R = Design Radius (in.)
Z = Dimensionless Factor
Example 6 Thick Cylindrical Shells:
a) When P > 0.385SE:
Calculate the required shell thickness of an accumulator with P = 10,000 psi, R = 18 in., S = 20,000
psi, and E = 1.0. Assume a corrosion allowance of 0.125 in.
For P > 0.385SE (7,700 psi) as 10,000 psi > 7,700 psi, use equation 1.7:
t = R (Z

- 1) =

Z = (20,000)(1.0) + 10,000 = 30,000 = 3

(20,000)(1.0) 10,000 10,000
t = (18) (3

1) + 0.125 = 8.08 in.

Example 7 Thick Cylindrical Shells:

b) When P < 0.385SE:
Calculate the required shell thickness of an accumulator with P = 7,650 psi, R = 18 in, S = 20,000 psi,
and E = 1.0. Assume corrosion allowance = 0.
For P< 0.385SE (7,700 psi) as 7,650 psi < 7,700 psi, use equation 1.3:
t=

PR + C
SE 0.6P

t=

7,650 x 18 + 0
(20,000)(1.0) 0.6(7,650)

t = 8.9 in.
Example 8 Comparison between Equation 1.3 and Equation 1.7:
Calculate the shell thickness, comparing the equation 1.3 with another answer using equation 1.7.
t = R (Z

- 1) =

Z = (20,000)(1.0) + 7,650 = 27,650 = 2.24

(20,000)(1.0) 7,650 12,350
t = (18 + 0) (2.24

- 1) = 8.9 in.

This shows that the simple use of equation (1.3) is accurate over a wide range of R/t ratios.
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4.3 ASME I and ASME-ANSI B31 Pressure Piping - Minimum Wall Thickness:
According to ASME Section I and ANSI B31, the minimum thickness of piping under pressure is:

Where:
t(min)= Minimum wall thickness required (in)
P = Design pressure (psig)
D = Outside diameter of pipe (in)
S = Allowable stress in pipe material (psi)
E = Longitudinal joint factor - E = 1.0 for seamless pipe, E = 0.85 for ERW pipe
C = Corrosion allowance, typically 0.05 in.
y = Wall thickness coefficient in ASME Table 304.1.1 for ferritic steels, is:
y = 0.4 for T<= 900 F
y = 0.5 for 900< T <= 950 F
y = 0.7 for 950 < T <= 1000 F
4.4 ASME SECTION VIII Reinforcement Wall Thickness Plate:
The standard design method uses an increased wall thickness plate at the equator line of the vessel to
support the additional stresses caused by the attachment of the legs. The formula for calculation the
wall thickness of a segmented plate of to be welded in a vessel or spherical shell is:
t=

PL + C
2SE 0.2P

L = Di/2
Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in)
P = Design Pressure (psi)
Di = Inside Diameter of Sphere (in)
L = Sphere Radius (in)
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe)
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum)
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A
5.0 ASME SECTION I: Dished Heads Formulae:
Flanged and dished heads can be formed in a size range from 4 in to 300 in diameter and in thickness
range of 14 Gauge to 1-1/2 thick. Pressure vessel heads and dished ends are essentially the same
the end caps of a pressure vessel tank or an industrial boiler, supplied with a flanged edge to make it
easier for the fabricator to weld the head to the main body of the tank.
Dished heads can be manufactured using a combination of processes, spinning & flanging, where the
spherical radius is made via the spinning process and the knuckle is created under the flanging method.
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5.1 Blank, Unstayed Dished Heads:

Paragraph PG-29.1 states that the thickness of a blank, unstayed dished head with the pressure on the
concave side, when it is a segment of a sphere, shall be calculated by the following formula:

Where:
t = Minimum thickness of head (in)
P = maximum allowable working pressure (psi)
L = Concave side radius (in)
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi)
Paragraph PG-29.2 states: The radius to which the head is dished shall be not greater than the outside diameter of the flanged portion of the head. Where two radii are used, the longer shall be taken
as the value of L in the formula.
Example 9 Segment of a Spherical Dished Head:
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, blank unstayed dished head having pressure on the concave
side. The head has an inside diameter of 42.7 in. with a dish radius of 36.0 in. The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is 360 psi and the material is SA-285 A. The temperature does not exceed 480F. State if this thickness meets Code. (Solution: Use equation 1.11)

P = 360 psi
L = 36.0 in
S = 11,300 psi SA-285 A at 480F
t = 5 (360 x 36) =
4.8 (11,300)
t = 1.19 in.
PG-29.6 states: No head, except a full-hemispherical head, shall be of a lesser thickness than that
required for a seamless pipe of the same diameter. Then, the minimum thickness of piping is:

y = 0.4 ferritic steel < 900F; E = 1.0 - (See Section I)

t=

360 x 42.7
=
2(11,300)(1.0) + 2 (0.4)(360)

t = 0.67 in.
Therefore, the calculated head thickness meets the code requirements, since 1.19 > 0.67.
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Example 10 - Segment of a Spherical Dished Head with a Flanged-in Manhole:

Calculate the thickness of a seamless, unstayed dished head with pressure on the concave side, having
a flanged-in manhole 6.0 in x 16 in. Diameter head is 47.5 in with a dish radius of 45 in. The MAWP is
225 psi, the material is SA-285-C, and temperature does not exceed 428F.
First thing to check: is the radius of the dish at least 80% of the diameter of the shell?
Dish Radius = 45
Shell Diameter 47.5
0.947 > 0.8 - The radius of the dish meets the criteria. Then, use equation 1.11:

P = 225 psi
L = 45 in
S = 13,800 psi (450F - use the next higher temperature).
t = 5 (225 x 45) =
4.8 (13,800)
t = 0.764 in.
This thickness is for a blank head. According to ASME - PG-29.3 requires this thickness to be increased by 15% or 0.125 in., whichever is greater. As 0.764 0.15 = 0.114 in., that is less than 0.125
in., then, the thickness must be increased by 0.125 in.
Then, the required head thickness is, t = 0.764 + 0.125 = ~0.90 in.
5.2 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:
The thickness of a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head with the pressure on the concave side shall
be calculated by the following formula:

t = Minimum thickness of head (in)

P = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (psi)
L = Radius to which the head was formed (in)
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi)
Note: The above formula shall not be used when the required thickness of the head given by the formula exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius. Instead, use the following formula:

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Example 11 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:

Calculate the minimum required thickness for a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head. The radius to
which the head is dished is 7.5 in. The MAWP is 900 psi and the head material is SA 285-C. The average temperature of the header is 570F.
Solution: Use equation 1.13.

P = 900 psi
L = 7.5 in.
S = 13,800 psi - (SA 285-C at 600F).
t=

900 x 7.5
= 0.24 in.
2 (13,800) 0.2 (900)

Check if this thickness exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius = 7.5 x 0.356 = 2.67 in. It does not exceed
35.6%, therefore the calculated thickness of the head meets the code requirements.
6.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae:
The ASME Section VIII Division 1 determines the rules for dished heads. The most common configurations are spherical, hemispherical, elliptical (or ellipsoidal) and torispherical shapes.
How the shapes are, make some confusion for beginners and even professionals users of ASME
Section VIII. To cast a little light on these subjects see the resume below:

Torispherical Heads
Semi-Elliptical Heads (2:1)
Spherical or Hemispherical
Heads

Flat Dished Heads

Non Standard 80-10 Dished
Heads

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Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads (1.9:1)

Dished Discs

Toriconical Heads

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6.1 - Spherical or Hemispherical Heads:

a) When t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE - (Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):

And,

Example 12 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:

A pressure vessel is built of SA-516-70 material and has an inside diameter of 96 in. The internal design
pressure is 100 psi at 450F. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in. and joint efficiency is E = 0.85. Calculate
the required spherical head thickness of the pressure vessel if S is 20,000 psi?
Solution: Since 0.665SE > P = 11305 psi > 100 psi, use equation 2.1.
The inside radius in a corroded condition is equal to, R = 48 + 0.125 = 48.125 in.
t=

t=

PR
=
2SE 0.2P
100 x 48.125
=
2(20,000) (0.85) 0.2(100)

t = 0.14 in.
Example 12.1 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:
A spherical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 120 in has a head thickness of 1 in. Determine the design pressure if the allowable stress is 16,300 psi. Assume joint efficiency E = 0.85. No corrosion allowance is stated to the design pressure.
Solution: Since t < 0.356R use equation 2.2.
P=

2SEt =
R + 0.2t

P = 2(16,300)(0.85)(1) =
60 + 0.2(1)
P = 460 psi
The calculated pressure 460 psi is < 0.665SE (9213 psi); therefore, equation 2.2 is acceptable.
a) When t > 0.356R or P > 0.665SE (Thick Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):
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and

Example 13 - Thick Hemispherical Head:

Calculate the required hemispherical head thickness of an accumulator with P = 10,000 psi, R = 18.0
in, S = 15,000 psi, and E = 1.0. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in.
Solution: As 0.665SE < P = 9975 psi < 10,000 psi, use equation 2.3.

Y = 2 [(15,000)(1.0) + 10,000] =
2 [(15,000)(1.0)] 10,000
Y = 50,000 = 2.5
20,000
t = R (Y1/3 1) = 18.0 (2.51/3 1) + 0,125 = 6.554 in.
6.2 Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads - Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
The commonly used semi-ellipsoidal head has a ratio of base radius to depth of 2:1 (shown below).
The actual shape can be approximated by a spherical radius of 0.9D and a knuckle radius of 0.17D.
The required thickness of 2:1 heads with pressure on the concave side is given below:

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Example 14 - Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads, or,

Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
Calculate a semi-elliptical head thickness considering
the dimensions given below:
Inside Diameter of Head (Di): 18.0 in
Inside Crown Radius (L): (18.0 x 0.9Di) in
Inside Knuckle Radius (ri): (18.0 x 0.17Di) in
Straight Skirt Length (h): 1.500 in
Radius L - (18.0 x 0.9Di) = 16.20 in
Radius ri - (18.0 x 0.17Di) = 3.06 in

Material and Conditions:

Material: SA-202 Gr. B (Room Temperature)
Internal Pressure: 200 psi
Allowable Stress: 20,000 psi
Head Longitudinal Joint Efficiency: 0.85
Corrosion Allowance: 0.010 in
Variable:
L/r = L/ri = 16.20/3.06 = 5.29 in
a) Required Thickness. (Formula 2.5):
t=

PD
+ corrosion allowance
2SE 0.2P

t=

200 x 18.0
+ 0.010
2(20,000)(0.85) 0.2(200)

t = 0.116 in.
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b) Maximum Pressure:
P = 2SEt =
D + 0.2t
P = 2(20,000)(0.85)(0.116) =
18 + 0.2 (0.116)
P = 219 psi.
Note: Ellipsoidal heads and all torispherical heads having materials with minimum tensile strength
> 80,000 psi shall be designed using a value of S = 20,000 psi at room temperature (see UG-23).
6.3 - Torispherical Heads:
Shallow heads, commonly referred to as flanged and dished heads (F&D heads), are according to
paragraph UG-32 (e), with a spherical radius L of 1.0D and a knuckle radius r of 0.06D.
a) Flanged & Dished Head (F&D heads):
The dish radius of a Flanged and Dished Head is 1.0 D and the knuckle radius is 0.06% D. The required
thickness of a Torispherical F&D Head with r/L = 0.06 and L = Di, is:

And,

Where:
P = Pressure on the concave side of the head
S = Allowable stress
t = Thickness of the head
L = Inside spherical radius
E = Joint efficiency factor
Example 15 - Torispherical Heads:
A drum is to operate at 500F and 350 psi and to hold 5000 gallons of water. The inside radius of the
Dished Torispherical Heads is 78 in. The material is SA 285 Grade A.
Assume S = 11,200 psi and E = 0.85.
Solution: Dished Torispherical Heads with L = Di and r/L = 0.06, use equation 2.7.
t = 0.885 PL =
SE 0.1P
t=

0.885 (350) (78)

= 2.54
(11200)(0.85) 0.1(350)
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b) Non Standard 80-10 Flanged & Dished Head:

On an 80-10 the inside radius (L) is 0.8 Di and the knuckle radius (ri) is 10% of the head diameter.
For the required thickness of a Non Standard 80-10 Head, use equations 2.7 and 2.8.
Designing 80-10 Torispherical Heads rather than standard shapes can be achieved by lowering the material costs. The 80-10 is typically only 66% the thickness of the standard Torispherical Heads.

6.4 Conical or Toriconical Heads:

The required thickness of the Conical or Toriconical Head (knuckle radius > 6% OD) shall be determined by formula using internal diameter of shell, 30.

t=

PD
2 (SE - 0.6P) cos

2.9

L = Di / (2 cos )
Di = Internal Diameter (conical portion) = D - 2 r (1 - cos )
r = Inside Knuckle Radius
6.5 - Toriconical Heads Definitions:

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7.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes:

Objective: Minimum requirements for safe construction and operation, Division 1, 2, and 3.
Section VIII Division 1:
15 psig < P

3000 psig

Other exclusions:
Internals (except for attachment weld to vessel)
Fired process heaters
Pressure containers integral with machinery
Piping systems
Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules:
15 psig < P

3000 psig - identical to Division 1, but the different requirements are:

Allowable stress
Stress calculations
Design
Quality control
Fabrication and inspection
The choice between Divisions 1 and 2 is based mainly on economics of materials.
Division 3, Alternative Rules - High Pressure Vessels:
Applications over 10,000 psi;
Pressure from external source, process reaction, application of heat, combination of these;
Maximum pressure limits for Division 1 or 2 or minimum limits for Division 3, not established.
7.1. Structure of ASME Section VIII, Division 1:
Subsection A: Part UG applies to all vessels;
Subsection B: Requirements based on fabrication method, Parts UW, UF, UB;
Subsection C: Requirements based on material class, Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD,
UHT, ULW, ULT. Mandatory and Non-mandatory Appendices
Determination of Material Thickness:
Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Creep Strength, Rupture Strength and Corrosion Resistance.
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack:
-Temperature at 300 - 400F, monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen in voids;
- Pressure build-up can cause steel to crack;
- Above 600F, hydrogen attack causes irreparable damage through component thickness.
Brittle Fracture and Fracture Toughness:
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The conditions that could cause brittle fracture are:

Typically at low temperature;
Can occur below design pressure;
No yielding before complete failure;
High enough stress for crack initiation and growth;
Low enough material fracture toughness at temperature;
Critical size defect to act as stress concentration.
7.2. Material Groups The Most Common Used Materials:
Curve A:
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC, normalized and tempered;
SA-217 Gr. WC6, normalized and tempered.

Curve C:
SA-182 Gr. 21& 22, normalized and tempered
SA-302 Gr. C & D
SA-336 Gr. F21 & F22, normalized and tempered
S A-3 8 7 G r. 21 & 22, normalized and tempered
S A-5 1 6 G r. 55 & 60, not normalized
SA-533 Gr. B & C
SA-662 Gr. A

Curve B:
SA-216 Gr. WCA, normalized and tempered or
water-quenched and tempered;
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC for maximum thickness
of 2 in. (water-quenched and tempered);
SA-285 Gr. A & B;
SA-414 Gr. A;
SA-515 Gr. 60;
SA-516 Gr. 65 & 70, not normalized.
Curve D:
SA-203
SA-537 Cl. 1, 2 & 3
SA-508 Cl. 1
SA-612, normalized
SA-516, normalized
SA 662, normalized
SA-524 Cl. 1 & 2
SA-738 Gr. A

Bolting: See the ASME Code Section VIII, Div. 1, for impact and nuts test for specified material
specifications.
Additional ASME Code Impact Test Requirements:
For welded construction over 4 in. thick, or non-welded construction over 6 in. thick, if MDMT < 120F
Not required for flanges if temperature -20F; required if SMYS > 65 ksi unless specifically exempt.
7.3 - Weld Joint Efficiencies, E:

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7.4 Resume of Pressure Vessels Formulae ASME Section I & ASME Section VIII:
Item

Thickness - t (in)

Pressure - P
(in)

Stress - S (in)

PR
SE - 0.6P

SEt
R + 0.6t

P(R + 0.6t)
t

t 0.25 D;

PR

2.SEt

P(R + 0.2t)

t 0.178D;

2SE - 0.2P

R + 0.2t

2t

D0.3P/S

tS/0.3D

0.3D P/t

Cylindrical Shell
Hemispherical Shell (or
Head)

Flat Flanged Head

Torispherical Head (a)

Torispherical Head (b)

2:1 Semi-Elliptical Head
(a)

Toriconical Head

P 0.385 SE
P 0.685 SE

r/L = 0.06;

L D + 2t

0.885PL

SEt

P(0.885L + 0.1t)

SE - 0.1P

0.885L + 0.1t

PLM
2SE - 0.2P

2.SEt
LM + 0.2t

P(LM + 0.2t)
2t

M = 3 + (L/r)1/2 / 4

h/D = 4

PD

2.SEt

P(D + 0.2t)

2SE - 0.2P

D + 0.2t

2t

PDK
2SE - 0.2P

2.SEt
DK + 0.2t

P(DK + 0.2t)
2Et

PD
2(SE - 0.6P) cos

2.SEt cos
D + 1.2t cos

P(D + 1.2t cos )

2t cos

Ellipsoidal Head (b)

Notes

K = [2 + (D/2h)] / 6;

2 D/h 6

30

OBS.:
D = Shell / Head Inside Diameter, E = Weld Joint Efficiency (0.7 -1.0), L = Crown Radius, P = Internal Pressure, h = Inside
Depth of Head, r = Knuckle Radius, R = Shell/Head Inside Radius, S = Allowable Stress, t = Shell / Head Thickness.

7.5 - Common Materials - Temperature Limits:

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8.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles:

Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles or access
openings. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is required. The Code
procedure is to relocate the removed material to an area within an effective boundary around the
opening. Figure bellow shows the steps necessary to reinforce an opening in a pressure vessel.

8.1 - Definitions:

Diameter of circular opening, d:

d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance) =
Required wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn =

PR......
SE 0.6P
Area of required reinforcement, Ar:

Ar = d.ts.F (in) =
d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimension of opening in plane under consideration, in.
ts = Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1.0
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Example 16 Basic Pipe Nozzle:

Basic design:
Design Pressure = 300 psig
Design Temperature = 200 F
Shell Material is SA-516 Gr. 60
Nozzle Diameter 8 in, Sch. 40
Nozzle Material is SA-53 Gr. B, Seamless
Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625"
Vessel is 100% Radiographed
a) Wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn =
tn =

PR......
SE 0.6P

300 x 4.312.. + 0.0625 (Corrosion Allowance)

12,000(1.0) 0.6(300)

tn = 0.11 + 0.0625 = 0.17 in (min) Pipe Sch. 40 is t = 0.32 in.

b) Circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance)
d = 8.625 2(0.32 + 0.0625) =
d = 8.625 2 (0.3825) = 7.86 in
c) Area of required reinforcement, Ar:
Ar = d.ts.F (in) =
Ar = 7.86 x 0.487 x 1.0 = 3.82 in
Available reinforcement area in shell, Ar, as larger of As or An:
As = Larger of: d (Ts ts) - 2 Tn (Ts ts) =
As = 7.86 (0.5625 0,487) 2x 0,5625 (0.5625 0,487) = 0.50 in
An = Smaller of: 2 [2.5 (Ts) (Tn tn)]
An = 2 [2.5 (0.5625) (0.32 0.17)] = 0.42 in
Ar < (As + An) =
Ar < (0.50 + 0.42) = 0.92 in < 3.82 in (Reqd.)
OBS.: Therefore, its necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to attend the premise Ar < (As + An).
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Example 17 Basic Shell & Nozzle:

Design Pressure = 700 psi
Design temperature = 700 F
Nozzle Diameter = 8 in. (8.625 OD)
Material:
Shell SA 516 Gr.70
Head SA 516 Gr. 70
Nozzle SA 106 Gr. B
E = 1.0 (weld efficiency)
Required Shell Thickness:
ts =

PR
SE 0.6P

ts =

700 x 30..... = 1.30 (Use Ts = 1 1/2)

16,600(1.0) 0.6(700)

Opening Reinforcement:

Required Head Thickness:

Ar (Reqd.) = d.ts = 8.625 x 1.3 = 11.2 in

th =

PR
2SE 0.2P

As = Larger of: d (Ts ts) - 2 Tn (Ts ts) =

th =

700 x 30.......... = 0.64 (Use Th = 7/8)

2(16,600)(1.0) 0.2(700)

Required Nozzle Thickness:

tn =

PR
SE 0.6P

tn =

700 x 4.312..... = 0.21 (Use Tn = 1/2)

14,400(1.0) 0.6(700)

As = 8.625 (1.5 1.3) 2 (1.0) (1.5 1.3) = 1.325 in

An = Smaller of: 2[2.5 (Ts) (Tn tn)]
An = 2[2.5 (1.5) (1.0 0.21)] = 5.925 in
Ar < (As + An) =
Ar < (1.325 + 5.925) = 7.25 in < 11.2 (Reqd.)
OBS.: Necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to attend the premise (As + An) > Ar.

Example 18 Nozzle Design:

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9.0 ASME SECTION II - Materials:

The following Tables indicates the most common ferrous materials used in Pressure Vessels design and
fabrication, including structural plates, pipes, tubes, castings, forgings, flanges, fittings, bolts and nuts.
Beyond the knowledge of the most common ferrous materials, the Tables also help the student how to
search the materials MAWP (Maximum Allowable Stress Values) in ASME Section II, Table 1A.
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9.1 - Carbon Steels:

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9.2 - Low Alloy Steels:

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9.3 MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure - Stress Values:

The ASME Section II, Part D contains properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the
Code for design of boilers, pressure-vessels, and nuclear-power-plant components including tables of
the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) - stress values and design-stress limits for the
materials adopted by various Codebook sections.
The tables below are an extract from ASME for the most common ferrous materials for a design purpose.

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10.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Suplementary Design Formulae:

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Example 19 MAWP (Maximum Allowable Working Pressure:

Example 20 Thickness of a Cylindrical Shell Considering Internal Pressure

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Example 21 Design of a Standard Torispherical Head

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Example 22 Design of a Non-Standard Torispherical Head

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11.0 ASME SECTION VIII UG-99 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests:

As per ASME Section VIII-1, UG-99, the pressure vessels designed for internal pressure shall be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times
the MAWP multiplied by the lowest ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress
value S for the test temperature on the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature.
Ph = 1.3 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.),
Where:
Ph = Hydrostatic Test Pressure;
MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure.
And as per UG-100, a pneumatic test (with at least equal to 1.1 times the MAWP multiplied by the lowest
ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress value S for the test temperature on
the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature) may be used in lieu of the standard hydrostatic test prescribed in UG-99 for vessels under certain conditions:
Designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water;
Not readily dried, to be used in services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated and
the parts of which have, where possible, been previously tested by hydrostatic pressure to the
pressure required in UG-99.
Pn = 1.1 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.),
Where:
Pn = Pneumatic Test Pressure.
12.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.
Division 1
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof. The Division is not
numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts
which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:
Subsection A - General Requirements:
Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials:
Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15
Design: UG-16 through to UG-35
Openings and Reinforcements: UG-36 through to UG-46
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Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50

Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85
Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103
Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120
Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140
Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels:
Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding:
General: UW-1 through to UW-3
Materials: UW-5
Design: UW-8 through to UW-21
Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42
Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW-54
Marking and Reports: UW-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65
Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging
General: UF-1
Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7
Design: UF-12 through to UF-25
Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43
Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55
Marking and Reports: UF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125
Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing
General: UB-1 through to UB-3
Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7
Design: UB-9 through to UB-22
Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37
Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50
Marking and Reports: UB-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60
Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials:
Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels:
General: UCS-1
Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12
Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57
Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68
Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85
Inspection and Tests: UCS-90
Marking and Reports: UCS-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125
Non-mandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160
Part UNF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials:
General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4
Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15
Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65
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Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79

Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95
Marking and Reports: UNF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125
Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UHA - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel:
General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8
Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13
Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34
Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44
Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52
Marking and Reports: UHA-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65
Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic ChromiumNickel and Ferritic
and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron:
General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3
Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12
Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37
Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78
Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101
Marking and Reports: UCI-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125
Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material with Corrosion:
Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings
General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3
Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12
Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27
Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46
Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52
Marking and Reports: UCL-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60
Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron:
General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3
Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12
Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37
Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78
Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101
Marking and Reports: UCD-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125
Part UHT - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels with Tensile Properties
Enhanced by Heat Treatment:
General: UHT-1
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Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6

Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57
Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86
Inspection and Tests: UHT-90
Marking and Reports: UHT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125
Part ULW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction:
Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2
Materials: ULW-5
Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26
Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33
Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57
Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78
Inspection and Tests: ULW-90
Marking and Reports: ULW-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125
Part ULT - Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allowable
Stresses at Low Temperature
General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5
Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57
Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86
Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100
Marking and Reports: ULT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125
Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite
General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3
Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8
Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60
Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84
Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112
Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121
Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125
MANDATORY APPENDICES: 1 through to 42
NONMANDATORY APPENDICES: A through to MM
Division 2 - Alternative Rules:
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (103 kPa).
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by the
application of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the
two.
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The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified
in Division 1. Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials,
design and nondestructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed. Division 2
has also provisions for the use of finite element analysis to determine expected stress in pressure
equipment, in addition to the traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: "Design by Analysis requirements").
Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels:
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for
materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and
certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi
(70,000 kPa). The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external
sources, by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combination thereof.

Links and References:

Overview of Pressure Vessel Design, ASME Career Development Series, Vincent A. Carucci;
Engineering Management Certification International (EMCI);

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