Maharashtra HSC Mathematics Paper 1

Written according to the New Text book (2012-2013) published by the Maharashtra State Board of
Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.
Std. XII Sci.
Perfect Maths - I
Prof. Shantanu R. Pal
B. E. (Electronics),
Mumbai University
Mr. Vinodkumar J. Pandey

B.Sc. (Mathematics)
G. N. Khalsa College, Mumbai
Dr. Sidheshwar S. Bellale

M.Sc., B.Ed., PhD.
Malharrao Holkar College, Kingaon, Latur
Salient Features:
9
9
9
9
9
Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.

Covers answers to all Textual and Miscellaneous Exercises.
Precise theory for every topic.
Written in a systematic manner.
Self evaluative in nature.
Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Mumbai, Maharashtra
Tel: 022 6551 6551
Website : www.targetpublications.in
www.targetpublications.org
email : mail@targetpublications.in
Printed at:
India Printing Works
Std. XII Sci.

Perfect Maths - I
42, G.D. Ambekar Marg,

Wadala,
Mumbai 400 031
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Published by
Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Fourth Edition: March 2012
Price: ` 190/-
Shiv Mandir Sabagriha,

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PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how
many can get through to you.
Maths is not just a subject, meant to be learnt confined in the four walls of a classroom but
something that is explored and exploited in the course of everyday living. It is used as an
essential tool in many fields such as science, engineering, medicine, architecture etc. Whether it
is buying vegetables or going on a shopping spree, all transactions call for a calculative mind and
a flare for numbers.
To
help
you explore
all
the
horizons
of mathematics,
we
bring to
you
Std. XII Sci.: PERFECT MATHS I a complete and thorough book which analyses and
extensively boost the confidence of the student. This book is written according to the new
textbook and covers answers to all the textual exercises and miscellaneous. Each chapter has
been divided into topics which include precise theories and important formulaes.
And lastly, we would like to thank the publisher for helping us take this exclusive guide to all
students. There is always room for improvement and hence we welcome all suggestions and
regret any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book.
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Publisher
TARGET Publications
Paper Pattern
There will be one single paper of 80 Marks in Mathematics.
Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.
Mathematics paper will consist of two parts viz: Part-I and Part-II.
Each Part will be of 40 Marks.
Same Answer Sheet will be used for both the parts.
Each Part will consist of 3 Questions.
The sequence of the Questions will be determined by the Moderator.
The paper pattern for PartI and PartII will be as follows:

Question 1:
This Question will carry 12 marks and consist of two sections (A) and (B) as follows:
(A)
(12 Marks)
This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.

There will be 3 MCQs, each carrying two marks.
(B)
This Question will have 4 sub-questions, each carring two marks

Students will have to attempt any 3 out of the given 4 sub-questions
Question 2:
(A)
(14 Marks)
This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring three marks

(B)
This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring four marks

Question 3:
(A)
(14 Marks)
This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring three marks

(B)
This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring four marks

Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions

Type of Questions
Marks
Marks with option
Percentage (%)
Short Answers
24
32
30
Brief Answers
24
36
30
Detailed Answers
32
48
40
Total
80
116
100
Topic Name
Sr. No.
Page No.
Marks With
Option
Mathematical Logic
08
Matrices
30
06
Trigonometric Functions
71
06
Pair of Straight Lines
141
05
Circle
171
05
Conics
210
09
Vectors
271
06
Three Dimensional Geometry
308
02
Line
322
03
10
Plane
338
04
11
Linear Programming
355
04
Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Maths - I
TARGET Publications
01
Mathematical Logic
Syllabus:
Statement,
Logical Connectives,
Compound
Statements and Truth Tables, Statement Pattern and
Logical Equivalence, Quantifiers and Quantified
Statements, Duality, Negation of Compound
Statement, Algebra of Statements, Application of
Logic to Switching Circuits.
Introduction
Open sentence
An open sentence is a sentence whose truth can vary
according to some conditions, which are not stated in the
sentence.
For example,
i.
x 5 = 20
It is an open sentence as its truthness depends on
value of x (if x = 4, it is true and if x 5, it is
false).
ii.
Mathematics is an exact science. Every statement in

logic must be precise. There cannot be Mathematics
without proofs and each proof needs proper
reasoning.
Obviously, proper reasoning involves logic.
Everybody thinks but cannot distinguish between
valid and fallacious thinking. The primary function
of logic is to show how one should think if one has
to think clearly.
Chinese food is very tasty.

It is an open sentence as its truthness varies from
individual to individual.
Truth Value
The Truth value of a true statement is defined to be
T and that of a false statement is defined to be F.
Logical Statement
Consider the following statements:

i.
There is no prime number between 23 and 29.
ii.
The Sun rises in the west.
iii. The square of a real number is negative.
iv. The sum of the angles of a plane triangle is
180.
Here, the truth value of statement i. and iv. is T and
that of ii. and iii. is F.
Any sentence which is completely true or false is

called a logical statement.
Exercise1.1
Statement and its truth value
Eg.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
3 is an odd number.
5 is a perfect square.
Moon rises in the east.
The window is open.
The following types of sentences are used in our day

to day life:
i.
Ram is smart.
[Comparative]
ii.
Please open the door. [Request]
iii. Get out of the class.
[Command]
iv. Such a great match!
[Exclamation]
v.
What are you doing? [Question tag]
vi. I am lying.
[Recursive]
Mathematical Logic
State which of the following sentences are

statements. Justify your answer. In case of the
statements, write down the truth value.
i.
ii.
iii.
The Sun is a star.

May God bless you!
The sum of the interior angles of a triangle
is 180.
iv. Every real number is a complex number.
v.
Why are you upset?
vi. Every quadratic equation has two real
roots.
vii.
9 is a rational number.
2
viii. x 3x + 2 = 0, implies that x = 1 or x = 2
ix.
The sum of cube roots of unity is one.

x.
Please get me a glass of water.
xi. He is a good person.
xii. Two is the only even prime number.
xiii. sin 2 = 2sin cos for all R.
xiv. What a horrible sight it was!
xv. Do not disturb.
xvi. x2 3x 4 = 0, x = 1.
xvii. Can you speak in French?
xviii. The square of every real number is positive.
xix. It is red in colour.
xx. Every parallelogram is a rhombus.
Solution:
i.
It is statement which is true, hence its truth
value is T.
ii.
It is an exclamatory sentence, hence, it is not a

statement.
TARGET Publications
xvii. It is an interrogative sentence, hence, it is not

a statement.
xviii. It is a statement which is false, hence its truth
value is F. Since, 0 is a real number and
square of 0 is 0 which is neither positive nor
negative.
xix. It is not a statement as we cannot decide the
truth value of this sentence because what does
it stands for is not clear.
xx.
It is a statement which is false, hence its truth

value is F
Logical Connectives, Compound

Statements and Truth Tables
iii.
It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

value is T.
iv.

value is T.
v.
It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a

statement.
The terms and, or, not, if then and if and

only if are called logical connectives which connect
two or more simple statements.
If two or more simple statements ae combined by
using logical connectives then they are called
compound statements.
Eg.
5 is a real number or 5 + I is a complex number.
vi.

values is F.
Table containing logical statements together with

their truth values is called Truth table.
vi.

value is F.
Logical Connectives
vii.

value is F.
A.
viii. It is statement which is false, hence its truth

value is F.
ix.
It is statement which is false, hence its truth

value is F.
x.
It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a

statement.
xi.
It is an open sentence, hence it is not a

statement.
xii.

value is T.
xiii. It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

value is T.
xiv. It is an exclamatory sentence, hence it is not a
statement.
xv. It is a command sentence, hence it is not a
statement.
xvi. It is a statement which is true, hence its truth
value is T.
AND [ ] (Conjunction):
If p and q are any two statements connected
by the word and, then the resulting
compound statement p and q is called
conjunction of p and q which is written in the
symbolic form as p q. Here, both p and q
are called conjuncts.
Eg.
It is very late. There is no bus.
Their conjunction is It is very late and there
is no bus.
The following is the truth table:
p
p q
A conjunction is true if and only if both the

conjuncts are true.
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications
B.
OR [ ] (Disjunction):
If p and q are any two statements connected by
the word or, then the resulting compound
statement p or q is called disjunction of p and
q which is written in the symbolic form as p
q. Here, both p and q are called disjuncts.
The word or is used in English language in
two distinct senses, exclusive and inclusive.
Eg.
i.
Rahul will pass or fail in exam.
ii.
Candidate must be graduate or postgraduate.
In (i), or is used in the sense that only one of
the two possibilities exists but not both which
is called exclusive sense of or and in (ii), it is
used in the sense that first or second or both
the possibilities exist which is called inclusive
sense of or.
p
p q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
A disjunction is false if and only if both the

disjuncts are false.
Exercise1.2
Express the following statements in
symbolic form:
i.
Mango is a fruit but potato is a
vegetable.
ii.
Either we play foot-ball or go for
cycling.
iii. Milk is white or grass is green.
iv. In spite of physical disability, Rahul
stood first in the class.
v.
Jagdish stays at home while Shrijeet
and Shalmali go for a movie.
Solution:
i.
Let p: Mango is a fruit, q: Potato is a vegetable,
The symbolic form of the given statement is

p q.
iii.
Let p: milk is white, q: Grass is green,

p q.
iv.
Let p: Rahul has physical disability,

q: Rahul stood first in the class,
p q.
v.
2.
Write the truth values of following

statements.
i.
3 is a rational number or 3 + i is a
complex number.
ii.
Jupiter is a planet and Mars is a star.
iii. 2 + 3 5 or 2 3 < 5
iv. 2 0 = 2 and 2 + 0 = 2
v.
9 is a perfect square but 11 is a prime
number.
vi. Moscow is in Russia or London is in
France.
Solution:
i.
Let p: 3 is a rational number,
q: 3 + i is a complex number.
p q.
Truth value of p is F and q is T.
Hence, truth value of p q is F T = T.
ii.
Let p: Jupiter is a planet, q: Mars is a star,

p q.
Truth value of p is T and q is F.
Hence, truth value of p q is T F = F.
iii.
Let p: 2 + 3 5, q: 2 3 < 5
p q.
Truth values of both p and q is F.
Hence, truth value of p q is F F = F.
iv.
Let p: 2 0 = 2, q: 2 + 0 = 2
p q.
Truth value of p is F and q is T.
Hence, truth value of p q is F T = F.
v.
Let p: 9 is a perfect square,

q: 11 is a prime number.
p q.
1.
ii.
Let p: We play foot-ball, q: We go for cycling,

p q.
Mathematical Logic
Let p: Jagdish stays at home,

q: Shrijeet and shalmali go for a movie,
p q.

Truth values of both p and q is T.
Hence, truth value of p q is T T = T.
vi.
Let p: Moscow is in Russia,

q: London is in France.
p q.
Truth value of p is T and q is F.
Hence, truth value of p q is T F = T.
C.
Not [~] (Negation):

If p is any statement then negation of p i.e.
Not p is denoted by ~p. Negation of any
statement p is formed by writing It is not true
that or It is false that, before p.
Eg.
p: Mango is a fruit.
~p: Mango is not a fruit.
p
~p
T
F
F
T
If a statement is true its negation is false and
vice-versa, this is known as rules of negation.
TARGET Publications
D.
ii.
5 + 5 10
iii.
3 is not greater than 4.
iv.
John is not good in river rafting.
v.
is not an irrational number.
vi.
The square of a real number is not positive.
vii.
Zero is a complex number.
viii. Re (z) > |z|

ix.
The sun does not set in the East.
x.
It is true that the mangoes are inexpensive.
pq
Conditional statement is false if and only if

antecedent is true and consequent is false.
Equivalent forms for the conditional statement
p q:
a.
p is sufficient for q.
b.
q is necessary for p.
c.
p implies q.
d.
p only if q.
e.
q follows from p.
Exercise1.3
Write negations of the following statements:
i.
Rome is in Italy.
ii.
5 + 5 = 10
iii. 3 is greater than 4.
iv. John is good in river rafting.
v.
is an irrational number.
vi. The square of a real number is positive.
vii. Zero is not a complex number.
viii. Re (z) | z |
ix. The sun sets in the East.
x.
It is not true that the mangoes are inexpensive.
Solution:
i.
Rome is not in Italy.
If . then [ (implies)] (Conditional):

If p and q are two statements, then if p then q
means that the statement p implies the
statement q or the statement q is implied by
the statement p. It is called a conditional
statement and is denoted by p q.
Here p is called antecedent and q is called
consequent.
Eg.
p: The seeds are sown in April.
q: The flowers blossom in June.
p q: If seeds are sown in April then the
flowers blossom in June.
E.
Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive

statements:
If p q is a hypothesis, then the
converse is
qp
inverse is
~p ~q
contrapositive is
~q ~p
Eg.
p: Smita is intelligent.
q: Smita will join Medical.
q p: If Smita joins Medical then she is very
intelligent
~p ~q: If Smita is not intelligent then she
will not join Medical.
~q ~p: If Smita does not join Medical then
she is not intelligent.
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications

p
pq ~p ~q qp
~q
~p
Exercise1.4
~p ~q
T T
1.
Express the following in symbolic form:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
A hypothesis and its contrapositive are always

equivalent.
A converse and inverse are also equivalent.
F.
If and only if [() (double implies)]

(Biconditional):
If p and q are two statements, then p if and
only if q is called the biconditional statement
and is denoted by p q. Here, both p and q
are called implicants.
p
pq
A biconditional statement is true if and only if

both the implicants have same truth value.
We summarize all the logical connectives in the
following table for ready reference:
Connective
Symbol
Compound
statement formed by
the connective
And
Conjunction
Or
Disjunction
If.then
or
Conditional
(implication)
If and only if or Biconditional

(iff)
(double implication)
Not
Mathematical Logic
Negation
vii.
I like playing but not singing.

Anand neither likes cricket nor
tennis.
Rekha and Rama are twins.
It is not true that i is a real number.
Either 25 is a perfect square or 41 is
divisible by 7.
Rani never works hard yet she gets
good marks.
Even though it is not cloudy, it is still
raining.
Solution:
i.
Let p: I like playing, q: I like singing,

p ~q.
ii.
Let p: Anand likes cricket, q: Anand likes tennis,

~p ~q.
iii.
In this statement and is combining two nouns

and not two simple statements.
Hence, it is not used as a connective, so given
statement is a simple statement which is
expressed as,
p: Rekha and Rama are twins.
iv.
Let p: It is true that i is a real number.

The symbolic form of the given statement is ~p.
v.
Let p: 25 is a perfect square,

q: 41 is divisible by 7.
p q.
vi.
Let p: Rani works hard, q: Rani gets good marks.

~p q.
vii.
Let p: It is cloudy, q: It is raining.

~p q.
2.
If p: girls are happy, q: girls are playing,

express the following sentences in symbolic
form:
i.
Either the girls are happy or they are
not playing.
ii.
Girls are unhappy but they are playing.
iii. It is not true that the girls are not
playing but they are happy.

iii.
a.
b.
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(p q) is F and (p q) q is T
The truth value of (p q) will be F if both p
and q are F and each of both is F.
The truth value of (p q) q will be T if
both (p q) and q are F and if q is T .
From (a) and (b).
The truth value of p is F and q is F.
16.
Determine whether the following statement

patterns are tautologies, contradictions or
contingencies.
i.
(p q) (p ~q)
ii.
(p q) (~p q) (p ~q) (~p ~q)
iii. [p (p q)] q
iv. [(p ~q) (~p q) r
Solution:
i.
Truth table for (p q) (p ~q)
p
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
p q ~q p ~q
T
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
(p q)
(p ~q)
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
F
All the entries in the last column of the above

truth table are F.
Hence, (p q) (p ~q) is a contradiction.
ii.
Truth table for (p q) (~p q) (p ~q)

(~p ~q)
~p ~q
~p
q
p
~q
~p
~q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
(p q)
(~p q)
(p ~q)
(~p ~q)
T
T
T
T

truth table are T.
Hence, (p q) (~p q) (p ~q) (~p ~q)
is a tautology.
iii.
22
Truth table for [p (p q)] q

p
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
p q p (p q)
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
F
[p (p q)]
q
T
T
T
T

truth table are T.
Hence, [p (p q)] q is a tautology.
Truth table for [(p ~ q) (~ p q)] r.
iv.
p
~p ~q
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
~q
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
~p
q
F
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
(p ~q)
(~p
q)
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
[(p ~q)
(~p
q) r
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
The entries in the last column are neither all T nor

all F.
Hence, [(p ~q) (~p q)] r is a contingency.
17.
Using the rules of logic, prove the following

logical equivalences.
i.
p q ~(p ~q) ~(q ~p)
ii.
~(p q) (~p q) ~p
iii. ~p q (p q) ~p
Solution:
i.
Truth table for p q ~(p ~q) ~(q ~p)
Let a = p ~q, b = q ~p
1
p
T
T
F
F
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9
10
q p q ~p ~q a ~a b ~b ~a ~b
T
T
F F F T F T
T
F
F
F T T F F T
F
T
F
T F F T T F
F
F
T
T T F T F T
T
The entries in columns 3 and 10 are identical
Hence, p q ~(p ~q) ~(q ~p)
Truth table for ~(p q) (~p q) ~p
ii.
1
p
2
q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
3
4
5
6
7
~p p q ~(p q) ~p q ~(p q)
(~p q)
F
T
F
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
The entries in columns 3 and 7 are identical

Hence, ~(p q) (~p q) ~p
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications
Truth table for ~p q (p q) ~p
iii.
1
p
T
T
F
F
2 3
4
5
6
q ~p ~p q p q (p q) ~p
T F
F
T
F
F F
F
T
F
T T
T
T
T
F T
F
F
F
The entries in columns 4 and 6 are identical.
Hence, ~p q (p q) ~p
18.
Using truth tables prove the following

logical equivalences:
i.
p q (p q) (p q)
ii.
(p q) r p (q r)
Solution:
i.
1 2 3 4
5
6
7
8
p q ~p ~q
p
(p (~p (p q)
~q
q q)
(~p ~q)
T T F F
T
T
F
T
T F F T
F
F
F
F
F T T F
F
F
F
F
F F T T
T
F
T
T
Hence, p q (p q) (p q)
iii.
ii.
1
p
2
q
3
r
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
4
5
6
7
(p q) (p q) (q r)
p
r
(q r)
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
T
T

Hence, (p q) r p (q r)
19.
Solution:
i.
Let p: It is a right angle, q: Its measure is 90.
p q.
Converse: q p
i.e. If the measure of an angle is 90, then it is a
right angle.
Inverse: ~p ~q
i.e. If an angle is not a right angle, then its
measure is not 90.
Contrapositive: ~q ~p
i.e. I f measure of an angle is not 90 then it is
not a right angle.
ii.
Let p: Two triangles are congruent, q: Their areas
are equal
p q.
Converse: q p
i.e. If areas of two triangles are equal then they
are congruent.
Inverse: ~p ~q
i.e. If two triangles are not congruent then their
areas are not equal.
i.e. If areas of two triangles are not equal then
they are not congruent.
Write converse, inverse and contrapositive

of the following conditional statements:
i.
If an angle is a right angle then its
measure is 90.
ii.
If two triangles are congruent then their
areas are equal.
iii. If f(2) = 0 then f(x) is divisible by
(x 2).
Mathematical Logic
Let p: f(2) = 0, q: f(x) is divisible by (x 2)

p q.
Converse: q p
i.e. If f(x) is divisible by (x 2), then f(2) = 0.
Inverse: ~p ~q
i.e. If f(2) 0, then f(x) is not divisible by
(x 2).
i.e. If f(x) is not divisible by (x 2) then
f(2) 0.
20.
Without using truth table, prove that

[(p q) p] q is a tautology.
Solution:
[(p q) p] q
[(p ~p) (p ~p) q .(By distributive law)
[F (q ~p)] q
.(By complement law)
(q ~p) q
.(By identity law)
~(q ~p) q
(~q p) q
(~q q) p
Tp T
Thus, the given statement is a tautology.
23

Consider following statements.
i.
If a person is social then he is happy.
ii.
If a person is not social then he is not
happy.
iii. If a person is unhappy then he is not
social.
iv. If a person is happy then he is social.
Identify the pairs of statements
having same meaning.
Solution:
Let p: A person is social, q: He is happy.
i.
pq
+
ii.
~p ~q
iii. ~q ~p
iv. q p
Statements (i) and (iii) have same meaning.
and Statements (ii) and (iv) have the same
meaning.
TARGET Publications
21.
Using the rules of logic, write negations of

the following statements:
i.
(p q) (q r)
ii.
(p q) (p q)
iii. p (q r)
iv. (p q) r
Solution:
i.
~[(p q) (q ~r)]
[~(p q)] [(~(q ~r)]
(~p ~q) (~q r)
(~p r) ~q
ii.
~[(p q) (p q)]
~(~p q) ~(q ~q)
iii.
~[p (q r)]
~p ~(q r)
iv.
~[(p q) r]
~(p q) ~r
(p ~q) ~r
23.
Express the given circuits in symbolic form.

i.
S1
S2
S1'
S1
S'2
L
24
SS1 1S1
S2
S3
Solution:
i.
Let p: the switch S1 is closed.
q: the switch S2 is closed.
~p: the switch S 1' is closed or the switch S1
is open.
~q: the switch S '2 is closed or the switch S2
is open.
l: the lamp L is on.
Hence, symbolic form of the given circuit is
(p q) (~p) (p ~q)
ii.
22.
ii.
S1
Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
l: the lamp L is on.
Hence, the symbolic form of the given circuit is
(p q) (p r)
24.
Construct the switching circuit of the

following statements:
i.
(p ~q r) [p (~q ~r)]
ii.
[(p r) (~q ~r)] (~p ~r)
Solution:
i. Let p: the switch S1 is closed.
r: the switch S3 is closed.
~q: the switch S '2 is closed, or the switch S2
is open.
~r: the switch S 3' is closed, or the switch S3
is open.
The statement (p ~q r) represent a circuit
in which S1, S '2 and S3 are connected in series.
The statement (~q ~r) represent a circuit in
which S '2 and S 3' are connected in parallel.
The statement [p (~q ~r)] represent the
circuit in which S1 is connected in series with
the circuit corresponding to the statement (~q
~r).
Hence the given statement (p ~q r) [p
(~q ~r)] represent a circuit in which the
circuit corresponding to (p ~q r) is
connected in parallel with the circuit
corresponding to [p (~q ~r)].
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications
Hence, switching circuit of the given statement is

S1
S'2
S3

~p: the switch S 1' is closed or the switch S1 is
'
SS'22
S1
ii.
Solution:
i. Let p: the switch S1 is closed.
~q: the switch S '2 is closed or the switch S2 is
Let p: the switch S1 is closed

q: the switch S2 is closed
r: the switch S3 is closed
~p: the switch S 1' is closed or the switch S1
is open.
~q: the switch S '2 is closed or the switch S2 is
open.
~r: the switch S 3' is closed or the switch S3 is
open.
[(p r) (~q ~r)] (~p ~r)
Hence, switching circuit is as follows:
open
Lamp L is on if (S1 is closed and S2 is closed)
or (S 1' is closed and S2 is closed)
or (S1 is closed and S '2 is closed).
Hence, the given circuit in symbolic form is
(p ~q) (~p q) (~p ~q)
(p ~q) (~p ~q)] (~p q)
(p ~p) ~q (~p q)
T ~q (~p q)
~q (~p q)
SS1' 1 S1 S3'
S1 S1 S3
'
2
open
'
3
(~q ~ p) (~q q)
(~q ~p) T
'
3
~q ~p
~p ~q
25.
Simplify the following so that the new

circuit has minimum number of switches.
Also draw the simplified circuit.
i.
S1
S'2
Hence, the alternative circuit is:
S11' S1
S'2
S1'
S2
ii.
S'2
S1'
ii.
S1
S2
'
3
'
4
'
5
S
S
S
S1
S2
S 3 S4
S5
The given circuit in the symbolic form is

[(p q) (~r ~s ~t) ] [(p q) (r s t)]
[(p q) ~(r s t)] [(p q) (r s t)]
(p q) [~(r s t) (r s t)]
(p q) F
pq
Hence, the simplified circuit is
SS
11
S2
Mathematical Logic
25

26.
TARGET Publications
Check whether the following switching

circuits are logically equivalent. Justify!
A. i.
S1
S2
S1
S2
S1'
S1'
S2
S3
S1
S2
S3
S1
S'2
S3
S3
ii.
Solution:
A.
i.
S1
S2
S1
S3
Solution:
Let p: switch S1 is closed
q: switch S2 is closed
r: switch S3 is closed
~p: switch S 1' is closed
~q: switch S '2 is closed
The symbolic form of the given circuit is
The symbolic form of first circuit is

p (q r) (p q) (p r)
.[By distribution law]
ii.
The symbolic form of second circuit is

(p q) (q r).
Both the circuits are logically equivalent by
distribution law.
B.
i.
S1
S2
S2
S3
(p q ~p) (~p q r) (p q r) (p ~q r)
(p ~p q) (q r) (~p p) (p ~q r)
(F q) (q r) (T) (p ~q r)
0 (q r) (p ~q r)
r [q p ~q] r [q p]
r (q p)
Alternate method:
S1 S2 S1' + S1' S2 S3 + S1 S2 S3 + S1 S'2 S3
= 0 + S2 S3 S1' + S1 + S1 S'2 S3
= S2 S3 + S1 S'2 S3 = S3 S2 + S1S'2
= S3 [S1 + S2]
Hence, the switching circuit is as follows:
S3
S1
S2
ii.
S1
S2
Solution:
B.
i.
S3
The symbolic form of first circuit is

(p q) (q r)
ii.
The symbolic form of second circuit is

p (q r)
(p q) (q r)
.[By distribution law]
Both the circuits are logically equivalent by
distributive law.
28.
Draw the simplified form of the following

switching circuit.
S1'
S2
S1
S'2
S1
27.
26
Give alternative arrangement of the

following circuit, so that the new circuit has
three switches only.
S2
L
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications
Switching table
Solution:
p q r
~q ~r p
~q
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

~p: the switch S 1' is closed or the switch S1 is open.
~q: the switch S '2 is closed or the switch S2 is open.
(~p q) (p ~q) (p q)
(~p q) (p q) (p ~q)
[(~p q) q] (p ~ q)
(F q) (p ~q)
q (p ~q)
q p q ~q
qpF
qp
pq
Switching circuit
SS
11
29.
S1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
p
(q
r)
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
(p ~q
~r)
(p (q
r)
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
Hence, switching circuit is as follows:

SS1 1
1.
Which of the following is a statement?

(A) Stand up!
(B) Will you help me?
(C) Do you like social studies?
(D) 27 is a perfect cube.
2.
Which of the following is not a statement?

(A) Please do me a favour.
(B) 2 is an even integer.
(C) 2 + 1 = 3.
(D) The number 17 is prime.
3.
Which of the following is an open statement?

(A) x is a natural number.
(B) Give me a glass of water.
(C) Wish you best of luck.
(D) Good morning to all.
4.
Which of the following is not a proposition in

logic.
3 is a prime.
(A)
S1
S'2
S2
'
3
S3
Solution:

~p: the switch S 1' is closed or the switch S1 is open
~q: the switch S '2 is closed or the switch S2 is open
~r: the switch S 3' is closed or the switch S3 is
open.
(p ~q ~r) (p (q r))
2 is a irrational.
Mathematics in interesting.
5 is an even integer.
If p: The sun has set
q: The moon has risen,
then the statement The sun has not set or the
moon has not risen in symbolic form is
written as
(A) ~p ~q
(B) ~p q
(C) p ~q
(D) p ~q
(B)
(C)
(D)
r: the switch S3 is closed.
Mathematical Logic
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
Multiple Choice Questions
S2
Represent the following switching circuit in

symbolic form and construct its switching
table. Write your conclusion from the
switching table.
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
p
~q
~r
5.
27

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
14.
The logically equivalent statement of ~p ~q

is
(A) ~p ~q
(B) ~(p q)
(C) ~(p q
(D) p q
15.
The contrapositive of (p q) r is
(A) ~r ~p ^ ~q
(B) ~r (p q)
(C) r (p q)
(D) p (q r)
16.
Using the statements

p: Kiran passed the examination
s : Kiran is sad
the statement It is not true that Kiran passes
therefore he is sad in symbolic form is
(A) ~p s
(B) ~ (p ~ s)
(C) ~p ~ s
(D) ~ (p s)
Which of the following proposition is true?

(A) p q ~p ~q
(B) ~(p ~q) ~p q
(C) ~(p q) [~ (p q) ~ (q p)]
(D) ~(~p ~q) ~p q
17.
Assuming p: She is beautiful, q: She is clever,

the verbal form of ~p (~q) is
(A) She is beautiful but not clever.
(B) She is beautiful and clever.
(C) She is not beautiful and not clever.
(D) She is beautiful or not clever.
When two statement are connected by the

connective if and only if then the compound
statement is called
(A) conjunctive statement.
(B) disjunctive statement.
(C) biconditional statement.
(D) conditional statement.
18.
If p and q be two statement then the

conjunctive statement p q is true and only
when
(A) both p and q are true.
(B) either p or q are true.
(C) either p or q are false.
(D) both p and q are false.
19.
The negation of the statements, The question

paper is not easy and we shall not pass is
(A) The question paper is not easy or we
shall not pass.
(B) The question paper is not easy implies
we shall not pass.
(C) The question paper is easy or we shall
pass.
(D) We shall implies the question paper is
not easy..
20.
The statement (p q) (~ p ~ q) is
(A) a contradiction.
(B) a tautology.
(C) neither a contradiction nor a tautology.
(D) equivalent to p q.
21.
The proposition p ~p is a
(A) tautology and contradiction.
(B) contingency.
(C) tautology.
(D) contradiction.
Assuming p: She is beautiful, q: She is clever,

the verbal form of p (~q) is
(A) She is beautiful but not clever.
(B) She is beautiful and clever.
(C) She is not beautiful and not clever.
(D) She is beautiful or not clever.
Let p: It is hot and q: It is raining.
The verbal statement for (p ~q) p is
(A) If it is hot and not raining, then it is hot.
(B) If it is hot and raining, then it is hot.
(C) If it is hot or raining, then it is not hot.
(D) If it is hot and raining, then it is not hot.
The converse of the statement If it is raining

then it is cool is
(A) If it is cool then it is raining.
(B) If it is not cool then it is raining.
(C) If it is not cool then it is not raining.
(D) If it is not raining then it is not cool.
11.
If p and q are simple propositions, then p ^ q

is true when
(A) p is true and q is false.
(B) p is false and q is true.
(C) p is true and q is true.
(D) p is false q is false.
12.
Which of the following is logically equivalent

to ~[~p q)
(A) p ~q
(B) ~p q
(C) ~p q
(D) ~p ~q
13.
The
is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
28
TARGET Publications
logically equivalent statement of p q

~p q
q ~p
~q p
~q ~p
Mathematical Logic
TARGET Publications
22.
The proposition p ~ (p q) is a
(A) tautology
(B) contradiction
(C) contingency
(D) either (A) or (B)
23.
The false statement in the following is

(A) p (~p) is a contradiction.
(B) (p q) (~q ~p) is a contradiction.
(C) ~(~p) p is a tautology.
(D) p (~p) is a tautology.
24.
Negation of ~(p q) is
(A) ~p ~q
(B)
(C) p ~q
(D)
~p ~q
p ~q
ANSWERS
1.
(D)
2.
(A)
3.
(A)
4.
(C)
5.
(A)
6.
(A)
7.
(A) 8.
(D)
9.
(C)
10. (A)
11. (C)
12. (D)
13. (A)
14. (B)
15. (A)
16. (D)
17. (C)
18. (A)
19. (C)
20. (A)
21. (D)
22. (C)
23. (B)
24. (B)
Mathematical Logic
29

Maharashtra HSC Mathematics Paper 1

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Written according to the New Text book (2012-2013) published by the Maharashtra State Board of

Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XII Sci.

Mr. Vinodkumar J. Pandey

Dr. Sidheshwar S. Bellale

Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Std. XII Sci.

42, G.D. Ambekar Marg,

Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Shiv Mandir Sabagriha,

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

There will be one single paper of 80 Marks in Mathematics.

Duration of the paper will be 3 hours.

Each Part will be of 40 Marks.

Same Answer Sheet will be used for both the parts.

Each Part will consist of 3 Questions.

The sequence of the Questions will be determined by the Moderator.

The paper pattern for PartI and PartII will be as follows:

This Question will be based on Multiple Choice Questions.

This Question will have 4 sub-questions, each carring two marks

This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring three marks

This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring four marks

This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring three marks

This Question will have 3 sub-questions, each carring four marks

Distribution of Marks According to Type of Questions

Marks with option

Pair of Straight Lines

Three Dimensional Geometry

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

Mathematics is an exact science. Every statement in

Chinese food is very tasty.

Consider the following statements:

Any sentence which is completely true or false is

Statement and its truth value

The following types of sentences are used in our day

State which of the following sentences are

The Sun is a star.

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

It is an exclamatory sentence, hence, it is not a

xvii. It is an interrogative sentence, hence, it is not

It is a statement which is false, hence its truth

Logical Connectives, Compound

It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

It is an interrogative sentence, hence it is not a

The terms and, or, not, if then and if and

It is a statement which is false, hence its truth

Table containing logical statements together with

It is a statement which is false, hence its truth

It is a statement which is false, hence its truth

viii. It is statement which is false, hence its truth

It is statement which is false, hence its truth

It is an imperative sentence, hence it is not a

It is an open sentence, hence it is not a

It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

xiii. It is a statement which is true, hence its truth

A conjunction is true if and only if both the

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Maths - I

A disjunction is false if and only if both the

The symbolic form of the given statement is

Let p: milk is white, q: Grass is green,