The Interrelationships among the Elements of the Public Communication Process

Occasion the psychological and physical characteristics of the environment

where the public communication takes place

Listeners the people to whom the speaker addresses his speech

Speaker the person who delivers the speech

Message the speakers speech

Channel the way the message is sent

Noise anything that interferes with communication

Effect -

Feedback the message sent by the listeners to the speaker to express their
reactions

Effective Use of the Body

A. Directness

Eye to eye Contact looking individuals in the audience.

Person to person Contact overcoming spatial and physical barriers.

Intellect to Intellect Contact the cognitive relationship between a

speaker and his audience.

B. Physical Appearance

Posture
Few rules to remember:
While facing an audience, you should move in a definite purposeful
manner.
Dancing involuntarily or shifting your weight from one foot to
another are distracting and must be avoided.
Learn to stand still with one foot slightly forward and feet farther
apart at the heels.

Movement
Movement should be made to:
1. release tension
2. emphasize a point

3. indicate progress in thought

4. reveal personality

Gestures the movement of the hands, arms, and the small movements
of any parts of the body.
1. Descriptive gestures used to illustrate a thought with the hands.
2. Emphatic gestures used to reiterate ideas in many ways.

Facial Expression -

Objectives in Presenting Information

A. Clarity

Examples a specific illustration, incident or instance that supports a

point you are trying to make.

Analogy pointing out similarities between two things or two events.

1. Literal analogy compares two things or two events drawn from the
same class or genus.
2. Figurative analogy a comparison between things that do not
belong to the same class.

Statistics the use of numbers: comparisons, evaluations and measures.

Testimony the statement of persons better qualified than the speaker to

give an opinion about something or to render first-hand account of
observations and experiences.

B. Developing Interest

Specificity
concrete is more interesting than vague generalities or the abstract.

Conflict
contests, disagreements or opposition can create a lot of interest for
most people.

Novelty
which is different, unusual, contrasting or strange.

Immediacy

 a direct reference to someone in the audience or to some incident that

has just occurred will command attention.

Humor
laughter indicates enjoyment and people pay attention to what they
enjoy.
- provides relaxation from the tension and thus reduces fatigue
- it should be relevant and in good taste.

Logical Pattern of Development

(the plan of speech organization)
a. Attention Step (getting the attention)
- ways of introducing compositions: startling statements, illustrations, questions
and other supportive materials ( to focus attention)
b. Need Step (showing the need or describing the problem)
- make clear why the proposition you have made should be accepted.
- by showing that a problem really exists
i.

statement a concise statement of the problem.

ii.

illustration one or two examples explaining and clarifying the problem.

iii.

ramification additional examples, statistics, testimony showing the

seriousness of the problem.

iv.

pointing making clear to the listeners how the problem directly affects
them.

c. Satisfaction Step (satisfying the need of presenting the solution)

- purpose: getting your listeners to agree with your proposition
i.

statement stating the attitude, belief or action you wish your audience

ii.

explanation making sure that your proposal is understood

iii.

theoretical demonstration showing by reasoning how your solution

meets the need

iv.

reference to experience examples to prove that the proposal has been

tried somewhere else and has proved successful

meeting objections discussing possible objections which the proposal

v.

may meet
d. Visualizing the Result (visualizing the results)
- helps intensify the appeal you made
- picture to the audience what could possibly happen if your proposal were not
accepted
3 ways to accomplish this:

the positive way give a description of what will happen if your audience
adopts your proposal

the negative way describe how conditions would be if your audience

did not accept your propositions

contrast combine the two preceding methods. First, show the

disadvantages arising from the rejection of your proposal followed by the
advantages brought about by their acceptance

e. Action Step (requesting action or approval)

- the translation of a desire for change into overt action
- form: appeal, challenge, or an inducement