Lab Manual 13

M.A.
M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
SIRUGANUR, TRICHY
DBMS LAB MANUAL

II B.Tech(IT) / IV SEMESTER
Prepared by,
J.SUBA.,M.E.
Curriculam & Syllabus (Semester IV)

S.No.
Subject Code
Subject
Theory
MA1252
Probability and Queueing Theory
CS1254
Database Management Systems
EC1257
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
CS1252
Computer Organization and Architecture
CS1253
Operating Systems
IT1251
Software Engineering and Quality Assurance

Practical
CS1256
Database Management Systems Laboratory
CS1255
Operating Systems Laboratory
EC1258
Microprocessors Laboratory
CS1256 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints,

2. Insert, Select Commands, Update and Delete Commands.
3. Nested Queries and Join Queries
4. Views
5. High level programming language extensions (Control structures, Procedures
and Functions).
6. Front end tools
7. Forms
8. Triggers
9. Menu Design
10. Reports.
11.. Database Design and implementation (Mini Project).
INDEX
S.NO
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE, TABLE CREATION,

CONSTRAINTS
DATA MANIPULATION AND DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE
(INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE AND DELETE)
NESTED QUERIES AND JOINS
VIEWS
CONTROL STRUCTURES, FUNCTION AND

PROCEDURE
FRONT END TOOLS
FORMS
TRIGGERS
MENU DESIGN
10
REPORTS
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PAGE NO
Ex No 1
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE, TABLE CREATION, CONSTRAINTS
AIM:
To execute the Data Definition Language (DDL) commands and creating the table with constraints
using RDBMS.
Data Definition Language
DDL(Data Definition Language) statements are used to create, delete, or change the objects of a database.
Typically a database administrator is responsible for using DDL statements or production databases in a
large database system. The commands used are:
Create - It is used to create a table.
Alter - This command is used to add a new column, modify the existing column definition and to
include or drop integrity constraint.
Drop - It will delete the table structure provided the table should be empty.
Truncate - If there is no further use of records stored in a table and the structure has to be retained,
then the records alone can be deleted.
Desc - This is used to view the structure of the table.
Table Creation
Rules:
Reserved words cannot be used.
Underscore, numerals, letters are allowed but not blank space.
Maximum length for the table name is 30 characters.
2 different tables should not have same name.
We should specify a unique column name.
We should specify proper data type along with width.
We can include not null condition when needed. By default it is null.
Syntax
create table <table name>
{
fieldname-1 datatype constraints if any,
fieldname-2 datatype constraints if any,
.
fieldname-n datatype constraints if any,
};
create table <table name> as
(
select(att-list) from <existing table name>
);
ALTER TABLE - syntax
alter table <table name> add/modify
(
fieldname-1 datatype,
fieldname-2 datatype,
..
fieldname-n datatype
);
alter table drop column column name;
Table altered.
DESCRIBING TABLE
Desc <tablename>;
CHANGING NAME OF AN OBJECT

To change the name of a table, view, sequence, or synonym, execute the rename statement.
Syntax: rename old name to new name;
TRUNCATE: - The truncate table statement
Removes all rows from a table
Release the storage space used by that table
We cannot rollback row removal when using truncate.
Syntax:truncate table <table name>;
DROP TABLE
1. All data and structure in the table is deleted
2. Any pending transactions are committed.
3. All indexes are dropped.
4. We can not rollback the drop table statement.
Syntax:drop table <table name>;
Table dropped.
SET UNUSED OPTION:
Used to mark one or more columns as unused.
alter table table name set unused(column name )
(or)
alter table table name set ununsed column column name
REFERENCING ANOTHER USER TABLE
Table belonging to other users are not in the users schema, we should use the owners name as
prefix to those tables.
Select * from user name .table name
QUERYING THE DATA DICTIONARY
To see the names of tables owned by the user
Select table_name from user_tables;
To view distinct object types owned by the user
Select Distinct object_type from user_objects;
To view tables, views, synonyms and sequences owned by the user;
Select * from user_catalog;
Constraints:
The three types of constraints are Domain Integrity Constraints, Entity Integrity Constraints, and
Referential Integrity Constraints

Integrity Constraints are used to enforce rules that the columns in a table have to conform with. It is a
mechanism used by Oracle to prevent invalid data entry into the table.
1.
Domain Integrity Constraints

a. Not Null Constraint The enforcement of Not Null Constraints in a table ensures that the
table contain values.
b. Check Constraint Allow only a particular range of values
2.
Entity Integrity Constraints

a. Unique Constraints The unique constraint designates a Column or a group of columns as
unique key. This allows only unique value to be stored in the column. Rejects duplication.
b. Primary Key Constraints Primary key similar to unique key. avoids duplication , relation
between two tables , does not allow not null values.
3.
Referential Integrity Constraints

Enforces relationship between tables. It designates a column or group of columns as a foreign key
Sample Output
CONSTRAINTS
NOT NULL, UNIQUE AND CHECK CONSTRINTS
SQL> create table vendor_master(vencode varchar(5) unique,
venname varchar(7) not null);
Table created.
SQL> desc vendor_master;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- --------VENCODE
VARCHAR2(5)
VENNAME
NOT NULL VARCHAR2(7)
SQL> alter table vendor_master add(productprice number(10)
check(productprice<10000));
Table altered.
SQL> insert into vendor_master values('v001','Sony TV',9100);
1 row created.
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT VIOLATION
SQL> insert into vendor_master values('&vencode','&venname',
&productprice);
Enter value for vencode: v001
Enter value for venname: Philips
Enter value for productprice: 6000
old 1: insert into vendor_master values('&vencode','&venname',
&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v001','Philips',6000)
insert into vendor_master values('v001','Philips',6000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (USER06.SYS_C002807) violated
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1* insert into vendor_master values('&vencode','&venname',
&productprice)
SQL> /
Enter value for venname: Sony TV

&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v002','Sony TV',6000)
1 row created.
NULL CONSTRAINT VIOLATION
SQL> /
Enter value for venname:
&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v003','',9000)
insert into vendor_master values('v003','',9000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("USER06"."VENDOR_MASTER".
"VENNAME")
SQL> /
Enter value for venname: Philips
&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v003','Philips',8000)
1 row created.
CHECK CONSTRAINT VIOLATION
SQL> /
Enter value for venname: Akai
&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v004','Akai',12000)
insert into vendor_master values('v004','Akai',12000)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (USER06.SYS_C002809) violated
SQL> /
Enter value for venname: Aiwa
&productprice)
new 1: insert into vendor_master values('v005','Aiwa',8500)
1 row created.
PRIMARY AND FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINTS
SQL> create table order_master(orderno varchar(5) constraint order_prim

primary key,odate date,
vencode varchar(5),o_status char(1) not null,deldate date);
Table created.
SQL> desc order_master;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------ORDERNO
NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5)
ODATE
DATE
VENCODE
VARCHAR2(5)
O_STATUS
NOT NULL CHAR(1)
DELDATE
DATE
SQL> create table order_detail(orderno varchar2(5) ,itemcode varchar(3),
qtyorder number(3),
foreign key(orderno) references order_master on delete cascade on
update cascade);
Table created.
SQL> desc order_detail;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------ORDERNO
VARCHAR2(5)
ITEMCODE
VARCHAR2(3)
QTYORDER
NUMBER(3)
SQL> insert into order_master values('&oredrno','&odate','&vencode',
'&o_status','&deldate');
Enter value for oredrno: o001
Enter value for odate: 12-aug-2009
Enter value for o_status: p
Enter value for deldate: 12-sep-2009
old 1: insert into order_master values('&oredrno','&odate','&vencode',
'&o_status','&deldate')
new 1: insert into order_master values('o001','12-aug-2009','v001','p',
'12-sep-2009')
1 row created.
PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION
SQL> /
Enter value for odate: 11-nov-2008
Enter value for deldate: 14-feb-2010
new 1: insert into order_master values('o001','11-nov-2008','v002','p',
'14-feb-2010')
insert into order_master values('o001','11-nov-2008','v002','p',
'14-feb-2010')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (USER06.ORDER_PRIM) violated
SQL> /
Enter value for odate: 13-jan-2007
Enter value for deldate: 16-oct-2009
new 1: insert into order_master values('o002','13-jan-2007','v002','p',
'16-oct-2009')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from order_master;
ORDER ODATE VENCO O DELDATE
----- --------- ----- - --------o001 11-NOV-08 voo2 p 14-FEB-10
o002 13-JAN-07 v002 p 16-OCT-09
FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION

SQL> insert into order_detail values('&orderno','&itemcode',&qtyorder);
Enter value for orderno: o003
Enter value for itemcode: i01
Enter value for qtyorder: 25
old 1: insert into order_detail values('&orderno','&itemcode',&qtyorder)
new 1: insert into order_detail values('o003','i01',25)
insert into order_detail values('o003','i01',25)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (USER06.SYS_C002814) violated - parent key
not
found
SQL> /
1 row created.
SQL> select * from order_detail;
ORDER ITE QTYORDER
----- --- ----------
o001 i01
25
SQL>delete from order_master where orderno='o001'

*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (USER06.SYS_C002814) violated - child
record found
USING on delete cascade with foreign key constraint
SQL> drop table order_master;
Table dropped.
SQL> drop table order_detail;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table order_master(orderno varchar(5) constraint order_prim
primary key, odate date,
vencode varchar(5),o_status char(1) not null,deldate date);
SQL>create table order_detail(orderno varchar2(5) ,itemcode varchar(3),
qtyorder number(3),
foreign key(orderno) references order_master on delete cascade);
Table created.
SQL> insert into order_master values('&oredrno','&odate','&vencode',
'&o_status','&deldate');
Enter value for odate: 12-jan-2007
Enter value for vencode: voo1
Enter value for deldate: 13-jun-2008
new 1: insert into order_master values('o001','12-jan-2007','voo1','p',
'13-jun-2008')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for odate: 24-sep-2008
Enter value for vencode: voo2
Enter value for deldate: 16-jan-2010
new 1: insert into order_master values('o002','24-sep-2008','voo2','p',
'16-jan-2010')
1 row created.

----- --------- ----- - --------o001 12-JAN-07 voo1 p 13-JUN-08
o002 24-SEP-08 voo2 p 16-JAN-10
SQL> insert into order_detail values('&orderno','&itemcode',&qtyorder);
1 row created.
SQL> /
1 row created.
ORDER ITE QTYORDER
----- --- ---------o001 i01
25
o002 i02
50
SQL> delete from order_master where orderno='o001';
1 row deleted.
----- --------- ----- - --------o002 24-SEP-08 voo2 p 16-JAN-10
ORDER ITE QTYORDER
----- --- ---------o002 i02
50
[Note: Deletion of a row in parent is reflected in child table also. ]
RESULT:
Thus the Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Control Language (DCL) commands in
RDBMS were executed and verified.
EX.NO:2
DATA MANIPULATION AND DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

(Insert, select, update and delete commands)
AIM:
To execute the Data Manipulation Language (DML) and Data Control Language (DCL) commands in
RDBMS.
Data Manipulation Language
DML commands are the most frequently used SQL commands and is used to query and manipulate the
existing database objects. Some of the commands are
1. Insert
2. Select
3. Update
4. Delete
Syntax :
INSERT: This is used to add one or more rows to a table. The values are separated by commas and
the data types char and date are enclosed in apostrophes. The values must br entered in the same order as
they are defined.
Inserting a single row into a table:
insert into <table name> values(fieldvalue-1,fieldvalue-2,,fieldvalue-n);
Inserting more than one record using a single insert command:
insert into <table name> values(&fieldname-1,&fieldname-2,&fieldname-n);
Skipping the fields while inserting:
insert into <tablename(coln names to which datas to b inserted)> values (list of values);
Other way is to give null while passing the values.
insert into <table name>(select(att_list) from <existing table name>);
SELECT: - It is used to retrieve information from the table.it is generally refered to as querying the
table. We can either display all columns in a table or only specify column from the table.
SELECT(att_list) FROM <table name> [WHERE <condition/expression>];
Retrieval of all columns from a table:
Select * from tablename; // This query selects all rows from the table.
Retrieval of specific columns from a table:It retrieves the specified columns from the table.
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name;
Elimination of duplicates from the select clause: It prevents retriving the duplicated values .Distinct
keyword is to be used.
Syntax: Select DISTINCT col1, col2 from table name;
Select command with where clause: To select specific rows from a table we include where clause in
the select command. It can appear only after the from clause.
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition;

Select command with order by clause:
Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition order
by colmnname;
Select command to create a table:
Syntax: create table tablename as select * from existing_tablename;
Select command to insert records:
Syntax: insert into tablename ( select columns from existing_tablename);
UPDATE - It is used to alter the column values in a table. A single column may be updated or more
than one column could be updated.
update <table name> set(fieldname-1 = value, fieldname-2 = value,,fieldname-n = value)
[WHERE <condition/expression>];
DELETE - After inserting row in a table we can also delete them if required. The delete command
consists of a from clause followed by an optional where clause.
delete from <table name> [where <condition/expression>];
TRANSACTION CONTROL
The DML language statements Insert, Delete, Update are affected i.e., written in the database
unless the user specially says so. The command for this is
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
This will commit (write to database) the transactions done by the DML.
After inserting, updating or deleting the transactions the user does not want to commit the changes, then
the user can rollback the transaction using the command:
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
It will rollback the transaction and will not commit the changes to the database.
SQL> savepoint s1;
Savepoint s1 created.
It will save the transactions under the name s1.
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:
Data control language provides users with privilege commands.
GRANT - Used to give privilege to user on object
Grant privilege on <object_name> to <user name>;
e.g) grant write on employee to user01;
REVOKE - Used to withdraw the privilege that has been granted to the user.
Revoke privilege on <object_name> from <user name>;
e.g) revoke write on employee from user01;
Sample Output
INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE AND DELETE COMMANDS
SQL> create table person(pid int, lastname varchar2(10),firstname varchar(10),
address varchar2(20),age number);
Table created.
INSERTING A SINGLE ROW INTO A TABLE
SQL> insert into person values(1,'Prettina','Anne','Bangalore',14);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into person values(2,'Benitto','Anish','Trichy',24);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from person;
PID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAME
ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1
Prettina
Anne
Bangalore
14
2
Benitto
Anish
Trichy
24
AGE
INSERTING MORE THAN ONE ROW USING A SINGLE INSERT COMMAND

SQL> insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age);
Enter value for pid: 3
Enter value for lastname: Raj
Enter value for firstname: Anita
Enter value for address: Chennai
Enter value for age: 27
old 1: insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age)
new 1: insert into person values(3,'Raj','Anita','Chennai',27)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for lastname: kumar
Enter value for firstname: Ashok
Enter value for address: Coimbatore
old 1: insert into person values(&pid,'&lastname','&firstname','&address',&age)
new 1: insert into person values(4,'kumar','Ashok','Coimbatore',30)
1 row created.
PID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1 Prettina
Anne
Bangalore
14
2 Benitto
Anish
Trichy
24
AGE
3 Raj
4 kumar
Anita
Ashok
Chennai
Coimbatore
27
30
SKIPPING THE FIELDS WHILE INSERTING

SQL> insert into person(pid,lastname,firstname) values(5,Hinn,Benny);
insert into person(pid,lastname,firstname) values(5,'Hinn','Benny')
1 row created.
PID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAME
ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1 Prettina
Anne
Bangalore 14
2 Benitto
Anish
Trichy
24
3 Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4 kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore
30
5 Hinn
Benny
AGE
INSERT VALUES USING MEANINGFUL FIELD NAMES

SQL> insert into person values(&personid,'&lastname','&firstname','&personaddress',&age);
Enter value for personid: 6
Enter value for lastname: Prakash
Enter value for firstname: Bhaskar
Enter value for personaddress: Andhra
old 1: insert into person values(&personid,'&lastname','&firstname','&personaddress',&age)
new 1: insert into person values(6,'Prakash','Bhaskar','Andhra',40)
1 row created.
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1
Prettina Anne Bangalore
14
2 Benitto Anish Trichy
24
3 Raj
Anita Chennai
27
4 kumar Ashok Coimbatore 30
5 Hinn
Benny
6 Prakash Bhaskar Andhra
40
AGE
6 rows selected.
UPDATE VALUES USING CONDITION
SQL> update person set address='United States'where pid=5;
1 row updated.
UPDATE VALUES USING &
SQL> update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid;
Enter value for address: Assam

old 1: update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid
new 1: update person set address ='Assam',age=40 where pid=6
1 row updated.
SQL> /
Enter value for address: Britain
old 1: update person set address ='&address',age=&age where pid=&pid
new 1: update person set address ='Britain',age=55 where pid=5
1 row updated.
SELECT COMMAND TO RETRIEVE THE ENTIRE INFORMATION FROM THE TABLE
AGE
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1
Prettina
Anne
Bangalore
14
2
Benitto
Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore
30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6
Prakash
Bhaskar Assam
40
6 rows selected.
SELECT COMMAND USING 'WHERE' CLAUSE
SQL>select * from person where lastname= 'Kumar' and address='Coimbatore';
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------4 Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore
30
7 Kumar
Chander Coimbatore
45
AGE
SELECT COMMAND TO RETRIEVE THE TOP VALUES

SQL> select * from person where rownum<=3;
PID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME
ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1
Prettina
Anne
Bangalore
14
2
Benitto
Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
SELECT COMMAND WITH LIKE OPERATOR
SQL> select * from person where address like 'C%';
AGE
PID
LASTNAME
FIRSTNAME ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore 30
AGE
SQL> select * from person where address like '%i%';

---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------2
Benitto Anish
richy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore
30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
AGE
SELECT COMMAND USING IN OPERATOR

SQL> select * from person where lastname in('Prettina');
---------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------1 Prettina Anne
Bangalore 14
AGE
SELECT COMMAND USING BETWEEN OPERATOR

SQL> insert into person values(7,'Kumar','Chander','Coimbatore',45);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from person where lastname between 'Kumar' and 'Kumar';
--------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- ---------6 Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore 30
7 Kumar
Chander Coimbatore 45
AGE
SELECT COMMAND TO ELIMINATE DUPLICATES

SQL> select DISTINCT lastname from person;
LASTNAME
---------Benitto
Hinn
Kumar
Prakash
Prettina
Raj
6 rows selected.
SELECT COMMAND WITH ORDER BY CLAUSE

SQL> select pid, firstname,age from person order by age;
PID
FIRSTNAME AGE
---------- ---------- ---------1
Anne
14
2
Anish
24
3
Anita
27
4
Ashok
30
6
Bhaskar 40
7
Chander 45
5
Benny
55
7 rows selected.
SELECT COMMAND TO CREATE A TABLE
SQL> create table individual as select * from person;
Table created.
SQL> select * from individual;
PID
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ADDRESS
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ -------1
Prettina Anne
Bangalore
14
2
Benitto Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore 30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6
Prakash Bhaskar Assam
40
7
Kumar
AGE
7 rows selected.
SELECT COMMAND TO INSERT RECORDS
SQL> insert into individual(select * from person);
7 rows created.
SELECT COMMAND WITH FUNCTIONS
SQL> select count(*) as pid from person;
PID
---------7
SQL> select count(distinct lastname) as pid from person;
PID
---------6
SQL> select max(age) from person;
MAX(AGE)
----------
55
SQL> select min(age) from person;
MIN(AGE)
---------14
SQL> select sum(age) from person;
SUM(AGE)
---------235
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL) COMMANDS
------- ---------- ---------- ------------ -------1
Prettina Anne
BAngalore
14
2
Benitto Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore 30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6 Prakash Bhaskar Assam
40
7 Kumar
AGE
7 rows selected.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
DELETE COMMAND
SQL> delete from person where lastname='Kumar';
2 rows deleted.
------ ---------- ---------- ------------ -------1
Prettina Anne
BAngalore
14
2
Benitto Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6 Prakash Bhaskar Assam
40
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
AGE

------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------1
Prettina Anne
BAngalore
14
2
Benitto Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore 30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6
40
7
Kumar
Chander Coimbatore
45
AGE
7 rows selected.
SQL> savepoint s1;
Savepoint created.
SQL> delete from person;
7 rows deleted.
no rows selected
SQL> rollback to savepoint s1;
Rollback complete.
------ ---------- ---------- ------------- ------1
Prettina Anne
BAngalore
14
2
Benitto Anish
Trichy
24
3
Raj
Anita
Chennai
27
4
Kumar
Ashok
Coimbatore
30
5
Hinn
Benny
Britain
55
6
40
7
Kumar
Chander Coimbatore
45
AGE
7 rows selected.
RESULT:
Thus the Data Manipulation Language (DML) and Data Control Language (DCL) commands in
RDBMS were executed and verified.
EX.NO:3
NESTED QUERIES AND JOINS
AIM:
To execute nested queries and join commands in SQL.
NESTED QUERIES :
A subquery is a query within a query. In Oracle, you can create subqueries within your SQL statements.
These subqueries can reside in the WHERE clause, the FROM clause, or the SELECT clause.
JOINS:
Join is a query in which data is returned from two or more tables.
How the join will be performed:
Step 1: Make the Cartesian product of the given tables.
Step 2: Check for the equality on common attributes for the given tables.
Natural join:
It returns the matching rows from the table that are being joined.
Syntax:
>select <attribute> from TN where TN1.attribute=TN2.attribute.
Inner join:
It returns the matching rows from the table that are being joined.
Syntax:
>select <attribute> from TN1 innerjoin TN2 on TN1.attribute=TN2.attribute.
Left outer join:
It returns all the rows from the table1 even when they are unmatched.
Syntax:
5. select <attribute> from TN1 left outer join TN2 on TN1.attribute=TN2.attribute.
2. select <attribute> from TN where TN1.attribute(+)=TN2.attribute.
Right outer join:
It returns all the rows from the table2 even when they are unmatched.
Syntax:
4. select <attribute> from TN1 right outer join TN2 on TN1.attribute=TN2.attribute.
2. select <attribute> from TN where TN1.attribute=(+)TN2.attribute.
Full join:
It is the combination of both left outer and right outer join.
Syntax:
>select <attribute> from TN1 full join TN2 on TN1.attribute=TN2.attribute.
Sample Output
NESTED QUERIES - Table Creation
SQL> create table emp_det(eno number(3) not null, ename varchar2(25),
address varchar2(30),
basic_sal number(12,2),job_status varchar2(15),dno number(3));
Table created.
SQL> create table pro_det(pno number(3) not null,pname varchar2(30),
no_of_staff number(3));
Table created.
SQL> create table work_in(pno number(3),eno number(3),pjob char(12));

Table created.
SQL> desc emp_det;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------ENO
NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(25)
ADDRESS
VARCHAR2(30)
BASIC_SAL
NUMBER(12,2)
JOB_STATUS
VARCHAR2(15)
DNO
NUMBER(3)
SQL> desc pro_det;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------PNO
NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
PNAME
VARCHAR2(30)
NO_OF_STAFF
NUMBER(3)
SQL> desc work_in;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------PNO
NUMBER(3)
ENO
NUMBER(3)
PJOB
CHAR(12)
SQL> insert into emp_det values(&eno,'&ename','&address',&basic_sal,
'&job_status',&dno);
Enter value for eno: 1
Enter value for ename: SaravanaKumar
Enter value for address: GandhiNagar
Enter value for basic_sal: 8000
Enter value for job_status: Manager
Enter value for dno: 10
old 1: insert into emp_det values(&eno,'&ename','&address',&basic_sal,
'&job_status',&dno)
new 1: insert into emp_det values(1,'SaravanaKumar','GandhiNagar',
8000,'Manager',10)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for ename: Mahendran
Enter value for address: RainbowColony
Enter value for job_status: Supervisor
'&job_status',&dno)
new 1: insert into emp_det values(2,'Mahendran','RainbowColony',5000,
'Supervisor',10)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for ename:Rajkumar
Enter value for address: EastCoastRoad
Enter value for job_status: Professor
'&job_status',&dno)
new 1: insert into emp_det values(3,'RajKumar','EastCoastRoad',10000,
'Professor',2)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for ename: Shirley
Enter value for address: KKnagar
Enter value for job_status: AsstManager
'&job_status',&dno)
new 1: insert into emp_det values(4,'Shirley','KKnagar',8000,
'AsstManager',3)
1 row created.
SQL> alter table emp_det modify(ename varchar2(15), address varchar2(15));
Table altered.
SQL> select * from emp_det;
ENO ENAME
ADDRESS
BASIC_SAL JOB_STATUS
---------- --------------- --------------- ---------- --------------- ---------1 SaravanaKumar GandhiNagar
8000 Manager
10
2 Mahendran
RainbowColony
5000 Supervisor
10
3 RajKumar
EastCoastRoad
10000 Professor
2
4 Shirley
KKnagar
8000 AsstManager
3
SQL> insert into pro_det values(&pno,'pname',&no_of_staff);
Enter value for pno: 1
Enter value for no_of_staff: 2
old 1: insert into pro_det values(&pno,'pname',&no_of_staff)
new 1: insert into pro_det values(1,'pname',2)
1 row created.
SQL> /
DNO
1 row created.
SQL> /
1 row created.
SQL> select * from pro_det;
PNO PNAME
NO_OF_STAFF
---------- ------------------------------ ----------1 pname
2
2 pname
3
3 pname
1
SQL>update pro_det set pname='DBMS' where pno=1;
1 row updated.
SQL> update pro_det set pname='COMPILER' where pno=2;
1 row updated.
SQL>update pro_det set pname='C' where pno=3;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from Pro_det;
PNO PNAME
NO_OF_STAFF
---------- ------------------------------ ----------1 DBMS
2
2 COMPILER
3
3C
1
SQL> insert into work_in values(&pno,&eno,'&pjob');
Enter value for pjob: Programmer
old 1: insert into work_in values(&pno,&eno,'&pjob')
new 1: insert into work_in values(1,1,'Programmer')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for pjob: Analyst
new 1: insert into work_in values(2,1,'Analyst')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for pjob: Analyst

new 1: insert into work_in values(1,2,'Analyst')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for pjob: Programmer
new 1: insert into work_in values(2,2,'Programmer')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from work_in;
PNO
ENO PJOB
-- ---------- -----------1
1 Programmer
2
1 Analyst
1
2 Analyst
2
2 Programmer
NESTED QUERIES
(i) SQL> select ename from emp_det where dno not in(select dno from emp_det where ename =
'SaravanaKumar');
ENAME
--------------RajKumar
Shirley
(ii)SQL> select ename, dno from emp_det where dno = (select dno from emp_det where ename =
'RajKumar');
ENAME
DNO
--------------- ---------RajKumar
2
(iii)SQL> select ename from emp_det where eno in(select eno from work_in where pno = (select pno
from pro_det where pname = 'DBMS')) order by ename;
ENAME
--------------Mahendran
SaravanaKumar
(iv)SQL> select ename, basic_sal from emp_det where dno = 2 and basic_sal>(select max(basic_sal) from
emp_det where dno = 10) order by ename;
ENAME
BASIC_SAL
--------------- ---------RajKumar
10000
(v)SQL> select pno,pname from pro_det where exists(select pno from work_in where work_in.pno =
pro_det.pno);
PNO PNAME
------ -----------------------------1 DBMS
2 COMPILER
(vi)SQL>select ename, job_status,basic_sal from emp_det where (dno,basic_sal) in (select dno,basic_sal
from emp_det where ename ='RajKumar');
ENAME
JOB_STATUS
BASIC_SAL
--------------- --------------- ---------RajKumar
Professor
10000
(vii)SQL>select * from emp_det where basic_sal=(select max(basic_sal) from emp_det);
ENO ENAME
ADDRESS
------ --------------- --------------- ---------- --------------- ---------3 RajKumar
EastCoastRoad
10000 Professor
2
DNO
(viii)SQL>select max(basic_sal) from emp_det where basic_sal< (select max(basic_sal) from emp_det);
MAX(BASIC_SAL)
--------------8000
(ix)SQL> select * from emp_det where basic_sal < (select avg(basic_sal) from emp_det);
ENO ENAME
ADDRESS
---- ----------------------------2 Mahendran
RainbowColony
-----------------------5000
Supervisor
JOINS
SQL> create table emp(name varchar2(20),salary number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp values('&name',&salary);
Enter value for name: ashu
Enter value for salary: 10000
old 1: insert into emp values('&name',&salary)
new 1: insert into emp values('ashu',10000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: asma
new 1: insert into emp values('asma',1200)
1 row created.
DNO
---------10
SQL> /
Enter value for name: asif
new 1: insert into emp values('asif',2000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: arif
new 1: insert into emp values('arif',1000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: niyas
new 1: insert into emp values('niyas',3000)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp;
NAME
SALARY
-------------------- ---------ashu
10000
asma
1200
asif
2000
arif
1000
niyas
3000
SQL> create table emp1(name varchar2(20),empid number(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp1 values('&name',&empid);
Enter value for name: fathi
Enter value for empid: 12
old 1: insert into emp1 values('&name',&empid)
new 1: insert into emp1 values('fathi',12)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: sumi
new 1: insert into emp1 values('sumi',32)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: priya
new 1: insert into emp1 values('priya',11)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: wahab
new 1: insert into emp1 values('wahab',10)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: sweety
new 1: insert into emp1 values('sweety',09)
1 row created.
SQL>/
Enter value for name: asma
new 1: insert into emp1 values('asma',1200)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp1;
NAME
EMPID
-------------------- ---------fathi
12
sumi
32
priya
11
wahab
10
sweety
9
asma
1200
6 rows selected.
NATURAL JOIN
************
SQL>select emp.name,salary from emp,emp1 where emp.name=emp1.name
NAME
SALARY
-------------------- ---------asma
1200
LEFT OUTER JOIN

****************
SQL>select emp.name,salary from emp left outer join emp1 on emp.name=emp1.name
NAME
SALARY
-------------------- ---------asma
1200
asif
2000
arif
1000
niyas
3000
ashu
10000
RIGHT OUTER JOIN
*****************
SQL>select emp1.name,empid from emp right outer join emp1 on emp.name=emp1.name
NAME
EMPID
-------------------- ---------asma
1200
sweety
9
sumi
32
wahab
10
fathi
12
priya
11
6 rows selected.
FULL JOIN
***********
SQL>select emp1.name,emp.name,emp1.empid,salary from emp full join emp1 on
emp.name=emp1.name
NAME
NAME
EMPID SALARY
-------------------- -------------------- ---------- ---------asma
asma
1200
1200
asif
2000
arif
1000
niyas
3000
ashu
10000
sweety
9
sumi
32
wahab
10
fathi
12
priya
11
10 rows selected.
RESULT:
Thus the nested queries and join operations are executed and verifiedin DBMS.
EX.NO:4
VIEWS
AIM:
To study and create View commands
VIEWS:
In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.A view contains rows and
columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.
SQL CREATE VIEW Statement
In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more
real tables in the database.
SQL CREATE VIEW Syntax
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
SQL Updating a View
You can update a view by using the following syntax:
SQL CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Syntax
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
SQL Dropping a View
You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command.
SQL DROP VIEW Syntax
DROP VIEW view_name
Sample Output
TABLE 1 CREATION
***************
`SQL> create table aa(name varchar2(20),book number(10),edition number(20),price number(20),
ISBN number(20));
Table created.
SQL> insert into aa values('&name',&number,&edition,&price,&ISBN);
Enter value for name: bb
Enter value for number: 23
Enter value for edition: 2001
Enter value for price: 12
Enter value for isbn: 23435
old 1: insert into aa values('&name',&number,&edition,&price,&ISBN)

new 1: insert into aa values('bb',23,2001,12,23435)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: cc
new 1: insert into aa values('cc',55,342,76,687478)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: dd
new 1: insert into aa values('dd',2,1233,123,53616578)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ee
new 1: insert into aa values('ee',21,1111,111,12435798)
1 row created.
TABLE 2 CREATION
*****************
SQL> create table qq(name varchar2(20),book number(10),author varchar(20),publisher varchar2(20),
ISBN number(20));
Table created.
SQL> select * from aa;
NAME
BOOK EDITION PRICE
-------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------bb
23
2001
12
23435
cc
55
342
76 687478
dd
2
1233
123 53616578
ee
21
1111
111 12435798
ISBN
SQL> insert into qq values('&name','&author',&number,'&publisher',&ISBN);

Enter value for name: bb
Enter value for author: 21
Enter value for publisher: dfd
old 1: insert into qq values('&name','&author',&number,'&publisher',&ISBN)
new 1: insert into qq values('bb','21',23,'dfd',573568)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: cc
Enter value for publisher: fg
new 1: insert into qq values('cc','43',55,'fg',65839)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: ee
Enter value for publisher: dfd
new 1: insert into qq values('ee','44',21,'dfd',1235798)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: oo
Enter value for publisher: gfh
new 1: insert into qq values('oo','87',34,'gfh',6358379)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from qq;
NAME
BOOK AUTHOR
PUBLISHER
-------------------- ---------- -------------------- ----------------------------bb
21 23
dfd
573568
cc
43 55
65839
fg
ISBN
ee
1235798
44 21
dfd
NAME
BOOK AUTHOR
PUBLISHER ISBN
-------------------- ---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------oo
87 34
gfh
6358379
CREATE VIEW STATEMENT

**********************
SQL>create view ww as select book,name,publisher from qq where ISBN=573568
View created.
SQL> select * from ww;
BOOK NAME
PUBLISHER
--------- -------------------- -------------------21 bb
dfd
UPDATE VIEW STATEMENT

**********************
SQL> update ww set publisher='qwa'where book=21;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from ww;
BOOK NAME
PUBLISHER
---------- -------------------- -------------------21 bb
qwa
SQL> create view wq as select name,ISBN,publisher from qq where book>21
View created.
SQL> select * from wq;
NAME
ISBN PUBLISHER
-------------------- ---------- -------------------cc
65839
fg
ee
1235798
dfd
oo
6358379
gfh
SQL> create view ss as select name,book from aa union select name,book from qq;
View created.
SQL> select * from ss;
NAME
BOOK
-------------------- ---------bb
21
bb
23
cc
43
cc
55
dd
2
ee
21
ee
44
oo
87
8 rows selected.
COMPLEX VIEW
*************
SQL> create view er as select author,name,ISBN from qq where book>43;
View created.
SQL> select * from er;
AUTHOR
NAME
ISBN
-------------------- -------------------- ---------21
ee
1235798
34
oo
6358379
SQL>select name from(select * from qq where publisher='fg')where ISBN=65839;
NAME
-------------------Cc
DROP VIEW
*************
SQL> drop view er;
View dropped
Result
Thus the view creation commands are executed successfully.
EX.NO:5
FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURE
AIM:
To write PL/SQL(Functions)and to understand stored procedures in SQL.
FUNCTION:
A function is a subprogram that computes a value. The syntax for creating a function is given
below
Create or replace function<function_name>[argument]
Return datatype is
(local declaration)
begin
(executable statements)
[Exception]
(exception handlers)
end
PROCEDURE:
CREATE [ORREPLACE] PROCEDURE PROCEDURENAME
[PARAMETER[IN/OUT/IN/IN OUT] DATATYPE
[:=/DEFAULT EXPRESSION]
[(PARAMETER)]
IS/AS
DECLARATION
BEGIN
PL/SQL CODES
[EXCEPTION]
END
Sample Output
*****FUCTION USING FOR STATEMENT*****
SQL>create or replace function fact(a number)return number as
2 i number;
3 f number;
4 begin
5 f:=1;
6 for i in 1..a
7 loop
8 f:=f*i;
9 end loop;
10 return f;
11* end fact;
SQL> /
Function created.
*********FUNCTION USING WHILE STATEMENT *************

SQL> create or replace function fact(a number) return number as
2 i number;
3 f number;
4 begin
5 f:=1;
6 i:=1;
7 while (i<=a)
8 loop
9 f:=f*i;
10 i:=i+1;
11 end loop;
12 return f;
13* end fact;
14 /
Function created.
SQL>begin
2 dbms_output.put_line('the factorial='||fact(&a));
3* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for a: 4
old 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial='||fact(&a))
new 2: dbms_output.put_line('the factorial='||fact(4));
the factorial=24
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
*****PROCEDURE TO FIND WHETHER A GIVEN NUMBER IS ODD OR EVEN*********
SQL> declare
2 n number;
3 begin
4 n:=&n;
5 if(mod(n,2)=0)then
6 dbms_output.put_line(n||'is even');
7 else
8 dbms_output.put_line(n||'is odd');
9 end if;
10 end;
11 /
Enter value for n: 3
old 4: n:=&n;
new 4: n:=3;
3is odd
**********PROCEDURE TO DISPLAY 1-10 USING WHILE*******

1 declare
2 n number;
3 i number;
4 begin
5 n:=10;
6 i:=1;
7 while (i<=n)
8 loop
9 dbms_output.put_line(i);
10 i:=i+1;
11 end loop;
12* end;
SQL> /
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
***********Procedure to display some numbers lesser than given number**********
1 declare
2 num number;
3 i number;
4 begin
5 num:=&num;
6 i:=1;
7 loop
8 dbms_output.put_line(i);
9 exit when(i>num);
10 i:=i+1;
11 end loop;
12* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for num: 4
old 5: num:=&num;
new 5: num:=4;
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
Thus the functions and stored procedures are executed in SQL.
Ex.no:6
FRONT END TOOLS
AIM:
To study about Visual Basic forms and controls
Visual Basic:
Visual Basic is Easy to learn Programming language. With Visual Basic one can develop Windows based
applications and games.Visual Basic is much more easier to learn than other language (like Visual C++),
and yet it's powerful programming language.
Visual Basic suits more for application developing than for Games developing. We can create
sophisticated games using Visual Basic, But to make a really advanced professional game like Quake 2,
other language (like C++), can be chosen which are harder to program with. However, Visual Basic will
be probably powerful enough to suit all your application and games programming needs.
The advantages of Visual Basic:
1) It's simple language. Things that may be difficult to program with other language,can be done in Visual
Basic very easily.
2) Because Visual Basic is so popular, there are many good resources (Books,Web sites, News groups and
more) that can help us learn the language.
3) There are many tools (Sharewares and Freewares) on the internet that will reduce the programming
time.
Creating the Project
First thing to do is to create a Directory where all VB Projects can be saved. Call it VBApps, for
example. Then start VB. The first screen will ask whether to open a new project or an existing one - it's
obviously a new one and it will be a Standard EXE. Then, maximize all the windows. Now, save the
project. It will first prompt to save the form - call it Score.frm - and then the Project - call it Scorebrd.vbp.
From now on, do File-->Save Project very, very frequently.
Before starting to build-up the form, it will make it easier if the the color of the form is changed. To
change the color, just click anywhere on the form, go to the properties window, find the property called
BackColor and change it to the standard Window background (teal) or to any color desired in the palette.
Suppose if we need 6 labels and 2 command buttons go to the Toolbox. Each one of the object that is
kept on a Form is called a control. To get a control , click on the control, come back to the Form and click
and drag the control to the size and position needed. Position the controls somewhat like in the diagram
below.
Now that we have a bunch of controls on the form, we have to jazz them up a bit. We do this by changing
the Properties of the controls in the Properties window. Each control has a whole series of properties,
most of which we won't need right now. The ones we do need are:
Alignment = how text aligns in the control

BackColor = choose the color of the background
Caption = the text that will appear in the control
Font = choose the font type and size
ForeColor = choose the color of the text (foreground)
As with all Windows applications, We can select multiple controls with (Ctrl)+(Click) and change a
property for all of them at once. For example, if all backgrounds are white, select all controls, change
ForeColor to white and all of them are modified. Change the form to look like the one below. Note that
you do not have to change the Caption for Label4, Label5 and Label6 and that you can't change the color
of the buttons. They insist on being what was called in the old days "IBM grey". Don't forget to save the
project
often
as
you
go
along!
If the application is executed at this point, the Form appears, just the way it was created. However if on
any of the controls is clicked, absolutely nothing happens! There are events that occur; the form opens, a
button is clicked, etc. But, there is nothing that tells the form what to do when it sees an event. That is why
code, also called script has to be written.
To switch between the Code window and the Form window, use the buttons just over the Project Explorer
window (diagram on the left).
Once in the Code window, We have the option of seeing all the code for the Project or the code for one
event at a time. Use the buttons in the lower left-hand corner (diagram on the right).
To select the object and the event to code, use the two Listboxes at the top of the Code window. The one
on the left for the object and the one on the right for the event. Start with General ... Declarations and
then Form ... Load, etc.
Now we can Run it and see something happen. When the Form loads, it will initialize the fields that we
specified in the code.Now code the Command1 button and Run it to see the result.
RESULT:
Thus the Visual Basic forms and controls are studied.
7. FORMS
AIM:
To implement the employee details using Visual Basic Form as front-end and Oracle as backend.
PROCEDURE:
1. Create a table for employee details using SQL .

2. Start Visual Basic 6.0 and select a new standard EXE project.
3. Open a form ,andplace proper controls in the form to display employee database.
4. Add the ADO Data control in the bottom of the form from the Project->Components menu.
5. Set proper caption and names fror form,controls, and ADOD control.
6. Right click the ADOD control and set its properties to connect it to the database provider.
7. Provide database connectivity to textboxes by connecting ADOD control with the text boxes.
8. ADOD control can be used to view data and modifications to the database can be done only with
coding.
9. Without ADOD control connection to the database can be established with the help of coding for
which the ADOD library should be included from the Project->References menu.
10. Place the desired command buttons in the form and write the actions to be perfomed in the click
event of the command button.
11. Choose the startup object as form1 that contains the controls from the Project->properties menu.
12. Run the project to view the employee database and do manipulations to the database.
Form design in Visual Basic (Front end)
Code for Form

Dim con As New ADODB.Connection
Dim rs As New ADODB.Recordset
Private Sub add_Click()
rs.AddNew
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
Text5.Text = ""
Text6.Text = ""
Text1.SetFocus
End Sub
Private Sub delete_Click()
rs.delete
MsgBox "Record deleted"
rs.MoveFirst
Call display
End Sub
Private Sub exit_Click()
rs.Close
con.Close
Unload Me
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()

con.CursorLocation = adUseClient
con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;password=user02;User ID=user02;Data Source=orcl"
rs.Open "select * from emp_details", con, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic
Call display
End Sub
Private Sub display()
Text1.Text = rs.Fields("empname")
Text2.Text = rs.Fields("empno")
Text3.Text = rs.Fields("designation")
Text4.Text = rs.Fields("dept")
Text5.Text = rs.Fields("salary")
Text6.Text = rs.Fields("address")
End Sub
Private Sub save_Click()
rs(0) = Text1.Text
rs(1) = Val(Text2.Text)
rs(2) = Text3.Text
rs(3) = Text4.Text
rs(5) = Text6.Text
End Sub
Private Sub update_Click()
If rs.EditMode = adEditAdd Then
rs(0) = Text1.Text
rs(2) = Text3.Text
rs(3) = Text4.Text
rs(5) = Text6.Text
End If
rs.update
End Sub
Table Creation in Oracle (Backend)
SQL> create table emp_details(empname varchar2(20),empno number(10),designation varchar2(15),dept
va
rchar2(10), salary number, address varchar2(20));
Table created.
SQL> insert into emp_details values('&empname',&empno,'&designation','&dept',&salary,'&address');
Enter value for empname: suba
Enter value for empno: 1234
Enter value for designation: AP
Enter value for dept: IT
Enter value for address: IBcolony
old 1: insert into emp_details values('&empname',&empno,'&designation','&dept',&salary,'&address')
new 1: insert into emp_details values('suba',1234,'AP','IT',21047,'IBcolony')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: Anitha
Enter value for designation: SrLecturer
Enter value for dept: Physics
Enter value for address: GoldenRock
new 1: insert into emp_details values('Anitha',1322,'SrLecturer','Physics',18000,'GoldenRock')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: Naveen
Enter value for designation: AP
Enter value for dept: CSE
Enter value for address: Tanjore
new 1: insert into emp_details values('Naveen',1432,'AP','CSE',21000,'Tanjore')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for empname: Deepa
Enter value for designation: reader
Enter value for dept: English
Enter value for address: Karur
new 1: insert into emp_details values('Deepa',1363,'reader','English',31000,'Karur')
1 row created.
SQL> select * from emp_details;
EMPNAME
EMPNO
----------------------------suba
1234
Anitha
1322
Naveen
1432
Deepa
1363
DESIGNATION DEPT
--------------- ---------AP
IT
SrLecturer
Physics
AP
CSE
reader
English
SALARY
ADDRESS
------------------21047
IBcolony
18000
GoldenRock
21000 Tanjore
31000
Karur
RESULT:
Thus the employee database has been implemented using Visual Basic Form as front-end and Oracle as
backend.
EX.NO:8
TRIGGERS
AIM:
To perform High-level language extension with triggers (Student mark list).
SYNTAX:
CREATE[OR REPLACE]TRIGGER[schema.]trigger
{BEFORE|AFTER|INSTEAD OF}
{DELETE
|INSERT
|UPDATE[OF column[,column].....]}
|OR {DELETE
|INSERT
|UPDATE[OF column,[,column]....]}]...
ON[schema.]{table|view}
REFERENCING(OLD[AS]old
|NEW[AS]new...]
FOR EACH{ROW|STATEMENT}{WHEN(condition)}]
DESCRIPTION:
The details about the students mark are being in the stu table with attributes.
Name, Rollno, Mark, Mark2, Mark3.
The stu1 table consists of attributes, Rollno, Total, Average, Result
The details of the first table are being given in the prompt by the user. The total, average are processed for
currently processed row in the stu table using after insert on trigger the values are placed in the table stu1.
Trigger
Create or replace trigger strig
After insert on st1
For each row
Declare
Total number(8);
Avg number(8);
Result varchar2(20);
Begin
Total:=(:new.m1+:new.m2+:new.m3);
Avg:=total/3;
If(:new.m1>50 and :new.m2>50 and:new.m3>50) yhen
Result:=pass;
Else
Result:=fail;
End if;
Insert into st2 values(:new.rollno,total,avg,result);
End;
/
Trigger created
SQL>insert into st1 values(raja,004,100,99,90)
1 row created
SQL>select * from st2;
ROLLNO
TOTAL
AVG RESULT
4
289
96
Pass
RESULT:
Thus the high-level language extension with triggers has been performed for generating the
students mark list.
EX.NO:9
MENU DESIGN
AIM:
To design menus using menu editor in Visual Basic.
PROCEDURE:
To create the following menus,
Color
o Setcolor
Red
Green
White
Size
Large
Small
Exit
It is required to do the following things:
1.
Exit the program if the user clicks Exit menu.
2.
Change the colour of the form if the user clicks a particular colour.
3.
Change the size of the form if the user clicks any of the option in size menu.
Steps to be followed:
1.
Start a new VB project
2.
Add a MDI form to the project by clicking Add MDI form from Project menu.
3.
Create menus.
Name this is the name you use to reference the menu control from code.
Caption this is the text that appears on the control.
Click OK button, the menus will be created on the top of MDI form.
4.
Either we can use the MDI form to see the changes or a separate form can be added to show
the changes on clicking the menu items.
5.
Double-click menu item and add codes there.
6.
Choose the startup object as MDIForm1 from the Project->properties menu.
7.
Run the project.
Code for Menu Editor

Private sub mnuexit_click()
Unload Form1
End Sub
Private sub mnublue_click()
Form1.BackColor=vbBlue
mnured.Enabled=True
mnublue.Enabled=False
mnuwhite.Enabled=True
End Sub
Private sub mnularge_click()
Form1.WindowState=2
mnusmall.Enabled= True
mnularge.Enabled= False
End Sub
Private sub mnured_click()
Form1.BackColor=vbRed
mnured.Enabled= False
mnublue.Enabled= True
mnuwhite.Enabled=True
End Sub
Private sub mnusmall_click()
Form1.WindowState=0
mnusmall.Enabled= False
mnularge.Enabled= True
End Sub
Private sub mnuwhite_click()
Form1.BackColor=vbWhite
mnured.Enabled= True
mnublue.Enabled= True
mnuwhite.Enabled=False
End Sub
RESULT:
Thus the menu editor has been created in Visual Basic..
Ex.No.10
REPORTS
AIM:
To generate data report from the existing database.
OBJECTIVE:
Once you have gone to all the trouble of developing and managing a database, it is nice to have the
ability to obtain printed or displayed information from your data. The process of obtaining such
information is known as creating a data report.
There are two steps to creating a data report. First, we need to create a Data Environment. This is
designed within Visual Basic and is used to tell the data report what is in the database. Second, we create
the Data Report itself. This, too, is done within Visual Basic. The Data Environment and Data Report files
then become part of the Visual Basic project developed as a database management system.
The Visual Basic 6.0 data report capabilities are vast and using them is a detailed process. The use of
these capabilities is best demonstrated by example. We will look at the rudiments of report creation by
building a tabular report for our phone database.
Example - Phone Directory - Building a Data Report
We will build a data report that lists all the names and phone numbers in our phone database. We will do
this by first creating a Data Environment, then a Data Report. We will then reopen the phone database
management project and add data reporting capabilities.
Creating a Data Environment
1. Start a new Standard EXE project.
2. On the Project menu, click Add Data Environment. If this item is not on the menu, click
Components. Click the Designers tab, and choose Data Environment and click OK to add the designer
to your menu.
3. We need to point to our database. In the Data Environment window, right-click the Connection1 tab
and select Properties and set the connection.
4. We now tell the Data Environment what is in our database. Right-click the Connection1 tab and click
Rename. Change the name of the tab to Phone. Right-click this newly named tab and click Add
Command to create a Command1 tab. Right-click this tab and choose Properties. Assign the following
properties:
Command Name - PhoneList
Connection - Phone
DataBase Object - Table
ObjectName - PhoneList
5. Click OK. All this was needed just to connect the environment to our database.
6. Display the properties window and give the data environment a name property of denPhone. Click File
and Save denPhone As. Save the environment in an appropriate folder. We will eventually add this file to
our phone database management system.
Creating a Data Report

Once the Data Environment has been created, we can create a Data Report. We will drag things out of the
Data Environment onto a form created for the Data Report, so make sure your Data Environment window
is still available.
1. On the Project menu, click Add Data Report and one will be added to your project. If this item is not on
the menu, click Components. Click the Designers tab, and choose Data Report and click OK to add the
designer to your menu.
2. Set the following properties for the report:
Name - rptPhone
Caption - Phone Directory
DataSource - denPhone (your phone data environment - choose, dont type)
DataMember - PhoneList (the table name - choose dont type)
3. Right-click the Data Report and click Retrieve Structure. This establishes a report format based on
the Data Environment.
4. Note there are five sections to the data report: a Report Header, a Page Header, a Detail section, a Page
Footer, and a Report Footer. The headers and footers contain information you want printed in the report
and on each page. To place information in one of these regions, right-click the selected region, click Add
Control, then choose the control you wish to place. These controls are called data report controls and
properties are established just like you do for usual controls. Try adding some headers.
5. The Detail section is used to layout the information you want printed for each record in your database.
We will place two field listings (Name, Phone) there. Click on the Name tab in the Data Environment
window and drag it to the Detail section of the Data Report. Two items should appear: a text box Name
and a text box Name (PhoneList). The first text box is heading information. Move this text box into the
Page Header section. The second text box is the actual value for Name from the PhoneList table. Line this
text box up under the Name header. Now, drag the Phone tab from the Data Environment to the Data
Report. Adjust the text boxes in the same manner. Our data report will have page headers Name and
Phone. Under these headers, these fields for each record in our database will be displayed. When done, the
form should look something like this:
In this form, Weve resized the labels a bit and added a Report Header. Also, make sure you close up the
Detail section to a single line. Any space left in this section will be inserted after each entry.
6. Click File and Save rptPhone As. Save the environment in an appropriate folder. We will now reopen
our phone database manager and attach this and the data environment to that project and add capabilities
to display the report.
Accessing the Data Report
1. Reopen the phone directory project. Add a command button named cmdReport and give it a Caption of
Show Report. (There may be two tabs in your toolbox, one named General and one named DataReport.
Make sure you select from the General tools.)
2. We will now add the data environment and data report files to the project. Click the Project menu item,
then click Add File. Choose denPhone and click OK. Also add rptPhone. Look at your Project Window.
Those files should be listed under Designers.
3. Use this code in cmdReport_Click:
Private Sub cmdReport_Click()
rptPhone.Show
End Sub
4. This uses the Show method to display the data report.
5. Save the application and run it. Click the Show Report button and this should appear:
RESULT:
Thus the Report has been generated in Visual Basic..
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What is a database?
A DBMS is a complex software system that is used to manage, store and manipulate data and
metadata used to describe the data.
2. What is DBMS?
It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it
is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and
manipulating the database for various applications.
3. What is a Database system?
The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.
4. Advantages of DBMS.
Redundancy is controlled.
Unauthorised access is restricted.
Providing multiple user interfaces.
Enforcing integrity constraints.
Providing backup and recovery.
5. Disadvantage in File Processing System
Data redundancy & inconsistency.
Difficult in accessing data.
Data isolation.
Data integrity.
Concurrent access is not possible.
Security Problems.
6. What is a key? what are different keys in database?
A Key is nothing but a attribute or group of attributes. They are used to perform some specific
operation depending on their operation. The keys are classified into primary key, secondary key,
alternative key, super key, candidate key, compound or concatenated or composite key.
7. What is a primary key?
A primary key is an attribute to identify a record uniquely is considered to be primary key. for eg
in the student table student_no is the primary key because it can be used to identify unique record
or unique student.
8. What is a secondary key?
An attribute used to identify a group of records satisfying a given condition is said to be a
secondary key. In the employee table, designation is a secondary key because more than one
employee can have the same designation.
9. What is a candidate key?
Register no usually allotted in the exams is also unique for each student in that case for identifying
a student uniquely either student_no or register_no can be used. Here two different candidates are
contesting for primary key post. Any of them can be selected as primary key.
10. What is an alternate key?
If any one of the candidate keys among the different candidate keys available is selected as
primary key then remaining keys are called alternate key.
11. What is a super key?
With primary key if any other attribute is added then that combination is called super key. In other
words, primary key is the minimum possible super key. In the student table student_no +
student_name is one of the super key.
12. What is a composite key?
If the primary key is combination of more than one key then it is called the composite key. In the
table called marks student_no + subject is the composite key.
13. What is a relation?

A Relation consists of a homogeneous set of tuples.
14. What is a table?
it is the representation of a relation having records as rows and attributes as columns.
15. What is an attribute?
An object or entity is characterized by its properties or attributes. In relational database systems
attributes corresponds to fields.
16. What is a domain?
The set of allowable value for the attribute is the domain of the attribute.
17. What is a tuple?
Tuples are the members of a relation. An entity type having attributes can be represented by set of
these attributes called tuple.
18. What is a selection?
An operation that selects only some of the tuples in the relation is known as selection operation.
The selection operation yields a horizontal subset of a given relation.
19. what is a join operation?
The join operation allows the combination of two relations to form a new relation.
20. What are base operations in relational algebra?
Union: - The term of the relation as performed by combining the tuples from one relation with
those of a second relation to produce a third relation. Duplicate tuples are eliminated. The relation
must be union compatible.
Difference: - The difference of two relations is a third relation having tuples that occur in the first
relation but not in the second relation.
Intersection: - The intersection operation selects the common tuples from the two relations.
cartesian product: - The cartesian product of two relations is the concatenation of tuples
belonging to the two relations. A new resultant scheme is created consisting of concatenation of all
possible combination of tuples.
21. What are different DBMS facilities? How many types of facilities are provided by a DBMS?
1)The data definition facility or data definition language(DDL)
2)The data manipulation facility or data manipulation language(DML)
3)The data control facility(DCL)
22. What is Data Definition Language?
Data scheme is specified by a set of definitions which are expressed b a special language called a
DDL.
23. What is Data Dictionary?
A Data Dictionary is a file that contains metadata i.e data about data. This file is consulted before
actual is read or modified in the database system.
24. What is a DML?
A DML is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the
appropriate data model. There are basically two types:
1)procedural DML require a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it.
2)non procedural DML require a user to specify what data is needed without specifying how to get
it.
25. What is a query?
A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information.
26. What is a query language?
The portion of DML that involves information retrieval is called a query language.
27. What are the advantages of DBMS?
Reduction of redundancies, Integrity, Security, Conflict resolution, Data independence, shared
data, Data quality enhanced.
28. What is a SQL?

Structured query language(sql) originated in 1974 at IBM.SQL is the data definition and
manipulation language.
29. What are the features of SQL?
Portability, client server architecture, dynamic data definition, multiple views of data, complete
data base language, interactive, high level structure and SQL standards.
30. How SQL organizes the data?
SQL organizes data as databases, tables, indexes, views.
31. What is data definition?
SQL lets a user to define the data structure and relationship at the stored data.
32. What is data retrieval?
Allows a user or an application program to retrieve the stored data.
33. What is data sharing?
Data can be shared by more than one user.
34. What is a view?
It is an object of SQL. A query can be defined, stored and named. This is called view.
35. What is normalization?
It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies
(FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
Minimizing redundancy
Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
36. What is a first normal form?
A relation which contains no multi valued attributes.
37. What is a second normal form?
A relation is in second normal form for if it is first normal form and every non key attribute is fully
functionally dependent on primary key.
38. What is a third normal form?
A relation is in third normal form if for every functional dependency F :x->y is aDkey.
39. What is BCNF?
Boyce-code normal form.
40. What is fifth normal form?
A relation which eliminates join dependencies.
41. What is Functional Dependency?
A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets
of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint
is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the
value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.
42. What is Lossless join property?
It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas
after decomposition.
43. What are the commands to delete, modify and insert a record in the table?
DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT INTO.
44. What is time stamping?
In the time stamping based method, a serial order is created among the concurrent transactions by
assigning to each transaction a unique non decreasing numbers .you will be allocating fixed time
for each transaction.
45. What is data base schema?
It is the description of the database i.e its data structure and not the detail.
46. What is a self join?
Joining the table to the same table.
47. What are the different aggregate functions in SQL?

AVG(), MIN(), MAX(), COUNT(), SUM().
48. What is data integrity?
Data must satisfy the integrity constraints of the system.
49. What is data independence?
Data independence means that the application is independent of the storage structure and access
strategy of data. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should
not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.
Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve
50. What is dead locking?
It is the situation where two transactions are waiting for other to release a lock on an item.
51. What is decryption?
Taking encoded text and converting it into text that you are able to read.
52. What is a distributed database?
A Database in which the datails contained within a number of separate subsystems usually in
different locations.
53. What is an entity?
it represents a real world object.
54. What is a conceptual data model?
A conceptual data model is concerned with the general description of the database without concern
for how the data may be organized.
55. What is two phase locking?
It is a most common mechanism that is used to control concurrency in two phases for achieving the
serializability. The two phases are Growing and Shrinking.
1) A transaction acquires locks on data items it will need to complete the transaction. This is called
growing phase. A transaction may obtain lock but may not release any lock.
2) One lock is released no other lock may be acquired. This is called shrinking process. A
transaction may release locks but may not obtain any new locks.
56. What is projection?
The projection of a relation is defined as projection of all its tuples over a set of attributes. it yields
vertical subset of the relation. The projection operation is used to trim the number of attributes in
the resultant relation or to reorder attributes.
57. What are the different phases of transaction?
Different phases are
Analysis phase
Redo Phase
Undo phase
58. . What is Relational Algebra?
It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as
input and produce a new relation.
59. What is Relational Calculus?
It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F.
Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.
60.How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus
The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are
tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL
The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying
domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.

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M.A.

M COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

DBMS LAB MANUAL

Curriculam & Syllabus (Semester IV)

Probability and Queueing Theory

Database Management Systems

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Computer Organization and Architecture

Software Engineering and Quality Assurance

Database Management Systems Laboratory

Operating Systems Laboratory

CS1256 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS LABORATORY

1. Data Definition, Table Creation, Constraints,

DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE, TABLE CREATION,

NESTED QUERIES AND JOINS

CONTROL STRUCTURES, FUNCTION AND

FRONT END TOOLS

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

CHANGING NAME OF AN OBJECT

Referential Integrity Constraints

Domain Integrity Constraints

Entity Integrity Constraints

Referential Integrity Constraints

Enter value for productprice: 6000

SQL> create table order_master(orderno varchar(5) constraint order_prim

FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION

SQL>delete from order_master where orderno='o001'

SQL> select * from order_master;

DATA MANIPULATION AND DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

Syntax: Select column_name1, ..,column_namen from table name where condition;

INSERTING MORE THAN ONE ROW USING A SINGLE INSERT COMMAND

SKIPPING THE FIELDS WHILE INSERTING

INSERT VALUES USING MEANINGFUL FIELD NAMES

Enter value for address: Assam

SELECT COMMAND TO RETRIEVE THE TOP VALUES

SQL> select * from person where address like '%i%';

SELECT COMMAND USING IN OPERATOR

SELECT COMMAND USING BETWEEN OPERATOR

SELECT COMMAND TO ELIMINATE DUPLICATES

SELECT COMMAND WITH ORDER BY CLAUSE

SQL> select * from person;

NESTED QUERIES AND JOINS

SQL> create table work_in(pno number(3),eno number(3),pjob char(12));

Enter value for pjob: Analyst

LEFT OUTER JOIN

old 1: insert into aa values('&name',&number,&edition,&price,&ISBN)

SQL> insert into qq values('&name','&author',&number,'&publisher',&ISBN);

CREATE VIEW STATEMENT

UPDATE VIEW STATEMENT

FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURE

*********FUNCTION USING WHILE STATEMENT *************

**********PROCEDURE TO DISPLAY 1-10 USING WHILE*******

FRONT END TOOLS

Alignment = how text aligns in the control

1. Create a table for employee details using SQL .

Form design in Visual Basic (Front end)

Code for Form

Private Sub Form_Load()

Exit the program if the user clicks Exit menu.

Start a new VB project

Double-click menu item and add codes there.

Choose the startup object as MDIForm1 from the Project->properties menu.

Run the project.

Code for Menu Editor

*FUNCTION USING WHILE STATEMENT *****

****PROCEDURE TO DISPLAY 1-10 USING WHILE*