Studies On Homer and The Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 by W. E. Gladstone

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Title: Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3

I. Prolegomena II. Achis
Author: W. E. Gladstone
Release Date: November 15, 2014 [EBook #47356]
Language: English
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STUDIES ON HOMER
AND
THE HOMERIC AGE.
BY THE
RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L.
M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.--HORACE.

OXFORD:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
M.DCCC.LVIII.
[_The right of Translation is reserved._]
STUDIES ON HOMER
AND
THE HOMERIC AGE.
I. PROLEGOMENA.
II. ACHIS:
OR,
THE ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.
BY THE
RIGHT HON. W. E. GLADSTONE, D.C.L.
M. P. FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.--HORACE.
OXFORD:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
M.DCCC.LVIII.
THE CONTENTS.
I. PROLEGOMENA.
SECT. I.
_On the State of the Homeric Question._
Objects of this Work
Results thus far of the Homeric Controversy
Improved apparatus for the Study of Homer
Effect of the poems on Civilization
They do not compete with the Holy Scriptures
Page 1
2
4
5
6
SECT. II.
_The Place of Homer in Classical Education._
Study of Homer in the English Universities
Homer should not be studied as a Poet only
His claims compared with those of other Poets
9
11
14
Study of Homer in the Public Schools
18
SECT. III.
_On the Historic Aims of Homer._
High organization of the Poems
The presumption is that the Poet had Historic aims
Positive signs of them
Pursued even at some cost of Poetical beauty
Minuter indications
General tone
Hypothesis of reproduction inadmissible
What is chiefly meant by his Historic aims
21
22
23
26
28
28
30
35
SECT. IV.
_On the probable Date of Homer._
The main question: is he an original witness
Adverse arguments
Affirmative arguments
36
37
39
SECT. V.
_The probable Trustworthiness of the Text of Homer._
The received text to be adopted as a basis
Failure of other methods
State of the Manuscripts
Complaints of interpolation
Testimonies concerning the early use of the Poems
Preservative power of the Recitations or matches
Pseudo-Homeric poems
Argument from the Cyclic poems
The Alexandrian period
Amount and quality of guarantees
Improbability of wilful falsification
Internal evidence of soundness in detail
42
44
46
47
49
55
56
59
60
64
67
69
SECT. VI.
_Place and Authority of Homer in Historical Inquiry._
Homer paramount as a literary authority
He has suffered through credulity
And through incredulity
Proposed method of treatment
Instances of contrary method, (1) Hellen and his family
Authority of Hesiod
Instance (2), personality of Helen
Conclusion
II. ACHIS.
71
73
79
81
82
84
87
89
ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

SECT. I.
_Scope of the Inquiry._
Preliminary objection of Mr. Grote stated
Synopsis of national and tribal names to be examined
93
96
SECT. II.
_On the Pelasgians, and cognate races._
The Pelasgians
Pelasgic Argos
Dodona
Thessaly and the Southern Islands
Epithets for Pelasgians
Use of this name in the singular
The Pelasgians and Larissa
The Arcadians Pelasgian
Why
T e Acada aftewad t e Sw f Geece
T e Gaa Geek
Cee ad t e Peaga
T e Iae Ia
T e At ea t e Catague
T e Catague, vv. 546-9
T e ame, vv. 550,
T e ame, vv. 553-5
Revew f t e Hmec evdece a t t e At ea
T e eat wt Meva
Pt-Hmec evdece f t e Peagam f Attca
T e Peaga eated t Egyt
T e Egyta em-fabuu t Hme
T e Peaga eembace, Hme ad t ewe
T e Geek f t e Iad w y eve temed Peaga
T e and
Th Caucns and Llgs
100
101
106
109
113
114
115
119
121
122
123
124
127
129
129
132
135
137
140
145
148
151
153
156
158
161
SECT. III.
_Th Plasgans: and ctan Stats natualzd
a n t Gc._
Mns n Hm
Hs gn
Hs plac n th nth wld
Th pw f Ct
Tw f th fv acs appantly Plasgan
Th tadtn f Ducaln
Th xtnt f th Mnan Emp
Evdnc f Pst-Hmc tadtn
Ccumstantal vdnc
Th Lycans
Th pnts f cnnctn wth Gc
Elmnts f th ppulatn
166
167
168
169
170
172
175
176
178
181
183
185
Cypus
Inhabtants pbably Plasgan
N th nam cmpts wth th Plasgan as dsgnatng
th fst nhabtants f Gc
Th Plasgans w th bas _substatum_ f th
G natn
Pst-Hmc tstmny spctng thm
K. O. Mlls Summay
Th Plasgan languag
Th Plasgan ut nt Gc
Pbably twfld
Rut f th Hll
Plpnnsus th ld cnt f pw
Dvatn f th Plasgan nam
188
190
193
194
195
200
203
205
206
208
209
211
SECT. IV.
_On th Phncans and th Out Ggaphy f
th Odyssy._
T ns f th Phncans n Gc
Lmts f Hms Inn G Ggaphy
And G Navgatn
Hs Out Ggaphy Phncan
Th tadtns cnnctd thwth als Phncan
Mns th
Commecial aptitude o
the mode Geeks
The Homeic Mouth o
Ocea
The to Geogaphical epots ae bleded ito oe
The Siceli ad Sicaia
Thei site is pobably o the Buttia Coast
The Epius o
Home
The Thespotias i Home
The Cadmeas i Home
Peiod
om hich they date
Coclusios espectig them
216
217
219
221
223
225
227
228
228
229
231
234
235
239
240
244
SECT. V.
_O the Catalogue._
The Geek Catalogue, popely a Aay o Revie
The Pe
ace
The List
The piciple o
aagemet
The distibutio i chie
The sub-distibutio
Poo
s o
histoic aim
Geealogies o
the Catalogue
The Epilogue
The Toja Catalogue
245
246
247
249
250
251
255
256
259
261
SECT. VI.
_O the Hellees o
Home._
The od Hellas the key to this iquiy
264
List o
passages hee used
Some o
them admit the ao sese
Some e
use it
Noe equie it
Hellees i Il. ii. 684
Pahellees i Il. ii. 530
Cephallees i Il. ii. 631 ad elsehee
The Helli o Selli
Selli o
the Scholiast o
Aistophaes
265
266
268
272
274
277
278
279
280
SECT. VII.
_O the espective cotibutios o
the Pelasgia ad
Helleic
actos to the compoud o
the Geek atio._
Cotibutios to Mythology
Coespodeces ith Rome ad Toy
The Pelasgia eligio less imagiative
Thei itual developmet
ulle
Ode o
Piests i Home ot Helleic
Cotibutios to laguage
Classes o
ods hich agee
Classes hich di
e
Evidece
om ames o
pesos
Geeal ules o
discimiatio
Names o
the Pelasgia class
Names o
the Helleic class
Cotibutios to political ideas
To matial ideas
Copoal educatio ad Games
Music ad Sog
Supposed Pelasgiaism o
the Toic age
The taditios o
Hutig
The pactice o
Navigatio
Summay o
the case
States especially Hellic o Pelasgic
285
287
289
290
293
294
298
301
307
309
311
317
320
320
322
329
331
332
336
338
342
SECT. VIII.
_O the thee geate Homeic appellatives._
Modes o

omatio
o ames o
peoples
The thee geate appellatives ot syoymous
Poo
s o
thei distictive use
The Agive Juo, Agive Hele
The Daaas o
Home
Epithets o
the thee appellatives
The Daaa ame dyastic
Compaed ith the Cadmea ame
Epoch o
the dyasty
Post-Homeic taditio
Applicatio o
the ame Agos
Achaic ad Iasia Agos
The phase
Th Apan land
Summay f ggaphcal cnclusns
Etymlgy f th wd Ags
Its cnnctn wth
346
348
350
353
355
356
359
361
363
366
368
373
378
379
380
381
384
The etymly tested by kidred wrds

The Daaa Areias f Od. viii. 578
The Arive Ju
Trasiti t Achas
Relati f Areia ad Pelasia ames
The etymly illustrated
Differet extet f and
Ppstns as t th Achan nam
Patculas f ts us
Sgns f ts lanng t th astcacy
Md f ts applcatn n Ithaca
Its lcal sns n Thssaly
In Ct
In Pyls
In Eastn Plpnnsus
Fc f th nam
The ld d l mes
The Her lds Hmer
The deset f the lds
The e rlest Helle thres Greee
The D d Argve mes used t lly
petry ly
Summ ry f the evdee
L ter lter ry hstry f the three gre t ppell tves
Ther v lue s prmtve Hstry
388
391
392
393
396
397
401
402
403
406
411
416
417
418
419
420
423
425
427
429
431
433
436
437
SECT. IX.
_O the Hmer ttle f ._
Diffeece betwee Epithets a Titles
Examples of Homeic titles
The f Hm
Cmmn ntptatns f th
Some paticulas of its use i Home
How fa coecte with metical coveiece
The d the
Agumets fo a specific meaig i
Pesos to whom the title is applie
Pesos to whom it might have bee applie
Associatios of eveece with it
It may iicate patiachal chieftaicy
Pesumptios of this i the case of Agamemo
Popositios espectig his extactio a statio
Agumets agaist his Helleic escet cosiee
Coectio of Tatalus with Geece a with Pelops
As to the seat of his powe
Homeic otices of Pelops
The Achas ose with him
They came fom Thessaly
The Doias appopiate the Pelopi successio
Potest agaist the popula taitio of the Hellei
Which, howeve, beas witess to the coectio
with Thessaly
Case of Agamemo summe up
The cases of Achises a eas
Pesumptive eviece as to Achises
Pesumptive eviece as to eas
Eviece fom the Daai geealogy
440
443
443
443
446
447
448
450
453
455
456
459
461
463
465
466
470
471
472
474
477
480
481
482
484
486
486
489
Fom the hoses of Tos

Eviece summe up
Sigs of i betwee Tojas a Gee s
Sigs coecte with the Hellic ame
The Hellespot of Home
The gift of Echepolus Achisiaes
Twofol bo, Hellic as well as Pelasgic
Case of Augeias state
Notes of coectio betwee Elis a the Noth
Relatio of Augeias to the ame Ephye
Cluste of appaetly cogate ames
The ace of
Cmmn t f all ths nams
Pbabl sgnfcatn f
Pace beag t e ame
Summay f t e evdece f Augea
Cae f Eu ete
T e te f E ye
Cae f Eumeu
T e is escee fom Jupite
The fou otes of the
Negative poofs
Pesos with the fou otes but without the title
Its isappeaace with Home
Sigs i the Ilia of political isogaizatio
Moe extesively i the Oyssey
Geeal sigificacy of the title
490
491
492
496
497
499
499
500
502
504
505
509
510
513
515
519
520
521
526
529
531
532
536
538
539
542
543
SECT. X.
_O the coectio of the Hellees a Achas
with the East._
The Acha ame has o ma of a Gee oigi
Meas fo pusuig the iquiy
The two goups of Io-Euopea laguages
Coespoig istictio of aces
Povice of Fas o Pesia pope
Asceacy of the Pesias
Relatio of the Gemai to the Celts
A to the Hellees
The Pesia tibe of
The Hmer tr es f the ers me
The Ah me ers
Its prb ble etymlgy
The ers s rdg t Herdtus
The mp rs s t relgus belef
As t rtu l, d ther resembl es
Evdee f the Behstu srpt
The rg z t est blshed by D rus
resumpts frm the term
Hllnc tats n mdn Psa
Th Ellats
Mda a pbabl suc f th Plasg
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
554
555
556
557
558
561
563
565
566
567
568
571
571
ADDENDA
573
STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.
I. PROLEGOMENA.[1]
SECT. 1.--_On th Stat f th Hmc qustn._

W a tld that, n an ancnt cty, h wh had a nw law t pps
mad hs appaanc, whn abut t dschag that duty, wth a halt
und hs nc . It mght b smwhat gd t -ntduc ths
pactc n th cas f ths wh wt nw b s n subjcts, wth
whch th as at last f th wld a famla. But t s nt
unasnabl t dmand f thm sm such asn f th bldnss as
shall b at any at psumably latd t publc utlty. Cmplyng
wth ths dmand by antcpatn, I wll plac n th fgund an
xplct statmnt f th bjcts whch I hav n vw.
Ths bjcts a twfld: fstly, t pmt and xtnd th futful
study f th mmtal pms f Hm; and scndly, t vndcat f
thm, n an ag f dscussn, th just dg bth f abslut and,
m spcally, f latv ctcal valu. My ds s t ndcat
at last, f I cannt hp t stablsh, th pp plac, bth
n th dscpln f classcal ducatn, and amng th matals f
hstcal nquy. Whn th wld has bn hang and adng Hm,
and tal ng and wtng abut hm, f naly th thusand yas,
t may sm stang thus t mply that h s stll an nht f
unfulflld nwn,[2] and nt yt n full pssssn f hs lawful
thn. H wh sms t mpach th nwldg and judgmnt f all
fm ags, hmslf uns but an vl chanc, and s l ly t b fund
gulty f gnanc and flly. Such, hwv, s nt my dsgn. Th
s n asn t dubt that Gc
Dum ftuna fut
nw ght wll h wn nbl chld, and pad hm all th hmag that
vn h culd justly clam. But n lat tms, and n mst f th
lands wh h s a fgn, I nw nt f h has v yt njyd
hs full hnu fm th ducatd wld. H s, I tust, cmng t t;
and my ds s t acclat, f v s lttl, th mvmnt n that
dctn.
As spcts th fst ptn f th dsgn whch has bn dscbd,
I wuld ff th fllwng cnsdatns. Th cntvsy _d vt
t sangun_, cncnng th psnalty f th pt, and th unty
and antquty f th w s, has bn cad n wth vgu f na a
cntuy. In dfault f xtanus tstmny, th matals f wafa
hav bn sdulusly sught n th ch mn whch was ffd by th
pms thmslvs. Th has sultd fm ths caus a cls study f
th txt, and a full dvlpmnt f much that t cntans, than culd
hav bn xpctd n tms whn th studnt f Hm had nly t njy
hs banqut, and nt t fght f t bf h culd st dwn. It s
nt mly, hwv, n wamth f flng that h may hav pftd;
th Ilad and th Odyssy hav bn, fm th abslut ncssty f th
cas, put nt th wtnss-bx thmslvs, xamnd and css-xamnd
n vy vaty f tmp, and thus, n sm dg at last, mad
t tll th wn sty. Th sult has bn upn th whl gatly
n th favu. Th m thy a sachd and tstd, th m ds
t appa thy hav t say, and th btt ds th tstmny hang
tgth. Th m plan ds t bcm, that th agumnts usd n th
sd f scptcsm and annhlatn a gnally f a tchncal and
xtnal chaact, and th gat s th mass f mal and ntnal
vdnc cntnually accumulatd aganst thm. In cnsqunc, th
has st n a stng actn amng schlas, vn n Gmany (n
England th dstuctv ths nv gatly thv), n bhalf f
th affmatv sd f all, naly all, th man qustns whch
had bn asd. Mu,[3] th last and phaps mst dstngushd f
Btsh wts n ths subjct, has lft th dbat n such a stat
that ths wh fllw hm may b xcusd, and may xcus th ads,
fm systmatc plmnay dscussn; and may pcd upn th
assumptn that th Ilad and Odyssy a n th substanc th tu
ffspng f th hc ag tslf, and a gnun gfts nt nly f a
mt antquty but f a dsgnng mnd; as wll as that h, t whm
that mnd blngd, has bn justly dclad by th vdct f all ags
t b th patach f pts. Ths cntvss hav bn bltd t
th ban; f us at last thy a all but dad, and t m t sms
lttl btt than lst tm t vv thm.
Havng thn at th psnt day th ttl t th stat n sm dg
scud fm ltgatn, w may nt upn th futn f t, and wth
all th tu zst n accunt f th cnflct, whch has bn lng and
nly fught, and n th gnal pnn faly wn. It nw bcms
all ths, wh lv Hm, t pscut th su mthd f nquy
and appcatn by cls, cntnud, cmphnsv study f th
txt; a study f whch t wuld b asy t pv th nd, by shwng
hw naccuatly th pms a ftn ctd n quats, t whch th
gnal ad justfably l s f tustwthy nfmatn. T ths
w hav bn xhtd by th wt alady namd:[4] and w hav
nly t ma hs pactc u mdl. That smthng has alady bn
attand, w may judg by cmpasn. Lt us ta a sngl nstanc.
In th ya 1735 was publshd Blac wlls Inquy nt th Lf and
Wtngs f Hm. Bntly, as t wuld appa fm Bshp Mn s
Lf[5] f that xtadnay schla, was nt t b ta n n by a
b f ths nd: but such mn as Bntly a nt sampls f th
tm, thy a lvng symbls and pdctns f what t wll qu
yas gnatns t accmplsh. W may ath judg f th cmmn
mpssn mad by ths b , fm th Nts t Pps Pfac t th
Ilad, wh Watn[6] xtls t as a w that abunds n cuus
sachs and bsvatns, and placs Hm n a nw lght. But n
ad f Hm, n u wn tm, wuld ally, I apphnd, b th
p, f vy cpy f t culd b bund.
Snc th tm f Blac wlls w , mptant ads hav bn gand
twads th study f Hm, by th sachs f tavlls, futful
n ccumstantal vdnc, and by th dscvy f th Vntan
Schla, as wll as by th psvng labus f mdn ctcs.
W hav bn gadually cmng t undstand that ths pcus
w s, whch may hav fmd th dlght f u byhd, hav als
bn dsgnd t nstuct u matu yas. I d nt h f
t th ptc pw and splndu nly. It s nw tm that w
shuld cgns th tuth, that thy cnsttut a vast dpsty f
nwldg upn subjcts f dp ntst, and f bundlss vaty;
and that ths s a nwldg, t, whch can b had fm thm aln.
It was th G mnd tansfd, wthut dubt, n sm pat thugh
Italy, but yt nly tansfd, and stll G bth n gn and
n much f ts ssnc, n whch was shapd and tmpd th gnal
muld f th mdn Eupan cvlzatn. I spa nw f cvlzatn
as a thng dstnct fm lgn, but dstnd t cmbn and calsc
wth t. Th pw dvd fm ths suc was t stand n subdnat
cnjunctn wth th Gspl, and t cntbut ts wn sha twads
th tanng f man nd. Fm hnc w t b dvd th fms and
matals f thught, f magnatv cultu, f th whl ducatn
f th ntllctual sul, whch, whn pvadd wth an hgh lf fm
th Dvn funtan, was thus t b scud fm cuptn, and bth
placd and pt n hamny wth th wld f spts.
Ths G mnd, whch thus bcam n f th man facts f th
cvlzd lf f Chstndm, cannt b fully cmphndd wthut th
study f Hm, and s nwh s vvdly s sncly xhbtd as
n hs w s. H has a wld f hs wn, nt whch, upn hs stng
wng, h cas us. Th w fnd uslvs amdst a systm f das,
flngs, and actns, dffnt fm what a t b fund anywh
ls; and fmng a nw and dstnct standad f humanty. Many amng
thm sm as f thy w thn shtly abut t b bud und a mass
f uns, n d that thy mght subsquntly appa, bght and
fsh f applcatn, amng lat gnatns f mn. Oths f thm
almst cay us bac t th aly mnng f u ac, th hus f ts
gat smplcty and puty, and m f ntcus wth Gd. In
much that ths Hmc wld xhbts, w s th tant f sn at w ,
but fa, as yt, fm ts pfct w and ts pnss; t stands
btwn Paads and th vcs f lat hathnsm, fa fm bth,
fm th latt as wll as fm th fm; and f amng all athly
nwldg, th nwldg f man b that whch w shuld chfly cut,
and f t b gnun t shuld b fundd upn xpnc, hw s t
pssbl t v-valu ths pmtv psntatn f th human ac
n a fm cmplt, dstnct, and spaat, wth ts wn lgn,
thcs, plcy, hsty, ats, manns, fsh and tu t th standad
f ts natu, l th fm f an nfant fm th hand f th Cat,
yt matu, full, and fnshd, n ts wn sns, aft ts wn laws,
l sm mastpc f th sculpts at.
Th pms f Hm nv can b put n cmpttn wth th Sacd
Wtngs f th Old Tstamnt, as gads th n nvaluabl cd
f Tuth and Hp that was cntand n thm. But whl th Jwsh
cds xhbt t us th ln btwn man and th th wld n th
alst tms, th pms f Hm shw us th bng, f whm Gd was
plasd t b thus mndful, n th f unsuspctng play f hs actual
natu. Th patachal and Jwsh dspnsatns catd, and sustand
thugh Dvn ntpstn, a stat f thngs ssntally spcal
and xcptnal: but h fst w s u nd st t w ut f
tslf, und th lghts whch cmmn lf and xpnc suppld, th
dp pblm f hs dstny. N s th, phaps, any m slmn and
mlanchly lssn, than that whch s t b land fm ts cntnual
dwnwad cus. If ths wds amunt t a bggng f th qustn,
at last, t s mst mptant f us t nw whth th cus was
cntnually dwnwads; whth, as man nlagd hs pws and hs
sucs, h cam na t, wnt fath fm hs happnss and
hs pfctn. Nw, ths nquy cannt, f Eup and Chstndm at
last, b satsfactly cnductd, xcpt n cmmncng fm th bass
whch th Hmc pms supply. As gads th gat Rman ppl,
w nw nthng f thm, whch s at nc achac and vacus. As
gads th G s, t s Hm that funshs th pnt f gn
fm whch all dstancs a t b masud. Whn th hstc pd
bgan, Gc was alady na ts ntllctual mddl-ag. Lttl can
b land f th latv mvmnts f u mal and u mntal natu
svally, fm matchng n ptn f that pd wth anth, n
cmpasn wth what w may gath fm bngng nt nghbuhd and
cntast th pstn and yuthful Gc f Hm n th n hand,
and, n th th, th dvlpd and fnshd Gc f th ag f th
tagdans th ats.
Th Msac b s, and th th hstcal b s f th Old Tstamnt,
a nt ntndd t psnt, and d nt psnt, a pctu f human
scty, f u natu dawn at lag. Th am s t xhbt t
n n mast-latn, and t d ths wth ffct, thy d t, t a
gat xtnt, xclusvly. Th Hmc matals f xhbtng that
latn a dffnt n nd as wll as n dg: but as thy pant,
and pant t th vy lf, th whl ang f u natu, and th
nt ccl f human actn and xpnc, at an pch much m
naly analgus t th patachal tm than t any lat ag, th
pms f Hm may b vwd, n th phlsphy f human natu, as th
cmplmnt f th alst ptn f th Sacd Rcds.
Althugh th cls and systmatc study f th Hmc txt has bgun
at a dat cmpaatvly cnt, yt th ma d dvlpmnt f chs
fm wthn whch t has pducd, has alady bn a al, pmannt,
and vast addtn t th mntal walth f man nd. W can nw btt
undstand than fmly much that lats t th fam and authty
f ths gat pt n aly tms, and that w may fmly hav
cntmplatd as fancful, xaggatd, unal. It was, w can nw
s, wth n dl wnd that, whl G phlsphs t txts
fm hm s lagly n th schls, th G publc lstnd t hs
stans n placs f thngd st, and n th slmn assmblags,
and G was and statsmn pt hm n th cabnts and und
th pllws; and, f th fst and last tm n th hsty f th
wld, mad th psvatn f a pts cmpstns an bjct f
pmannt publc plcy.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Rvsd and nlagd fm th Essay n th plac f Hm n
Classcal ducatn and n Hstcal nquy, whch was cntand n
th Oxfd Essays f 1857, publshd by M. J. W. Pa .
[2] Shllys Adnas.
[3] Whl spa ng f ths mnnt labu n th fld f Hmc
nquy, I must nt pass by th sympathsng spt and magnatn
f M. H. Nlsn Cldg, th admably tund Hmc tn f th
ballads f D. Magnn, th valuabl analyss cntand n th
uncmpltd Hmus f Achdacn Wllams. But f all th ctcsms
n Hm whch I hav v had th gd ftun t ad, n u wn
any languag, th mst vvd and ntly gnal a ths fund n
th Essays Ctcal and Imagnatv f th lat Pfss Wlsn.
In that mst usful, and I psum I may add standad, w , Smths
Dctnay f Classcal Bgaphy and Mythlgy, I am sy t fnd
that th mptant atcl Hmus, by D. Ihn, thugh t has th
mt f psntng th qustn n a cla lght, yt s nth
unfmly accuat n ts fncs t th txt f Hm, n at all
n cnfmty wth th pvalng stat at last f Englsh pnn
upn th cntvsy.
[4] Mus Hsty f Gcan Ltatu, vl. . p. 10.
[5] 4t d. p. 622, n.

[6] Watns Pp, vl. v. p. 371, n.
SECT. 2.--_Th Plac f Hm n Classcal Educatn._

Nw, fm ths cnsdatns may as th mptant qustn, Ds
Hm hld n u Englsh ducatn th plac whch s hs du, and
whch t wuld b f u advantag t gv hm? An mmns pc s
pad by th yuth f ths cunty f classcal acqumnt. It s th
man fft f th fst spng-td f th ntllctual lf. It s
t b hpd that ths pc wll cntnu t b pad by all ths, wh
a qualfd t pft by th acqustn; and that thugh f th
nwldg much m wll haft b gand than htf, yt f
ths th shall n n accunt b lss. Stll, vwng th gatnss
f th cst, whch cnssts n th chf ngs f s many pcus
yas, t hghly cncns us t s that what w gt n tun s gd
bth n masu and n qualty. What, thn, a th facts wth spct
t th study f Hm n England at th psnt day?
I must h bgn wth th aplgy du fm n wh fls hmslf t
b fa fm pfctly nfmd n th cas f whch t s ncssay t
gv an utln. But vn f I undstat bth th amunt f Hmc
study, and ts ffcncy, th wll, I am cnfdnt, man, aft
vy du allwanc shall hav bn mad f , ampl m f
th applcatn f th gnal ppstns that I s t nfc.
Thy a ths: that th study f Hm n u Unvsts s as yt
blw th pnt t whch t s dsabl that t shuld b cad, and
that th sam study, cad n at u publc Schls, nth s,
n can b mad, a fttng substtut f what s thus wantng at th
Unvsts.
In my wn day, at Oxfd, nw a full quat f a cntuy ag, th
pms f Hm w ad chfly by way f xcptn, and n bdnc
t th mpuls f ndvdual tasts. Thy ntd ath matally
nt ths xamnatns by whch schlashp was pncpally t b
tstd, but thy scacly fmd a substantv cgnsd pat
f th man studs f th plac, whch w dctd t th fnal
xamnatn n th Schls f th Bachls dg. I d nt
cllct t hav v had at that tm f th bng usd as th
subjct matt f th dnay tutal lctus; and f thy w s,
th cas was ctanly a a n. Althugh th lat D. Gasfd, n
th stmatn f many th fst schla f hs ag, dung hs lng
tnu f th Dany f Chst Chuch, gav th whl wght f hs
authty t th cmmndatn f Hmc study, t dd nt aval
t bng abut any matal chang. Th bass f th G classcal
nstuctn lay chfly n th phlsphs, hstans, and lat
pts; and whn Hm was, n th acadmcal phas, ta n up, h was
mplyd namntally, and thf supfcally, and was subjctd
t n such sachng and labus mthds f study as, t th gat
hnu and advantag f Oxfd, w ctanly appld t th auths
wh hld th fst an n h pactcal systm. I am ld t blv
that th cas at Cambdg was nt ssntally dffnt, althugh,
fm th gat latv spac ccupd th by xamnatns n pu
schlashp, t s pbabl that Hm may, und that aspct at last,
hav attactd a gat sha f attntn.

Whn, hwv, th Unvsty f Oxfd bught t matuty, n th
ya 1850, a nw Statut f xamnatns, ffts w mad t pmt
an xtndd study f Hm. Ths ffts, t happly appas, hav
pducd a cnsdabl ffct. Pvsn was mad by that statut f
dvdng th study f th pts fm th phlsphcal and hstcal
studs, and f ncludng th fm n th ntmdat, , as t s
tmd, fst publc xamnatn, whl bth th latt w svd
f th fnal tal, wth whch th pd f undgaduatshp s
usually wund up. All canddats f hnus n ths ntmdat
xamnatn a nw qud t psnt nt lss than twlv B s
f Hm n th lst f w s n whch thy a t b xamnd. And
I undstand that h has als ta n hs plac amng th gula
subjcts f th tutal lctus. Ths s a gat sgn f pgss;
and t may cnfdntly b hpd that, und ths ccumstancs, Hm
wll hncfwad hld a much m fwad pstn n th studs
f Oxfd. Th mans smthng t ds, and that smthng, I
shuld hp, any futh dvlpmnt f th Examnatn Statut f th
Unvsty wll supply.
It s cla, that th study f ths gat mast shuld nt b cnfnd
t ppaatn f xamnatns whch dal pncpally wth languag,
whch cannt nt upn th pmtv hsty, phlsphy,
plcy, lgn, xcpt by way f scnday llustatn. Btt
fa that h shuld b studd smply amng th pts, than that h
shuld nt b studd at all. But as lng as h s ad nly amng th
pts, h cannt, I blv, b ad ffctvly f th hgh and
m vad pupss f whch Hmc study s s lagly suscptbl.
Th gamma, mt, and dctn, th tasts, th whl ptc handlng
and qualts f Hm, d, ndd, ff an assmblag f bjcts f
u cnsdatn at nc and al sngula, attactv, xtndd,
and pftabl. Th xtanus cntvss wth whch hs nam has
s lng bn asscatd as t hs psnalty and dat, and as t th
unty and tansmssn f hs w s, althugh thy a f us, I tust,
n substanc naly dcdd, yt a nt l ly t ls th ltay
ntst, w t nly n accunt f th pculaly cnvnnt and
sductv mann n whch thy pn up many qustns f pmtv
sach; psntng ths qustns t us, as thy d, nt n th
dull gab pcd ut f antquaan scaps, but alv, and n th full
mvmnt f vgus dbat. All ths s ft f dlghtful xcs;
but much m ls bhnd.
Th s an nn Hmc wld, f whch hs vs s th tabnacl
and hs ptc gnus th xpnnt, but whch ffs n tslf a
spctacl f th mst pfund ntst, qut apat fm hm wh
ntducs us t t, and fm th mans by whch w a s ntducd.
Ths wld f lgn and thcs, f cvl plcy, f hsty and
thnlgy, f manns and ats, s wdly svd fm all fllwng
xpnc, that w may pply call thm palzc, can hadly b
xamnd and undstd by ths, wh a taught t appach Hm as a
pt nly.
Indd, th tanscndncy f hs ptcal dstnctns has tndd t
vshadw hs th clams and uss. As sttls n th vy chst
sls, satuatd wth th futs whch thy almst spntanusly yld,
aly tun th whl pws t accunt, s thy, that a taught
smply t pa t Hm f hs pty, fnd n hm, s cnsdd,
such ampl sucs f njymnt, that, unlss summnd nwads by a
dstnct and spaat call, thy a lttl l ly t tavl futh.
It was thus that Ld Bacns bllant fam as a phlsph dvtd
publc attntn fm hs mts as a pltcal hstan.[7] It was
thus, t ta a na nstanc, that mst ads f Dant, whl
submttng th magnatns t hs pwful sway, hav bn almst
whlly uncnscus that thy w n th hands f n f th mst
acut and xact f mtaphyscans, n f th mst tnd, anst,
and pfund amng sptual wts. H, ndd, th pcss has
bn smpl n fm; f th majty, at last, f ads, hav
stppd wth th st ng, and, s t spa , ncpatd magy f
th Infn, and hav nt s much as ad th fllwng, whch a
als th lft and m thal, ptns f th Dvna Cmmda.
It may b nugh f Hms fam, that th cnsnt f man nd has
vcably assgnd t hm a supmacy amng pts, wthut al
cmptts patns, xcpt Dant and Sha spa; and that,
phaps, f w ta nt vw hs dat, th unppadnss f th
wld f w s s xtadnay as hs, th cmpaatv paucty f
th tadtnal sucs and tanng h culd hav nhtd, h
thn bcms th mst xtadnay, as h s als th mst ancnt,
phnmnn n th whl hsty f puly human cultu. In patcula
pnts h appas t m, f t b nt psumptuus t say s much, t
man t ths day unqustnably wthut an qual n th managmnt f
th ptc at. If Sha spa b supm n th ntutv nwldg f
human natu and n th apd and ftl vgu f hs magnatn, f
Dant hav th lagst gasp f th hght and dpth f all thngs
catd, f h stand fst n th pw f xhbtng and pducng
cstasy, and n th cmpssd and cncntatd ngy[8] f thught
and flng, Hm, t, has hs wn pcula pgatvs. Amng thm
mght phaps b placd th faculty f hgh aty; th at f tunng
t accunt pthts and dstnctv phass; th pductn f ndct
ngatv ffcts; and th pw f catng and sustanng damatc
ntst wthut th lag us f wc d agnts, n whm lat pts
hav fund th mst ndspnsabl auxlas. But all ths s nt
nugh f us wh ad hm. If th w s f Hm a, t ltts and
t human lanng, what th aly b s f Scptu a t th nt
Bbl and t th sptual lf f man; f n thm l th bgnnngs
f th ntllctual lf f th wld, thn w must stll cllct
that that lf, t b ghtly undstd, shuld b studd n ts
bgnnngs. Th w may s n smpl fms what aftwads gw
cmplx, and n cla lght what aftwads bcam bscu; and th
w btan statng-pnts, fm whch t masu pgss and dcay
alng all th lns upn whch u natu mvs.
Ov and abv th gnal pla h ffd f th study f Hm
und th aspcts than such as a mly ptcal, th s
smthng t b sad upn hs clams n cmpttn wth th, and
spcally wth th G pts. Th cas f th Latn pts, na
t us hstcally, m accssbl n tngu, m asly tand n
th mnd und th pssu f aft-lf, m adly avalabl f
ltay and scal pupss, must stand upn ts wn gunds.
In cnsdng what s th plac du t Hm n ducatn, w cannt
altgth xclud fm vw th qustn f cmpaatv valu, as
btwn hm and hs nw succssful and vbang vals, th G
tagdans. F w a nt t xpct that f th ttal studs, at
last f Oxfd and Cambdg, any lag sha, spa ng gnally,
can haft b gvn t G pty, as a whl, than has htf
bn s bstwd. It s ath a qustn whth th shuld b sm
shftng, lss unfmty, n th psnt dstbutn f tm and
labu, as amng th dffnt clamants wthn that attactv fld.
I d nt dsput th mts f th tagdans as masts n th nbl

at. As lng as ltts a cultvatd amng man nd, f s lng
th hnus a scu. I d nt qustn th advantag f studyng
th G languag n ts mst fxd and mst xact fms, whch thy
psnt n pfctn; n th qual, at last, f nt gat valu
than Hm, as pactcal hlps and mdls n G cmpstn. But,
aft all allwancs n ths, n any th sc, thy cannt,
vn n spct f puly ptc ttls, ma gd a clam t that
pfnc v Hm, whch thy hav, nvthlss, xtnsvly
njyd. I f fa lss t schylus than t th ths, bcaus
h sms m t smbl Hm nt nly n majsty, but n natu,
alty, and hstcal vacty: and fa lss agan t Sphcls, than
t Eupds. But t may b sad f thm, gnally, thugh n gatly
dffng dgs, that whl wth Hm vythng s p-mnntly
fsh and gnun, wth thm, n th cntay, ths fshnss and
gnunnss, ths lf-l nss, a f th mst pat wantng. W
a mndd, by th matt tslf, f th mas s n whch th acts
appad, f th mchancal applancs wth th ad f whch thy
sp . Th vy xstnc f th wd, ,[9] oh[10]
lik compous, shows us h , i h Gk y, hum u
hum lif w o ps l ; hy w o up; hy w
pl c i h lih of c i pculi i s, wih viw o pculi
ffcs. Th m s w m ific lso isuciv picus, bu
hy uh, s i w, c i s lssos oly: hy w picus
_sui is_, picus m k wih c i m ism, picus
i which h is follows s which is ih oii l,
o l, o uly om l. L us y h s of xpssio
somwh ki i ymoloy: such wo s wud cay
u t face a damg ecm. Aga, et u mak t e dffeece
w c wa beved by t e agacty f Atte.[11] Wt t e eec e
t e Iad, e cmae t e eec e t e tageda; t e mt
emakabe ad teg cmt, w c we ave cca fte t
adme Eude. But, a e ay, t e C aacte f t e acet,
dubte meag Hme, eak , ths f th mdns,
. I nw n asn why th spchs f Achlls shuld nt b
cmpad wth th fnst passags f Dmsthns: but n n culd ma
such a cmpasn btwn Dmsthns and th spchs, thugh thy a
mst pwful and ffctv haangus, whch w fnd n th Tads,
th Iphgna n Auld. Ths cntast f th anst and pactcal
wth th atfcal, uns, m lss, alng th whl ln whch
dvds Hm fm th tagdans, patculaly fm Eupds.
Whn w cnsd th cas n anth pnt f vw, and stmat ths
pts wth fnc t what thy tll, and nt t th m mann f
th tllng t, th agumnt f assgnng t Hm a gat sha
f th attntn f u yuth, bcms yt stng. F t must b
admttd that th tagdans, spcally th tw lat f th th,
tach us but vy lttl f th G lgn, hsty, manns,
ats, nsttutns. At th pd whn thy wt, th lgn f
th cunty had bcm pltcal ls hstnc n ts spt,
and th fgus t psntd w nt nly multpld, but w als
hplssly cnfusd: whl mals had sun nt vy gss cuptn,
f whch, as w hav t upn xplct vdnc, tw at last f thm
lagly pat . Th chaacts and ncdnts f th wn tm, and
f th gnatns whch mmdatly pcdd t, w fund t b
gwng lss sutabl f th stag. Thy w ld, fm ths and th
causs, t ftch th thms, n gnal, fm th mt pd f
th hc p-hstc ags. But f th tadtns f ths ags
thy w n adquat xpsts; hnc th psntatns f thm
a, f th mst pat, cuchd n altd and dgnat fms. Ths
wll b mst claly sn upn xamnng th Hmc psnags, as
thy appa n th plays f Eupds. H thy sm ftn t tan
n sgn f dntty xcpt th nam. Th fm and pssu, and als
th machny physcal ccumstancs f th G dama, w such
as t p th tagdans, s t spa , upn stlts, whl ts lmtd
scp f ncssty xcludd much that was cmpsd n th wd ccl
f th pc actn; s that thy pn t us lttl, n cmpasn wth
Hm, f th G mnd and lf: f that cadl whn l, w a
t mmb, th gnal fm and lmnts, n s fa as thy a
scula, f Eupan cvlzatn.
If I may judg n any dg f th mnds f ths by my wn
xpnc, nthng s m astnshng n Hm, than th mass f
hs matt. Espcally s ths tu f th Ilad, whch mst mn
supps t b lttl m than a ggantc battl-pc. But that pm,
battl-pc as t s, wh w mght xpct t fnd nly th gltt
and th clash f ams, s ch n vy nd f nwldg, phaps
chst f all n th pltcal and hstcal dpatmnts. It s
hadly t much t say, n gnal, that bsds hs clams as a pt,
Hm has, f hmslf, all th clams that all th th classs
f ancnt wts can advanc f thmslvs, ach n hs spaat
dpatmnt. And, xcptng th w s f Asttl and Plat, n th
f whch may b gaftd th nvstgatn f th whl phlsphy f
th wld, I nw f n auth, amng ths wh a cmmnly studd
at Oxfd, ffng a fld f labu and nquy th s wd s
dvsfd, as that whch Hm ffs.
But, f Hm s nt fully studd n u unvsts, th s n
adquat cnslatn t b fund n th fact, that h s s much ad
n u publc schls.
I am vy fa ndd fm lamntng that h s thus ad. Hs f and
gnal tmpamnt gvs hm a hld n th sympaths f th yung.
Th smpl and dct cnstuctn f almst all hs sntncs allws
thm asy accss t hs manng; th xamnatn f th sns f sngl
wds, s ftn qust, s wthn th ach; whl t may adly
b blvd that th lag and vad nflxns f th G tngu,
n hs hands at nc s accuat and s lastc, ma hm pculaly
ft f th ndspnsabl and nvaluabl w f pasng. It may b,
that f byhd Hm fnds ampl mplymnt n hs xt and
m bvus aspcts. But nth byhd n manhd can ad Hm
ffctvly f all pupss at nc, f my stmat f ths pupss
b cct. Th qustn thf s, hw bst t dvd th w
btwn th pds f lf svally bst sutd t th dffnt
pats f t.
It s, ndd, smwhat dffcult, as a gnal ul, bnfcally and
ffctvly t us th sam b at th sam tm as an nstumnt f
tachng bth th languag n whch t s wttn, and th subjct
f whch t tats. What s gvn hnstly t th n pups, wll
dnaly b s much ta n wthhld fm th th. F th n
bjct, th mnd must b dctd upn th thught f th auth; f
th th, upn th matal gan thugh whch t s cnvyd; ,
n th wds, f th fm f ths tw ams hs languag must b
gadd n ts matal, f th latt n ts ntllctual, sd.
Th dffculty f cmbnng ths vws, ta n f ncssty fm
ppst quats, ncass n pptn as th studnt s yung,
th languag subtl, cpus, and labat, th subjct dvsfd
and xtndd. In sm cass t may b slght, , at last, asly
sumuntabl; but t s asd naly t ts maxmum n th nstanc

f Hm. Th a fw amng us wh can say that w land much f
th nwad pats f Hm n u byhd; whl phaps w d nt
fl that u labus upn hm w blw th avag, such as t may
hav bn, f u gnal xtns; and thugh th gnatns
may gatly mpv upn us, thy cannt, I fa, mast th hgh
ppts f th auth at that aly pd f lf. Hm, f
ad at u publc schls, s, and pbably must b, ad nly, n
th man, f hs dctn and pty (as cmmnly undstd), vn
by th mst advancd; whl t ths lss fwad h s lttl m
than a mchancal nstumnt f acqung th bgnnngs f al
famlaty wth th G tngu and ts nflxns. If, thf,
h s t b ad f hs thlgy, hsty, thcs, pltcs, f hs
s ll n th hgh and m dlcat pats f th ptc callng, f
hs nv-ndng lssns upn manns, ats, and scty, f w a t
study n hm th gat map f that humanty whch h s wndfully
unflds t u gaz,--h must b ad at th unvsts, and ad
wth fnc t hs dp tasus. H s scnd t nn f th
pts f Gc as th pt f bys; but h s fa advancd bf thm
all, vn bf schylus and Astphans, as th pt f mn.
But n dscussn upn th gnal as wll as ptcal lvatn
f Hm, can b cmplt satsfacty wthut a m dfnt
cnsdatn f th qustn--What s th hstcal valu f hs
tstmny? Ths s nt sttld by u shwng th hs xstnc,
hs xcllnc n hs at. N man dubts Asts, Bads,
Vgls psnalty, th hgh an as pts; but nth wuld
any man qut thm as authts n a pnt f hsty. T av at
a ght vw f ths futh qustn, w must b asnably assud
al f th natu f Hms gnal ntntn, f hs pptunts
f nfmatn, and f th sundnss f hs txt. T ths subjcts
I shall nw pcd; n th mantm, nugh may hav bn sad t
xplan th am f ths pags s fa as gads th m futful
study f th w s f Hm, th cntmplatn f thm n th pstv
sd n all th bangs, and th clang f a du spac f thm n
th mst fttng stags f th ducatn f th yuth f England.
FOOTNOTES:
[7] Th ma s, I thn , M. Hallams.
[8] Ths s th , whch Lngnus (c. x.) cmmnds n th
Ilad, but whch was phaps xclld n th Dvna Cmmda.
[9] Usd by Lngnus xv. Plyb. v. 56, 8.
[10] Stph. Lx. ., 1353.
[11] Astt. Pt. c. 15.
SECT. 3.--_On th Hstc Ams f Hm._

F th pupss f anatmy vy s ltn may b usful, and may
suffcntly tll th tal f th ac t whch t blngs. But whn
w cm t s f hgh bauty and f appachs t pfctn, f
hw nfnt a dvsty, f what cuntlss dgs, ds fm appa
t b suscptbl! Hw dffcult t s t fnd ths, xcpt n m

fagmnts; and hw dangus ds t pv, n dalng wth bjcts, t
tat th whl as a nmal spcmn, smply bcaus pats a fn,
vn suplatv. Whn, agan, w pass nwad, and wth th bdy
gad als th mnd f man, stll gat s th ang f dffncs,
and stll m a s th th dvlpmnt f pats n a dg
s hgh as t bng th sngl xcllnc na th dal standad,
th accuat adjustmnt f th latns t n anth, th
cmpltnss f th agggat whch thy fm.
Nw, t appas t m, that n th cas f Hm, tgth wth th
badth and lvatn f th hghst gnus, w hav bf us,
and n a yt m ma abl dg, an vn m a fulnss and
cnsstncy f th vaus nstumnts and gans whch ma up th
appaatus f th human bng--cnsttutd as h s, n mnd and bdy,
and hldng, as h ds, n th n sd f th Dty, and n th
th, f th dust. Amng all th qualts f th pms, th s
nn m xtadnay than th gnal accuacy and pfctn f
th mnut dtal, whn cnsdd wth fnc t th standads
at whch fm tm t tm thy am. Wh th pts s tch, Hm
daws; and wh thy daw, h cavs. H aln, f all th nw famus
pc wts, mvs (n th Ilad spcally) subjct t th stct
laws f tm and plac; h aln, whl pducng an unsupassd w
f th magnatn, s als th gatst chncl that v lvd,
and psnts t us, fm hs wn sngl hand, a psntatn f
lf, manns, hsty, f mals, thlgy, and pltcs, s vvd
and cmphnsv, that t may b had t say whth any f th m
fnd ags f Gc Rm, wth th cluds f auths and th
multpld fms f hstcal cd, a th m fathfully
m cmpltly cnvyd t us. H aln psnts t us a mnd and an
ganzatn w ng wth such pcsn that, sttng asd f th
mmnt any qustn as t th gnunnss f hs txt, w may asn
n gnal fm hs mnutst ndcatns wth th cnfdnc that thy
blng t sm cnsstnt and ntllgbl whl.
It may b ght, hwv, t cnsd m ccumstantally th
qustn f th hstcal authty f Hm. It has bn justly
bsvd by Wachsmuth[12], that vn th dsslutn f hs
ndvdualty ds nt gt d f hs authty. F f th w s
putd t b hs had pcdd fm many mnds, yt stll, accdng
t th unty f clu, and th cspndnc n thcal and
ntllctual tn wth th vnts f th ag thy pupt t dscb,
th wuld as an agumnt, fundd n ntnal vdnc, f
th admssblty f th whl band nt th class f tustwthy
hstcal wtnsss.
But, fst f all, may w nt as , fm whnc cms th psumptn
aganst Hm as an hstcal authty? Nt fm th fact that
h mxs mavls wth cmmn vnts; f ths, t qut n th
nstanc, wuld dsty alng wth hm Hdtus. Ds t nt as
fm ths--that hs cmpstns a ptcal--that hsty has lng
casd t adpt th ptcal fm--that an ld asscatn has thus
bn dsslvd--that a nw and advs asscatn has ta n ts plac,
whch cnncts pty wth fctn--and that w llgcally flct
ths mdn asscatn upn aly tms, t whch t s uttly
napplcabl?
If s, th s n budn f pf ncumbnt upn ths, wh gad
Hm as an hstcal authty. Th psumptns a all n favu f
th s gadng hm. Th qustn wll, f cus, man--In what
pptns has h mxd hsty wth magnatv mbllshmnt? And

h has funshd us wth sm ads twads th cnsdatn f ths
qustn.
Th mmns mass f matt cntand n th Ilad, whch s bynd what
th actn f th pm qus, and yt s n ts natu pply
hstcal, f tslf suppls th stngst pf f th hstc
ams f th pt. Whth, n th ntductn f all ths matt, h
fllwd a st and cnscus pups f hs wn mnd, whth h
nly fd th apptt f hs has wth what h fund t b agabl
t thm, s lttl matal t th qustn. Th gat fact stands,
that th was th a dsgn t fulfl, , at last, an apptt t
fd--an ntns ds t cat bnds and latns wth th past--t
gasp ts vnts, and fastn thm n fms whch mght bcm, and
mght ma thm bcm, th ppty f th psnt and th futu.
Wthut ths gat sgn f nblnss n th natu, G s nv
culd hav bn G s.
I hav patculaly n vw th gat multtud f gnalgs;
th xtadnay cnsstncy n wth anth, and wth th th
hstcal ndcatns f th pms; th xtnsn t a vy lag
numb, spcally n th Catalgu, f scnday psns; I ta
agan th Catalgu tslf, that mst ma abl pductn, as a
whl; th accuacy wth whch th nams f th vaus acs a
handld and bstwd thughut th pms; th patculaty f th
dmands gulaly mad upn stangs f nfmatn cncnng
thmslvs, and spcally th cnstant nquy wh w th pants,
what was, f ach psn as h appas, _hs_ latn t th past?
and futh, th numus lgnds naatvs f p ccuncs
wth whch th pms, and patculaly th m hstc Ilad, s s
thc ly studdd. Evn th natnal us f patnymcs as ttls f
hnu s n tslf hghly sgnfcant f th hstc tun. Nay, much
that tuchs th gnal stuctu f th pm may b tacd n pat
t ths suc; f all th ntmdat B s btwn th Wath and
th Rtun f Achlls, whl thy a s cntvd as t hghtn th
mltay gandu f th h, a s many tbuts t th spcal and
lcal dss n ach stat dstct f cmmmatn f th
patcula chfs, whch Hm wuld, f cus, hav t mt, as h
tnatd thugh th vaus pats f Gc.
Nw, ths apptt f cmmmatn ds nt fx tslf upn what
s magnay; t may tlat fctn by way f accssy and
mbllshmnt, but n th man t must, fm ts natu, ly upn
what t ta s t b sld fd. Th actns f gat mn n all tms,
but spcally n aly tms, affd t sutabl matal; and th
s nthng atnal n blvng that th ac whch n ts nfancy
pducd s mavllus a pt as Hm, shuld als n ts nfancy
hav pducd gat was and gat statsmn. Cmpsng, wth such
pws as hs, abut hs wn cunty, and f hs wn cuntymn,
h culd scacly fal, vn ndpndntly f cnscus pups,
t cnvy t us a gat mass f such matt as s n alty f th
vy hghst hstc tuth and valu. If, ndd, w advanc s fa
as t th cnvctn that hs has blvd hm t b ctng
hstcally, th man qustn may spdly b dcdd. F ach
gnatn f mn, pssssd f th mntal cultu ncssay n d
t appcat Hm, nws t much f th gnatns mmdatly
pcdng t admt f utt and whlsal mpstn. But t s a fa
nfnc fm th Odyssy, that th Tjan Wa was thus sung t th
mn and th chldn f th mn wh wagd t. Fu lays f bads[13]
a mntnd n that pm; n f Phmus, th f Dmdcus; and ut
f th fu, th lat t th Wa, whch appas t shw claly
that ts clbty must hav bn bth nstantanus and vpwng;
th m s, as th nly manng n has fnc nt t any human
tansactn, but t a scn n Olympus. And I shall shtly advt
t th qustn, whth th Hmc pms thmslvs w n all
pbablty cmpsd nt lat than wthn tw gnatns f th Wa
tslf.
It may b tu that, wth spct t sm pats f hs hstcal
ntcs, th pt, adaptng hmslf t th wshs and tasts f hs
has, mght ta lbts wthut fa f dtctn, mst f all
wh h has flld n accsss, n d t cmplt a pctu;
but I thn w shuld b wng n suppsng that n th ntst f
hs at h wuld hav ccasn t ma ths a gnal pactc,
t cay t n hstcal subjcts bynd matts f dtal. N can
I whlly dsgad th analgy btwn hs hsty and hs qually
cpus and vywh ntmxd ggaphcal ntcs: such f thm,
I man, as lay wthn th sph f G xpnc. Ths ndd, h
culd nt, und th ys f th mn wh had hm, cast nt th muld
f fctn; yt th culd b n call f ppula ncssty f hs
unqualld and mst mnut pcsn, and t can nly b accuntd f
by th blf that accuat cd was a gat pups f hs pms. If
h was thus caful t cd bth classs f patculas al , and
f, as t th n, w abslutly nw that h has cdd thm wth
xmplay fdlty, that fact ass a cspndng psumptn f
sm wght as t th th.
But th s, I thn , anth agumnt t th sam ffct, f th
hghst dg f stngth whch th natu f th cas admts. It
s t b fund n th fact that Hm has nt scupld t ma sm
sacfcs f ptcal bauty and ppty t ths hstc ams. F
f any judcus ctc w calld upn t spcfy th chf ptcal
blmsh f th Ilad, wuld h nt ply by pntng t th multtud
f sts fm th past, havng n cnnxn, at bst a vy
fbl n, wth th Wa, whch a fund n t? Such bf and mn
lgnds as ccu n th cus f th Catalgu, may hav a ptcal
pups; t appas nt mpbabl that thy may b ntducd by way
f lf t th dynss f tpgaphcal and lcal numatn. But n
gnal th naatvs f p ccuncs a (s t spa ) ath
fstd n, and w must thf supps f thm a pups v and
abv that, whch as a m pt Hm wuld hav n vw. It s had
t cncv that h wuld hav ndulgd n thm, f h had nt bn
abl t mnst t ths spcal am by ts mans. Thus, agan, th
cuus and mptant gnalgy f th Dadanan Hus[14] s gvn by
nas, n answ t Achlls, wh had just shwn by hs taunt that
h, at last, dd nt want th nfmatn, but nw vy wll[15]
th clams and ptnsns f hs antagnst. Agan, th lng sty
tld by Agammnn, n th assmbly hld f th Rcnclatn, whn
dspatch was f all thngs qust, may bst b accuntd f by th
ds t lat th ccumstancs attndng th bth f th gat
natnal h, Hculs. It ctanly mpds th actn f th pm,
whch sms t b cnfssd n th bu nsnuatd by th ply f
Achlls:-

.[16]
S m s hs h s wh P us, s hu f ws
m f h ms f m , s ( us h m h s)
u-h Ns, h vh B , , huh h h s

m s w, s u sh f hu
ff-w s, -h f whh, h u f h
E s wh Ps, su v .
I m s , h hs ffuss u f h
uus f Ns, f s sh m w f uusss
A mm. I , , w m m hm wh h m
f sh m O s f u s mm sus.
Bu m f hs h v f wh v: fm f
hm u suffs. O h h h , h hs m
u s hh uus s f h G s:
wh, h, shu w f u Hm h h f , f,
wsss,[17] wh m us f hs s
s u h v f f hm?
I w sv, h f hs s f h
u s su, sus hs h
h m jus h s wh h um f wu
h v w s; smuh s hs s
ms w s h h T , f h
mv, s muh f v , fm h w
x f hs h s.
Bu, v v h ss, whh sm w h h
m h hs m, h muu f m sh s whh
u huh , whh, s Hm u h v v v
fm f hm, w m sus . Th
f h fu fsh f u s, u h h v h shw
h f wh h s v f ff. Wh, f s ,
shu Hm s f Cms , h u shus sh
w s ?[18] Wh shu wh hs wh h h
ff Ahs f z w s h fm h
E?[19] Wh shu h s h s s h u
u whh h h s w v?[20] Wh shu h us h
Tus w s f sm s u?[21] Wh s M us v m ?[22]
Wh h s P ss Ihhm, wh w s w Eumus, w
f h us h s _s _ f Mv m?[23]
Ths uss, v w m, mh f mu.
Bu, f , h m m f h s
f hs us, h h f Hm hmsf. Is h, f
h u uss, h h f h h whh
h ss? Ds h xh s fm ssu? Ds h h
s ? A h s f s f h w whh v
hs f hs hs, f hs hs whh hs f
h w, s h s, h m , s Phmus Dmus
mh hmsvs h v su? W hsmuh s s w, h Hm mus
s s wh h u s f h h .
Th , h s, ss, u h Oss, f fs
s f s fm ; u h s huhu f
wh h , su, sh, us . I wu sum
u hus; h Hm v wu h v vu ss wh m
s, s hs s su-- m s
hs m s h h s m s --uss h h s h
susss f hs . I s sw s h
ws-- m, h s-- m s h suj s m,
s h h s h s whu v hs s
s fm j v w s h mhs f hm,
whh Hm h s h h, , m hmsf
us. F h su h s h s, h h
f s h sm f u f h h ,

f . Th u m us f s
ss f fs, u , m s su h w
m, s f s s su . Bss, s m ss, h h
mms s v s f h s; m h
v ux , h Chus. Bu Hm j fm
sss, h s whs h v f. A ,
s fm h f, h mms hs h s
hmsvs h. Su h v u h v f
hmsf hs ss, uss h h m h
susss f hs w ss u wh hm . H wu h v
s ms h s h v , whs s s w f h
w w, fm hmsvs, u fm wh h h h
f h s uh us; wh s w
Ahs m s f Ahs, Usss m s f Usss, s wh
h s. Nx h w h, s h h h f
h; u w v s h , s s , h h .
S, u hs, I f h m m s mus m
us . Th us, whh Hm s s s ss
h s f hs w , whh h fhs fm s
h hs f s m s m h mz wh hm, mus
f u susss u s h s s
ums, whh sus , u fs
h ms huh s h sf f h x; h h
f h w ss f, whh h s f
h suv shs, wh h , ma such
cpus appals.
But th assumptn by an fft f mnd f th manns and tn f
a mt ag, jnd wth th cnsstnt suppt f ths chaact
thughut plngd w s, s f vy a ccunc. In G
ltatu th s nthng, t my nwldg, whch at all appachs
t; and ths I thn may faly b ugd as f tslf almst cnclusv
aganst ascbng t t Hm. Th lat tagdans, n whs
cmpstns w shuld l f t, d nt appantly s much as thn
f t; and t s mst dffcult t supps a pt s natnal as Hm
t b n ths cadnal spct ntly dffnt fm all ths f
hs ac. Indd th suppstn s adcally at vaanc wth th
da f hs ptcal chaact; f whch th vy gundw ls n a
chldl uncnscusnss, and n th unty f At wth Natu[24].
May w nt, hwv, g a gd dal futh, and say bldly that th
faculty f assumng n ltay cmpstns an achac cstum, vc,
and mann, ds nt blng at all th t an ag l that f Hm,
t any ag f whch th ltay cndtns at all smbl t?
In th fst plac, an nvnt, w ng l Hm f th gnal
publc, must, by dpatng altgth fm th mds f thught,
xpssn, and actn cunt n hs wn day, _p tant_ ls hs
hld upn ths n whs appval h dpnds. It sms t fllw that
ths wll nt b susly attmptd, xcpt n an ag whch has
casd t affd a lbal supply f th matals f manc. Is nt
ths psumptn mad gd by xpnc? Th G tagdans, t s
ndsputabl, dd nt fnd t ncssay t am, and dd nt am, at
pducng th whl cntmpay appaatus, whch was n stctnss
apppat and du t th chaacts. Vgl mad n such attmpt n
th nd, f whch, ntwthstandng th manns abund n anachnsms
f dtal. Th manc pts f Italy dalz th subjct, nt,
hwv, by th vval f antqu manns wth th pp appaatus
f ncdnts, but by mans f an abundant ptnatual machny.
Evn n Sha spas Kng Jhn, Hny IV, Hny VIII, hw lttl
dffnc can b dtctd fm th Elzabthan ag, (n ths pnt)
fm n anth[25]. Agan, n Macbth La, nugh s dn
t pvnt u uttly cnfundng th ags wth th cmmn lf
f th has; but th s nthng that appachs t a cmplt
chaactstc psntatn f th spctv tms t whch th
psnags a suppsd t blng. S, agan, n Clanus, Julus
Csa, Antny and Clpata, th s a st f Rman _tga_ thwn
lsly v th fgus; but w d nt fl uslvs amdst Rman
lf whn w ad thm. And, n tuth, what s dn at all n ths
cass s nt dn s much by pducng as by gnalzng, n th
sam sns as a pant gnalzs hs daps. A gat nstanc
f th gnun pcss f pductn s t b fund n S Walt
Sctt. H, hwv, bsds bng a man f pwful gnus, cast nt
n th muld f hs wn ag, but n n ssntally blngng t th
past, was a mast f antquaan nwldg. And ths lads m t
nam what sms t b th scnd cndtn f sus and succssful
attmpts (I nd nt h spa f bulsqus, f whch all th tuchs
must b bad ns) at dsntng and vvng bygn ags n th
whl ccl and schm f th lf. Th fst, as has bn alady
sad, s t lv n an ag tslf scally ld, s as nt t abund n
pp matals f hgh nvntn. Th scnd s, t lv n an ag
pssssd f such abundant dcumnts and cds f a fm tm as t
ma t pactcabl t xpl t n all pnts by hstcal _data_.
Ths cndtn was wantng t Vgl, vn suppsng hm t hav had
th ncssay tasts and qualfcatns. It was nt wantng t Sctt,
wth fnc spcally t th pd f th Stuats, wh, bsds
a vast abundanc f al and wttn tadtns, had laws, usags,
achtctu, ams, cns, utnsls, vy magnabl fm f lc
and f tstmny at hs cmmand, s that h culd hmslf fst lv
n th ag f hs w s, and thn, whn hmslf acclmatsd, nvnt
accdng t t.
In all ths t s nt fgttn that a ctan amunt f achasm s
ndspnsabl n all w s puptng t daw th subjct fm a
lng-past ag. But ths _mnmum_ nd nly b slght and gnal,
as n th nd; and t cnssts ath n th xclusn f mdn
accsss, than n th vval f th gnal tn. And agan,
th vy chc f subjct, as t s gav and sv lght and
gay, wll t sm xtnt nflunc th manns: th fm wll
spntanusly lan twads th past, th latt, dpndng n th zst
f nvlty, wll b m dspsd t clth tslf n th fms f th
psnt. Thus w hav a m antqu tn n Hny th Ffth, than n
th My Wvs f Wnds. But achac clung wthn lmts such as
ths s badly dffnt fm such systmatc psntatn f th
antqu as Hm must hav pactsd, f h had pactsd t at all.
As n manc and pty, s n th pgss f th dama, ths
mthd appas t b th busnss f a lat ag. Th stngth f
damatc magnatn s always whn th dama tslf s yung. It
thn cnfdntly ls upn ts ssntal lmnts f th ncssay
llusn; t nws lttl, and cas lss, abut sustanng t by
labat attntn t mn mblms and ncdnts. But whn t has
lvd nt th ld ag f cvlzd scty, whn th ctcal faculty
has bcm stng and th magnatn wa , thn t stngthns
tslf by mnut accuacy n scny and cstum,--n fact, by xact
pductn. Ths s ndd th nvl gft f u wn tm: and by
mans f t thatcal vvals a nw undstd and pactsd amng
uslvs n a mann whch fm gnatns culd nt mulat, but
dd nt qu.
N must w fgt th mptanc, wth fnc t ths dscussn,

f Hms mnutnss, pcsn, and multtud f dtals. Evy n
f ths, b t mmbd, f w supps hm nt t b pantng fm
th lf, affds an addtnal chanc f dtctn, by th dscpancy
btwn th lf habtually psnt t th pts xpnc, and that
whch h s psntng by fft. But th vc f th Hmc pms
s n ths spct, aft all, unsnus, l that f th G s,
and nt multfm, l that f th Tjan amy[26]. W a dvn,
thf, t supps that Hm pactsd ths at f pductn n
a scal, as wll as wth a succss, snc unhad f, and ths at a
pd whn, accdng t all l lhd and all th xpnc, t
culd nly n a vy lmtd sns b pssbl t pactc t at all.
Th xtavaganc f ths suppstns tlls pwfully aganst thm,
and nc m thws us bac n th blf that th bjcts whch h
pantd w, n th man, ths whch hs wn ag placd bnath hs
vw.
Ths vw f th hstcal chaact f Hm, I blv,
substantally ags wth that ta n by th G s n gnal. If I
f t Stab, n hs ma abl Plgmna[27], t s bcaus h
had ccasn t cnsd th pnt patculaly. Eatsthns had
tatd th gat s f pts as a fabulst. Stab cnfuts hm.
Eatsthns had hmslf ntcd th pcsn f th ggaphcal
dtals: Thsb, wth ts dvs; Halatus and ts madws; Anthdn,
th bunday; Lla by th sucs f Cphssus; and Stab tts
upn hm wth fc--
; h eer l l , h Hmer e f, h
mh he Oyey e l fr pl lver:- ,
that so Home adjoied mythical oamets to tue evets. But histoy
as the basis:-- [28]. And, n
adptng th blf that Hm s t b ta n gnally f a mst
tustwthy wtnss t facts, I am fa fm sayng that th a n
cass f xcptn, wh h may asnably b suspctd f shwng
lss than hs usual fdlty. Th dctn must b accptd wth
lattud: th qustn s nt whth t s abslutly saf, but
whth t s th last unsaf. W may mst asnably, phaps, vw
hs statmnts and psntatns wth a spcal jalusy, whn thy
a such as appa systmatcally cntvd t nhanc th dstnctv
xcllncs f hs natn. Thus, f nstanc, bth n th causs
and ncdnts f th wa, and n th latv qualts and mts f
G s and Tjans, w may d wll t chc th t apd actn f
u judgmnts, and t allw sm scp t th suppstn, that th
hstcal duts f th bad mght h natually bcm subdnat
t hs pattc pups n glfyng th ss f hs has, that
mmtal gup wh bcam thugh hm th funtan had t Gc, bth
f natnal unty and f natnal fam.
Indd, whl I cntnd nly f th hstc am and chaact f
Hm, I undstand th tms n a sns much hgh than that f m
pcsn n th ladng naatn. W may, as I am dspsd t thn ,
vn f w shuld dsblv th xstnc f Hln, f Agammnn,
f Ty, yt hld, n all that s mst ssntal, by th hstcal
chaact f Hm. F myslf, I as t b pmttd t blv n
ths, and n much bsds ths; yt I als plad that th man
qustn s nt whth h has cctly cdd a ctan ss
f tansactns, but whth h has tuly and fathfully psntd
manns and chaacts, flngs and tasts, acs and cunts,

pncpls and nsttutns. H ls th pth f hsty; ths t
has f ts sul, and fact f ts bdy. It ds nt appa t m
asnabl t psum that Hm dalzd hs naatn wth anythng
l th lcns whch was pmttd t th Calvngan manc; yt
vn that manc dd nt fal t tan n many f th mst ssntal
patculas a tu hstc chaact; and t cnvys t us, patly by
fact and patly thugh a vast paabl, th nwad lf f a pd
pgnant wth fcs that w t pat pwfully upn u wn
chaacts and cndtn. Evn ths wh wuld gad th cass as
paalll shuld, thf, mmb that thy t must ad Hm
thws than as a pt n th vulga and m pvalng sns, whch
dvsts pty f ts latn t alty. Th m thy ad hm n
that spt th hgh, I blv, thy wll as th stmat f
hs stll un nwn and unappcatd tasus.
FOOTNOTES:
[12] Hstcal Antquts f th G s, vl . Appndx C.
[13] Od. . 326, v. 72-82, 266-366, 499-520.
[14] Il. xx. 213-41.
[15] Il. xx. 179-83.
[16] Il. xx. 148-50.
[17] H. A.P. v. 359.
[18] Od. . 266.
[19] Il. xx. 826.
[20] Ibd. 326-33.
[21] Il. v. 801.
[22] Il. xx. 409.
[23] Od. v. 797.
[24] Nglsbach, Hmsch Thlg, Enltung, pp. 1-3.
[25] Sctt has pad, hwv, a tbut t Sha spa n ths gund
n Th Ftuns f Ngl. Nvls and Rmancs, vl. . p. 68, 8v.
dtn.
[26] Il. v. 438.
[27] Stab . 2, p. 16.
[28] Stab . 2, p. 20.
SECT. 4.--_Th pbabl Dat f Hm._
In mplyng such a phas as th dat f Hm, I man n fnc t

any gvn numb f yas bf th Olympads, but smply hs latn
n th d f hsty t th hc ag; t th vnts, and, abv
all, t th lvng typ f that ag.
Whn asstng gnally th hstc ams and authty f th
pt, I d nt psum t pnunc cnfdntly upn th dffcult
qustn f th pd at whch h lvd. I pf t dwll upn th
ppstn that h s an gnal wtnss t manns, chaacts, and
das such as ths f hs pms. It s nt ncssay, t ma gd
ths ppstn, that w shuld dtmn a gvn numb f yas
as th maxmum that culd hav passd btwn th Tjan wa and th
cmpstn f th Ilad Odyssy. But th ntnal vdnc sms t
m vy stngly t suppt th blf, that h lvd bf th Dan
cnqust f th Plpnnsus. That h was nt an y-wtnss f th
wa, w abslutly nw fm th Invcatn bf th Catalgu[29].
It als appas[30] that h must hav sn th gandchldn f nas
gnng v th land f Pam. It s n xtavagant suppstn that
fty ffty yas aft th sg, phaps vn lss, mght hav
bught ths t pass.
Th sngl da fm f xpssn n th pms, whch at fst
sght tnds t suggst a vy lng ntval, s that qutd by Vllus
Patculus[31], th [32]. B he qe re,
heher h hr l l -m r , r pe l emellhme?
I he frmer ee, mply re phy l eeer y f
m , l reqre ppe h le h l pe
f ere eee he Tr he eph f he pe. Th
hyphe, hh Heye pe f he ehh r h eer [33],
eer l p h rejee. If e me, f e p
he ve f h frml r me, le ll efe
hrl l f e. Th l he phr e, mm
r me h repe he elle l h r er f me
mre, ye remve frm , perh p, y mre h frm
q rer h lf ery--here ere he y. N y,
he erv f P erl, epe lly he eh
mrer, elf exemplfe he lle re h hh hee qe
h ve ee re e. Fr he Il elf pple mplee er
he peeh f Ner, h r he very me r eee he
here f he Tr he f h e rler y:

[34].
A r h e h ve hee r me re, pple y
Hmer hmelf, f he re l fre f he phr e, hh eem fx
meh er h lf ery, h m e h rme h
he ffre y he p e rel he ee f
e . The rme f Mfr[35] he e f Hmer ppe r me
e f re v le: , hle rejee, ere
y Heye[36]. Nr e y eve he er he h re
h , f r he pe emy e, he ye r frm Prh
he ee re m y frm he ee h y[37]. B
Prh he f her f Plype, h le The l v
he r.[38]
If h ve f Hmer me he p rl r e e rre,
e he eer er hy h he pe, h e h
frm f eh eme fr me he Il , e emply he
Oyey, hh he l er pem, hh he h ppre
eh; h he hle expl f Ulye Ph ,

epe lly he h l f he B Ih . Fr he Il mre
qe e f lr prev l, em e y he lfer
r f he .
There e p e, e ly, hh j p le f e
re ll he re Dr qe: h
he Frh B f he Il , here J ell Jper h he ell
he ery pe f her, heever he m y he, her
hree e re e, Ar, Sp r , Mye[39]. I pr le
h he p e refer h h ee pr e y
Herle[40], h p he lly ere y Phx[41].
B, he fr pl e, e h hee e ere y
ee erye y he Dr qe, mre h hey h ee y
prev y errr l h e. If, he her h ,
e ee, h e ee re he p e mply mre
h revl epee f m er l er, he e ee
re he e f he Dr qe ll he
prprey f he p e, fr Hmer lre y e y r h he
e, he errry hh hey ele, h h e h
frm D Pere, frm Pere Pelp.
B eve f r le eqv l frm l e p e
l e m y me ehe, e l e h f Hmer, y y
l jly r frm fe re, heher pve r e ve,
h re re he eer l y f he pem. N h l
re frm he me l ee f y ll Hmer
he eer l e f he re Dr qe, he
eqe rer f he l r Erpe Greee, r he
mr e r, r he very exee f he e A Greee
hh ppe h ve lle e. Repe he qe
elf, he mh y e effr f eler e e h ve
ep lee: ple h he l h ve ve er y
y referee rel, h , h lee f
h e hh h r e he hle rf e f ey Greee? I
l e mre r l, ere e rve (hh he e),
eve ppe h he p e qe h ee mpere h,
h m e h he pe l h ve frre hrh ey-eh
h le, m e y her referee , r frher er y h
lee f, eve hh m h pp h ve pe fr
hm l re p r f he hle hrz f lfe experee.
A , he ll he rmpe he r-hre f
llr ve p e, e he r, re y f r
lh fl, he hery h Hmer r hm
yem f rf re ffere frm h hh he rere; reqre
p pp fr he expl f hem, ey he
very r l e h he her pe, h ee lly h
m er, ye, h er lm, ely prje hmelf
h je frm he frer f every- y lfe he melle
f e; , herefre, h he m y vely h ve exle frm
h pem er je r pr e, hh h he e
h ve ee mre r le e. A , h re e y he
me lee f Greee prper he Pelpe, hh Hmer h
pl ye? Why e he ( pp rely) mh eer h he e
A Mr? H m he re Dr , j emere frm mp r ve
r rm, l he le r ll? H r e, h Lyr
hl h ve qre he f me f h v fr re he pem
he Pelpe, le re revl f e
m r e fr her h me eee, ler e r re ly
e e he relle f hem he very ry, hh ey ll

her hey vere h l ze f lry.
Of he very m ll mer f p e he pem hh
referee eve l er h he , here re , h rel
he me je, fr hh fr h ppe r ffl
. Why e Nepe re p he Olymp Cr h
f r her r je ly, le he r f efee,
h ly hr p y he Ah rmy, hl elpe he ll l
r Try y Apll hmelf? Evely rer frm
Jper he e, h he hl eqely hmelf eff e ll
r e f . B hy e Hmer h h xey fr
- ppe r e? Why e he rer eqely he je,
m reflly rel e h Jper y r , Apll y r he
mh f eh rver, Nepe h h re, ll per e
ery he r , m e he hre mh eve ? H Hmer
lve m y eer fer he Trj r, hee p e l h ve
ee erely h prpe, fr he ee he h ve ve re
h, hy e h lef r e ll vle f he l r f
y. B f he lve e r he per f he r, he e very
ffere. He mh he e h llee y h m rme he rer, h,
f hey freqee he p e he Se f M rmr , l h ve h
le r ve f he mp f A mem, h l r lly reqre
hm e fr he ppe r e eve f h r
y l r f he rmy l pre, he Trj lery
l m e pr le fr her h r rve ver[42].
Thee p rl r ppe r e rh er: he
re re fr pl he e f Hmer very e r h f he
W r re, h vle ey h he e, he ler ye
v he e, f hh he , he r erv l e
feel eee hmelf, he very e re f ll h fll hm.
FOOTNOTES:
[29] Il. . 486.
[30] Il. xx. 308.
[31] H. . 5.
[32] Il. v. 304; x. 383, 449; xx. 287.
[33] Ex. . Il. xxv., vl. v. p. 828.
[34] Il. . 262-272.
[35] H. Greee, h p. . App.; vl. . 169-74, 4.
[36] Heye, Ex. . Il. xxv.; vl. v. p. 226.
[37] Gr vlle Pe he Prm ry Arme f he Il , p. 314.
[38] Il. . 740.
[39] Il. v. 51.
[40] Il. . 660.
[41] Il. x. 593.
SECT. 5.--_The Pr le Trrhe f he Tex f Hmer._

Le pree er he qe, h mp ,
he hle, fe m e, r h rle e m jly fll,
r e Hmer e, h referee he ex f he
Pem?
Sh ll e p ve frm f mpleely rere ex, l e h
f Mr. P ye Kh?
Sh ll e, h h heree p rl r p er, me
e eher p le r, le , m pr le h exeve
rrp f he ex h rly h ve ee ve[43]; h ll e,
eqee, hl he reeve ex prv lly, je
ex r meme r y p rl r hery er
Hmer, h e, m er , hh e m y relve
h ve hh f fll r r?
Sh ll e m hr ve, he ex f Ar rh r he
Alex r r, he _el_ hh he h pl e
vere hh he pee?
Or h ll e pree, eer l rle, p he elef, h he
reeve ex f Hmer eer l rrhy, f r,
le , e very re ly prefer le y rere r lere
frm h ever, hh h hher ee pre r prpe fr
r ep e?
My ee preferee fr he frh l f hee ler ve:
h he erv , hever, p , h he hr e
ee lly ffer frm h repe he re y f he Pem,
f r e h he Alex r ex re lly .
I prefer h re y f r he fe: he ly e hh e
eere p h h m f prelm ry e, ere
free e er f Hmer qe p r
hel mm: , herefre, he ly e, y me f hh
e hpe l m er l rel he re r
f qry. I rer f rly r e he e, he fll
prp m y e e f f Hmer y:-1. Th e hl p he ex elf he f ll Hmer
qry, y preeve hery, r y rr ry r f
rm, refer le p rl r per, hl, r per.
2. Th e pree y r f r y evee r
frm he ex, e hl v he emp lve ffle
f le r y, y e p rl r pr f
rrp r erpl e: hl ever e e exep p he
le ex m f he p rl r p e qee; hl e
p rly he lery eve f rr y premp ;
hl l y le he re er er h he hy
qee.
N, le er hee rle, he meh hh prpe
y me f hem pply,
_ ._ Wh referee he f lre f her meh.
_._ Wh referee he eee pr le fr r he
eer l e f he ex.
_._ Wh referee he er l evee f e r
e ffre y he ex elf.
The fr f he rle h ee rh mre mre
per y he elever Hmer he Pe f he Il he
Oyey, elf-efee he ep l here: h
ee h e e p y Mre h h re h
mpleee, le ve he, h p , mply he y f
re h fep.
A , he e, m y e hpe h y he fre f
rm e r lly m ve, hh perh p le,
ye, y v f re lee, h hrh
he er f lre rvee f ll her meh. Fr
here r hly (h r h e), he rely
exe frm he Hmer ex h ever l he h r re
ep, , fer ll, ee lly perf l vl r
meh f pree: f ex le efre he evee
h he Pe he ex h ee re ly frme,
h reely ee, y ler ry, h rly e frve .
The ex f Hmer e f lle: , he fr pl e,
pl , f r eer l e m e , h he pem,
hey , ffr f r eer rer f h y her
frm f hem hh h ee prpe, heher r le her
prp l memer, y he erve hl, r ly mee
y free h l e l. All he re pree hh h ve
ye ee re, h ve ee e lem, r her lem f
efl m e, fr every e h hey y. I f , he e
f heme, h h f L hm [44], h ee heve y
h l e re l prre r , mply l h
m y pel , l e, fl, e h re
hr he ry pprv l, e h r frm he re f he
rl her h he hr r he mle, hh eem e he
prper re r f pervere ey.
I l e premp j re he rem r le perfrm e
f Mr. P ye Kh e f h m y e lle-- rr phr e
frm he mmer l rl--he Hmer le-heme. I
p e h e ere y Heye. I h le y he lm jme
refe e f Lr Aeree. Ye h eh.

[45].
The re l f me h erye he v le f Mr. P ye Kh
Prleme , h ee eely f vr le h ex
pr l emp rer. Wh he l ex he rh
h , Mr. Kh he lef, h l hh l
fr he e re l ee Hmer? Or h ll ever vere
plh re r re-melle Il ?
Ap r, hever, frm he f re f he rel f
emp rer, h ve e re eleve h he ex
f Hmer h , hle, ee erly v e y erpl

r rrp? The ffle e r m frm he
me f he pe re e ee. B I h e h ve rely
eh ere he m f me hh ere v l le, hh
ere lly emplye, rer er lze he ffle,
heve he . Alhh r f me erp ppe r
h ve exe he eph f he Pem, e pr ly prve,
m y y r e e flly me, h Hmer re,
ree ly. Th he fr ep: fr he e. I p y
he rme h he, h ey h pem f h leh l e
r me r lly ll, e lre y pe f y he eer l
ver f he rl. S, l ee, I le ve eh me, he p
here Mre h pl e hem, ll he re f he _peer_, h
y h here ere r lly mer f Il Oye ,
fer r m e p he pem h e h ve hem: f he
_ mplfer_, h l p hem exp e repevely y r l
erpl frm r l f m ll me; f
he _ep r r_, h ll h ve j Hmer mre, e fr
he Il , e fr he Oyey. I me fr he pree prpe
he r ry f ll hee hree prp: mply ve he
h eleve hem, h l eve h he ex eer lly
fe rrhy e l, me er f h
je.
I emp eh rerpevely he pr le fre f he
Hmer ex, I preme h e m y e lh r p f ep rre
he jme elvere y Heye[46], h he m rp f Hmer re
f ry: h e pe ll, r e rly ll, h he Alex r
r pee; h y he v e f he r l r, e
h ve pr ly, he hle, eer rer Hmer h h f
Ar rh, hh he f he mer ex. The mperfe e
f he r fr e e e, he h e
pr , h ve , e m y l ppe h Heye[47], e mre
h rfl r e ry m e he pe.
The fr er qe h; h f r Hmer ml e, fr,
y he rh p, r reer, efre he p r,
ely, y he h, rer r he l y f he Il
e y, m, me, h ve e lere mh, eve f
hey h hm f her , ly h h eefl
_ex e jr _. I , f re, me h hee l y,
eve hh e lly e hey me frm her fr mer, ere m y
e lly ep r e. A Heye qe he Shl f P r[48],
mpl y repr h Ch h hl h erpl e
l rely, ell he p e hh Jeph[49] ( he e)
ve h p h he Il , frm h v ee pee
eher l fer mpe, preee m y rep e.
N, eve f h ere he p f Jeph, l h ve mre
pree hr l hry, h f h ee elvere
yeer y. B he f , h Jeph me mply
rre ; ... ...
. Indd, t cannt b t
cafully bn n mnd, that f th pstv ntcs f Hm n aly
tms a slght, s as t thw us bac vy much upn th pms f
th wn vndcatn, yt, n th th hand, all th authts
ctd n th scptcal sd, a chnlgcally s mt fm th
qustn n dbat, that thy a but pnns and nt pfs, and that
w may canvass and qustn thm wthut th smallst scupl, fa
that w a pttng m thy aganst lgtmat vdnc.
It s nt t b dnd that th cndtn f th Hmc pms,

bf thy w cmmttd t wtng, was n f gat dang. But
th qustn may wll b as d, hw cam pms f such lngth t
b psvd at all by m al tansmssn thugh a pd f
undfnd, and pssbly f vy gat, lngth? It s plan that nthng
but an xtadnay clbty, and a passnat attachmnt n th pat
f th ppl, culd hav pt thm alv. Nw, f w supps ths
clbty and ths attachmnt, lt us nqu futh, whth thy
may nt hav suppld th mans f nutalzng and cuntactng, n
th man, th dangs t whch th pms w xpsd; and whth
t s unasnabl t say, That whch _culd_ hav psvd thm n
th unty at all, _must_, n all l lhd, hav psvd thm
n a tlably gnun stat. Fully admttng that th vdnc n
th cas s mpfct, and can nly lad t dsputabl cnclusns, I
nvthlss as , What s th mst pbabl suppstn spctng th
cndtn f th Hmc pms n th p-hstc tms f Gc?
Is t nt ths--that, wth du allwanc f a dffnt stat f
ccumstancs, thy w thn, what thy w n lat tms; th
bad bass f mntal cultu; th gat mnumnt f th gly f th
natn, and f ach patcula Stat ac; th pm nttanmnt
f ths plngd fstv gathngs whch w s chaactstc f
aly Gc; that thy w nt nly th spcal chag and pd
f patcula ptcal schls, but dstnct bjcts f th ca f
lgslats and statsmn; that n ths mann thy w cgnsd as
amng th nsttutns f th cunty, and that thy had thus t dpnd
f th tansmssn, nt nly n th f f natnal and ptc
flng, but upn a jalus custdy much smblng that whch vn a
cmpaatvly ud ppl gvs t ts laws?
I shall attmpt a summay f th agumnts and tstmns whch appa
t m t cmmnd, f thy d nt cmpl, th adptn f ths
cnclusns.
1. Haclds Pntcus, a pupl f Plat, n a fagmnt ,
eclaes that Lycugus was the fist to big the poety of Home
ito Pelopoesus: ,
, . T tetmy ate
wt efeece t t e fact t et, but t ate t e ty
f Geek teatue. Of t e uce fm w c t wa deved by t e
aut w gve t u, we kw t g. N g t t w u t by
a,[50] w add t e et et . Putac eage
t e exe f t e tadt, but eem t add tte t t matte,
excet t at me t f Hme wee kw befe Lycugu bug t
t e w e fm Cete.[51] It tated t e Reubc f Pat,[52]
t at Ce yu wa a cma f Hme. Stab[53] fm u t at
e wa a Sama; ad Hemdama, t e mate f Pyt aga, ad
by Dgee Laetu[54] t ave bee decedat. Nw, we cat
ca ay at f t ee tatemet ty; but t ey ex bt a bdy
f tadt, f w c t e membe, daw fm catteed quate,
agee wt e at e, ad agee a wt t e geea babty
t at ae ut f a fact at g a tef t e actua
eevat f t e em f Hme. It tut t fact t at
ay t e bet gud f tadt uc a t e e quet. If
t ey came befe u atfcay cmete ad embe ed, t at mg t
be made a gud f uc. But aeag, a t e de, wt
a evdet abece f deg, t ee evey eumt f t tut .
Befe cdeg t e fu fce w c attac e t t f t be tue,
we w daw ut t e kded tadt.
2. Of t ee, t e ext, ad a mt mtat e, t e tatemet f
Hedtu eectg Ct ee, t e ue f Scy, w , w e e

ad bee at wa wt Ag, ,
,
[55]. He pree y, h Clhee h h he
memry f Ar , e Arve her, frm Sy. I
ee ry qre h hee Hmer pem m y h ve le;
he l f Gre, h hey ere he The he Ep,
he Il [56], eem me rele. Nr rre h
he Il f l pply m er hh he eme m y refer. I
he Il , he me f Ar, hh me re he ry
r her h y, e rly e h he hef e f per,
eme repree ve f he hle Helle r e her
f y. Th rely hr fely hher, h y l l f me
l erve frm he vl fe h Thee. The Il , , m r
m le rly he ex f Ar h Ar--fr me Dme
he h f h her r r her, le [57]; l
m r he r e p f Sy,
[58],
m m w h ms f A mm, wh As

fus s sv wfu . Th m hf h s
m u whh Hus m v u h Th s
E h h s Hm ms.
Bu h m f h ss s wh hs
s s. I shws,
_ ._ Th h w, S, S - s f Hm sx
us f h Chs , wh w s f h
sussfu fms.
_._ Th hs s w fm wh mm us; f
h m s smh s sh, whh w s h
s s, s usm u S.
_._ Th h s u h Hm ms, s h
w s u f x m whh h
Hm ms w m .
_._ Th hs s w h u f mv ss
m h h sss, wh h s ms v, f us,
wu zs. Ths ms h h s w s,
s f u s, u h m sh hm.
3. Nx hs , v wh , u
uh, s h s S Ahs. Duh s f
M , uh f u , H[59] h
Ax , s u Ds L us[60] s sf h
fw ff S:
. , .
, . But w hav als a
btt wtnss, I thn , n Lycugus th at, cntmpay wth
Dmsthns,[61] wh gvs a mst st ng accunt f th pltcal
and matal us f th Hmc sngs. H says,
,

. It wa wt t ee g t e ea, e ceed, t at yu
fat e fug t at Maat ; ad vaat wee t ey _t e_, t at fm
amg t em t e bave va, t e Lacedma, ug t a geea,
Tytu.
_a._ Nw, t ee wd aea t cay t e tadta g f t
aw, a fa a t e aut ty f Lycugu w ava, back t t e eay
at f t e evet cetuy, w e Tytu ved.[62]
_b._ T u, at t e ed w e At e jut begg t e twad
emece, e eact a aw t at t e em f Hme a be ected at
e geatet fetva.
_c._ T u e accd t Hme (w ateve t at ame may ave
mted) ae amg et.
_d._ T aea, fm t e cex wt Tytu, t be a tadt
f a matte de t t a t e e meted by Deuc da. But
t e tw ae t ug accdace. F Deuc da de t ay t at
S tduced t e ectat f Hme, de e efe my
t t e Paat eaca. He etty ceay me, t at S dd t
beg t e ectat, but t at e efmed--(by bgg t em t
egua ucce, w c me a fxed de f t e g)--w at ad
bee tduced aeady; w e Lycugu eem t uy t e tce f
t e ga tduct a avg ccued befe t e tme eve f
Tytu.
4. T e agumet fm t e cutue t e c et f Cyeu,
eeetg ubject take ut f t e Iad, efe t a ed eay
cedg wt t at f Tytu, a Cyeu wa baby b abut
B. C. 700: ad ted t w t at t e Iad wa famu Ct at
t at date.[63]
5. T e ext f t e ecfc tadt t at eatg t Ptatu.
T agecy t a bee t e fa f ate yea t ag a
exaggeated, eve a excuve, mtace. But w eea t e
tetme eectg Lycugu, Ct ee, ad S, (a we a t e
At ea egat befe m,) ae deved fm aut baby,
cetay, f t e fut ad fft cetue B. C., we ave e at
a eectg Ptatu eae t a t e Auguta age.[64] Cce
ay e ft ded t e Hmec bk t e eet de;
Pauaa,[65] t at e cected t em,
; Jshus,[66] wh, s w h v s, m fs h
h h I w s mm w u f Hms
m, s w u[67] s wss h us f Pss us.
A Sh, sv,[68] ms fu s wh
w u h . A m m, h h s
s Pss us h v hs sv m --h h sm
h fs mshm f s u
Hms x u h ss f h sv
f h u.
Thus, h sm Pss us s f
f h whh sus h s, wh
u h s s hm wh h f
wh ; u h s s j h h h fx h
u f h ms, whh h w f S m h v f
sm h jum f h s, huh h w
u .
6. Th u, ufu s P u h m f
H hus, s s h h sv--
,
,
[69].
A egad t e matte f ga tduct, t aage
ctadct a t e fegg e. Fm t e ucetaty w t
aut , t mut yed t t em a f e aut ty. But t t
a. It t e vey face f t cedbe: f t aet, t t at
ety wa ft aaged adjuted, but ft bug t t
t e cuty by Hac u. T tef abud: ad t a
decty t e teet f t e tatemet, w c ca ady be a ue
fct, t at S by aw equed t e em f Hme t be ected
at t e Paat ea. A egad t e ucce ectg, t qute
be t at e may ave ut t e at ad t t e wk f fat e.
Hweve, t e aage may deeve tce a a g f t e geea beef
t at t e cae f t e em f Hme, ad v f t e dey
ubcat t e y mde t e be, wa a ft ad uua at f
t e cae f State ad t e ue.
T e w e ma f t e aage w c ave bee cted may be t ug t t
bea may t e ctvee w c I ave waved. But t ey ave
a mt mtat, eve f ecday, beag u t e quet, w et e
t e eceved text geeay ud t tuctue. T e dage
w c meaced t at text f cue wee efeabe t tw uce: t e
e, wat f due cae; ad t e t e, fafcat f a ue: ad
t eceay t bg t e vew t e w e tve evdece
wt eect t t e eevat ad ubcat f t e Hmec em,
de t etmate t e amut bt f t ee dage ad f t e
afeguad agat t em. I eume t e ecut f t tak.
Fm t e wd , Hus h s
S, s h h w m hs m h h sss. A
s h m h h m u h mss
f h s, u h f wh Hm w s u
h v ms, h us ss, wh us u h z
ju? P , h s, f h v m f h h ss;
u s, , w mus ssum , f hs m v
f h sus s f hs . A, wh w
s h h f h ms, w m h m s us
hw h vss f mm u v u mm
f hm, mh w sv v w . Tu, h v f
u h ss mh u hm sus h h
u mv u Hm. Bu su suh wu suj
s h fm h v , h m ,
m h j us, jum f hs m s v s.
Th s, , s, f h v, wu
mm ss hs f v h; h s
su f h hmsf, h x v
hs m, wu hus v wfu fm h u
f hum sss. I u h ums h hs s
w mv, ms, s f h ums
m . Fm, suh s, wu f m sv v
h s.
Th f f suh s s s , u s
s, h f h ms ms Hm w sm
Hm. W h v m s f w whh hs f s
sm h h h f m vu
umu. W f, , h C us s h Th s Hm,
Thus h Ph Hm, As h M s. Bu, f hs

h, h s jum, f w w, m h v u .
Th Th s w s ju P us s h s f h s, f
h I Oss. I s hf fw, h us
mh ss hs hm, h wu s h v ss hs. Fw
uhs shw m s m s f um h Hus;
u v h s h s h h C h E
Hm ms suh s shw, h h w ms m
su s, s sh u jums.[70]
Nw, v , sms v , h uhs
f suus u sh fw h h,
m s, u, wh h s h s h f v m
suss, fs. W s, h s , ms v
w vs u h m f W S. I h v msf vum,
uh s I , f suus vss, u h m f
h , huh f mus, m , G m L . I
s f ss , mss wu , us m
umus. Bu shw h um f h s, v
h s , h s Hm wh h s m
f s h I Oss; h h s m , u
v , w s h s f h s f
h x.
A , huh h S Ah s sf
f m, w jusf sus h
xs, us h u m m
h f hm. I s u h Hm w h v x m f
m m s u xh; u h h ms
fush us wh s wh mh h v f. Th
f h w s s mm f s hf s
hush. A h ssm s f s, f h G ,
whh h hfs ums, m s h wu s
. Sm h s hw u hs suj h ss
Th ms h s B f h I .[71] H m hs
m D, wh ju; uh hm
. Hms usual pcsn justfs u
agung that, whn h says h cam, nt smply fm a plac, but als
fm, fm bsd, th ld f a plac, th manng s, that h was
attachd t that ld as th bad f hs cut hushld. Agan,
h was n a juny. Whth bund, xcpt vdntly t n f ths
cntsts? Ths s fully shwn by th lns that fllw, f thy
cntmplat a match as thn abut t ta plac fthwth. F th
fm f hs bast was nt smply that h culd bat th Muss, but (t
spa n u phaslgy) h vauntngly vwd that h wuld wn, vn
thugh th Muss thmslvs shuld b hs vals.
,
.
Isus whh m m h v, fm h h f
m s u, sf-sus w; h s s
sus h w h m f Th ms h f h S
h sss hs mh f h m f
. I f m f Hs[72], u h Sh s
P , w f h h s ; but o accout o
its
metio o
Home as a cotempoay, this
agmet is utustothy.
I othe places, hoeve, he distictly itesses to the matches ad
pizes o
the bads, ad says that at the match held by Amphidamas
i Aulis, he himsel
o a tipod[73]. Agai, Thucydides
ids a
uequivocal poo
o
the competitio o
bads i the beauti
ul passage
hich he quotes
om the vey aciet _Hym_ to Apollo[74].
I do ot thik it eed
ul to dell i detail upo the meas pivately
take
o the tasmissio o
the Homeic sogs. Cithus o
Chios
(accodig to the Scholiast o Pida[75], quotig Hippostatus, a
Sicilia autho o
ucetai date), (abut 500
B.C.), f t e ft tme at Syacue. It may be beved t at t
aage may baby my t e fudat f ubc ectat t ee.
Eutat u[76], qutg, a Heye[77] beve, accuatey, c age
Ct u wt avg cuted t e Hmec em; but t e wd f t e
Sc at eed t mea me t a t at e cmed ceta em ad
t ew t em t t e ma f t e w c wee me e take t be
Hmec. We eed t eage u Ce yu[78], u t e Hmed
meted by Pda, ad, accdg t Stab, camed a e w by
C [79]. T at ame aea t be ued feey by Pat[80], wt ut
exaat, a f w tme t ey fmed a we-kw c .
Accdg t At eu[81], qutg Atce, a wte f uceta
date, t e ame s gve t the rh psdsts geer lly.
The Il d d the Odyssey ere t Herdtus uder ther preset
ttles, s e fd frm hs referees t them. But t s justly rgued
by Heye, th t there must h ve bee pems f ther spe d
subjet t the tme he the ther Cyl pems ere rtte, hh
fll up the terv l betee them, d mplete the Tr stry[82];
th t s t s y, t lg fter the mmeemet f the Olymp ds.
Ag , t s eedless t d mre th smply tuh up the rel t
f Hmer t Gree letters d ulture geer l. He s the sure
f tr gedy, the frst tet-b f phlsphers, d the b ss f
lber l edu t; s muh s, th t Alb des s s d t h ve stru
hs shlm ster fr h vg S. rh psdy f the Il d[83], hle
Xeph utes Ner tus s s yg th t hs f ther m de hm le r
the Il d d Odyssey, d th t he uld repe t the hle f them by
he rt[84]. C ss der, g f ed, rdg t Atheus, uld d
e rly s muh. He h d by he rt .[85]
Passig o
om this evidece o
geeal estimatio, I come to hat is
moe impotat ith espect to the questio o
the text--that is, the
state o
the poems at the time o
the Alexadia ecesios, as it is
exhibited by Villoiso,
om the Veetia Scholia o the Iliad hich he
discoveed. Fom this souce appeas to me to poceed ou best aat
o believig i the geeal soudess o

the text.
The
ist tedecies o
the Alexadia school, as they ae epeseted
by Zeodotus, appea to have bee toads vey
ee excisio ad
emedatio. Aistachus, its highest authoity, is cosideed to
epeset a eactio toads moe sobe hadlig. The pla o
expessig suspicio by _obeli_ as a good oe--it aised the questio

o
geuieess ithout
oeclosig it. The passages hich he excluded
stad i the text, ad may amog them ae ot much damaged by the
codematio. Oe paticulaly, i the speech o
Phix,[86] appeas
to me alike beauti
ul ad chaacteistic. A
te all, the _obelos_ is
geeally attached to lies o
ampli
icatio ad poetic oamet;
hich could be dispesed ith, ad yet leave the sese ot vitally
mutilated. But e may quote Aistachus as a itess, o the hole,
to the substatial soudess o
the text. Fo it is plai that the
a
imatio o
all his doubts ould still leave us ith the substace
o
the Iliad as it is; hile it seems that the judgmet o
makid,
o athe its
eelig, hich i such a matte is oth moe tha its
judgmet, has e
used to go as
a as he did,
o his doubts o advese
vedicts ae ecoded, but the lies ad passages emai, ae still
ead ad taught as Home, ad ae ot peteded to be distiguishable
by ay boad mak o
itisic i
eioity. It is ot meat that the
soudess o
each lie has bee cosideed ad a
imed to be
ee
om doubt, but that it has bee

elt that, hile clea discimiatio
i detail as impacticable, etetio as, o the hole, sa
e tha
exclusio. No is this because a piciple o
blid cedulity has
pevailed. O the cotay, the same judgmet,
eelig, o istict, be
it hat it may, o
civilised ma, hich has
oud it sa
est to adhee
to the taditioal text o
Home, has likeise thought it sa
est to
ule the case o
authoship advesely as to the Hyms. Ude all the
cicumstaces, I
id o di
iculty i udestadig such accouts as

that hich tells us that the iquiy, hich is the best editio o
Home? as met ith the ase, the oldest;--o such a passage as
that o
Lucia,[87] ho itoduces Home i the Shades, declaig that
the , th suspctd and jctd vss, w all
hs; whupn, says Lucan, I cgnsd th abundant fgdty f th
schl f Zndtus and Astachus. Ths s n an ncal w ; but
ncal w s a ftn usd as th vhcls f al pnns.
Th Vntan Schlast s full f famla fncs t th dffnt
dtns f th txt f th Ilad, as bng standads pfctly wll
nwn; and h thus xhbts t us, n a cnsdabl dg, th
matals whch th Alxandan ctcs fund xstng, and wth whch
thy wnt t w upn that pm.
Th multtud f dtns () whch thy had bf thm,
w patly stat dtns ( , ,
, ), p rly he e prv e re
( ). Ths sm h v h m w
w s. Th fs w s, wh w s fm u s wh
h vs h x, suh s Am hus (m wh P ),
C m hus, , v , As, wh f Ax h
G h , and, agan, th dtn f Zndtus, that
f Astphans, and th tw spaat dtns f Astachus, all f
th Alxandan schl; ls thy w namd fm th psns wh
pssssd thm, and f whm thy had bn ppad by th ca f
land mn. Amng such psssss was Cassand, ng f Macdna.
Th xstnc f ths Stat dtns s a fact full f manng.
It appas t shw nthng lss than ths, that th txt was und
th chag f th publc authts n th sval Stats. W hav
patcula nams f sx f ths dtns thugh th Vntan
Schlast--ths f Maslls, Chs, Cypus, Ct, Snp, Ags. On
bhldng ths lst, w a mmdatly stuc by th fact that whl
t cntans nams fm th fa East, l Snp, and fa Wst, l
Maslls, t ds nt cntan n nam f a cty n Gc Pp,
xcpt Ags, and that a cty havng phaps lss cmmunn than almst
any th cnsdabl plac wth G ltatu n gnal. W as
why d nt Athns, Spata, Thbs, Cnth, why d nt Syacus and
th gat G twns f Scly and Italy, appa wth th sval
Hmc txts? Th mst l ly answ appas t b, nt that ths
sx numatd cts w m dstngushd than ths by th
cafulnss f th pvsns f th safty f th Hmc txt, but
that f sm asn, pssbly fm th lyng lss wthn th ccl
f G ltts at lag, thy stll tand ach th patcula
txt, whas an appxmatn had bn mad t a cmmn txt,--f
whch th cts mst pply G n gnal avald thmslvs. F
smtms th a ctan sgns suppld n th Schla f a cmmn
txt pvalng n th Stat natnal, and anth n th pvat

dtns, and ths wthut fnc t th sx cts abv mntnd.
In th suppstn f such a tndncy t dvacat, th s nthng
bynd l lhd; f pvat dts wuld b m f t fllw
th wn judgmnts cnjctus, whas th publc cuats wuld
almst, as a matt f cus, b m gdly cnsvatv. At any
at, th a tacabl ndcatns bf us t ths ffct; f th
Schlast cts f patcula adngs- , xx. 351.
, xx. 51.
, xx. 386.
he her h - , xx. 103.
s w s h s, (e. g. xxiv. 30), a

(xx. 88). I s hf h
h w s x, xm ufm, us
mm hs s, h s f G, whh
u s h v h xs f h w; f h s s, h
I m w f, sus h h h ss , d the rest
f thse euv let t t, re fed t the s edts. N, hle
the s St te edts d te re prb bly d tg frm very e rly
tmes fr the sudess f the tet, the mm St te rees, f,
s ppe rs prb ble, there s e, d tes gr du l vergee f
rt l l burs d f the publ judgmet the geer lty f thse
St tes, f hh the peple h d the ldest, strgest, d mst dret
terest the Hmer pems.
There s thrd frm f mm tet, less perfet th ether f the
thers, f hh bud t tr es re fud. We fd met f the
edts r pes lled , , , and
thy a smtms dscbd cllctvly, as n Ilad . 53,
, . Sometimes the geate
pat o
these r hav a patcula adng. Thy all,
f all classs, vad m lss, and a dstngushd accdng
t th mts, as , , , . Thee
r ry r pl ( l) e, prep re fr le
he pe -m r e, ere pr ly fe, he m , he
l ex, e ee fr eer l le, prep re
y reple er, hey ere r rly ferr. Th Vee
Shl hmelf r, re he he l I
le ere ll e, ppe r frm h referee hem.[88]
The Shl he Oyey pply he me f me e ee
he hh h ve ee mee. Oe f hee he ,
;[89] aothe is ,[90] hh expl e
refer he epry e r he Shl Alex r ; hr
,[91] hich is itepeted to mea a editio i hich the poems
o
Home ee placed i a seies ith those o
the Cyclical authos.
O the oe had, the, it may be eadily admitted that the Homeic
poems ee exposed, be
oe they ee educed to itig, to the
poe
ul ad vaious actio o
disitegatig causes. Amog these e
may ame eglect, iability to cope ith the eal di
iculties o
thei
tasmissio, the pesoal vaity o
the hapsodists, ad the local
vaity o
commuities. But I thik e have also disclosed to us, both
by the
agmetay otices o
the histoy o
the poems i
take i
thei collective e
ect, ad by the state o

thigs i ad upo hich
the Alexadia citics laboued, the opeatio o
a immese amout
o
estoative coute-agecy. All chace o
ou aivig at a sobe
judgmet must deped upo ou duly eighig these to sets o

oces
i thei elatio to oe aothe. Thee ee ideed tedecies, hich
may ell be called iesistible, to abeatios
om the taditioal
stadad; but thee ee baies also isumoutable, hich seem to
have co
ied those abeatios ithi cetai limits. They could ot
poceed beyod a give poit ithout aakeig the cosciousess,
that Home, the piceless teasue o
Geece, ad pehaps the
ist
souce o
its keee cosciousess o
atioality, as i dage o
beig dis
igued, ad de
omed, ad so lost; ad that sese, he oce
aakeed, ithout doubt geeated such eactios as e
id exempli
ied
i the poceedigs o
Pisistatus.
We may ideed deive diectly,
om the
oce o
the destoyig
elemet, he vieed i detail, the stogest poo
that thee must
have bee a oigial stadad, by ecuece to hich its avages
could
om time to time be epaied. Fo i
that elemet had oked
ithout such meas o
coectio, I do ot see ho e could o have
bee i possessio o
a Iliad ad a Odyssey. As ith egad to
eligios a
te they ae pated
om thei souce, the tedecy ould
have bee to cotiually-iceasig divegece. The dissimilaities
aisig
om omissio, alteatio, ad itepolatio, ould have go,
so as to embace lage ad lage potios o
the poems, ad at this
day, istead o
meely questioig this o that lie i a
e places,
ad compaig this ith that eadig, e should have bee delibeatig
amog a doze Iliads ad a doze Odysseys, to discove hich ee the
tue.
I
, the, it be said that the poceedigs o
Pisistatus o o
Solo,
bea testimoy ot to the soudess but to the icessat couptio
o
the text, my ase is, they bea itess to its couptio, just
as the ecods o
the epais o
Westmiste Abbey might be said,
ad tuly said, to bea testimoy to its disepai. That patial ad
local
aults, ad dislocatios, ould ceep i, is as cetai as that
id ad eathe act upo the stoutest
abic: but he e ead o
the epais o
a buildig, e i
e that pais ee take to make it
habitable; ad he e ead o
the estoatios o
Home, e peceive
that it as a object o
public solicitude to keep the poems i a
state o
soudess. As, ideed, the buildig most used ill _cteis
paibus_ equie the most
equet epais, so the elemetay causes o
couptio, by caelessess, might opeate most poe

ully i a case
hee the poet might be ecited by evey stollig mistel at a local
estivity: but it is also clea that i these vey cases thee ould
be the geatest axiety to detect ad to elimiate the destuctive
elemets, he oce they ee see to be makig head. But, i tuth,
the aalogy o
a buildig does ot epeset the case. Edi
ices ae
sometimes dis
igued by the pasimoy o
a
te-times: but thee as o
time, so
a as e ko, he Geece did ot ate the value o
Home
moe highly tha the cost o
takig cae o
him. Agai, the achitects
o
degeeate ages thik, as Beii did o
Michael Agelo, that they
ca impove upo thei desigs: but the ame o
o Geek has bee
ecoded ho thought he could impove upo Home, ad the vaity o
the
ameless as likely to be checked by thei compaios ad competitos.
We have picipally had i vie the questio, hethe Home as, i a
peculia degee, guaded agaist ay po
oud ad adical couptio
hich might go out o
uchecked caelessess; but the esult ill
be ot moe u
avouable, i
e ask ho did he stad i egad to
the othe geat

outai-head o
evil, amely,
alsi
icatio ith a
pupose? No, the
act, that i ay give case povisio is made
o
jealous custody agaist ay attack
om ithout, a
ods o poo
, o
eve pesumptio, agaist the subsistece o
destoyig causes ithi.
But the Geeks, as a atio, had o motive to coupt, ad had evey
motive to peseve the text o
Home. His atioal o
ice ad positio

have bee admiably expessed by Statius, i veses o the Toja
expeditio:-Tum pimm Gcia vies
Cotemplata suas: tum spasa ac dissoa moles,
I copus vultumque cot[92].
His oks ee the vey cadle o
the atio; thee it
ist visibly
lived ad beathed. They ee the most pe
ect expessio o
evey
Geek
eelig ad desie: i the ivaly betee the Helleic ace ad
the (a
teads so called) f As , h v, fms h
ms ffv h ms fu, vh wh h v h
fm, f h G h . Wh v f
u v v sv, wh s m G hf s, f,
v m su, Ahs, w, vhss, h f
hm, s f h f Tj w s?
Bu m h s h , v sus h v
G u h u Hm, h v
su f hu m h S s mh ff
h f f h ju f h. Nw s h ,
hs v , h s j uss f h
G s wu ff h s ss su h s
f h x: smh f h s m su h h h f h Jws
h S m s su, wh h m v u s f h
s f h O Ts m. As, s f Dm,
L m f M us, h f A mm, w w hm
wfu s Ahs, f sh h m f
hsf h I h f-f m.
Th w umus s f Hms G, h sm ,
h f susu sf , suh s Ps, Ih ,
S ms, Ls: h v ss f Thss Suh G
w fu m h h hs ms. Bu , whh
h xu h v hus f h S s, whh
h f h s f fm f m, w
s ss s wh mh s s ss f
h w v , s w s h j f sv
h ss mum fm . N s h m
sus, h hs uss f mv hu w ff
h G s. Th fm h C u h Ah
vs f G Hus ( s s ), ffs
usv f h : , v s s h
f P us s, h s us h As A w h S s,
whh v h w s su wh Ahs h m f
uhhsm.
I, hf, s m h h sums f h s
h wh f vu , vs, h suss f h
Hm x.
I fss msf v fm hs vw f h
sums, h s m su mu f v
whh h x sus sus s w . Ams h
wh f h us m s whh ws h v umu
v h u s f h uh, s v shw h
suss f h x. Th h usu
s f h m _s _ f h ms, h ss suu
s f h f s; h _us_ f h ms mh
h v su, x wu, wh suj v
s h h mus s, h v v muu f
ssms s: u, s f hs, h f
h ms h s shw m f h
w m sh. Th um fms f f
ms f s, h us f hs, h s f h ,
h u f shs h ss, h , s m s f
v, whh m s m f ssss f, f vu f
h x whh h s fu s m , s m, f
h m h m f Hm, whh, m, u
h v f u uss h sf u.
I, I mus s fuh; m h h ums
_ x _, whh I h v h u fw s h hs ms
f h , hs xm m hs suj, h
suss f h x, h sws js, h h
u m s f ffm v v.
Af h v msf s h x s s sf-ss
hws, sv hus s, I f s w
s h hus , wh sms v xu
s sh h ss f s s. Th v whh
I s xm v: h I f
h ms, umu whh h hum w wh m
w hs. I sum h m h h h m
m ums, whh h v w us, m sss
mv m s h s f h
mu um, h x sf s s.
A h f f mus m h ssm m u
whh h s h m sw u f Wf hs
sh. Es f wh, fus m v h
Chzs s h uhsh f h ms, vhss
f m u ss s. I h h
v us ss s, f whh h uss s f m f
suss. Bu I fss h I f suh us f xs, s
hs mm s mm , v m ,
f u v ufu wh h s s.
Th vv ssums h f su
f hs, h f m u
f ss h h us u, s
h , s I u s , f Hm
h f f s. A h
s w f mm s, su f s
u, f fm Hm
w ws f sm, u h humu f h
msh us m : whh, m f hs wh,
s suff u . I hf fw h f hs,
whs mm s w v h w u f h s
x; s hw f s s m su sus v
ss wh, h v us hs f fm whh h
f. Wh w h v hs ss s f s w , w m
f, fs h m sm f h sm s s
m wh mhsv h m, s h
wh fu w f h ws f h h m w m usvs
s f ss u wh s
Hm wh s . I w s h w I vu

hs f f sm, I shu v ss h s usu
s s f f f v h s ssum; muh m h s
usu v h f s f whh Hm s s
fu, us fm hs u ms f huh, f,
s .
FOOTNOTES:
[42] I. v. 445-64; x. 10-33; xv. 384.
[43] H, Ex. . I. . s. ., v. v. . 789; L
As Iu, . 65.
[44] I h B Phsh T s s, 1839, F
B hu, 1843.
[45] P .
[46] Ex. . I. , s. . v. v. . 790, 1.
[47] Ex. . I. , s. . v. v. . 790, 1.
[48] P. Nm. . 1.
[49] Jsh. . A. . 2.
[50] V . Hs. x. 14.
[51] Pu. L. . 41.
[52] P . R. x. . 600, B.
[53] S xv. . 946.
[54] v. 2.
[55] H. v. 67.
[56] Hs. G, . 174 .
[57] I. v. 412-15.
[58] I. . 572.
[59] H, Hm. v., s.
[60] I. 57.
[61] I Lum, 104-8.
[62] Smhs D. Tus.
[63] S h Hmus f Ah W ms, . 9-11.
[64] C. O. . 34.
[65] P us. v. 26. . 594. Su s v. . Eustath. Il. .
1.
[66] Cnta Ap. . 2.

[67] Smths Dct., At. Hmus: and lswh.
[68] Ibd. fm Rtschl.
[69] Hppachus, 4. (. 228.)
[70] Hd. . 117. v. 32.
[71] Il. . 594-600.
[72] Fagm. xxxv.
[73] Op. . 268-75.
[74] Hymn. Apll. 166-73; 146-50.
[75] Schl. Pyth. v. 4; Nm. . 1.
[76] Il. . p. 6.
[77] Hy, viii. p. 811.
[78] up.
[79] i. Nm. ii. 1, bo, xiv. i. p. 645.
[80] l . hus, iii. 252, Rpubl. B. 1.; ii. 599.
[81] h. iv. p. 174.
[82] Hy, viii. 814.
[83] lu. poph., p. 186 D.
[84] Xoph. ympos. iii. 5.
[85] h. xiv. p. 620.
[86] Il. ix. 458-61.
[87] Luci , V. His. ii. 117.
[88] Villoiso, ol. p. xxvii.
[89] . xiv. 280.
[90] . xiv. 204, Bum _i loc._
[91] xvi. 195, Bum _i loc._
[92] chillis, i. 456.
CT. 6.--_Th l c uhoiy of Hom i Hisoic l Iuiy._
Th picip l fi l pupos, which I wish o ps i h mos

isic m o h mi of h , is h of scui fo h
Homic iios, sim ccoi o h ffc of h fooi
cosi ios, jus m su of l iv s wll s bsolu
ppci io.
I pp s o m h h h s pv il i his spc wi-sp
lo-coiu o, ssumi v ious foms, ffci i vy
iff s, wihou oub, h p cic of iff wis,
bu so x so oo, s his s i h poss of
ciicism o ui fom l ch ll. I m , h i is o
o ccp ll ci iios, l i o h pios
h pc ul hisoic ls, s of u l v lu, o o o
iscimi hi sv l v lus wih u c . bov ll, I
soly co h w shoul ssi o h Homic vic
pim y k upo ll h subjcs which i ouchs, h w shoul
m k i ul o uc ll oh li y simoy, bc us of l
oii, o suboi subsii y posiio.
umous o sois of h p-hisoic ims o, s such,

il o b c ll iios. soy of his ki, s y i
polloous, m y i by b possibiliy b ol h y hi i
Hom; bu if i coms o us wihou h pop visibl cii
of , i h s o cl im upo ou ss s uhful co of h
im o which i pupos o f. T iios of his cl ss oly ow
o b such, s l ul, fo us, h im wh hy k
posiiv fom i h wok of som uho, who hus bcoms, s f s
his im cicums cs pmi, wiss o hm. I is oly fom
hcfow , h hi f ihful iv io smissio c b
li o s i y pob bl.
i, I c s si s ms wih spc o which h po, bi
c i byo h sph of his oi y xpic, mus, o h
ccou, o b psum o sp k hisoic lly; y v h, if h is
sp ki of m s which w i l blif, h is wiss of
h fis cl ss wih spc o h blif, which is islf i oh
ss m of hisoy; h lso hos, who h v follow him
mo , wisss of low o.
h m y b c ss, s, fo is c, i h subbo f cs of
o phy, wh h l ws of vic compl us uly o hus si
h cl io of h b ; o c ss wh his mo of h li his
m i ls ffos i islf poof h h i o m o sp k
hisoic lly, bu, i h ph s of isol, , f
ptc ffct.
O agan, t s cncvabl, thugh I d nt nw whth t has
happnd, that Hmc tstmny mght cm nt cnflct, nt wth
m cunt-asstn, but wth ths fms f ccumstantal vdnc
whch a smtms cnclusvly lctd by asnng fm pstv
_data_ f achtctu, languag, and thnlgy. I clam f Hm n
xmptn fm th m cgnt authty whch may attach t asnng
f ths nd.
Clang th qustn f ths ncumbancs, I wsh t submt t
th suffags f ths, wh may b m cmptnt than myslf t
stmat bth th ppstn and th pf, th fllwng thss:
that, n gad t th lgn, hsty, thnlgy, plty, and lf
at lag f th G s f th hc tms, th authty f th
Hmc pms, standng fa abv that f th whl mass f th lat
ltay tadtns n any f th fms, ught nv t b tatd

as hmgnus wth thm, but shuld usually, n th fst nstanc,
b handld by tslf, and th tstmny f lat wts shuld, n
gnal, b handld n subdnatn t t, and shuld b td by t,
as by a tuchstn, n all th subjcts whch t mbacs.
It s gnally admttd that Hm s ld by sm gnatns than
Hsd, by many than th auths f th Cyclcal Pms; and ld
by many cntus than th gnal mass f u authts n G
antquty, bgnnng wth schylus and Hdtus, and cmng dwn t
Dnysus f Halcanassus, Ddus Sculus, Stab, lan, Pausanas,
Dgns Latus. N s t by tm aln, that hs sup pxmty
and wght a t b masud. Of all th ags that hav passd snc
Hm, t may b tuly sad that nt n has pducd a m acut,
accuat, and cmphnsv bsv. But, abv all, wtng f th
hc tm, h, and h aln, wts l n wh, as fm ntnal
vdnc w may cnfdntly asst, std wthn ts pcnct, and was
mbud fm had t ft wth ts spt and ts asscatns.
It s, f cus, qut pssbl, that n n patcula anth,
Hm may b n , and th lat tadtn, t s als just
pssbl, may b cct. But s, als, th vdnc f an y-wtnss
n a cut f justc may b nus, whl by chanc th mst
hasay may b tu. Ths ds nt dvt mn fm a caful
classfcatn f vdnc accdng t ts psumptv valu, wh
thy hav pupss f utlty, accdng t th cmmn and lmtd
sns f th tm, n th vw. In gad t th aly G hsty,
th pactc has ftn bn thws; patly n th w s f schlas,
and yt m, as w mght xpct, n th m ppula fms f tutn.
It has bn t lump tgth th htgnus mass f tadtns
mbdd n th ltatu f a thusand yas. All that th spt f
fancy and magnatn had cncvd--all that natnal, lcal,
psnal vanty had suggstd--all that mtvs f plcy had fgd n
hsty lgn-- s much f ths agggat as tm has spad
t us, has bn tatd wthut any systmatc cgntn f th
dffnt valu f dffnt ds f tadtn. I admt that t s
twads th cls f th G ltatu that w fnd th pncpal
pfssd nqus nt antquty; and th am and mthd may hav
dssd, n gat pat, any nqualty btwn thmslvs and wts
f th tm f Thucydds Plat. But nthng can cancl, nthng, t
mght almst b sad, can naw, th nmus ntval, n pnt f
authty, btwn Hm, wh sang n th hc ag, and ths wh nt
nly cllctd th matals, but fmd th thughts, aft t was
clsd, and aft ts flatng mnscncs had bcm subjct t th
ncssant actn f falsfyng pcsss.
F a lngth f tm th tmp f u ancnt hsts was n f
unqustnng cptn. But wh much was slf-cntadcty, all
culd nt b blvd. Und ths ccumstancs, t was nt unnatual
that ths wts wh w full and systmatc, shuld b pfd,
ath than that th labu shuld b undgn f gathng gld n
gans fm th pags f Hm, f cafully cllctng facts and
psumptns sngly fm th txt, and thn agan stmatng th amunt
and ffct f th bangs upn n anth. Hnc th Catalgus
f Aplldus, th dwnght asstns f Schlasts, hav
bn allwd t gv fm t u aly hsts f Gc; and th
authntc, but usually slght ntcs f Hm, hav cvd lttl
attntn, xcpt wh, n sm dtal th, thy mght sut
th agumnt whch ach patcula wt happnd t hav n hand.
Agan, bcaus Hdtus was by pfssn an hstan and nthng
ls (at last, I can dscn n btt asn), m mptanc

sms t b attachd t hs ntcs f p ags than t th lss
fmally psntd ntcs f Hm, wh, accdng t th statmnt f
Hdtus hmslf, pcdd hm by fu hundd yas. I d nt man
by ths ma t mply that Hdtus and Hm a patculaly at
vaanc wth n anth, but nly t llustat what sms t m a
pvalng suc f .
In gnal, wh th tadtns ptd by th lat wts a
pfd t ths f Hm, t s phaps bcaus, althugh thy may
cnflct wth pbablty as wll as wth n anth n an nfnty
f pnts, yt thy a n thmslvs m systmatc and cmplt.
Thy psnt t us f th mst pat _pastccs_ abtaly mad up
f matals f unqual valu, but yt mad up nt whls; whas,
th vdnc whch h suppls s gnal thugh t s fagmntay.
Had h bn fllwd by a cntnuus succssn f auths, w shuld,
n dubt, d wsly n cnsntng t vw th subjcts f fact, wth
whch h dalt, manly as thy w vwd by ths wh td n hs
stps. But, n th cntay, thy w spaatd fm hm by a gulf
bth wd and dp; v whch hs cmpstns flatd, n dspt
f dffcults s gat that many hav dmd thm pstvly
nsumuntabl, nly by th xtadnay buyancy.
It s n th Cyclc pms that w shuld natually s f matals
t nlag, xpund, cct Hm. But th s nt a ln a
ntc manng f any n f thm, whch wuld justfy u assgnng
t thm any hstcal authty suffcnt t qualfy thm f such a
pups. Th putd auths, fm Actnus dwnwads, all blng t
pds wthn th dats f th Olympads[93]. Thy all ba ma s f
havng bn wttn t fll th gaps whch Hm had lft unccupd,
and s t nt nt a patnshp, f nt wth hs fam, yt wth hs
ppulaty; wth th ppulaty, f whch hs w s, as w can wll
judg fm m cnt xpnc, wuld b su t shd sm ptn
upn all cmpstns stnsbly alld wth thm, and whch thn, as
nw, psntd th mst cgnt nducmnts t mtats wh had th
lvlhd t s by mans f th Mus.
Hm, wthut dubt, gav an mmns addtn f clbty and vgu
t th subjct f th Tjan wa, much as Bad and Ast dd t
th whl ccl f th mancs f whch Oland s th cnt. On
f ths pms, th , s a smpl xpansn, as Mu has
bsvd[94], f th thd lay f Dmdcus n th Eghth Odyssy[95].
Thy sm t ba th ma f bng, nt cmpsd fst-hand fm
actns f mn, but fm a stc f cmpstns n whch hc
actns had alady bn nshnd; s lttl d thy appa t hav
bn stampd wth th ndvdualty whch dnts gnal dsgn. And
accdngly th usual mann f qutng thm s nt as th ctan
w s f a gvn psn, but th fm f ctatn s (
, ), t e wte f t e tte
Iad, t e cme f t e Cya Sg, ad t e ke. Heye[96] d
eve t e cmmecemet f t e Cycc em t ave bee at eat a
cetuy afte t e date f t e Iad ad Odyey.
M. Fye Ct, w e ame ca eve be meted wt ut a gatefu
ecgt f met ad evce, ue, t e eay at
f Fat Heec, may vauabe ugget f t e ftg f
eay Geek ty. But e w ee ackwedge, aac e (I
beeve) t t e ackwedgmet f t e ue, t at f t e ec age
t e aut ty f Hme tad ae kd. I t e Fat Heec
may tatemet, datg g afte Hme, ae deveed a f f
equa aut ty wt egad t t e ty f t at age; ad

M. Ct eem t ave bee ed t a ae, t w c duty
a a c ge baby exed m, aumg t at ty
ad c gy may be exected t beg tget e; a aumt, I
ae ed, t uted by babty. M. Mtfd a admaby
ted ut t e mtace f veacty t Hme fuct, ad t
fame a a et, at a tme w e a et cud be t e y ta[97],
t e babty ad gua ctecy f catteed aecdte,
ad t e emakabe ctat betwee t e ceae f ty, ad
t e dake ad ucetaty w c fw afte m, ad ctue ut
t e tc age beg; de e cue t decae t at f t ee
eay age Hme u bet gude[98]. But eve t t t
f my dee, w c t meey t ecge m a _mu te
ae_, but t teat tetmy a aamut, ad a cttutg a
ca by tef, wt w c t e teay tetmy ca cmete.
Ad ce me B Ma , abe wk t e Peag, ag
eca ffce, I mg t e a ay ecua weg t, t t e
Hmec tetmy.
But I am gad t ete myef ude t e aut ty affded me by t e
actce f Buttma, w , t e Peface t admabe Lexgu,
decae ue f gca vetgat Hme t be t :
t take, ft, t e evdece f t e text tef t evea at;
ecdy, t at f t e ucceedg ec ety, ad ag wt t
t e tetmy f t e me afte-age f Geek teatue; t dy,
gammatca tadt.
Ad yet t e exteve ctaety betwee t e d ad t e ew
admtted. T e Iad ad t e Odyey, ay M. Gte[99], ad t e
emag Hedc fagmet, ex bt but t fequety a ee
dvety, w e cfted wt t e aatve f t e gga e.
Ad t e aut f t e M[100] ceaed away t e fabuu ad defamg
accut f t at veeg, t etu t t e eeetat f Hme
ad f Hed; ,
. Th gat ancnt wts, ndd, sm
nv t hav qustnd th authty f Hm as a wtnss; n
culd any n wsh t s hm nthnd at a gat lvatn than
that assgnd t hm as lat as n th pags f Stab. Vgl
systmatcally mad lght f hm, but h was n a mann cmplld by
hs subjct t ma lght f hstcal vacty altgth.
Hstcal scptcsm, whch has cm f lat yas nt pssssn f
th gund, has nt dssd, as affctng Hm, th wng that had
bn dn by hstcal cdulty. W nc xaltd nt hsty th
gnal mass f tadtns latng t th ags whch nxt pcdd
ths f cntnuus hstc cds; w nw agan dcln th labu
f dscmnatn, and duc thm all al nt lgnd. Th nam f
M. Gt must cay gat wght n any qustn f G sach:
but t may b dubtd whth th fc and apttud f hs pwful
mnd hav bn as succssfully appld t th Hmc as t th lat
pds. H psnts us, ndd, wth vn m gdly and cpus
catalgus than hstans a wnt f lds, f Plpds, f ulng
famls n vy cn f Gc, and fm th alst tms; but
h, t, fxs a chnlgcal pnt f th cmmncmnt f hsty,
namly, th fst cdd Olympad[101]. H sms t thn that th
tustwthy chnlgy f Gc bgns bf ts al hsty. H
dclns t ta hs stat fm dsntd Plasg[102]; h cncvs
that w hav n th authty f th xstnc f Ty than w hav
f th thgnc vlutns[103]; th mmns aay f aly nams
that h psnts a ffd as nams puly lgnday. H wll nt
attmpt t dtmn hw much hw lttl f hsty ths lgnds

may cntan; h wll nt xhbt a pctu fm bhnd th cutan,
bcaus, as h fcbly says, th cutan s th pctu, and cannt by
any ngnuty b wthdawn[104]. H dals n th man al wth Hm,
Hsd, th tagdans and mn G pts, th scattd ntcs
f th hstans, f th antquaan wts na th Chstan a,
and f th Schlasts. Of cus, thf, h cannt b xpctd
t ctfy th fault, f such th has bn, n gad t th
appcatn f th pms f Hm.
I may, hwv, bsv that n ths, as n th cass, xtms
appa t mt. Attmpts t wnnw th lgnday l, and t spaat
th hstc pmtv nl fm th hus , w clang th
stag f a multtud f mythcal psnags un nwn t th alst
tadtn; all f whm nw a ushd n nc m; thy a, ndd,
lablld as unhstcal; but thy a agan mxd up whlsal wth
ths, fm whs cmpany ctcal bsvatn had xplld thm. In
thus mpatng a pmscuus chaact t th fst scns f Gcan
hsty, w sm t ffct a tgssv and nt a pgssv
patn. At any at t shuld b undstd that th ssu asd
mbacs th qustn, whth th psnalty f Achlls and
Agammnn has n btt t n hsty than that f Plasgus, f
Pmthus, f Hlln. And agan, whth all ths, bng qual
t n anth, a l ws qual, and n m than qual, n cdt
t Cs, Bacchus, Apll. As t all al , what pptn f
tuth th may b n th lgnd, whth any, t s mpssbl
t asctan, and uslss t nqu[105]; all al blng t a
gn, ssntally mythcal, nth appachabl by th ctc, n
masuabl by th chnlg.
If th pnns whch hav bn h xpssd a n any dg
cct, w must ndavu t cv as substantal psnags, and
t bng wthn th gasp f flsh and bld sm f ths pctus,
and vn f ths psns, whm M. Gt has dsmssd t th land f
Shadw and f Dam.
In ths vw, th alst G hsty shuld b fundd n th txt
f Hm, and nt mly n ts sufac, but n ts dpths. Nt nly
ts m bad and bvus statmnts shuld b gstd, but w
shuld sach and ansac all ths slght ndcatns, suggstns,
and sucs f nfnc, n whch t s s xtadnaly ch;
and cmpl t, as t w, t yld up ts tasus. W cannt,
ndd, l th zlgst, say th vy wds, Gv m th bn, and
I wll dsnt th anmal; yt s accuatly was th mnd f Hm
cnstuctd, that w may cm na t ths ctanty n dalng
wth hm, than wth any th chld f man. Th lat and nf
vdnc shuld b dffntly handld, and shuld nt b vwd as
ntnscally authtatv. But that ptn f t, whch flls up th
gaps cnfms th suggstns f Hm, bcms thby nttld
t smthng f hstc an . Agan, wdly xtndd and unfmly
cntnud tadtns may amunt t pf f ntty, and may, nt
by th ndvdual cdt, but by th cncunc, supply us wth
standng gund f tlabl fmnss. Bynd all ths w may pcd,
and may psnt t vw, wh f any caus t sms dsabl, vn
ll-supptd lgnds, but always as such, wth fa ntc f any
ccumstancs whch may tnd t fx th cdt dscdt, and
wth a ln suffcntly ma d btwn ths and th ctals whch
st upn Hmc authty. Thus, th gnal ul wuld b t bgn
wth Hm: _a Jv pncpum_. W shuld plant hs statmnts ach
n th plac, as s many fundatn stns. Whl h lads us by th
hand, w shuld tad wth cmpaatv cnfdnc; whn w qut hs

gudanc, w shuld pcd wth cautn, wth mstust, wth a tn n
hgh than that f spculatn and avwd cnjctu.
In many nstancs, th applcatn f ths pncpls wll qu
th udmnts f aly G hsty t b cast. In llustatn f
ths statmnt, I wll f t a lgnd, whch has htf bn
ppulaly assumd as n a gat dg th thnlgcal statng pnt
f G hsty.
Th cunt das spctng th dstbutn f th G acs a
fundd upn th suppstn that th was a ctan Hlln, and that
h had th sns, Dus, lus, and Xuthus, th last f whm dd and
lft bhnd hm tw sns, In and Achus. Ths Hlln was (s uns th
sty) th sn f Ducaln, and Ducaln was th sn f Pmthus,
and th husband f Pyha, wh agan was th daught f Epmthus
and f Panda, th fst-mad wman. Fm th agncy f Ducaln and
Pyha, th human ac t a nw cmmncmnt aft th Dlug. Th
natn at lag w calld Hllns, aft Hlln; and fm hs tw
suvvng sns, and hs gandsns In and Achus, w namd th fu
gat banchs f th cmmn stm. Such s th lgnd as t stands n
Aplldus[106]; and that pat f t whch dscbs Hlln and hs
th sns, but n m, s fund n a fagmnt f Hsd, qutd by
Tztzs n Lycphn[107].
It s bvus that any n, sttng abut th nvntn f a sty wth
th cmpund pups, fst, f untng th G s n a cmmn bnd f
ac; scndly, f fng thm t a cmmn cunty as th cadl;
and, thdly, f cayng up th gn t an xtm antquty,
culd hadly hav dn btt than nvnt ths tal. And that, whch
mght hav bn dn at a st by an ndvdual mnd, was dn n
lss ffctually by th cmmn thught and wsh f th G ppl
muldng tslf by dgs nt tadtn. Th tal has a symmty
abut t, mst suggstv f dsgn and nvntn. Hw claly t
cnncts all th clbatd famls gups f th G natn;
wth what accuacy t fxs th latn t th cmmn stm; and wth
hw much mpatal cnsdatn f th slf-lv f vy n amng
thm, and f th sval shas f fam.
Nt nly n gnal, but vn n dtal, w may watch th gadual
fmatn f ths tadtn adaptng tslf t th stat f Gc.
In Hm w fnd n Hllns gatly dstngushd, xcpt lds
and Achans. Ths s th fst stag. But whn th Dans attan
t pw[108], thy clam a sha n th past answabl t th
pdmnanc n th psnt: and thy cv accdngly th fst
plac n th gnalgy as t stands n Hsd, wh Dus s th
fst-namd amng th th sns f Hlln. Th Achans, nw n
dpssn, d nt appa as Hllns at all. But wth th laps f
tm th Inans f Athns, bcmng pwful, ds t b als
famus: thf m must b mad f thm: and th Achans t
by th lcal ntmxtu wth th sam ac, and th pltcal
sympathy wth Athns, nc m cm t b nttld t ntc: Xuthus
accdngly, n th fnal fm f th tadtn s pvdd wth tw
sns. In and Achus, and nw all th fu banchs hav ach th
spctv plac.
Ths tadtn, hwv, s nth n whl n n pat sustand by
Hm, and can by n fft b mad t ft nt Hm; t say nthng
f ts cntanng wthn tslf much ncnguty. If w xclud Xuthus,
as a m mut, t gvs us fv psns as th pnymsts f fv
acs, th fu last ncludd n th fst. But f th fv psns
thus placd upn th stag, Hm gvs us but n; that n, lus,
has n ac tb, but nly tw th lns f dscndants
namd aft hm. Agan, th tw th chldn f lus n Hm
bcm fv n Hsd, twlv n Aplldus, and by addtns fm
th wts ach a spctabl ttal f svntn[109]. Thus as
t psns, Hm has ndd an lus, but h has n Hlln, n
Dus, n In, n Achus. Nw as t acs. H mntns, wthut dubt,
Hllns, Achans, Dans, Inans; but affds hadly any mans f
dntfyng Dans wth Hllns, and as t Inans, suppls ptty
stng psumptns that thy w nt Hllnc[110]. N ds h
stablsh any latn whatv btwn any f th fu acs and any
cmmn ancst pnymst. Agan, th Ducaln f ths lgnd s
tw gnatns bf ts lus; but th Ducaln f Hm, wh may
b c nd as th gnatns bf th fall f Ty, s als th
gnatns lat than hs lus. In fact, ths lgnd f Hlln and
hs famly s l an ugly and flmsy, but fmal, mdn hus, bult
by th saclgus cllctn f th fagmnts f a nbl un.
It may b thught dangus, hwv, n sttng up th authty
f Hm, t pull dwn that f Hsd, wh cms nast t hm.
But, fstly, Hsd s nly spnsbl f s much f th lgnd
as cnncts tw psns namd lus and Dus wth Hlln as th
suc; whch s at any at n m than a ptcal dss gvn t an
hypthss substantally nt n cnflct wth th Hmc tadtns.
Scndly, as spcts ltal tuth, th nam Hlln at nc bas
th stngst vdnc aganst ts wn ptnsns t an hstcal
chaact such as that assgnd t t, bcaus ts tymlgy fs t
t th ttal nam , and thugh ths t th natnal nam
[111]. L s, h ss ff f uh s
w Hm Hs, w Hm h wh Hs
h s, hs wh m f Hs h h. Hm w s
fu wh h sh s f h h ; Hs w s s
us . H s s fm h mh m s
s m, v s m su s. Th m wu
ffu f v um; u s s s h
v wh f wu v u u f h
v f s ff, f m s
h , w Hs Hm. I s fu hs h
v , f s h wh f s; h ms
f huh, h wh f h u, h msh whh
ss js s, ss mf.
I vu m , hwv, u Hss v ufu u f
h As. N f su h whh h s
hm. B wh h G, h ms x h Sv ,
h B ss. Bu, s f s fhwh h fuh s
s h I , h v su s hs ss, s
h ww h f hs, f whm h s s h w s
,
,
[112].
Thee, he e expl , ere he me, p rly l he The
Trj r, p rly r l e y Jper he e f he e rh,
he l f he le. Afer h, he le rp, e, he
le p, he Ir e, he e h eher ,
th ag f sh wc dnss and cuptn.
Ths vy cuus tun n th aangmnt f th Hsdc Ags, and
spcally th nstn, n a gula fguatv ss ta n fm th
mtals, f a cmpltly htgnus passag, calls f xplanatn;
and I vntu t suggst that ths passag shuld b cnstud as
dsclsng t us that bllant hal, whch th Hmc pms had cast
v an ag stll cnt, s as nt nly t hld t abv th n that
fllwd, but als t as t vn abv that whch had pcdd t;
abv th ag f Bllphn, f Tantalus, f Ssyphus, f Mns, and
vn f Hculs. Th splndu f th fam f hs ally dpndd
n th Bad. Th gat Bad f Gc had lftd Achlls and Ulysss
t a hght supassng that f th ld Hs, wh mand unsung
by hm; and h had pmsd Mnlaus, n th Futh Odyssy[113],
that vy sat n th gns f th blst, t whch allusn s h
mad by Hsd. Whl th appant ptc slcsm f ths passag s
thus accuntd f, t bcms, at nc, bth an mphatc tstmny
t th mmns pw xcsd by th vs f Hm, and a dstnct
dclaatn by Hsd f th wd scal ntval, by whch h was
hmslf spaatd fm th hc pd; a dclaatn ntly
accdant wth th ntnal vdnc f th pms f Hsd gnally,
and amuntng by mplcatn t th dubl statmnt fm ths pt,
that Hm blngd t th hc ag, and that h hmslf dd nt
blng t t.
Th tadtn f Hlln and hs sns, thn, xhbts n f th cass
n whch w must ta u chc btwn th tstmny f Hm, and
what a appantly th nvntns f th lat G s.
Anth f ths cass, whch wll b my scnd and last llustatn,
lats t Hln f Ty.
It has bn much dsputd whth ths clbatd chaact s t b
gadd as hstcal fcttus. A wt f n lss judgmnt
and authty than th Bshp f St. Davds, adpts th latt
altnatv, upn vaus gunds. Th stngst amng thm all, n
hs vw, s, that n th abductn f Hln, Pas nly pats an
xplt, als attbutd t Thsus[114]. Ths xplt, th Bshp
thn s, was nwn t Hm, as h ntducs tha, th mth f
Thsus, n th cmpany f Hln at Ty. And th wts hav
futh dvlpd ths das, by fndng absudty n th Hmc tal
f Hln, n th gund that sh must hav bn ghty yas ld whn
th suppsd abductn by Pas t plac.
Nw, th bass f ths statmnts ntly dpnds upn th assumptn
that th lat tadtns a nttld t b tatd th as upn
a pa, , at any at, as hmgnus wth ths f Hm. Th
tadtn whch assgns a ap f Hln t Thsus, s nly avalabl
t dscdt th tal f Hm, n th suppstn that t sts upn
authty l that f Hm. But f t was a lat nvntn, thn t
s m pbably t b gadd as a wtnss t th fam f th Hmc
psnags, and th anxty f Attca t gv h h th advantag
f smla mbllshmnts, than as an gnal tadtn whch Hm
cpd, as a twn pt wth that whch h has handd dwn.
Th tadtn f th ap f Hln by Thsus s mntnd by
Hdtus[115] as a tal cunt amng th Athnans. H tstfs
appantly t th fact, that th Dclans f Attca njyd ctan
mmunts n Spata, and w spad by th Lacdmnan fcs whn
thy nvadd Attca; whch was ascbd by th Athnans t th
havng assstd n th cvy f Hln fm Thsus, by pntng ut
t th Tyndad th plac f h cncalmnt. Hdtus, hwv,
ds nt affm th caus statd by th Athnans, n th abductn
by Thsus, whch aftwads bcam, had vn thn bcm, an
stablshd tadtn. Iscats[116] handls t wthut msgvng, and
t s mthdzd n Plutach, wth a multtud f th patculas,
u accptanc f whch abslutly qus th jctn f Hms
hstcal authty.
And s agan wth gad t tha, th daught f Ptthus, whm th
lat ags hav cnnctd wth Thsus. W hav n ght t tat h
ntductn n th cmpany f Hln[117], as a pf that Hm nw
f a sty cnnctng Hln wth Thsus, unlss w nw, whch w d
nt, fm Hm, fm authty nttld t cmpt wth Hm, that
th was a latn btwn tha and Thsus.
Nw, th sty f Hm spctng Hln, s pfctly slf-cnsstnt:
and s s hs sty spctng Thsus: but th tw a spaatd by
an ntval f lttl lss than tw gnatns, say ffty yas.
F Thsus[118] fught n th was aganst th , n whch Nst
t pat: and h wd and wddd Aadn, th aunt f Idmnus, wh
was hmslf naly qut n gnatn ld than th G ngs
n gnal. On th th hand, Hm shws th ag f Hln t hav
bn n just pptn t that f Mnlaus: f sh had a daught,
Hmn, bf th abductn, and mght, s fa as ag was cncnd,
hav bn chldn aft th cnjugal unn was sumd[119].
Why, thn, f Hm b th paamunt authty, shuld w, upn
tstmny nf t hs, ntduc cnflct and absudty nt tw
tadtns, whch h gvs us wd apat fm n anth and ach
slf-cnsstnt, by fgng a cnnxn btwn thm?
I hav statd ths tw cass, nt by way f bggng th qustn as t
th supty n nd f Hms tstmny, but t shw hw mptant
that qustn s; and n hw many nstancs th hsty f th hc
ag must b wttn, f w adpt th pncpl, that Hm ught t
b cvd as an gnal wtnss, cntmpay wth th manns, nay,
phaps, vn wth sm f th psns h dscbs, and subjct nly
t such dductns as th gnal wtnsss a labl t suff:
whas th lat tadtns st nly upn hasay; s much s, that
thy can hadly b calld vdnc, and shuld nv b ppsd, n
th wn cdt, t th tstmny f Hm.
In bngng ths dscussn t a cls, I wll qut a passag
spctng Hm, fm th Eal f Abdns _Inquy nt th
Pncpls f Bauty n Gcan Achtctu_, whch, I thn ,
xpsss wth gat tuth and smplcty th gund f Hms gnal
clam t authty, subjct, f cus, t any qustn spctng th
gnunnss f th cvd txt:
In tatng f an ag fa mvd fm th appach f gula
hsty, t s ftunat that w a funshd wth a gud s
unng as Hm, whs gnal accuacy f bsvatn, and
mnutnss f dscptn, a such as t affd a cpus suc f
nfmatn spctng almst vythng cnnctd wth th tms n
whch h cmpsd hs w : and wh, bng naly cntmpay wth
th vnts whch h lats, and, ndd, wth th alst matt
f cd n Gc, cannt fall nt msta s and anachnsms n
ats, manns, gvnmnt, as h mght hav dn had h lvd
at a m advancd and fnd pd[120].
It was sad f a ctan Dthus, that h spnt hs whl lf n
ndavus t lucdat th manng f th Hmc wd . Suc a
dt betwee abu ad t am mew at tatg; yet t

ady t muc t ay, t at exet et u ay f t e geat
cac f t e wd, ad atteded wt ay amut f ea eut,
eay t w away. It bette t wte e wd u t e ck, t a
a t uad t e wate t e ad: bette t emve a ge tay
te ut f t e at t at mut t e f tue cutue, t a t
ew ut me f devu tack, w c mead ad bewde u w e we
tave t em, ad make u me t a ctet f we ae ftuate eug
t fd, w e we emege ut f t e wdg, t at we ave my
etued t t e t u age, fm w c , ague yut , we et
ut.
A ue f t e kd abve uded ca y be fuy udetd w e
aed, t e acat f t em a accdgy bee attemted, t e
wk t w c t ee age fm a Itduct. I t vew, t may be
egaded a t e eceay eque. I cmmt t t t e e wt
cdeabe ae e, ad wt due defeece t t e judgmet
f t e eaed: f I d t fee myef t ave eed et e
t e fe ecect ad eady cmmad f t e teaue f acet
Geece, t e exteded ad ytematc kwedge f t e mde Hmec
teatue, w c ae amg t e eeta equte f quafcat
t dea a atfacty mae wt t e ubject. I ud fut e
ay, t at t e em f Hme, t be g ty ad t ug y uded,
demad udubtedy a degaged md, e a wud eay eve t e
tudy f a fe. Oe ea y I ca advace wt cfdece. T e wk,
w ateve ee t be, e w c a bee fuded gd fat
t e text f Hme. W et e tatemet ecuat, I ave
deed ad edeavued t at t ud ead me by t e ad: ad eve my
atcat f w at we mg t ay cae exect t t cta ave
bee fmed by a efex ce fm t e ugget t ad tef
ued:
O deg at et e e ume!
Vagam ug tud, e gade ame
C e m a fatt ceca tu vume;
Tu e m maet, e m aute[121].
*
Fay, t ug ag t e datfact f t e at t e

etab ed efeece gve amg u t t e Lat ame f dete
gay Geek, ad at me at f u t ga y f Geek ame,
I ave t ug t t bet t ad ee geea t t e cmm cutm, ad
y t devate fm t w ee a eca bject wa vew. I fea
t at dvety, ad eve cfu, ae me key t ae t a ay
beeft, fm efft at efm, made by dvdua, ad wt ut
t e advatage et e f aut ty f a cea ce, a a
gudwk f geea cet. I am ee ded t ay,
; ad aga wt Wdwt ,
Me t uc ateed feedm te.
Yet I ud gady ee t e day w e, ude t e aut ty f Sc a,
ad eecay f t e w bea ue ace f educat,
mvemet mg t be effected, t y t e t abve meted,
but u tay ad babau met d f ucg bt t e Geek
ad t e Lat aguage. I t e eect t e Euea wd may
t wt jutce decbe t e Eg at eat a t e _etu tt
dv be Bta_.
FOOTNOTES:
[93] Mue, . 282.
[94] Mue, . 286.
[95] Od. v. 499.
[96] Exc. . ad . .
[97] Ht. f Geece, c a. . ect. v. . 62. 4t.
[98] Ibd. ect. . . 47.
[99] Hty f Geece, v. . . 146; c a. v. Itd.
[100] M, 12, Pat Wk.
[101] Peface, . x.
[102] Ibd. . x.
[103] V. . . 2.
[104] A accm ed ctc t e uatey Revew Juy, (1856)
teat t eucat a e f M. Gte ma tte t ae.
[105] Gte Ht., v. . . 58, 9, 72.
[106] I. v. 2 ad 3.
[107] He. Fagm. xxv. fm Tzetze ad Lyc. 284.
[108] Hema, Gec . Staat-At et um, Sect. 8.
[109] See t e t Ct, F. H. V. I., . 46, te.
[110] See f. II. Sect. 2.
[111] Mue, Lt. Geece, v. ., . 39, .
[112] He. O. 157.
[113] Od. v. 561-9.
[114] B. T wa Ht. f Geece, c a. v.
[115] Hed, x. 73.
[116] Ecm. He. 21 et eq.
[117] I. . 144.
[118] I. . 262.
[119] See Od. v. 12.
[120] Ld Abedee Iquy, . 62. (1822.)
[121] Ife, I. 32.
II. ETHNOLOGY.
SECT. I.
_Sce f t e Iquy._
I w ceed t attemt, a ee f que, t e actca
acat f t e ce w c ave bee tated t e emay
Eay. T e ft f t ee que mg t me gud be deemed
t e mt azadu. It a quy t t e Eay Et gy ad
Et ga y f Geece: t e Cmt f t e Geek at, ad
t e ucce ad Dtbut f t ace, accdg t t e text
f Hme. T e eg, t e tc, t e mae, t e ctemay
ty, f t e Iad ad Odyey, may juty be cdeed t fm
eeta at f t e a f t e Pet, ad t ave bee dtcty
ctemated by tet. But t ate eged e y d
at tme: ad f t e ubject f t e ucce ad dtbut f
ace t baby fmed at f ue t teat at a;
t at t e edeavu t vetgate t we ae etey deedet,
fa a e cceed, u catteed ad cdeta tce.
But ee t , t at t e extaday uee ad ec f t e
md f Hme tad u uc admabe tead. W eeve, amdt t e
cud ad c a f e-Hmec atquty, e eabe u t dce a
umu t, t at t a beac, ad dcate gud w c
we may tead wt cfdece. T e matea, w c at a ft gace
aea u t e face f t e em t be avaabe f u ue,
may deed be but ede. But t e caefu gat eg tget e f may
deed dcat, ad t e tct bevat f t e eatve
beag a t effect, t at eac fagmet added t t e tck may
bt eceve utat fm w at aeady kw, ad may gve
t etu, by eg t exa ad etab eat t et
dubtfu bcue. Ad a t e tta g accumuat gw, t e
ett eut ceae a me ad at: a a ge kw t
u a ae te u f t g bede tef, but tw eabe u
t daw a e, ad t ee a tage, ad eac fut e e a t
added t ctuct a muttude f fgue: a t e ma-uzze,
ctucted t vke t e geuty f c de, w e ce a vey few
cute ave bee ad t e g t ace, t ey eve a key t
t e et, ad we ca ay ut wt cfdece t e geea de. Eve
I am t wt ut e t at, a t me at at eat f t et ca
examat, t e Hmec dcat may, w e bug t tget e,
waat u ayg t t em wd ued by Cce f at e ue:
_et em admab ctuat eeque eum, ut a ex a
ex, et me te e at cgatque vdeatu_[122].
I mut t, weve, te ve t e t e d f t e vetgat
wt ut gvg wag, t at we ave t meet at t e utet a
bady uced, ad ceedg fm a e f uc
g aut ty
a M. Gte, u mt ecet ta f Geece, t t e effect t at
t ee que ae fute. T tmat mtat t at t
a tad w wd. I gg t ug tca Geece,
ay M. Gte, we ae cmeed t accet t e Heec aggegate

wt t cttuet eemet a a may fact t tat fm,
becaue t e tate f u fmat de t eabe u t aced ay
g e. By w at ccumtace, ut f w at e-extg eemet,
t aggegate wa bug t tget e ad mdfed, we fd evdece
etted t cedt[123]. Ad t e, cdemat atcuay f
Peagc que, e eume: f ay ma ced t ca t e
ukw ate-Heec ed f Geece by t e ame f Peagc, t
e t m t d : but t a ame cayg wt t aued
edcate, way eagg u g t t ea ty,
eabg u t exa--w at wud be t e ea tca bem-- w
fm w m t e Hee acqued t at tck f dt,
attude, at, &c. wt w c t ey bega t e caee.... N
atteted fact ae w eet t u--e wee eet t Hedtu
ad T ucydde eve t e age, w c t bud tutwt y
affmat eectg t e ate-Heec Peaga.
I awe t t ee aage, w c ae t e quet e bady
t a fay, t may ft be beved, t at at eat Hedtu ad
T ucydde dd t t k w at we ae t u vted t t k f t em,
ad t at f t e judgmet f t e atte, a a que t matte f
fact, M. Gte a mef juty exeed t e g et [124].
M. Gte, acg e categy a t at eate t t e egeday
age, fd t a a w e tactabe ad u tca, wt a
edmace f etmeta attbute qute uke t e actca
tu ad we f t e Geek md ate tme[125]. But a t
t dtubace f equbum aeed c efy becaue t e geue
t ug ede tc matea f t e ec age, ued by t e
em f Hme, ave bee vebe ad fded by t e accumuat
made by magat, vaty, eetmet, attm, dug a
t uad yea? Eve f t e ufted ma f eged, t w c t e
dtgu ed ta efe, t may be dubted, w et e t t,
w e vewed a a w e, bewdeg, fme, ad ctet, at e
t a etmeta. It a bee eveyw ee dakeed by c ue,
ad by t e uaut zed meddg f geeat, w c ad ceaed t
ymat ze wt t e ec age. At ay ate, I cave em t ty
w at we ca make f t at age t e matte f ty, by deag ft
ad femt wt m w aded t f t e ue f ty, aat
fm t e, I mea t e afte et, tageda, ad gga e, t
w m t wa tte me t a a mace.
I tut t at t e ecet exame f me eaed ad abe a B
T wa ad K. O. Me, et e f w m ave t ug t ubject
f t kd t uvtg t ewad quy, may ava bt t
evet t e tet f a emay ba t t e dcu, ad
t tect t agat a advee ejudgmet. By atcat I ca
eaaby make t e awe t a cdematy etece, t a t at
w c cveyed t e wd et u ty. But at ay ate, _et
e etum_: t e take wt t e vetue. He wud be deed a
wt e bga e w dd t, fa a matea caed m,
uue t e fe f a e back t t e uey eve t e cade: ad
t e ame fat fu ad we-guded tct vet wt a uag
teet a ea eucdat f t e fact ad dea, t at make u t e
mage f t e Geek at et e t facy eve t emby.
T ee ae t ee ad y t ee ame f day ue t e Iad,
by w c t e et degate t e ee t at ad bee baded tget e
agat Ty. T ame ee aftewad became famu ty,
e a beyd a t e, ft by t e ame f Heee, w c wa
ef-aed; ad ecdy by t e ame f Geek, w c t ey acqued
fm t e Itaa cque ad catve. Geece w aga becme
Hea.
T ee ame, met fa beyd a t e, ae,
1. , D s.
2. , Agans Agvs.
3. , Ah s.
They re mmly tre ted s syymus. It ppe rs t le st t h ve
bee ssumed th t they re p ble f yeldg y pr t l results
t ttempt t hstr lyss d dstrbut. T try ths
uest fully, s m p rt f my preset purpse. Thus muh t
le st s le r: th t they seem t be the euv lets, fr the Tr
perd, f the Helle me l ter tmes.
But there re ther mes, f v rus l sses, hh ut f
ther rel ts t the fregg es t s m ter l t brg t ve.
rst, there re fud Hmer t ther desg ts, hh purprt

t h ve the s me effet s the three lre dy uted. They re
1. , h s.
2. , Panhllns.
Nxt cm th nams f acs, whs latns t th fgng
appllatns wll dmand scutny. Ths a
1. , el sg s.
2. , Hllns.
3. , Thacans, ath Thacs.
Lastly, th a a m numus class f nams, whch a lcal n
ths sns, that Hm nly mntns thm n cnnctn wth patcula
pats f Gc, but whch bng claly tbal and nt ttal,
stand claly dstngushd fm th nams whch wd, may hav
wd, th gn t th dffnt cts dstcts f th cunty,
such as Phcan (Il. . 517), Rhdan (654), Elan (Il. x. 670),
Ithacan (Odyssy _passm_): and l ws fm th nams whch alady
w, aftwads cam t b, n stablshd cnnctn wth ths
f dstcts, thugh thy hav n appaanc f havng bn gnally
ttal: such as Acadan (Il. . 603, 611), Btan (Il. .
494), Athnan (Il. . 546, 551).
Of th class nw bf us th a sm whch a f mptanc n
vaus dgs wth gad t th vws f pmtv hsty t b
gathd fm th Hmc pms. As such I an
1. , Cadmans, n Thbs, Il. v. 388 and lswh: and wth
ths, as an quvalnt, , Il. v. 385 and lswh.
2. , Inans, n Athns, Il. x. 685.
3. , Dans, n Ct, Od. xx. 177. A twn Dn s als
mntnd n th Catalgu as wthn th tts f Nst, Il. .
594.
4. , Cphallns, n th slands und Ulysss, Il. . 631.
5. , Ephyr, Thess ly, Il. . 301.
6. r , Hell, rther Thess ly, Il. v. 234.
7. , Caucns, n suthn Gc, Od. . 366: (and amng th
Tjan alls, Il. x. 429, xx. 329.)
8. , Epans, n Els, Il. . 619, and n th ppst
nthn cast and slands f th Cnthan Gulf: cmpa Il. . 627,
and x. 691.
9. , Abants, n Euba, Il. . 536.
10. , Mymdns, n Phtha, Il. . 684.
11. , Cuts, n tla, Il. x. 529.
12. , Phley, The ly, Il. x. 301.
13. , n Thssaly, Il. . 267, 8, . 733, 4.
And lastly t may b mntnd that n th sngl wd , e (Il.
. 498) e e e f he mer B , e h ve
l e f he exee he her me f he erm f
he me _Greee_ _Gree _, hh fer r ee , ll
re , h exr r ry f me.
The Hmer ex ll ffr me f ve , mre r le,
fr he re er p r f hee me, he m hre f he qry
r h hee fve; Pel , Hellee, D , Are , Ah .
I j h he pree je, I h ll er h lh
hr y Hmer he rel f he Gree h her r e
prperly Gree : he Ly , he Ph , he Sel, he Eyp ,
he peple f Cypr, f lly he Per . The me f he Lelee
ll e ere j h h f he C e.
FOOTNOTES:
[122] C. e N . Der. . 4.
[123] Gre H. vl. . pp. 349-51, p r . h. 2.
[124] Pref e p. x.
[125] Pref e p. xv.
SECT. II.
_The Pel ; h hee_,
_ ._ Ar . _._ r Gr. _._ I s. _d._ Athe s.
_e._ Egypt s. _f._ Thr es. _g._ C ues. _h._ Leleges.
It ll be mst veet t beg th the se f the el sg s:
d the uests e sh ll h ve t vestg te ll be subst t lly
reduble t the fllg he ds:
1. Are the el sg s esset lly Gree ?
2. If s, h t s ther rel t t the Hellees, d t the tegr l
Gree t?
3. Wh t elemets dd they trbute t the frm t f the mpste
bdy thus lled?
4. Wh t s ther l gu ge?
5. Wh t s the derv t f ther me?
6. By h t rute dd they me t Greee?
The dret evdee f the Hmer pems th respet t the el sg s
s s ttered d f t. It derves hever m ter l d frm v rus
br hes f tr dt, p rtly veyed the Hmer pems, d p rtly
etr eus t them, p rtul rly relg, l gu ge, d pursuts.
Evdee legtm tely dr frm these l tter sures, herever t s
the ture f rumst t l prf, s f r superr uthrty t
suh lter ry tr dts s re surruded, t ther vsble sure,
th rumst es f uert ty.
_The el sg s._
I. The frst p ss ge, th hh e h ve t de l, s th t prt f
the C t lgue f the Gree rm met, here Hmer trdues us t the
tget f Ahlles the fllg les:
,
,
,
,
[126].
All vdnc gs t shw, that Thssaly std n a mst mptant
latn t th nfant lf f th G acs; whth w cnsd t
as th sat f many mst ancnt lgnds; as dgnfd by th psnc
f Ddna, th hghst sat f lgus tadtn and authty t
th G s; as cnnctd wth th tw ancnt nams f Hll and
Plasg: lastly n gad t th pmnnc t tand vn dwn
t and dung th hstc ag n th cnsttutn f th Amphctync
Cuncl[127]. All ths ndcatns a n hamny wth th cus f
G thnlgcal tadtn.
Nw th Catalgu f th G amamnt s dvdd nt th gat
sctns.
Th fst cmpss Cntnntal Gc, wth th slands mmdatly
adjacnt t th cast, and lyng suth f Thssaly. Th scnd cnssts
f th G slands f th gan. Th thd s whlly Thssalan: and
t bgns wth th lns whch hav bn qutd.
_Th Plasgans: Plasgc Ags._
What thn ds Hm man us t undstand by th phas

n ths passag? Is t
1. A m twn, twn and dstct, l Als, Alp, and ths
whch fllw; s t
2. A cunty cmpsng sval many such?
And f th latt, ds t dscb
1. That cunty nly v whch Plus gnd, and whch suppld th
Mymdn dvsn;
2. A m xtndd cunty?
Fst lt us ma th us f th atcl. It s nt th mann f
Hm t mply th atcl wth th pp nams f placs. W may
b su that t cas wth t a dstnctv fc: as n th Tjan
Catalgu h mplys t t ndcat a patcula ac bdy f
Plasgans[128] apat fm ths. Nw th dstnctv fc f th
atcl h may hav th bth f tw bangs.
1. It may ma ff th Ags f th Plasgans fm n m th
cunts placs bang th nam f Ags.
2. Evn ndpndntly f th ptht, th atcl may b ghtly
mplyd, f Ags tslf b nt stctly a pp nam, but ath a
dscptv wd ndcatng th physcal chaact f a gvn gn.
Thus Sctland s stctly a pp nam, Lwlands a dscptv
wd f ths natu: and th latt ta s th atcl wh th fm
ds nt qu vn admt t. And nw lt us pcd t ma u
slctn btwn th vaus altnatvs bf us.
Whchv f th tw bangs w gv t th atcl, t sms
f tslf t pclud th suppstn that a m twn sngl
sttlmnt can b h ntndd: f nwh ds Hm gv th
atcl t a nam f that class.
Scndly, n almst vy plac wh Hm spa s f an Ags, h
ma s t plan that h ds nt man a m twn sngl sttlmnt,
but a cunty ncludng twns sttlmnts wthn t. Th xcptns
t ths ul a a. In Il. v. 52 w hav n f thm, wh h
cmbns Ags wth Spata and Mycn, and calls all th by th nam
f cts. Th ln Il. . 559 pbably suppls anth. But n a
lat Sctn[129] th gnal ul wll b fully llustatd.
It wll als claly appa, that th nam Ags s n fact a
dscptv wd, nt a pp nam, and s naly quvalnt t u
Lwlands t th Italan campagna.
Thdly: n many th placs f th Catalgu, Hm bgns by placng
n th fnt, as t w, th cmphnsv nam whch vds and
ncluds th patcula nams that a t fllw; and thn, wthut any
th dstnctv ma than th us f th fant ncltc cpulatv
, p m p w w w
pvy m. f
...
...
v. 535, 6.
w b , b ....
m w m y p p w m y, w b ,
y , ... .
A ,

...
v. 581, 2.
w , b w b , my,
v m f p , .
w A , v. 603, I , v. 631.

W m y f v 681,
,
s f , I , , s s m us.

Bu, , s f h vs f Ahs,
s sm h xss h wh fm whh
hs w s w, s f h wh m
f h C u, v. 759, s u h
vss s h? Th s mm
h s f h fm v, wh v us s s
mm h .
Th s s h ms f w Ahs wh
hs Mms, w h m f hs f h Pus,
u f Thss u h m f As, P s As.
Ahuh h vs f Ahs m h wh f h
Phh s[130], Phh s h s f hs
, s f s h s v m: h ss,
whh w h f s, h h m f Phh sf w s
m u wh h w f h m.
A , h P s m, s w fuh sv, s Hm
s wh h Suh f Thss , wh h m f
Pus , u h wh h Nh, h ws sms f
whh um , h fs, u h hs f
hs f h C u.
I h v f h Sxh B , whh f w
sh m , Ahs sss Ju s P s, s
w f ( ): herefre, he pe l The l e f
he l e he m f Pele.
We h ve erve, , he e rler p r f he le v r
lleve me, fer r expl e rvely, fr he v r
e: here e f h l f me emplye
fr y f he Eh Dv hh fll h f Ahlle. They
ll eem e r he frm f p rl r rve emer ,
el he mpreheve he f Pel Ar r The ly.
There l meh he v re he C le,

fe y he r
...
hh e, ere, mpleely e r p. There

h ele reeml hem. They frm he r e
h per f he l, fer er ph l r frm he l :
here re fr hee m r e r, f Pel Ar
eher mere r, r l l verey, very
re , f Pel Ar me h re er l pr f he
Gree errry, he v le f The ly, he p rl r p r f hh
he Pe e frh mh e l.
I m y herefre e ferre, h he ephe pple
y Hmer he The l v le llevely, e
eee he m f P he e, Olymp he
rh, Ohry he h, O r he e he e . We mh,
h er ph l errr, r l e he phr e
f th scnd Ilad by that nam f Thssaly[131], whch th cunty
aftwads acqud: but th da whch t pply ndcats t us,
s, _that Ags whch had bn sttld by th Plasgans_.
It s th nly ggaphcal ptht whch, appld t th nam Ags,
blngs t th nth f Gc: and t s s appld by way f
dstnctn and ppstn t th uss f th nam Ags n th
pats f th pms, whch w shall haft hav t xamn, namly,
th Achac and th Iasan Ags.
_Th Plasgans: Ddna._
II. Phaps th mst slmn nvcatn f Jupt as th gat dty f
th G s n th whl f th Pms s wh Achlls, sndng fth
Patclus t battl, pays that gly may b gvn hm. It uns thus
(Il. xv. 233-5):
, , , ,

.
I m m y p m b p ,
w , w, p f p
f v y. I b w w b
w p f D Jp w , w
p, w y f pp f w p, w
D . pp f A vy
m fb pw m ,
f Dv pw w.
I b b , b pp y w y v , w
w f D f m f-m f G[132].
I m , wv, w D ww f
, b p . B p y w
p f D w v w bf . p
f Hm y p D y,
v m p , , as Achlls appls t t n
Il. xv. Gunus, h says, was fllwd by th Enns and Phb,
,
[133].
B m f b f v fx

D f Hm f y. A
, D , b f yx, m y
j f , w bw
v, by w w w , Jp,
w w f, w m f
j m m. I yy, , Uy, f
m p, p mf v
v fm p f Jp, w
v fm fy [134]. B pmp f b
f p jfy m x
f p D ww f m Hm :
w w y Uy p mf
v p f [135] fm Amb
f y f . ! p
y v ffy p pp w v
, f D Jp m y v
bf . v f Hm p
y, Hm , w , b by H. Af
m, w f D v y, b
m f w f p . A m w
f b Dp ww f , w m Hm w
y , v f m m y v
v m [136]. I y mpb b, fm
m w m , v b w
G D Hm .
Hwv, vy p bf , v
y f G .
D f Hm w by ,
b w w b by ff ,
H, H w m f
y. W f y b f f m m pb by
pp f v , w mv y m fm
m, fm w w ffy,
vz f, y b p
w v p m b,
by f w f mp,
w b f . vy
f , H w m m f Jp,
fm bf w w y
b ; f w w m f
v f w y H v ?
, bf w f w w m y Hm

A f , w w f pp w
w p f G Jp, v
pb by b w m w b m.
A , w p y pm
y p f _ _, y y A:
y w p f D , y Jp f
D Jp: w b f my, f f
w x b m w f y,
p f f pm f
.
W m bj w f v f
H, w , mp f Hm, bf
y y my. H f w D . ! m

pp y ww . I p
mm y w ;
, , , [137].
I p , w H m
mm f Hp :

,
[138].
, x w Hm, D w w
y w m f , m w w w
v f A .
_ y I ._
III. !x, w f Hm wy p bw y
w fm w b f .
m m f f
G my:
1. m , Im (I. . 645).
2. m R , pm (653).
3. m ym, ! (671).
4. m !y, y, m , pp
Ap (676).
1. A . Uv m f D w
y. B w , Hm, f , w w
w f ( , Il. x. 450): and h was
als th fath f Idmnus, lad f th Ctans bf Ty (Il.
x. 452), and ul v many f thm (bd.), but nt, s fa as
appas, v th whl sland.
Nw Mns was nt nly ng f all Ct, but sn f Jupt (bd.,
and Od. x. 568) by a Phncan damsl f gat nt (Il. xv. 321); w
must thf gad hm, hs mth, as havng cm fm Phnca
nt Ct. Th nfnc wuld b, that Ducaln cam fm Ct t
Thssaly, and that h, Idmnus hs sn, -mgatd t Ct.
Hm ds nt ndd stat that Ducaln was v n Thssaly: but
h ndctly suppts th tadtn bth by placng Idmnus n a
dffnt pstn n Ct fm that f hs gandfath Mns, and
thws[139]. Ths suppstn wuld at nc cncl th lat
tadtn wth Hm, and xplan t us why th gandsn f Mns nly
flld an nf pstn.
Agan, as w s that Thssaly s Plasgc, and that th Thssalan
Mymdns a calld Achans, s l ws w fnd amng th fv
natns f Ct bth Plasgans and Achans[140]. H, accdng t
Stab, Staphylus dscbd ths tw acs as nhabtng th plans,
and Andn ptd thm, as als th Dans, t hav cm fm
Thssaly: nusly, says Stab (x. 4., p. 476), ma ng th mth
cty f th Dans a m clny fm th Thssalans. And th ancnt
tadtn whch placs th nfant Jupt n Ct (Jvs ncunabula
Ctn), cncus wth th da whch th abv-namd facts wuld
suggst, that th Plasgans may hav cm, at last n pat, fm th
suthn slands f th gan.
2. As t Rhds. Tlplmus, ts chftan, s th sn f Hculs, and
f Astycha, whm, n th cus f hs ads, h t fm Ephya by
th v Slls. It s qustnd whch Ephya, and whch Slls,
f f bth th w sval, ths may hav bn. If thy w n
Thssaly[141], w hav thus a ln f cnnctn stablshd btwn
Thssaly and Rhds.
3. As t th cntngnt fm Nsyus, th Calydn, and Cs. Fstly, t
was cmmandd by Phdppus and Antphus (678), sns f Thssalus, th
sn f Hculs. Th cnnctn btwn Hculs and Thssaly, whch
s agabl t th gnal cus f tadtn, als hamnss wth
th mst natual cnstuctn whch can b put upn ths passag f
Hm: namly, that ths Thssalus was th psn wh aftwads bcam
th pnymst f Thssaly, that h was a natv nhabtant f th
cunty, and that th h, m pbably hs sns, w mgants
fm t t th slands.
Hs nam, latnt f a tm, may aftwads hav attand t ts
lvatn, as a mans f cnnctng Thssaly wth Hculs, whn th
dscndants f that h had bcm pdmnant n th Suth. Phaps
th appaanc f th pst-Hmc nam Ds may b xpland n th
sam mann.
Scndly, Cs s dscbd as th cty f Euypylus. Ths may man a
cty whch h had fundd; a cty whch was thn actually und hs
dmnn. Bynd all dubt, t ndcats a vy spcal cnnctn
f sm nd btwn Cs and Euypylus. Nw, hs nam s mntnd
wthut adjunct. Had h bn a dcasd fund f th cty, h wuld
pbably hav bn calld l Thas (Il. xv. 230). If h was
lvng, wh was h? W hav n th Ilad n vy famus Euypylus,
wh appas amng th nn fmst f th G hs (Il. v.
167), and whs an nttld hm (x. 818) t b calld ; an
ptht cnfnd, as s pbabl, t Kngs[142]. Nw althugh Hm
allws hmslf, whn h s dalng wth scnday psns, t apply
th sam nam t m than n ndvdual, wthut always cang t
dscmnat btwn thm, th s n nstanc n whch h ds ths
f a psn f th class f Euypylus. Ths pbably, thf, s
th sam Euypylus, as mts us n th pats f th pm, th sn f
Eumn. But fm th Catalgu[143], t appas that h cmmandd th
cntngnt fm Omnum n Thssaly. If thn, th sam psn, wh
fundd had sm spcal latn t Cs, was als th cmmand
f a Thssalan fc, h w hav a nw tac f cnnctn btwn
Thssaly and th slands t th suthwad.
4. Nus, namd by Hm f hs bauty aln, wth hs th shps
fm Sym, can scacly b sad t ma an unt n th G catalgu.
Wth ths n ncnsdabl xcptn, w fnd n all th cass f
sland cntngnts a cnnctn subsstng btwn thm and Thssaly,
and ths cnnctn nt appang t b mdat, alng th ln f
manland whch achs fm Thssaly t wthn a sht dstanc fm
Ct, but appantly mantand dctly by th matm ut: a fact
f mptanc n cnsdng th pbabl xtnsn and mvmnt f th
Plasgc ac, whch w fnd xstng n bth gns. W nw fm
Hm[144] that th suthn slands w a cmmn ut cnnctng
Gc wth th East. Th a als abundant tacs f mgatn by
th nthn cast f th gan. Thus t s at bth ths gats f

Gc, that w fnd th Plasgan nam subsstng n th tm f
Hm, whn n th na vcnty f th cnt f Achan pw t was
alady xtnct.
_Th Plasgans._
IV. Agan, I thn w may tac th na cnnctn btwn th
Plasgans and th G natn n th laudaty pthts wth whch
th fm a mntnd by Hm. W must h p n mnd n th n
hand th xtadnay s ll and ca wth whch th Pt mplyd hs
pthts, and n th th hand, hs nv falng slctud t xalt
and adn vy thng G .
Hm nams th Plasgans nly thc, and ach tm wth a laudaty
ptht.
In Il. x. 429, wh thy fm pat f th Tjan camp, and agan n
Od. xx. 177, wh thy a statd t b fund n Ct, thy a
. Hm nv appls ths wd xcpt t what s pmnnt n ts
nd: n patcula, h nv attachs t t any natnal nam bsds
th Plasg, xcpt , hh f tself muts t presumpt
th t he reg rded hs utryme s sme y st dg the s me
l ss th the el sg s.
I the rem g p ss ge here he mes the el sg s, th t the
Trj C t lgue (Il. . 340), he lls them . H
p y p . f f y, b
w pp w f , .
I f p pp v y w y
w , b f B, pp
(I. . 693), w w . I (I. v.
134), v A ; w m (. 611),
y mm . I p
(. . 188), pp p ym mv.
m f , p y, w m y w f
pmp f m f m.
V. A . I f , w b
pym m-v, p m p
mm . m b bf b ,
bf b . f f
, m f , pf f w b
f m .
x mp, Hm v G , n

(thugh n th patcula cass f Jun and f Hln h uss th
sngula fmnn, f whch m haft), but nly ; and w
shall fnd, that ths fact s nt wthut ts manng. It s thf
wthy f nt, that h uss th tm n th sngula. Th
chfs f th Plasgan y w Hpp ,
(I. . 843,) w w
.
A , (xv. 288),
.
Th llustus sn f Lthus th Plasgan. It sms unctan, fm
th plac n th Tjan Catalgu, whth ths Plasgans w

Eupan Asatc; n s t matal t whch gn thy blngd.
_Th Plasgans and Lassa._
VI. It s futh bsvabl, that Hm mpls dstnctly th
xstnc f vaus tbs f Plasg und that sam nam n vaus
and wdly spaatd placs. H says,

, .
b jy bv p f p p

mpy b mb. A w n th
fllwng ln, sgnfyng namly ths Plasg, wh, shw that th
pt fund t ncssay t us a dstnctv ma n d that ths
Plasg mght nt b cnfundd wth th Plasg. Agan, as ths s
n th Tjan Catalgu, wh as a matt f cus n G s wuld
b fund, h culd hadly nd t dstngush thm fm any Plasg
cnnctd wth th G s, and w may assum t as mst pbabl that
h mant thus t dstngush thm fm th Plasg ut f Gc
ath than n Gc. At th sam tm, h may hav had gad t
th Plasgans f Plasgc Ags. In that cunty, as w may cnclud
wth cnfdnc fm th appllatn tslf, thy w nwn t fm
th bul f th ppulatn, and as w ha f n such Plasgan mass
lswh n Hm, h may pssbly hav had thm patculaly n hs
mnd, whn h dscbd th Tjan Plasgans as Plasgans f Lassa.
Sm lght s als thwn upn th chaact and habts f natns
by th pthts attachd t th placs f abd. Hm mntns
Lassa but twc: nc h, and nc wh h lats th dath f
Hppthus, (Il. xv. 301). Th ftlty
f Lassa tnds, as fa as t gs, t ma th Plasg as a ppl f
cultvats, havng sttld habts f lf.
Th s sm dffculty, hwv, cnnctd wth th patcula sgn
whch Hm has mplyd t dstngush ths Plasgans. Hppthus
ld th Plasg, ths Plasg, I man, wh nhabt pductv
Lassa. Fm ths t wuld appa that n th days f Hm, thugh
th w many Plasg n vaus placs, th was but n Lassa.
And, accdngly, th nam nv appas wthn th Gc f Hm,
th n th Catalgu, lswh. Yt tadtn hands dwn t us
many Lassas, bth n Gc and bynd t: and ctcs hld t t b
asnably psumd, whv w fnd a Lassa, that th Plasg had
bn sttld. But ths nam f Lassa appantly was nt, and pbably
culd nt hav bn, thus lagly mplyd n Hms tm; f f t
had bn s, th pts us f th tm Lassa wuld nt hav bn
n ths cas what h mant t t b, namly, dstnctv. Yt th
Plasgans w vn at that tm appantly fallng, vn falln,
nt dcay. Hw thn culd thy hav bult many nw cts n th
subsqunt ags? And, xcpt n that way, hw culd th nam Lassa
hav vvd, and acqud ts pcula sgnfcanc?
In sx placs f th Ilad w ha f a patcula pat f th cty f
Ty whch was bult upn a hght, and n whch th tmpl f Apll
was stuatd (v. 446). Ths affds us an xampl f a spaat nam,
, affxd t a spaat pat f a cty, that pat appantly
bng th ctadl. In l mann th ctadl f Ags (whch std
upn an mnnc) had, at a lat dat, a dstnct nam, whch was
Lassa[145], and was sad t hav bn dvd fm a daught f
Plasgus s calld[146]. Nw t may hav bn th gnal ul t

call th ctadls f th Plasgan twns Lassa. If s, thn w can
adly undstand that s lng as th twns thmslvs, ath, t
mght b, th scattd hamlts, mand, th nam f th ctadls
wuld b aly had: but whn th fm fll nt dcay, th sld
masny whch th Plasg usd f walls and f publc buldngs,
but whch dd nt xtnd t pvat dwllngs, wuld man. Thus th
ctadls wuld natually tan th wn ld nam, whch had bn
gnally attachd t thm wth fnc t th ftfcatns.
Ths hypthss wll fully accunt f th absptn f th patcula
and spaat nams f twns n th gnal and cmmn nam f th
ctadls.
Wh an agcultual sttlmnt was mad upn gund, sm patcula
spt f whch affdd asy mans f ftfcatn, cnvnnc wuld
pbably dctat th ctn f a ctadl f ccasnal tat n
tm f dang, wthut any attmpt t gath clsly nt n plac
and suund wth walls th sdncs f th sttls: a masu
whch, as ntalng many dsadvantags, was nly l ly t ta plac
und th pssu f stng ncssty. Such I hav psumd t hav
bn th dnay hsty f th Plasgan Lassas. That whch, whl
t flushd as a Plasgan sttlmnt, mght b an Ags[147], wuld,
phaps, aft a cnqust, and th changs cnsqunt upn t, bcm
at last a Lassa.
But cass mght as n whch th mst ftl lands, lyng ntly
pn and lvl, wuld, n th n hand, ff pcula tmptatns
t th spl, and, n th th, ff n scapd lvatd spt
sutabl f a spaat ftfcatn. In such a cas th nam
uld be best deserved, d suh se t the prb ble result
uld be, t buld lled t ludg ll the h bt ts f the
lsts. Ths lled t uld, fr the very s me re s s the
t dels elsehere, be tself L rss : d thus ths el sg me
mght be dsttve e the tme f Hmer, d yet mght beme
mm e fter rds.
All ths rrespds th the geer l belef the t pts, (1)
th t the el sg s delt, s Att , , (2) h he
L r re Pel .
B mrever ppre y p rl r e. Try, fr
ex mple, h Per m lfy p r f he e here :
frm he ephe , , , pp
m but nv t (f I m w w
f y, y f p), m y jy
b f I[148] b m w m
p . B w y w y b
x , " m, w mpy !p Ap
f pp.
A , p p m m , b f
f b. W w fm y[149] B w , fm
p fy, m b v fm v
p y p f G. W m p
f yy[150] m b . Hm
Amp # , pb by m vy H mm
G, f f b; ,
p y, y ff . B pp y v
b p f m ,
, w ff , b p
f b , my, , v pwf

y w, y y, p (, Od.
x. 265) and ch, xcpt wth th ad f walls. Ths wuld appa t
b a cas l th f the seveteeth Il d, d bth
l e ere prb bly eepts t the geer l rule.
I h ve de th the dret tes f the el sg Hmer. But
e h ve stll sder ble h rvest f dret tes t g ther.
rtul rly, dsussg the me g f the me I s, e sh ll
here fter fd re s t suppse th t Hmers Athe s ere el sg:
d I prpse here t refer t sme sml r d ts th respet t
the Ar d s.
_The Ar d s Hmer._
L e the el sg s, the Ar d s re, s e h ve see, h ppy ever
beg meted thut Hmers mmed t. I Il. . 611 they re
. I I. v. 134 y .
_ A ._
I w m p b f
A : f, by b m vy m, :
y, by y f m m p.
I b p j m b. W
xp f A , p w
xp f b v , p f
D vy m p w f A
G. A , j , w w, w y
f p, b m by w y f p .
mb f . A j
pp v b p y v p f p ,
b pp p m f A .
w b f v . A
p y f vy f y, w p b fm
fm pp f b m . A
f p m w mm w p y
w ,[151] b f m m b , f
, mpy p f . I y pp pp
f y m w by: w y m f
b f m, xp by p. by , A w
f[152], f vy p y. I
m w , x [153], m pp pv f
p; v Hm, p p w
vy y, pp xy p w
w [154]. A f v b w v
.
A , A w mm by A p f A[155].
H w pp v b v. w
fm p f ! wy- B [156],
m w b b f Am y by p ,
w
mf v m w A . A
f w A b : A p w
pb by f A f ,
pp by A mm mm A j w .
v p fm A mm, f f f
-A x , f w m A
p y p, f _p _ : f
b b w v G w p

f _ _, w b m f m
ffv .
A . I w f (I ) b f f
ym m m w H [157].
I p vy m b m,
w p m p , y , :
y, b b, xp A . w v
pmp b m w
A b: f m b w fm
w p , pmp
A w mv .
m. I x b ! , y

y A f w f v
I . A w mm by , w w
m f A . A m by m fm
y, w ppp m, b
, cma am, Eeut a. Net, t e at f t e
Pya, ecuteed Eeut a, ad by t e ad f Meva defeated
m.
Fm t tae t wud aea, ft, t at Lycgu wa kg f
Acada. H ame avu f Peaga g, fm t eat t
f t e ate tadt eectg Acada, ad t Lyca
f Pam, deceded by t e mt e de fm t e Leege; aga, t
Lyca t e fat e f Padau; by a t t e abtat f
Lyca. T e au t avg ucceeded by tatagem y, vey
ted (148),
, ,
m mpy pp m y fy: w

w pb b f A , ,
H b. A p w
f y; w !, f p f y w
w A , f H, A f
(I. v. 132-56).
I m y b m f , m y fy
b f w w , b mpy mpy
y v w y bf b f m m m y
b mv; H x bf
!m ; R w f 1854-6 bf
W m.
y, appld t Euthaln (Il. v. 319), accds wth th

us f that ptht f th Plasg lswh.
Thus a numb f ndcatns fm Hm, slght whn ta n spaatly,
but m cnsdabl whn cmbnd, and dawn fm _all_ th passags
n whch Hm fs t Acada, cnvg upn th suppstn that
th Acadans w a Plasgan ppl.
Thy a supptd by th whl stam f lat tadtn; whch placd
Lycan, sn f Plasgus, n Acada, whch unfmly psntd th
Acadans as autchthnc[158], and whch mad thm cmptts wth
th Agvs f th hnu f havng gvn t th Plasgans th
gnal sat n th Plpnnsus.
H t phllgy stps n, and lnds us sm small ad. Th nam
f , w c t e Acada tk t t emeve, ad w c
aumed t mea de t a t e m, aea, w e udetd, t
exe a vey fced dea: t dffcut deed t cceve w
uc a ame cud eve cee t ue. But f we efe t g t
r , t thn bcms th smpl ndcatn f
th hstcal fact w a l ng f, namly, that thy, a Plasgc
ppulatn, ccupd Acada bf any f th Hllc Sllc acs
had cm nt th Plpnnsus.
Fm ts ch pastus, Acada was gnally wll adaptd f
Plasgan nhabtants. Dfndd by muntans, t ffd, as Attca
dd thugh th pvty f ts sl, an asylum t th fugs f that
ac, whn dspssssd fm th stll m ftl, and phaps als
m accssbl tacts f th Plpnnsus[159]. Hnc t s asy t
accunt bth f ts gnal Plasgan chaact, and f th lng
tntn f t.
W sm thn t fnd th Acadans f Hm (fst) pltcally
dpndnt, and (scndly) cmmandd by a fgn, but yt (thdly)
valant n wa. It wuld thus appa that what thy wantd was nt
anmal vn mal cuag, but th pltcal and gvnng lmnt,
whch s th man lmnt n hgh matal talnt. All ths w shall
fnd, as w alady hav n sm dg fund, t b a Plasgan
ptatu. And f t shuld sm t hav bn dawn wth th ad f
cnjctu, lt t at any at b bsvd that t s supptd by
th Acadan chaact n th hstc ags. Thy appa fm vaus
ndcatns t hav bn f many gnatns th Swss f Gc:
nt pducng gat cmmands, and bscu nugh, untl a vy lat
dat, n th pltcal annals f th cunty, but abundng n th
matals f a hady sldy, and ta ng svc wth ths that
sctn f th G s as chanc mght dctat. F n Xnphn thy
bast that whn any f th G s wantd auxlas () y
m A b m: m m
mp y w y v A , b vy
m w y v m[160]. A y ,
w , , w p f b
A , f f w A , w
fm vy m ,
w m f f f y
m[161].
_ G : ._
w m , mv, m f .

1. I w y p f Rm
m f G G m m y pp f H.
f f , w m mp p f v
p, pmp, w w
m y b v pp m bw G I y,
bw H Rm , G
b v b b p f pp. !w w w
w v f p . B , w v ,
by y[162] p [163] f G,
m p m b p m f
b . I w f pb by p w
w v y mb: v ,
[164] p w f G B , p w
w y m , w, y, b

pp v x.
! p w A dverse

t the belef th t they ere el sg r e. He st tes th t the
deluge f Deu l s the et Hell s: hh s the utry
re hg frm Dd t the Ahelus (
). m y p , w ,
f y: w w f
A , m , w w w y _ _ f
p [165]: f A , w w
b f y, w f b w f fm
p f . If w D f p, w v
b f y, f y. A
p y, w ,
but Hellees (
). Thus h dscbs as thse h, tgether th the
Sell, ere the h bt ts f the utry th t Hmer lls el sg
Args: s th t rdg t hm the ere t Sell: d the
tme, he they ere thus eghburs f the Sell, s the pre-Helle
tme. Ths s e rly euv let t ssert by Arsttle th t the
Gr s ere el sg, fr e f ther pre-Helle r e
Thess ly[166].
2. I vv. 695, 6 e fd th t () Pyasus n Thssaly (pbably
dvng ts nam fm what, gan), s dscbd as
: and t s th nly gund cnscatd t Cs that Hm
mntns. It s matal that ths shuld b n Thssaly, th
spcally Plasgc cunty: f bth slght ntcs n Hm, and
much f lat tadtn, cnnct th Plasg n a pcula mann wth
th wshp f that dty. F xampl, Pausanas mntns a tmpl f
[167] at Cnth vn n hs wn tm. Ths cnnctn
n ts tun svs t cnfm th chaact f th Plasg as a ual
and agcultual ppl.
S fa as ths pat f th vdnc f Hm s cncnd, t gs t
ths nly, that wth th ad f Hsd t svs t xhbt Cs n
dct latns wth tw cunts; bth wth Thssaly, and, as wll
nw b shwn, wth Ct; n whch als, as w nw fm Hm (bught
dwn by Hsd t a lat dat), th Plasgan nam stll mand whn
t had appantly bn submgd lswh n Gc; and n whch
thf t may b nfd that th Plasgan lmnt was m than
usually stng and duabl.
In th ffth Odyssy[168] w a tld that Cs fll n lv wth a
sn f Iasus (Iasn, n Hsd Iass), whm sh mt ;
i wh couy Hom os o s y, bu Hsio, p i h soy,
s i w s i C, [169]. Thus h oubl
cocio is m oo.
v bov his, h m I sus os of islf o s blish

l si oii.
1. Bc us s an ld nam f th Plpnnsus, ls
a lag ptn f t; whas th Hllnc nam was, as w nw,
. And th m[170] w
bf !. pb by p w
H b , f w w, f w y
p[171], w y v f m
w, pb b, fy .
2. B [172] was th nam f n f th Athnan lads, and
th Athnans w, as w shall fnd, manfstly Plasgan. Hs fath
Sphlus s als th sn f Buclus, a nam whch wll b shwn t b
f Plasgc and nt Hllnc chaact[173].
3. Bcaus Dmt th sn f Iasus was th ul f Cypus at th
pch f th Tca, and that sland sms t hav std n an
anmalus latn f half-dpndnc t Agammnn, whch s bst
capabl f xplanatn f w supps t t hav bn nhabtd by a
ppulatn stll tanng ts Plasgan chaact. T ths qustn I
shall shtly hav ccasn t tun n a m full cnsdatn f
th cas f Cypus.
Of lat tadtn, th s abundanc t cnnct Cs wth th
Plasgans: th chaact as tlls f th sl, and hs as th
gv f gan: th wshp f h at Eluss, datng fm tm
mmmal, and puptng t b fundd upn ts dffnt fm
ths n vgu at a lat pch: ths t ta n n cnnctn wth th
Plasgan gn f Athns, and ts lng tntn f that chaact.
In th ancnt hymn t Cs, stangd fm Jupt and th th
gds, sh cms t Eluss, and th hslf funds th wshp; and
sh annuncs n h tal that sh was cm fm Ct:
, ,
, [174].
I v v pb x f
( land dvtd t th svc f any dty) at all, affds
a psumptn f a Plasgc ppulatn and nsttutns. F w fnd
nly th th cass f such ndwmnts: all n placs stngly
ma d wth a Plasgc chaact. On s that f th v Spchus
n Thssaly: a scnd that f Vnus n Cypus; and th thd that f
Jupt n Gagaus[175].
_Th Inans._
Th ntcs f th Inans cntand n Hm a fant and fw: but
thy a n nt cntadctn wth th pvalng tadtn.
Th wd ccus nly nc n th pms, wh w fnd th fv
cntngnts f Btans, Inans, Lcans, Phthans, and Epans,
untd n sstng, but nffctually, Hcts attac upn th
shps. Thy a h tmd [176], an ptht whch s
unftunatly nwh ls mplyd by th pt. Th d n whch
thy a namd s,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Btans,
Inans,
Lcans,
Phthans,
Epans.
A dscptn thus cmmncs n th pats, f whch th fst s

(689-91),

,
,
Th s ss h s f h E s: h h f h
Phh s, hs, s s, m h Phh f,
fuh ju wh h B s,
(700). ! B m: b f Aj x, w
ff y , mm y f by y
p b f, m f.
w w
thn w th , a c e bad

f t e At ea fce; ee t ey wee t e fce cmed f me
cked amg t e At ea. But dtgu ed quaty act f
wa ecuted f t e At ea, et e ee eew ee t e
Iad. T ey ae my caed ,[177] but ths s a m
gnal ptht, has n fnc t any patcula cnduct, and s nt
sustand by any latn f th fats n ams. Th fv dvsns
abv namd fght n d t b batn by th Tjans: and w may b
su that Hm ds nt pduc th flw f th G s f such a
pups. N has th Athnan chf Mnsthus any dstnctn whatv
accdd t hm, vn n th much qustnd passag f th Catalgu,
xcpt that f bng xcllnt at mashallng fcs.
_Th Athnans n th Catalgu._
Th passag Il. . 546-56, dscbng th Athnans n th Catalgu,
s f s much hstcal ntst thugh th vaus pnts t
nvlvs, as t dsv a patcula cnsdatn, whch t may
bst cv n ths plac. Upn t dpnds sm pat f th Hmc
vdnc latng t th sgns f a Plasgan gn.
Th lns f t must n any cas b allwd t man, n d t
dscb th Athnan cntngnt and ts cmmand.
, ... (v. 546.)
. (552.)
. (556.)
T h sus h hs jju _mmum_ ss h ss
s fm, s j, h h
f h wh C u h s Hm s h u s
summ m vs f h f.
Th m f h ss f s h s, f whh h
fs s s fm h w hs, h fs wh h s
s s s fm h h. Th s fws:
(1)--vv. 546-9.
, ,
,
, ,
, .
f f : p w

pp ; w b f
f v ; , w m f
pp ? v y f m : pp
f y , m f
v [178]. A , pp f p mp
p p ffy pp by . x. 346, , Il.

v. 512, .
I pp , w w fw, w
j by Ax , b -H,
f f Hm, . 28, y w p .
bj fm v by y " [179].

1. G mp m f _ _.
2. _pf b _, w
w pf m f Hm.
A f f , w f j mp I ;
pb by f G mp f Ap I. x. 404; f
G mp yy, by b b. W
f p I. x. 575; w y
v b p w mp.
A , m f G I w
m f mp y fy. f
f p p .
A bj, b b m
, , w , w pp y Hm,
, f , (
, H. v. 36.) bj y , m
p f , my, b v b ;
pfy f by f f , f -f ,
m f Hm.
m pp w b f , b vy

bf w w f Hm. W py w
-f G p: b -b
( ) f G y y vv f
m , w f . , m p m,
f f b m m b f
jy b jy: m w y y f, w f
w m m, w p
f fw m , w m ,
w w v p . v w by
w w f m , _ vm_
m v b fm , fm m w . I y
p w b pp [180]. I
f y , b pv , f ,
v , I. . 246. B m, p w ,
b p f p and , t
t ew ff t w veted mage t e et et, abtua wt Hme,
f f , -b . !w w
f b vvy v, x p, f
vw , w vy . bj
m f y Hm f
f w f m .
H x ff v pp f vw. y b
p [181] f _p _ w
p w pf ? I (. x. 489),
s quvalnt t alv; cmpa Il. xv. 447. Agan, Ulysss,
th mmnt h scaps fm th v muth t th sh, sss th
[182] m : w m w f

m y yym w . A , p y f
y f A[183], y,

.
f m f A b f f.

w [184]. I b
m ppxm m f , b by mymy,
b b fm . A I. v. 174,
. y m , f w
pp Hm m y b f w w
v b y. B p b p
pf , p p
[185].
bj f w : p

b m p v. I f by ,
f Ab [186].
(2)--V. 550, 1.

, .
Some efe v , p w f
b . W p, ,
w b y p p b m.
A , (1) Hm
p f f G,
y y m b , w

p v y p . (2) m x.
729 pp w w f v , b: (3)
f , vv
w p ff .
W p , ffy w by
, f w w b pp f
ym m, w w v vy v b
f Hm m H [187]. B w mpy
f. y p , m, f m p
f. mp b fv , by
. !w f pmp w v
f p : b w v
b Hm f b fv f y,
my f Ap yy. y f v f
Uy w [188].
So cosideig the passage, let us ext examie the objectio take
to it, that it ivolves heo-oship[189], hich as ot ko i the
Homeic age.
No e have i the Odyssey, as ell as hee i the Iliad, cases o
motals taslated to heave ad to the compay o

immotals.
I the Odyssey e have,
o example, the case o
Casto ad Pollux,
ho ejoyed a peculia pivilege o
li
e a
te death, ad evisited
eath i some mysteious mae o alteate days[190]. Ad this, too,

although they ee buied[191].
Thei was such that, as th passag n Od. x. pcds
t stat, thy vd wth dts;
.
m v p : b v,

w b , w f
f , m w f . bj
f -w p w b f x m p f
w : b f p pp ffy, m
-w p. p b m
vpm f xp y b ; ,
by m p v f , y b j
p. A p b xp xp
w py m f f w
y f; w ff,
, w
pp b m v .
B pp m v
p , I vy m w w ppy . I
b f p , w w m
m y f v . f w
f w ff , m b. ! b,
p m , (I. v. 94, x. 292, x. 729, .
. 382,) w f y p f. B . . 145 w
ere t be ffered t her, hh e h rdly
lmt s rgdly: d sderg th t the ses f s meted by
Hmer re ll spe l, hle ths p ss ge spe s f h t s rd ry
d perd l, I th e shuld p use befre dmttg th t the
ppl t f the les t erv s ths grud defesble.
The rd [192] e me l revl,
he revl f per f ye r. I qe he r f h
erpre : , f l e e lhe, l er ly
r her e e he p e; fr Hmer here ele me per l
eler f y ve y y mer f ye r, I
heher h e e vlve re er f ml ry h
mer l m h he Pe eem h ve pee.
Le v hee le je me , y me flly
ve, le pree he hr l f he ee
pr f he p e.
(3)--V. 553-5.

.
w m by #[193] p w

v m f f f , x mp f
p m x. . y " [194]
, mm w p w
f y, v pp mp -
f m f , ,
mp, v w f ! p .
w, w f bj,

Hy[195] p f ff, p
p , f w m v yw :
i Il. xi. 506. But a mee geeal epithet is vey
di
eet
om a set passage o
thee lies expessig extaodiay
peemiece i paticula accomplishmets.
Agai, the od applied to Machao is by o meas oe o
abstact
paegyic, but is itsel
a desciptio o
the activity i the
ield by
hich he as at the momet ba
lig the eegies o

Hecto, ad ould,
says the Poet, have cotiued to ba
le them, had ot Pais ouded

him. Thus the od is ot a vague epithet: the ods
mpy m , m f x f w .
bj p f

f mpm m . v
![196], y, b m, b y () vi wih
him: his o s bl, bu oly s ol, m .
h oh h , som of h choli ss iiously sus h
hs vss iv o shus by w y of comps io;
, [197]. But Hm
ds nt usually dal ut cmpnsatn, amng th G s, by abstact
pass, f th want f th hnu and by dds: and all th th
matal ulgs n chfs n th Catalgu a wll bn ut n th
pm.
On th whl, M. Payn Knghts bjctn, and th judgmnt f th
Alxandn Ctcs, sm t lav ths pat f th passag n a stat
s qustnabl, that nthng ught t b std n t. Th bst
pnt n ts favu s, that th Athnan Lgats bf Gln a
psntd by Hdtus as cnfdntly lyng n t, whn th wuld
hav bn an ntst n hs pat n dmung t ts authty, f
t was a qustn f mltay pcdnc that was at ssu:
,
[198].
, m y b bv w j mpm

p vy b f w m;
p p y p w v b f
. w v w y p y
pw w b vy b by
f pm .
B w w fy y p ,
pp b w y w v pp
by f p m pb by m . I
by p f [199]:
f w A m mp v
j.
_Rvw f Hm v._
Hm v p p fw w

f A A , pp
p m f , w v b b m f p . y w
1. I , I. x. 685.
2. , bd.
3. Autchthnus, Il. . 547.

4. Undstngushd n th wa.
5. Und th spcal patnag f Pallas Mnva, Il. . 546, and
Od. x. 323, wh th ptht , give to Athes, idicates a
special elatio to a deity.
The epithet suggsts unwal habts, and, thugh
m fantly, t als bt ns txtl ndusty. It stands n
ma d cntast wth th [200] f th valant Lycans,
whs sht and spa tunc qud n cnctu t cnfn t. It
cbats th ngatv vdnc affdd by th Ilad f sm want
f matal gnus n th pmtv Athns. It cncds wth th
tutlag f Pallas, f th Mnva f Hm has n m ndsputabl
functn than as th gddss f s lld ndusty[201]. All ths tnds
t bt n that th nhabtants f th Hmc Attca w Plasgan.
Agan, th autchthnc gn, ascbd t th Athnans n th psn
f Echthus, amunts t an asstn that thy w th fst nwn
nhabtants f th cunty: n th wds, that thy w Plasgan.
Th ngatv vdnc s als mptant. Th s nthng n Hm that
tnds t asscat Athns wth th Hllnc stm. Th want f mltay
dstnctn dsvs a full ntc.
It can hadly b wthut manng, that f all th chfs, cnsdabl
n th Ilad by th pstns and cmmands, th a but tw wh a
nv namd as n actual fght, wth any th ma f dstnctn,
and ths tw a th hads f th tw (as w supps) mphatcally
Plasgan cntngnts, fm Athns and Acada spctvly. Agapn,
wh (bng hwv f tlan xtactn) lads th Acadans, s namd
nwh but n th Catalgu: Mnsthus s patdly namd, but nv
wth fnc t fghtng. In th nly pat f th actn f th pm
wh h s put fwad, h shudds[202], and shws an anxty f hs
psnal safty, much m l a Tjan lad than a G n. Yt
thy w sl cmmands, th fst f n lss than sxty shps, th
scnd f ffty. Th a n smla cass. Th nast t thm a
ths (1) f Pthus[203], wh cmmands 40 shps f th Magnsans,
and Guus[204], wh lads 22 f th Enns and Phb: bth f
ths a mt, Thssalan, and vy pbably Plasgan tbs: (2)
f Pda s, wh cmmands 40 shps, but nly as dputy f hs dcasd
bth Ptslaus, wh s sad t hav bn nt nly th ld, but
th m valant[205].
Agapn, ndd, was vdntly dpndnt n a pcula sns n
Agammnn, n whs shps h sald: but ths culd nt affct hs
pstn as t psnal pwss. Th cas f Mnsthus s th m
ma abl fm ths ccumstanc, that h s th nly ndpndnt
and sngl cmmand n chag f s many as ffty shps, wh s nt
nvstd wth th supm an f Kng. Hs fath Pts
s hwv calld (Il. v. 338), whch ma s hm as
havng pbably bn a psn f gat mptanc.
And what s tu f th cmmands s tu als f th tps.
Athns, and wth h Acada, may justly b gadd as th nly tw
undstngushd n Hm amng ths stats f Gc whch aftwads
attand t dstnctn. F amng th Stats whch acqud fam n
th hstc ags, Agls, Achaa, and Lacna hld thugh th
chfs vy hgh placs n th pm: Els and Bta a cnspcuus
n th ant tadtns whch t nshns. Only Attca and Acada
fal n xhbtng t us sgns f aly p-mnnc n th ats f
wa: whch n a ma d mann cnfms th suppstns w hav alady
btand, as t th Plasgan chaact f th nhabtants.
A sgn, thugh a m unctan n, that pnts n th sam
dctn, s affdd by th chc f Athns, n th pat f
Osts[206], as hs plac f habtatn dung th tyanny f
gsthus n Mycn. Th dsplacd, f thy d nt fly t th stng
f ptctn, g amng ths wh a wa , and wh thy may mst
asly hld th gund, vn acqu pw afsh. In th wds,
n th cas bf us, an Hllnc xl wuld vy natually bta
hmslf amng a Plasgan ppl.
Whl hwv th ndcatns f a pdmnatng Plasgan chaact
amng th Athnans at th pch f th _Tca_ appa t b vad
and pwful, I must admt that thy a cssd by n ndcatn,
whch s at fst sght f an ppst chaact, I man that whch s
affdd by th nam. Evn thugh w w t sund th nt
passags n th Catalgu spctng thm, t wuld stll b dffcult
t cntnd that th nam f Athns and f Athnans s fgd n sx
th placs f th pms wh n th th f thm s fund,
bsds that th s a scnd allusn t Echthus n th Odyssy.
H w hav thn, attachd t a ppl whm w supps Plasgan, a
nam cnnctng thm mmdatly wth a dty cmmnly putd t b
f stng Hllc ppnsts: cnnctng thm, ndd, n a mann
s spcal as t b xclusv, bcaus n th cty ppulatn n
Hm ta s ts nam fm a dty at all. Ths ndcats a latn f
th clsst dscptn: and t s qut ndpndnt f th suspctd
passag, whch psnts Mnva as th nus fst-mth f
Echthus.
_Athnan latns wth Mnva._
Nw t wll b fund, upn cls xamnatn, that Mnva plays a
vy dffnt pat n th Ilad fm Jun, th gat ptctss
f th G s, and fm Nptun, th actual cmad n fght. Th
dffnc vn at fst sght s ths, that ths appas t b
a natnal, hs m a psnal and mal sntmnt. In Jun, t
s sympathy wth th G s as G s; n Nptun, antpathy t th
Tjans as Tjans: but bth cass a planly dstngushabl fm th
tmp and atttud f Mnva.
H ptctn f Ulysss, whs chaact s th human cuntpat
f h wn, s th bass f th whl thugy f th Odyssy, and s
als stngly ma d n th . A , m, f
b [207], f J, A :
f J, , v b A mm A ; w
m y mpy, w x w v . ,
p Dm[208] f w f , w vw
p [209]. f w w
w m w fm v, J m
pp . W v pmp y, by
j f Jp, f J[210]. I
v b , wv, f f
G , Ap w m, w , w
y b [211], f
f f ( bw H Aj x), w w
y G . b
v y w J, w m x

f ymp mby, w
Jp y y, f b
m bj w, w b
.
I f , J m f y y H: b
p f m, b f
w v f y p bw j pp.
I w . y pp j
w , w f w G x b
f f , w f ymp
w f y p . H my y
my y f Jm f [212]: b m
b v f bw w
.
U J !p, w y w pp y, w
p f , mp p , f
Ap, f m.
D pf, wv, v
w j , w m
ff by f
w b f
w m [213] by f v,
w y w

by bf f,
f H m, p;
p f , w y
m f H m m y b f; b

v m , f w m y v b f m y
; ff pmp, w
f v pv b pp
y. H b f y, m
y, p , f m f , w p
my w f ,
w w f : b w y m bw
m.
m v p w
v xp J m p p
by Jp. m f f v
f H w w pp by b
y p m, w w
ff p fm H [214]. !w pp f
b f b f , w p
f H f A , b b
; y v y f
p v, w w p xp.
I m f pb, p f H m y
v m w p , p f
_ _, bw A v y ? I
w H p y, I ff m
fy m b bw y . ,
j w m,
[215],
mp w
H f fm p
m.
B f w bj f w p,
b f f y, w ,
f p, m f b mb by m f
p pp.
I w f b w, , Ap
p , v f p
y f m f pmv [216]. A
w m y xp f, w f, m fm
my b f G Rm,
mm H. W xp f, w f,
m w pp b m G m j ,
f , b f m f my. I y,
xv mp f b w
f p y p pp
f V, y; f p y f
!p; , J, p f m
m f p w bv, v y
m p f y. B Hm Jp, f
p v f pm pw y,
Ap f pm by m v , by v
f b b, w b p [217].
I p y f v y, v w pf
y w pp m j G , H
b. , , f
p f pp. y b
(f w ) m p y p f y
pp. vy f , f pp f w , Hm v
G , m p p v pp xp w
f p m m H p f
: b pp b v f
m. B I w bv . I
f p , f A y
m b by v b v by
y f w b w w y
ff fm p w v . A , m y b
f b w H m y f
ffy. B y, f, w f bv,
v w pp f G, f
f H b b m y w m p
v , m y f m b w
f, f m py , w p f
v y b w by mp w
f v , y m p p
.
A x m f ymy f m Hm w
f, I , fm A f
: w xp, w m y w b
v f Hm v f m A .
_-Hm v._
v y

v, fm w .
w H, w
w f I;
v m fm , pv

I f p , H pp
D m , y
I w H
X f : pb by p, w m

I y p f X A [218],
f , ; w Ap, H, b
y, f f . A , y m w f
A v , w w f
H b, b y mv v ; f x mp, by
y fm p.
I y, A pp fv
B [219], , . A p y
! f f my f
m w A w p v mp fm b
m m f w pp [220], f
( p ) pm f H v b.
y[221] fm , A w f m

G y m f b m, v
xy. f w v p p y
w .
H als stats that, n accunt f th ndffnt sl[222], whch
ffd n tmptatn cmpaabl t ths suppld by th m ftl
ptns f Gc, th was n jctn f th nhabtants fm
Attca by stng clamants. ,
, . Ths s
smply statng n anth fm what was usually xpssd by dclang
thm autchthns. It s pat f th Plasgan ttl.
A ma abl passag n Hdtus cvs th whl badth f th
gund that has h bn ta n; and t s mptant, bcaus n dubt
t xpsss what that auth cnsdd t b th bst f th cunt
tadtns, fundd n ntty, and what Csus l ws land
upn a fmal nquy, undta n wth a vw t allancs n Gc,
spctng th gn f th Athnans. Hdtus, l Hm, ma s
th Athnans Inan; and n cnfmty wth th cnstuctn h
put upn Hm, h dclas th Inans nt t b Hllnc, but t b
Plasgan[223]. Th Attc ppl, h gs n t say, havng nc bn
Plasgan bcam Hllnc[224]. Accdng t sm pnns[225], ths
chang ccud whn th Inans cam nt Attca: but th vdnc
f Hm, I thn , ma s Athns Inan at th sam pch whn t
s Plasgan. I thf cnstu th statmnt f Hdtus as
sgnfyng that th Athnans, n th cus f tm, cvd amng
thmslvs Hllnc mmgants fm th m dstubd and changful
pats f Gc, and ths mmgants mpssd n Attca, as thy had
dn n th stats[226], th Hllnc chaact and nam; nly wth
th dffnc that, nstad f a cnflct, and th subjugatn f
th gnal nhabtants, th cam a pcss f m hamnus and
gnal absptn, and n cnsqunc, a dvlpmnt f G chaact
vn m ma abl f ts fulnss than n any th Gcan ac.
Evn n th cas f Attca, hwv, th Hllnc chaact was nt
fnally assumd wthut a cllsn, thugh phaps a lcal and patal
n nly, whch ndd n th jctmnt f th Plasgans. Ths cnflct
s ptd t us by Hdtus fm Hcatus[227], and f w fnd that
n t, accdng t th Athnan vsn f th sty, th Plasgans
w th wng-ds, t s pbably upn th gund that th wnn
s always n th ght: and th Athnans had th m nd f a cas,
bcaus th plcy dmandd a justfcatn, whn, und Mltads,
thy fllwd th Plasgans t Lmns, and agan subdud thm th.
Each vsn f th Attcan qual cntans ndcatns f bng
latd t th tuth f th cas: f th Plasgans a mad t
dcla, that th Athnans dv thm ut fm th sl f whch thy
w th p ccupants, and whch thy cultvatd s cafully as t
aus th nvy, whl th Athnans allgd that whn, bf th
days f slavy, th chldn wnt t daw wat at th Nn-Spngs
(), f m. W m
y , w H p f pp w
p f v, m
y f v by m ?
pp by H A v

m y p b p I .

, ,
[228]. pvy f
p m, , p f ff (), and f a
dffnt spch ().
A H p m w D
, I m . I m
ff, p f ?[229]
f w A w v

f fm y f
v f p .
_yp._
_yp ._
If w v y p f b , w
x y f G pp
p y f yp, w, w m,
y b v w v, m b, yp
pp pp m y ppy p . A v y f ,
v f ffy, b v y f p w w
f p : p y y,
y Rm y, m H ,
p f G. y f , w
y , pp b yp .
f bw yp G f

p p b Hm, bw G . W v
fm m f yp m G , f G m
yp . v f bw w
f f p-Uy, w v
fm m [230] w m w
w y w y f G mm .
H v fv y, by f y -w
w: b vy f fv y[231] p , w
m b fy p by v w f w, w
y fm b pp w y fy m m
p y pw f p v w v
f p b . I w w f vy
y[232]. H w f w yp
v y, b by f w : ! p w f
xp , p v b m b
y [233]. If b m w fv y
p , y v y p Hm w b pf
vy yp w m , , my
ym, w w
xp m m.
fy by m y by
Hm by p

D w yp ; b y w ff
vy b . A f yp
pp yp, m y m b
yp f D . y w
m, fy z, f f
f A . B G
v p fm b y f m w
f . I m, wv, pb m , v
p, m y yp Ap. Ap
w f f f v b f yp[234]; x w
ymb f w , vy by
y[235], D p.
p y f wv bw G yp m
f Hm p v pp m y v
b y m fm y fm.
I b w f yp w v
w f v . ffm v fy by .
[236] mm A m m W f ! .
B p yp w w Hm
pp. ! y w v y f m
w f p, b w f p f
by p , w y f mv by
. w f w w f
m Hy p. A p m m mb
y: A [237]; j ;
y Rm , w p f
f m W B.. 311, , !b ,
y f f [238]: , m
p f H, w mf
, ,
limits it etiely to a cetai seaso, eve was at sea except
cossig fom Aulis to Euba, a cosies the whole busiess of goig
to sea oe that ha bette be avoie[239].
That with Home the fabulous elemet etes ito his view of the
Egyptias seems plai, fom his callig them the ace of Paieo, i the
same way as he calls the Phacias the ace of Neptue: a i some
egee also fom the place which he gives them i the waeigs of
Meelaus, sice they lay, li e those of Ulysses, i the exteio a
uascetaie sphee of geogaphy.
Poteus is calle , but n all pbablty th manng
s Ptus f th Nl, whch s th pp n th
masculn gnd; whl th cunty, dvatvly calld fm t
as th , ta s th fmnn. W shall haft s hw
Ptus blngs t th ccl f nautcal and thf Phncan
tadtn[240]. That dty has upn hm all th ma s f th ut
and nn-Gcan wld. H s n lss an admabl typ f th ,
than a gula svant f Nptun, (Od. v. 386).
Ths cnnctn wth Nptun by n mans ma s hm G : Nptun was
th gd f th , w x by f G
xp, v b f . W p w f
v m p m

v f Uy, my , p by
y f H . m f v
p m, by v , b by , f
mf, w m, f, p m
w I , f m,
w pp Uy f v , y m
b-z f m y y bw w f f b
w f xp; f p f yp w
p f . I w m, , f Hm mf
w yp m y mm.
f w y w m y fy
, fm pxmy, fm m
Hm[241], fm y f yp f.
I m pb b j y fm vy y
y f y yp, by w y mm
w . I m f H, w mp
w- -f dmsn f Ptus, whm th psts ptd
t b th succss f Sssts n th Egyptan thn. Ths dmsn
was suundd by th habtatns f th Tyan Phncs, and th
whl plan n whch t std was calld th .
H, w
f yp w f, w m f !
m v Af [242].
Hm ff v f bw
f G yp , w H
v b f b; b y m y vy w b ,
yp w f - f m y w w
by G. I Hm, f x mp, w f m
m Dy w : b
m y v bm w m yp, w D[243]
p w b . w m ,
wv, f yp f, w m b m py .
x y x f .
, pp bw yp !
A f A , j w
f [244]. B y pv fm fm
Hm p yp m y b mm p vy bf mp .
y w pp v b p f, , pp: y
, m, f w
by y w f pm, w m
y w fv m fm
pp. B my x
b m . w f m, b m
: n xact cspndnc wth th tadtn whch w
fnd subsstng n Attca spctng ths flds whch w tlld by
th Plasgans[245]. And ths cas f th Egyptans s th nly n
thughut th Pms n whch Hm bstws cmmndatn upn tllag.
Agan, thy fught bavly whn attac d[246]. W fnd als th nam
gyptus natualzd n Ithaca. Lastly, thy appa t hav bn
hsptabl t stangs, and placabl t nms[247]. Ths s a fant
utln: but all ts fatus appa t b n hamny wth ths f th
Plasgan ac.
It s wthy f ma , that th Ltphag vstd by Ulysss
cspnd vy much wth th Egyptans, such as Hm cncvd thm.
Lcally, thy blngd t th Egyptan quat f th glb: thy
cvd th cmpanns f Ulysss wth ndnss[248]; and thy gav

thm t at f th ltus, whch appas n ts ssntal and ma abl
ppts xactly t cspnd wth th [249] that Hln
had btand fm Egypt. As vy fgu f th Phncan tadtns,
xcpt phaps lus, s ssntally th had, cul,
dctful, vn s, whth n accunt f nghbuhd thws,
t sms t hav bn th pts ntntn t mpss th lss
ngtc but m ndly chaact f th Egyptans n ths patcula
ppl, whch phaps h cncvd t b alld t thm.
Th s ndd n suggstv passag f th Odyssy fm whch t s
pn t us t cnjctu that th was m f substantv latn
btwn Gc and Egypt than Hms pups as a natnal pt ld
hm fully t dscls. Mnlaus, whn h tuns t Egypt aft hang
fm Ptus f th dath f Agammnn, ass n Egypt a mund n
hnu f hs bth[250], . B m
b y f , G
b w by w w yp.
Up w , v f Hm pm p
w w f pp y yp
f w G . I bj, w
b m Hm ym by
w f f f w y G. w
y p v m y ( p )
v y ff. A w m fy
yp f, w v m y v b, m y p p v
p m p, A w
p f Hm b. y, m m y v
G, w, ,
w mv m y v v fm yp.
f , w w fm y b yp ,

f m by f Hm, w y
fm p , p y
Hm , p y w fm
. f p mp vy
m v f my y, fm f
. I w G , w f
f b y, , w v y v fm yp, f
my fm f b , w m
p f m f f b.
A p f mb
vpm f . A w f
p w b m xv mp. W
w , y vz , p
v m by w b, y b
b m m m w. A f , y
f m y pb f. m G
I y w f f m m
m f yp: b f ,
f w w, m y p
z f m mm, w mp vy
m f mm b. A ff w f,
w yp b b b b I
yy, p p y w p p
mf, I. x. 381, . v. 126.
y, p v f D fm yp
m w

f w p by Hm. ff p by
H[251] w G , yp : w b by m
p: f Hm ym p f p v,
f f y b
G, pmp p m w
v b m , p b f
y y.
_ f I ._
I m y wv b , f b
G , b f G , f Hm w f m
w m p , w pp
v G , m D , A ,
A , v v v I
b by m mb m G ?
!w ff w y,

m w f p f Hm; f w
f pp pp f D
A w w ( p ) p, y b,
pp ; Hm mpy m fy.
y ff, wv, w f, fm
f , w m mpy y
b ff fm f A ppy G by, y
pp m mp:
p w
f m y mpy. m ,
w b, w b , y y G :
m v p.
I , wv, b bv, x m py
b m f f f A m w p
f pp fm G f m, w m y
p p v pp .
m bv, f , p f f , ppy

m G y, w
, w m
ppby , bm p y b Hm m,
w b ppy
py w
m G , y G , pp
m b pp . H -mpym f
, f, f G _p _ fm
m f p .
If, , w pp f m j
x , G b b
m, w b mp b f m
f j , w vw f , f
m w G ; f
p b f m b b
. G p, p ,
b xp, f, fm f
G x : y, b y v , w
w w p f b . m, , w m
mx f j , pp, m w m
w p b p f f m y
f m b.
pp f ff by

b pp b Hm m.
_ ._
I y b b m s t d
[252], that t mans a hghland, nhabtant f a ugh
and muntanus cunty, and that t ncludd th nhabtants f
tts claly G . Ths xtndd sgnfcatn f th tm
xplans th asstn f Hdtus[253], that th Thacans w th
mst numus f all natns, aft th Indans.
Nw Hm ma s Thamys th Bad a Thacan; yt t s cla fm hs
havng t d wth th Muss, and fm th ggaphcal pnts wth
whch Hm cnncts hs nam, that h must b a G [254]. Thy
a, t e dm f Py, w ee e met caamty, ad
t e c aa f Euytu T eay, fm w ece e wa makg
juey[255]. Stab te u t at Pea ad Oymu wee acety
T aca[256], ad meve, t at t e T aca f Bta cecated
Hec t t e Mue. O eu, Muu, Eumu, wee ed t be
T aca by tadt, yet t a made t em wte Geek. I t k
we may tace t dectve c aacte f t e ame , and ts nt
yt havng acqud fully th fc f a pp nam wth Hm, n hs
mplymnt f t as an adjctv, and nt a substantv. It s vy
fquntly jnd n th pms wth th affx , whch h ds
nt mply wth such pp nams as a n famla and stablshd
us, such as Danaan, Agv, Achan. H says Achan Danaan
hs, but nv jns th nams t th smpl pdcat mn. Whn
h says , w ff f; p
v m m. I Hm but
whch mans Thacan, f blngng t th cunty calld
Thac, . ff v G f
m b ; m y vy pb by v b w
b m G . Y w v v m
by Hm G , w j y pp
ppy w f : ,
w
j v p f [257].
w pp b y b: b

m bw m; b f b
b mp f , b f
w Hp: y, b w m v
w wth thm, as th fst cntngnt had ts lads,
Acamas and Pus. Th Hllspnt mant h sms t b th stat,
bcaus t s . And t s thf pssbl, that whl th
fst cntngnt was suppld by th na tbs, th scnd may hav
bn cmpsd f ths Thacans wh lay na th G bd.
Ntwthstandng that Mas, wh s s nspaably asscatd wth
Thac, fghts n th Tjan sd, w hav n vdnc fm Hm whch
wuld waant th assumptn that h ntndd t cnnct th Thacans
m ntmatly wth th Plasgans than wth th Hllns. It may b
that th pts thncal nwldg fald hm. Th wavng f Mas
sms t ndcat a cspndng unctanty n hs wn mnd. Phaps
wth bth th Thacan and Plasgan nams t was th badth f th
ang that cnsttutd th dffculty. Sm pat f Thac s wth hm
[258]; t s the p rt frm hh the frst tget me, s
the s f erus belged t t. Ad th t p rt s less mut us
th the u rter hh I h ve presumed m y h ve suppled the tget
f Rhesus. The epthet s the very s me s s ppled t the el sg
L rss [259]: d the L rss el sg s re pl ed et t the frst
Thr tget the Trj C t lgue.
The mst prb ble suppst fr Thr s s ell s el sg s
s, th t they h d fftes bth drets; th t they ested
mg the Gree s dffusvely, d ere bsrbed mes f gre ter
spledur: but th t the Trj sde they stll h d dstt t l
estee, d therefre they re med th t sde, hle t vd
fus slee s studusly m t ed but them the ther.
The hle r e, s ys Grte, preset h r ter mre As t th
Eurpe [260].
_C ues d Leleges._
y ther r es h ve bee rerded the l ter tr dts s h vg

pre-hstr tmes h bted v rus p rts f Greee. Suh re
Temes, Aes, Hy tes, Teleb. Of these Hmer m es met.
But there re t ther r es hm he mes, the Leleges d C ues,
d th respet t hm Str b[261] h s ffrmed, th t they ere
etesvely dffused ver Greee s ell s ver As r.
Hmer h s preeded, th respet t the C ues, e tly the s me
y s th respet t the el sg. I the Il d he mes them[262]
mg the Trj lles, d s hlly slet but them de lg
th the Gree r es. But the Odyssey, here he h d t l
dstts t eep ve, he mes them s peple pp retly
Gree , d dellg the ester sde f Greee. The pseud-etr s
gg mg them busess, t bt p ymet f debt[263]: d the
m er hh they re meted, thut epl t, shs th t the
me must h ve bee f ml r t Nestr d the ther perss ddressed.
rb bly therefre they ere eghburg trbe: ert ly Gree
trbe, fr e d t fd prf th t the Hmer Gree s rred
mmere eept th ther r e.
The pet mes them th l ud try epthet: they re the
. m y m f by m
: m v f
m f p f y.
W v b f j w .
I B y pp : b b ,
m f f wv , f A, f
, w [264]. W m
mp , w f xp [265] usd tgth
n such a way, as mpls th wd xtnsn f th fm as a ac.
In th Twntth Ilad, nas n spa ng f Achlls fs t hs
fm scap fm th gat wa. H fught, says nas, und
th auspcs f Mnva: wh shd lght bf hm, and bd hm slay
Llgans and Tjans,

.
j f w w m p, w m y bv:

f, my f m, w f b
p: , y, , w m wy
p . I p j , w _ _ m
m by f , m, jy w
__, fy w m f w w m y
p. !w fm y mpb b. ff
mp mb f , y , ,

w b, w mp by Hm
m , y , f
x, mm[266] p w by f
. A , f m w by f ,
w pp b f m, w y
v . If w w p
p, fm , w
w y fv v m vv. 816-39 f
b , , w b b
bw m. A m m f b. m
had bn assumd fu gnatns bf th wa fm Kng Ts, and
was thf a pltcal dynastc nam, nt a nam f ac. It mst
pbably thf ndcats th th nhabtants f Pams wn
cty and mmdat dmnns, ls th ulng ac, wh hld pw
h, as lswh, amng a subjct ppulatn. In th cas w must
cnclud that th wd Llgs s mant t ndcat th bld, and als
th bld-nam (s t spa ) f th bul f th ppulatn thugh a
cnsdabl tact f cunty: and t wll b bsvd that n th
futh and ffth f th dvsns[267] n th Tjan Catalgu Hm
spcfs n bld-nam nam f ac whatv.
Ths bng s, w fnd an mptant lght cast upn th manng f
th wd Llgs. As w pcd wth ths nqus, w shall fnd
accumulatng vdnc f th Plasgansm f th mass f th ppulatn
n th Tjan sd: and thus whn t appas that that mass a vy
gat pat f t was Llgan, t als appas pbabl that th
Llgs w at last a n t th Plasgans, thugh sm hav ta n
thm t b dstnct[268].
In answ thf t th qustn, wh w ths Caucns and ths
Llgs, whl w a dfcnt n th mans f dtald and patcula
ply, w may, I thn , fall bac wth tlabl scuty upn th
wds usd by Bshp Thlwall n clsng an thnlgcal suvy:
Th vw w hav just ta n f th Plasgan sttlmnts n Gc
appas nvtably t lad t th cnclusn that th nam Plasgans
was a gnal n, l that f Saxns, Fan s, Almann: but that
ach f th Plasgan tbs had als n pcula t tslf[269].
Upn u fndng, as w fnd, th Plasgan nam n ctan appant
latns wth ths, such as Llgs and Caucns, t appas m
asnabl t psum a latnshp btwn thm, than th vs:
f nthng can b m mpbabl than th smultanus psnc at
that aly pd f a multtud f acs, adcally dstnct fm ach
th, and yt dffusd ntmxdly v th sam cunty upn qual
tms, and f th was a latnshp, t wuld mst pbably b that
f subdvsn, und whch Llgs and Caucns mght b banchs f
th wdly spad Plasgan famly.
Ths pnn s supptd, nt nly by psumptns, but by much
ndct vdnc. It s ndsputabl that vaus nams w appld,
by th custm f th Hmc ag, t th sam ppl, and at th
sam pd. Th pt calls th nhabtants f Els bth Elans and
Epans. Th ppl f Ithaca a Ithacsans (), b
[270], and n th Catalgu thy a ncludd und
th Cphallnans[271]. Th Dlpans n th spch f Phnx[272]
a ncludd und th Phthans; and a als wthn th scp f th
th nams appld by th Catalgu t th fllws f Achlls, wh
w calld by th nam f Mymdns, f Hllns, f Achans. Of
ths th fst sms t b th dnmnatn, whch th ulng ac
f that patcula dstct had bught wth t nt th cunty. Th
thd pbably blngs t th Mymdns, as mmbs f that tb, f
Hllc gn, whch at th tm pdmnatd n Gc gnally.
Th scnd, as w shall fnd, was th cmmn nam f all G tbs
f that gn, and was th nam whch ultmatly gand a cmplt
ascndancy n th cunty. Of th fv natns f Ct n th
Svntnth Odyssy[273], th all sval a pbably ncludd
n th f th Scnd Ilad[274]. Nay, w may nw dcla t
t b at last hghly pbabl[275], that th Inan nam was a
sub-dsgnatn f th Plasgans. Thus w hav abundant nstancs f
plualty n th dsgnatns f tbs. On th whl, w shall d bst
t assum that th nams n qustn f Llgs and Caucns ndcatd
Plasgan subdvsn. Th nquy s, hwv, n f thncal
antquaansm nly; ths nams a hstcally nsgnfcant, f,
apat fm th Plasgan, thy cay n dstnctv chaact
spcal functn n fnc t Gc.
_Eatum._--I hav nadvtntly, n p. 103, ndd f
f w b . I v b p- .
Bm x, _ v._
!:
[126] I. . 681-5.
[127] Hm G. - . . 12.
[128] I. . 841.
[129] If. . v.
[130] I. x. 686, .
[131] b, p. 221.
[132] vw m G, v. . 115.
[133] I. . 750.
[134] . xv. 327; xx. 296.
[135] m A G, . 353.
[136] m G, . 370.
[137] H p. b. v. 327.
[138] . . v. 1169.
[139] V. f. . .
[140] . xx. 175.
[141] , f. . x.
[142] f. . x.
[143] I. . 735.
[144] . v. 83. xv. 199, 245. xv. 448.

[145] b v. 6. p. 370.
[146] m G, . 244.
[147] If. . v.
[148] I. xx. 215 .
[149] . . p. 2.
[150] . x. 260-5.
[151] f
222-6: f. . 7.
b w by y. xv.
[152] b v. p. 383.

[153] Xp . H. v. 1, 23, m . 299.
[154] I. . 610.
[155] I. . 609.
[156] 630-5.
[157] f. . v.
[158] Xp . H. v. 1. 23.
[159] . . 2.
[160] Xp . H. v. 1. 23.
[161] y. v. 57.
[162] B. . 2.
[163] , m p. 77,
[164] I. . 498.
[165] b x. p. 433.
[166] A. . . 14.
[167] . . 22. 2.
[168] . v. 125.
[169] H. . 971.
[170] . x. 281-4.
[171] f. . 8.
[172] I. xv. 332, 7.
[173] If. . v.
f.
[174] Hym. . 123.

[175] I. xx. 148. . v. 362. I. v. 48.
[176] I. x. 635.
[177] I. v. 328.
[178] Hy .
[179] I .
[180] m G , accdng t Rchadsn, wh quts _Th
Fx_ (v. 2.)
If Italy
Hav any glb, m futful than ths fallws,
I am dcvd.
[181] Od. . 407.
[182] Od. v. 463.
[183] Od. v. 332.
[184] Il. xx. 232.
[185] Od. x. 309.
[186] (. 132 S. Stph.)
[187] Inf. sct. 7.
[188] Od. xx. 255.
[189] Payn Knght n lc.
[190] Od. x. 302-4.
[191] Il. . 243.
[192] Eustath. n lc. t al.
[193] Schl. A. n lc.
[194] In lc.
[195] Obss. n lc.
[196] Eustath. n lc.
[197] Schl. BL. n lc.
[198] Hd. v. 161.
[199] Ld Abdns Inquy, p. 100.
[200] Il. xv. 419.
[201] S Od. xx. 72.

[202] Il. x. 331.
[203] Il. . 756.
[204] Il. . 748.
[205] Ibd. 703-7.
[206] Od. . 307.
[207] Il. . 194.
[208] Il. v. 1-8.
[209] V. 2, 3.
[210] Il. v. 64-74.
[211] Il. v. 34.
[212] Il. xxv. 25-30.
[213] Il. v. 59.
[214] Il. v. 362-9: cf. Od. x. 626.
[215] Il. xx. 146.
[216] S nf. Rlgn and Mals, Sct. II.
[217] Vd. nf. as bf.
[218] Eup. In 64. 1590. Gt . 144.
[219] Thlwall, vl. . p. 2.
[220] Hd. v. 65.
[221] Thuc. . 6.
[222] . 2.
[223] Hd. . 56.
[224] . 57.
[225] Hc s Cta . 109.
[226] Thuc. . 3.
[227] Hd. v. 137, 8.
[228] B. v. p. 333.
[229] Hd. . 139.
[230] Od. xv. 243.
[231] Ibd. 257.

[232] Il. x. 363.
[233] Od. . 318.
[234] Dllng Hdnthum und Judnthum v. 136. p. 427.
[235] Inf. p. 176.
[236] Nt xv.
[237] Il. . 614.
[238] Smth, Antq. p. 331. Nbuh, Hst. . 282.
[239] W s and Days 616 t sqq.
[240] Vd. nf. sct. 4. Nglsbach (Hm. Thl. . 9.) may b
cnsultd n an ppst sns.
[241] Od. x. 272. xv. 228.
[242] Hd. v. 42.
[243] . 13.
[244] Inf. Rlgn and Mals, sct. .
[245] Sup. p. 148.
[246] Od. xv. 271.
[247] Od. v. 278-86.
[248] Ibd. x. 84, 94.
[249] Ibd. v. 220.
[250] Ibd. 584.
[251] Hd. . 54. Accdng t th Egyptan tadtn th
ptd, th Phncans cad nt Gc th pstss wh fundd
th Ddnan acl. Ths agan lads us t vw th Phncans as th
chf mdum f ntcus btwn Egypt and Gc.
[252] Mu, Lt. Gc, vl. .
[253] Hd. v. 2.
[254] Il. . 594-600.
[255] Il. . 730.
[256] Stab x. p. 471.
[257] Il. . 844, and x. 434.
[258] Il. xx. 485.
[259] Il. . 841.

[260] Hst. Gc, v. 28.
[261] Stab v. 7. p. 321, 2.
[262] Il. x. 429; xx. 329.
[263] Od. . 366.
[264] Il. xx. 85.
[265] Il. xx. 96.
[266] Inf. p. 182.
[267] Il. . 828-39.
[268] Hc s Cta, . p. 7.
[269] Thlwalls Hst. f Gc. Ch. . Vl. . p. 41. 12m.
[270] Od. passm.
[271] Il. . 631.
[272] Il. x. 184, and xv. 196.
[273] Od. xx. 175.
[274] Il. . 645.
[275] S sup. p. 126.
SECT. III.
_Plasgans cntnud: and ctan Stats natualsd a n t
Gc._
_a._ Ct. _b._ Lyca. _c._ Cypus.
_Ct and th tadtns f Mns._
Ths appas t b th plac f a m full cnsdatn f th
tstmny f Hm wth spct t, pbably, th gatst chaact
f aly G hsty, and n wh cannt b mttd n any nquy
cncnng th aly Plasgans f Gc: n as much as thy stand n
a dct Hmc latn t Ct, f whch h was th ng.
In th pms f Hm, Mns appas t stand fth as th fst gat
and fxd pnt f G natnalty and cvlzatn. H s nt ndd
s mt fm th pd f Hm hmslf as ths, vn as th
Eupans, whm th pt mntns, and whm h cnncts by gnalgy
wth th Tjan pd, patculaly th lds. But th pculats
mtng n hs cas, as cmpad wth mst f thm, a ths:
1. That h s xpssly tacd upwads as wll as dwnwads.

2. That h s cnnctd wth a fxd plac as ts svgn.
3. That s much s th cuntd suggstd f hs chaact and
acts.
4. That th Hmc tadtns as t Mns a s ma ably supptd
fm wthut.
Mns s mntnd, and smwhat lagly, n n lss than sx dffnt
passags f th Ilad and Odyssy. Hm has gvn us a much full
da f hm, than f th m ppula h Hculs, althugh h s nt
namd n naly s many passags; and t s sngula, that th m
ancnt f th tw psnags s als by much th m hstcal.
Agan, th pt has tld us m abut Mns, althugh h s f fgn
xtactn, than h has sad abut all th st f th ld G
hs put tgth. Of Thsus, Pthus, Cast, Pllux, Mlag,
Psus, Jasn, and th st, hs ntcs a vy fw and mag.
In dalng wth Hm, I shuld qut vn ths fact f th gat
amunt f hs fncs, whch n th cas f mst th pts wuld
b mmatal, as a stng psumptn f th sup hstcal
mptanc f th psn cncnd.
Mns, accdng t Hm, had Jupt f hs fath, a Phncan
damsl f hs mth, and Rhadamanthus f hs yung bth.
Th nam[276] f hs mth s nt cdd, but Jupt calls h
fa-famd. Ths fam, f du t h bauty, wuld pbably hav pt
h nam alv; but as t has nt bn psvd, t s m pbably a
flctn fm th subsqunt gatnss f h sn.
Th sty thus fa appas pbably t ndcat that Mns was a
Phncan by bth, but wthut a nwn ancsty, and asd nt
clbty by hs wn ngs and achvmnts.
Th md, by whch h s t fam, was by th gvnmnt f mn and
th fundatn f cvl nsttutns. At nn yas ld h cvd,
such s th lgnd, vlatns fm Jupt,[277] and gnd, n
th gat mghty cty ( ) f Cnssus, v Ct: such
was th fm, cpd by th pltc lgslat f Rm, n whch a
ttl t vnatn was scud f hs laws. N th cty, bsds
ths captal, s dscbd n Hm by th ptht , by y
v w.
A f vv m f p ff by
p yy, w x b m mpy x
w b [278] m ff f j, b
j f v f vy.
f f w ,[279] w f
v w m : , , x
f f f j[280] (). H b
f Jp, . Evn th
h appas nt as n f th suffng bwldd nhabtants f
that lw wld, but n th xcs f pw as an actual ul amng
th spts f th dpatd;
.
H y v w y f . vy
pp bw ff, my p.
p , applied to Mios i a ealie passage o

the
, m p p vy m V by
_m _ ,[281] p f R m : w
m y mp f I Jp,
.[282]
A asnabl cnstuctn wuld f th wd t th cmmcal
chaact f th Phncan ppl, at nc cunnng and dang[283]; and
th s much pbablty n th pnn f Hc , wh ntpts th
wd as manng xact f tbut, as alludng t th xactn by
Mns f a tbut fm Attca[284]. On ths w shall shtly hav t
nlag.
_Pw f Ct._
As t th famly and ngdm f Mns, w shuld gath n th fst
plac fm Hm, that Ct had und hm bn pmnnt n pw. H
was ng f th sland ( )[285], and h gnd, at th
ag f nn yas nly ( ), v fv
. y, mb,
. w p ; Im
pp y , mf, v w f :
f f b , vy mpb b, pm
w m y j by w f my
pp, w v b m , w
m m , mm ; , f y
f Uy yy, Im,
p m f w , b mp
p b , , x vy [286]. B
v , w m ppy
x v w [287], m y p,
x y , xp f A mm f !.
A , w b , w m
p f y, w f .
m, b p, y[288],
,
, .
A p w p p f f my f b
p f Uy.
B p p y G w Hm y
m w y p . () sa-gt,
t s nt wth hm an sland: t s , ,
[289], and n th pncpal dscptn, Hm xalts t
m hghly, I thn , than any th tty,
,
,
, , [290].
If t shuld b thught that th vdnc t th chaact f Mns as
a lawgv s slght, w must call t mnd that vn th wd _law_
s nt fund n Hm. Th tm aftwads usd by th G s t
xpss what w man by a law, , nly ccus wth Hm n a sns
qut dffnt. H tlls us f nthng m dtmnat than
. But latvly t hs pctus f th gvns, th
lgslatal chaact f Mns s as stngly ma d as that f Numa

s n Lvy, latvly t th ngs f Rm.
In cnclusn, as t th gn f Ct, t was nhabtd by fv
acs: namly,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
.
_ m ._
f A D vy G . W w

x m f m . W
p y, w m y w f fm f ,
y v (. . 292), v I ,
w m f v f p (I. v. 133). I
v m, w f, w m pb by
A : f, b w H b f
y, A w b fv, w
f f w : y, b b w
. Thee r re m le me m
feeer f he I r , h prep e ee, r her h
he lly mre pe efl re f rver e r he e , epe lly
e r he e f y Pyl, hh re he he Alphe[291].
Th pp repe he Cel ll l e fr
h here eem l r; mely, h he le e
he Cel , l he I r ( [292]).
A , b w bw A y , f,
fm v f , w pb by m
A f f Ap , y f . !w f I w
A v, f A w ,
pmp y f , w w p I ,
w .
m , appantly s calld, t dstngush thm
as ndgnus fm all th th fu natns, wh w ,
mmgant. Ths s cuus, bcaus t fs us lswh f th
gn f th Plasg. It s th nly cas n whch w ha f any
thng ant t thm, upn th sls whch thy ccupd. Lastly,
Ct lay btwn Gc and Cypus, and Cypus s claly ndcatd
n th Odyssy as n th ut t Egypt[293].
But w ha als f Rhadamanthus as th bth f Mns, f Ducaln
as hs sn, and f Aadn as hs daught[294]. And th ntcs f
ths psnags n Hm all tnd t magnfy u cncptn f hs
pw and hs cnnctns.
Thsus, wh s glfd by Nst as a fst at h[295], and
dscbd as a mst famus chld f th gds[296], whm bth Hm,
and als th lat lgnds cnnct wth Attca, mas Aadn, wh
ds n h way t Athns[297]. Th maags f Hm w gnally
cntactd amng much na nghbus. Ths m dstant cnnctn
cannt, I thn , but b ta n as ndcatng th xtndd latns
cnnctd wth th svgnty f Mns and hs xaltd pstn.
_Tadtns f Ducaln._
Th gnalgy f Idmnus uns thus[298]; Jupt bgt Mns, ul

f Ct. Mns bgt a dstngushd sn, Ducaln. Ducaln bgt
m, a ul v numus subjcts n bad Ct.
H t s t b ma d,
1. That whl Mns and Idmnus, th fst and thd gnatns,
a dscbd as ulng n Ct, Ducaln f th scnd s nt s
dscbd.
2. That Idmnus s nwh dscbd as havng succdd t th
thn f hs gandfath Mns, but nly as bng a ul n Ct:
and that, as w hav sn, fm th qualfd cnjunctn f Mns
wth hm n th cmmand, phaps als fm th lmtd ang f th
Ctan twns n th Catalgu, th ass a pstv psumptn that
h had succdd nly t a ptn f th ancnt pmnnc and
pw f hs ancst.
Nw th s n dct vdnc n Hm cnnctng Ducaln wth
Thssaly. Th lat tadtn, hwv, placs hm th: and ths
tadtn may pbably clam an authty as ld as that f Hsd. A
fagmnt f that pt[299], wth th txt patally cupt, spa s f
Lcus, lad f th Llgs, as amng ths whm Jupt asd fm
th ath f Ducaln. Ths fnc t Lcus mmdatly suggsts
th nam f th Lcan ac, and s cas us nt th mmdat
nghbuhd f Thssaly; and th gnal pupt f th wds s t
xpss smthng a lttl l th lat tadtn abut Ducaln,
whch had that cunty f ts scn. Cmbnng ths wth th ngatv
vdnc affdd by th Hmc txt, w thus fnd stablshd a
cmmuncatn smngly dct btwn Ct und Mns, and Thssaly,
t whch cunty w hav alady fund t pbabl that Ducaln
mmgatd, and wh h may hav gnd.
Th usual statmnt s, that th nam Ducaln was cmmn t tw
dffnt psns, n th sn f Mns, and th th th ng f
Thssaly. But w must b upn u guad aganst th dvc f th lat
G wts, wh at nc unavlld th accumulatd ntcacs
that had gadually gathd abut th tadtns, and nlagd th
stc f matal f pampng vanty, and xctng th magnatn,
by multplyng th psnags f th aly lgnds. As gads th
cas nw bf us; th tadtn, whch ma s Hlln sn f th
latt f ths Ducalns, wuld ctanly ma hm cnsdably
ld than h culd b f a sn f Mns. It must b admttd, that
Hm pats th nam f Ducaln, f a Tjan s calld s slan
by Achlls n Il. xx. 478. It has plasd th fancy f th pt
th t us th nams f a numb f dad hs t dstngush th
was wh fll l shp und th swd f th tbl Achlls:
w fnd amng thm a Dadanus, a Ts, and a Mulus; and t s s
lttl Hms pactc t us nams wthut a pcula manng, that
w may cnjctu h has dn t, n pfnc t lttng Achlls
slaught a cwd f gnbl psns, n d that n vy thng hs
Ptagnst mght b dstngushd fm th mn. But th pt sms
t ta patcula ca t pvnt any cnfusn as t hs gat G ,
and ndd as t all hs gat lvng, psnags. I am nt awa f
m than n sngl passag n th Ilad[300], amng th multtud
n whch n th f th Ajaxs s namd, wh th can b a
dubt whch f th tw s mant. It s xcdngly unl ly that f a
spaat Ducaln f Thssaly had bn nwn t Hm, h shuld nt
hav dstngushd hm fm th Ducaln f Ct. Ths unl lhd
munts t ncdblty, whn w mmb (1) that ths th Ducaln
f Thssaly s nthng lss than th asstd t f th whl

Hllnc stc , and (2) that th pt patdly uss th patnymc
Ducalds as an ndvdual appllatn f Idmnus, whas th
advs suppstn wuld ma all th Achans al . W m y
f fy , Hm w f D
f .
_f R m ._
W m w R m , w m by Hm.
[301], b f m p w [302]. ,
jy m fm Jp by m f
y m f: f p m m mf
f y p . p m b. I w
A[303] pm Uy vy m, v
b f b , w m b
f w p f , w y vy
R m ,
,
hs w vs, s, f, Tus. Ths Tus w

f h ff f v mp v p
[304], w p w y , p.
p w p , b f B ,
f y jy bw D Dp .
p , v
f, w w mmy f w Hm w p y
by f w xp f
, w w . If y w p,
pp w y y R m w by f. B fm
v p p y f yy, m y, my p,
b , Hm , v m
, f by bw f A ,
f , y, fm f
m : p f , b
m w , v m w
w . Hwv m b, f w
j b , pp
f w fw:
1. , mp pm y f , w
m y m p v mb fw by A mm,
mb b y w m G, w p
y Dp y.
W m, wv, pm mp f v b
p . w mp y m m , w
v f p p .
2. bj f y
R m by fm p f m f
.
3. R m w p y ff w
m f , p f mf.
w G by b , p, f my,

4.
mp w G vw f Hm.
j p f v pp fm m y

.
I
my, x f
v yy, w p
v bw; w x b,
j y p m w , ff
v p f G y, m m
, w
p y f
ff
w
vy y.
_: p-Hm ._

I w m p-Hm .
x f w y f pp

, pp f y[305],
w y fm (pb by)
p , v b fmy
mp f m y v b m f
by f
w p
xm f
m w y.
.
y f y v b f fw

p[306]:-1. w w p f m m pw:
m w yp , w
w , w
bj w y R m .
2. pw x v G , (
) y ( ); x f
w y.
3. pp v m b f
( ): whch suppts th da
that hs bth Rhadamanthus may hav actd f hm at a dstanc.
4. That h dv th Caans ut f th slands f th gan. Ths
statmnt cvs ma abl cnfmatn fm Hm, wh ma s th
slands up t th vy cast f Caa cntbuts t th fc f th
G amy: whl Lsbs and ths, stuatd fath nth, and m
dstant fm Ct, appa t hav bn, l Caa tslf, n th
Tjan ntst.
In th Mns ascbd t Plat[307] w fnd th tadtn f hs dct
latns wth Attca, whch w wll nwn t th that. Ths
suppts th ntc n Hm f th maag cntactd btwn Thsus
and hs daught Aadn.
Asttl[308], l Thucydds, assts th matm pw f Mns
and hs svgnty v th slands, and adds, that h lst ndd
hs lf n th cus f an xpdtn t cnqu Scly[309].
Hdtus[310], l Thucydds, tats Mns as th fst nwn
svgn wh had bn pwful by sa. H stats, that Mns xplld
hs bth Sapdn fm Ct, and that Sapdn wth hs adhnts
clnsd Lyca, whch was gvnd, dwn t th tm f th hstan
hmslf, by laws patly Ctan[311]: and h als dlvs th tadtn
that Mns was slan n an xpdtn aganst Scly at Camcus,
aftwads Aggntum. A twn bang hs nam mand lng aft n
th sland.
Eupds lad th scn f hs Rhadamanthus n Bta: and a Ctan

clny s sad t hav stablshd th Tlphsan tmpl th[312].
Hc fnds tacs f a ma d cnnctn btwn Ct and that
dstct[313].
_Mns: Lacnan and Ctan laws._
M mptant, hwv, than any slatd facts a th smblancs
f th Lacdmnan and Ctan pltcs, ntcd by Asttl[314],
n cmbnatn wth th admssn always mad by th Lacdmnans,
that th lawgv Lycugus ntatd th Ctan nsttutns[315],
and wth th unvsal G tadtn that n Ct, fst f all
pats f Gc, laws and a gula plty had bn stablshd by
Mns. Agan, n th Dalgu pntd amng th w s f Plat, th
auth f t s s t stablsh th fundamntal da f law: puts asd
th njuus statmnts f th tagdans wh psntd Mns as
a tyant, dclas hs laws t hav bn th ldst and th bst n
Gc, and th mdls fm whch th pm pats f th Lacnan
lgslatn had bn bwd[316].
Amng th smblancs nwn t us appa t b
1. Th dvsn btwn th mltay and th agcultual pat f th
cmmunty.
2. Th f Ct, hldng th sam latn t th Ctans, as
th Hlts t th Spatans, and l thm cultvatng th land.
3. Th nsttutn f b .
4. m f vm: fv p p w
f Crete, d the beig alike i both.
Thee also still emai etymological idicatios that Mios as the
peso ho aised some tibe o class to peemiece i Cete, ad
depessed some othe tibes o classes belo the level o
the
ee
commuity. I Hesychius e ead,
, .
, .
, .
A A fm f ,

, [317]. H als says, that, accdng t Ephus,
th gnal nam f slav n Ct was , and that t was
dvd fm th custm f apptnng th slavs by lt. Ths
ma ably fxs th chaact f Ctan slavy as wng ts s
t sm nsttutns publc n th hghst sns, f mly pvat
slavy culd nt, t wuld appa, hav had an gn such as t
accunt f th nam. It thus ndctly suppts th da mpld n
, w v fm . A [318] ,
_ _ f Hm, v w ,
(thws ad ) , and thus pntng t
th ductn t svtud f sm f th pvusly f ppulatn f
th cunty.
Th can b lttl dubt that t was th Plasgc pat f th
ppulatn whch thus succumbd bf th m actv lmnts f
Ctan scty, and whch cntnud n th manual ccupatn f
husbandy, whl wa, plcy, and matm pusuts bcam th lt f
th m ftunat cmptts. F s t dffcult t dvn whch
w ths m actv lmnts, snc Hm pnts ut f us amng
th nhabtants f Ct at last tw tbs, th Achans and th
Dans, f Hllc gn. Bshp Thlwall pnts als t a Phncan
lmnt n Ct, and t Hm as ndcatng th Phncan gn f
Mns. Ths s suggstd nt nly by hs bth, and by hs matm
pmnnc, but by Hms placng Ddalus n Ct[319]. F that
nam dctly stablshs a cnnctn wth th ats that mad Sdn
and Phnca s famus. Th lat tadtn, ndd, placs Ddalus
psnally n latns wth Mns, as havng bn pusud by hm aft
h had fld t Scly[320].
Elswh I hav shwn asn f suppsng that a scnd f th
fv Ctan natns, namly, th , was Plasgan: and th
s a cuus tadtn, whch suppts ths hypthss. Accdng t
Ephus[321], th w slmn fstvals f th slav ppulatn,
dung whch fmn w nt pmttd t nt wthn th walls,
whl th slavs w supm, and had th ght f flggng th f;
and ths fstvals w hld n Cydna, th cty f ths .
Ou blf n a Ctan mp f Mns, fundd n th vdnc f
th Pms, and sustand by th statmnt f Thucydds, nd nt
b mpad by th fact that w fnd lttl pst-Hmc vdnc
dctly avalabl f ts suppt. In aly tms th cllctn f
dynasts vy much dpndd n th ntst whch th succsss
had n png t alv. Nw th Mnan mp was alady ducd t
fagmnts at th tm f th _Tca_. Th supmacy v Gc was
thn n th hands f a famly that hld th thn f th Psds and
th Danads, a thn ld than that f Mns hmslf, thugh n hs
tm pbably lss dstngushd: a thn whs lust wuld hav
bn dmnshd by a lvly tadtn f hs pw and gatnss. And
t was fm th Plpds that th Dan svgns f Spata clamd
t nht. Thf th gat G svgnty, fm th _Tca_
nwads, had n ntst n chshng th cllctn f ths ancnt
pat f hsty; n th cntay, th ntst lay n dpssng
t; and und ths ccumstancs w nd nt wnd that, untl th
nqung ag f G ltatu and phlsphy, whn Athns gand
th pdmnanc, th tacs f t shuld hav mand but fant. But
th tacs f Ctans hav bn fund xtnsvly dspsd bth v
th slands, and n th casts f th gan[322].
_Th Lycans._
T cmplt th statmnt f ths pat f th cas, t s ncssay t
tun t anth cunty, hldng, wth ts nhabtants, a vy pcula
pstn n th Ilad. Th attntv ad f th pm must ftn
nqu, wth custy and wnd, why t s that Hm vywh
fllws th Lycan nam wth favu s ma d, that t may almst b
calld favutsm. At vy tun, whch bngs that ppl nt vw,
w a mt by th clast ndcatns f t: and fw f Hms
ndcatns, nn f hs ma d ndcatns, a wthut a caus and an
am.
Sapdn, th Lycan cmmand n chf, pfms th gatst
mltay xplt n th Tjan sd that s t b fund thughut
th pms[323]. That h ds nt bscu th mnnc f Hct s
nly wng t th fact, that hs sha n th actn f th pm s
small, nt t ts bng lss dstngushd. Evywh h plays hs
pat wth a faultlss valu, a valu st ff by hs mdsty, and by
hs n sns f publc duty accdng t th stctst manng f th
tm[324]; Jupt, hs fath, shds tas f bld f hs cmng
dath; and h s n tuth th mst pfct as wll as th bavst man
n th Tjan sd. Glaucus, hs scnd n cmmand, s nf t n
Tjan wa sav Hct, thugh n th xchang f th ams wth
Dmd Hm has, as usual, svd th supty t th Gcan
ntllct.
Th dstnctns awadd t th Lycan ppl a n full pptn
t ths f th ng Sapdn. Thy fmd n nly amng th lvn
dvsns f th auxlay fc, but th Lycan[325] nam, and ths
nly[326], vdntly n accunt f th mnnc, s ftn usd t
sgnfy th nt bdy. In th gat assault n th G tnch and
ampat, Sapdn th lad cmmands all th alls, and chss as
hs lutnants Glaucus, and Astpus a Pnan, but nt th Pnan
gnal[327]. Thy a nv mntnd wth any ptht xcpt f
hnu: and t thm s appld th tm [328], w v
b I , yy y
[329]; pp b
f p mm . y
wf B y fm b G [330],
f x B w , v w
() y f f p[331].
y pp m f p
m f m y , whch, wth ths sngl
xcptn, sms t b th xclusv ppty f th G s[332].
It s dffcult t accunt f ths glwng psntatn, s
cnsstntly cad thugh th pm, xcpt upn th suppstn,
that Hm gadd th Lycans as havng sm pcula affnty
th latn wth th G s; and that h n ths accunt asd
thm ut f what wuld thws m natually hav bn a scnday
pstn.
Th a many sgns f a spcfc nd, that ths was actually hs
vw f thm.
1. T ma Sapdn th sn f Jupt was at nc t stablsh sm
latnshp wth th G acs.
2. Th lgnd f Bllphn, dlvd n th fld f battl, was
nt qud, n s t ntducd, mly t fll up th tm dung
whch Hct gs fm th camp t th cty. It qud n fllng
up: but Hm tuns th ntval t accunt by usng t t gv us
ths ntstng chapt f achac hsty, dubtlss n d t
llustat, as all hs th lgnds d, th bgnnngs and aly
latns f th Hllnc acs. Accdngly w fnd that Anta, wf
f Ptus th Agv ng, was a Lycan: that a famla ntcus
subsstd btwn th tw cuts, such as pbably and stngly mpls
that th natns had th ts: and lastly that an ld ln f
svgns, dscndd thugh Ssyphus, w th actual gvns f
Lyca at th pd f th _Tca_.
3. Th vy sam das f ngshp and ts ffcs, whch pvald
n Gc, a xpssd by Sapdn n hs spch t Glaucus[333],
and th s an ndcatn f f nsttutns whch nlags th
smblanc. Th fc f ths ccumstanc wll b m fully
appcatd, whn w shall hav xamnd th Asatc tng whch s

pcptbl n th nsttutns f Ty tslf.
4. Bsds th ld svgnty, th tymlgy f th nams f Lycan
was cnncts tslf nt nly wth th G ac, but wth th
Hllc lmnt n that ac[334].
5. On th th hand Apll, whm w shall haft fnd t b th
gat Plasgan, thugh als unvsal, gd, s vn, accdng t
Hm, n cls and pcula cnnctn wth Lyca, althugh h s
nt lcalzd th by Hm as h s n th lat tadtn. Fst
as bng . Scndly as th gat bwman: whl Lyca was s
mnnt n ths at, that nas, addssng Pandaus wth a cmplmnt
n hs s ll, says n man bf Ty can match hm, and phaps vn
n Lyca th may nt b a btt ach[335]. Thdly, ths Pandaus
th ach, and sn f Lycan, cvd th gft f hs bw fm Apll
hmslf[336]: and says, that Apll pmptd nstuctd hm, as
h cam fm Lyca[337]. It may, hwv, b asnably qustnd,
whth w a h t undstand th Lyca f th Suth, th
dstct f ndd nam n Tas. In any cas, Apll n Lyca wuld
b n m than th cuntpat f Mnva n Plasgan Athns.
6. Th pvalnc f that Lycan nam n th quats, such as
Acada, f a ma d Plasgan chaact, futh suppts th
suppstn that Lyca had pbably a Plasgan ac f th bul f
ts ppulatn, hldng th sam subdnat latn t anth ac
as w fnd n cspndng cass. In Acada[338] Pausanas pts a
Lycan sn f Plasgus; a Lycsua, th cty h fundd; Lycn, th
hll wh t std; and Lyca, th gams h stablshd.
All ths vdnc cmbns t shw sm cspndnc btwn Lyca
and Gc, as t th cnsttunt lmnts f th ppulatn. Th
agmnt culd nt hav bn pfct: f th cds f th Lycan
languag, I blv, shw a pvalnc f th lmnts than th
G . But w hav thus a asn t supps, that th cmmunty f
achtctu and th ats whch has bn fund t subsst btwn th
tw cunts, was nt mly dpndnt n lat clnsatn, but was
wng t an affnty f acs and smlaty f manns whch dats
fm th hc ag.
Lastly, th fagmnts f Hmc vdnc spctng th Lycans a
cmbnd by a lat tadtn, whch ln s thm t Ct, th man
subjct f u cnt nquy. Accdng t ths tadtn, th was a
Sapdn al than th Sapdn f th _Tca_, wh, bsds bng
sn f Jupt, was bth t Mns. H s sad t hav bn xplld,
wth hs adhnts, by that svgn fm Ct; t hav pad t
Lyca, and t hav clnsd that cunty, a pat f t. In th
tm f Hdtus, as w hav sn, t tand laws f Ctan, that
s t say f G , gn. And at tw lat pds f ts hsty,
fa mt fm Hm and fm n anth, ts nhabtants sgnalsd
thmslvs by th mst dspat valu n dfnc f Xanthus, ts
captal[339].
F th gn f th gup f nams, havng sm smla
wd f th t, t sms mst natual t nf ts dntty wth
th Latn _lucus_, ssntally th sam wth _lupus_, and t psum
that t had a Plasgc suc, but that th wd cspndng wth
t, pbably , manng a wd gv, had bcm bslt n
th lat Hllnc tngu. Th s vy asn f a suppstn f
ths nd, as ths wds, tymlgcally cnnctd, vdntly hang
und sm cmmn cnt, whch cnt has fnc t pmtv and
t Plasgc lf, as wll as t th smwhat spcally Plasgc dty
Apll. N s t stang that th t f a nam asscatd wth th
Plasg shuld hav bn lst t th G tngu, whl th nam
tslf mans: w hav anth xampl n Lassa.
But f th was such a wd, wth such a manng, th ln , whch
may phaps cnnct t wth Plasgc lf, s vdnt. F th fst
agcultual sttls must ftn b, as such, n a gat lss
dg, dwlls n wds. It may b sad that n th Untd Stats,
at th psnt day, th pp nam f an agcultual sttl s
bac wdsman. In Btsh clns f Austala, thy, wh pass bynd
th lmts f xstng sttlmnt, n d t xtnd t, a sad t
g nt th bush. Thus th da at th t f th Lycan nam s n
all pbablty twn, ath ld bth, t that whch pply
wuld ndcat th agcultual sttl.
It s hwv plan, that w cannt l t any thng smply Plasgan
n th Lycan ppulatn, as supplyng th mtv whch has nducd
Hm t gv th Lycans a ma d pfnc v th ppulatns,
thmslvs f a Plasgan chaact. Ths pfnc must b du t
th th lmnt, whch asscats thm spcally wth th Hllnc
ac. And w may nt atnally supps t t b fundd n any n
f such causs as ths: th spcal cnnctn n th yal ln
btwn th tw cunts: a lag nfusn f th m ldly bld
nt a subdnat Llgan Plasgan bdy n Lyca, just as n
Gc, than n Tas and Asa Mn gnally: lastly, a m
palpabl and na cnnctn btwn th dmnant cast n Lyca and
ths Psan hghlands, fm amng whm may hav pcdd[340]
th ffaths f th Hllnc tbs. Evywh w s ths ac
banchng fth, and, by an ntnsc supty, acqung a
pdmnanc v th acs n p ccupatn. Whth th stc cam
t Lyca by land, fm th astn cast f th Mdtanan, t
may b had vn t cnjctu: but th s n patcula nt f
latnshp t Psa, whch Lyca tans m claly than Gc,
and that s th hgh stmatn n whch, t judg fm th cnnctn
wth Apll and fm Il. v. 172, th us f th bw was hld n that
cunty. Th cas was th sam n Psa. Accdng t Hdtus, n
f th th ssntal atcls f ducatn n Psa was th us f
th bw[341]; and h s nt cntadctd by Ctsas, wh calls hm n
mst thngs a la and a fabulst[342]. W must nt, ndd, ly t
stngly upn a ccumstanc l ths. Cyaxas th Mdan had th
at taught t hs sns by Nmad Scythans[343]. W may hwv bsv
that al n th Tjan and th Gcan sd w nv ha f th
bw xcpt n th hands f hghbn psns, such as Pas, Pandaus,
Tuc: and, n th gams, Mns[344].
In passng, t may dsv ma , that th Lycans aln, f all
tbs natns n th sd, appa nt und tw lads mly,
but tw ngs, n th stct sns. I d nt hwv blv that ths
ndcats a pltcal pculaty. Th gn f t may pbably b
fund n th lgnd f Bllphn, t whm, aft hs hgh xplts
and gat svcs, th gnng svgn gav half hs ngdm[345].
Nw that ng s nwh statd t hav had a sn: and f w supps a
falu f ssu n hs wn dct ln, and th succssn f n f
th tw dscndants f hs daught t ach mty f th alm, t at
nc accunts f th xcptnal pstn f Sapdn and Glaucus.
Th suppstns thn twads whch w a ld a, that Mns was f
Phncan gn, that h cam t Ct and acqud th svgnty,
that h uld v a mxd ppulatn f Ctans, Plasgans, and

Hllc tbs, that h gansd th cunty and stablshd an
xtndd supmacy, spcally matm and nsula, bynd ts
lmts; whch hwv w must nt cnsd as nvlvng th cnsstnt
mantnanc f svgnty accdng t mdn das, and whch s
n n dg ncnsstnt wth th ul f Danads Psds n
Plpnnsus. Lastly, that n gvng fm t hs scal nsttutns,
h dpssd th Plasgan lmnt f Ctan scty, and lad, n
pltcal dpssn, th fundatns f th subsqunt svtud.
_Cypus._
If ths b s, t s wth whl futh t bsv, that th a
tacs f a smwhat analgus hsty n Cypus, anth ac nwldgd
stppng-stn, accdng t Hm[346], btwn Gc and th East.
In th Svntnth B f th Odyssy[347], Ulysss, n n f hs
fcttus naatns, stats t th Suts, that th Egyptans, wh
had ta n hm psn and ducd hm t slavy, thn mad a psnt
f hm t th Dmt, a dscndant f Iasus, wh uld wth
mght, that s, wth cnsdabl pw v Cypus (
); m xp v B w
p Amp , I , m. m w w f
I m[348], m y b f w y y,
f , w b v pp.
Uy m m f ; m b
mmb, p f p,
m b ( p ) y fy y b ,
f bf xp y.
B v B f I [349], w f A mm p
b p , w w vy m v f w m p, w
p p f ff m , x f
f f bw. !w w m bv, f,
w vy m b w :
y, w p A mm by y f yp,
f v (-- , perh ps e mght reder
t, t the f vur f _hs_ g--) up the s f hs he rg
th t the g s lletg rm met g st Try. Th t s t
s y, t s t mpud th hm fr t ppe rg pers t j
the Gree fres. Here the e must fer th t there s sme v gue
lleg e, hh s due, r hh t le st mght be l med, frm
Cyprus t Ag mem, uder the [350].
!w w w f p bf _ _ :

p y, w b ff ppy pp
y w p . f
p , w v m y v b, pb by
p ffy ; , w w f y H
m , ffy m pm
f pp . f, w m y b w,
w y by m f I .
W m y wv jy b w y w
w v y, f w w y , m
p, vy p j. I
bv, pp w m fm G
zv, fm f , v b m m
bm: b , pp w
fm f A pw, w y b .

Hw m A mm v y f w
m v p v b f
, y b m, w y bw m
, w v by ?
yp , pp f yp w py y

, pp m by w f . , p
, y w y b f
b f f G w w py ymp
w ( w m f p f ) m
w y.
B f , w f m f ,
y w by w f , w m
p f H m m, p
m w vy y, my m m pp; Hm
mf, w
w , vy
. If pp f yp w , w y
w, w ymp m,
m b w w f pp A mm
by v b f v v w
p m
w b xp p y; w p pw v yp,
, m b v b, w w
.
I m y mp bw yp A mm,
f w mp w A fw
.
, w y yp w

, p y w b A . I
w p f V, w p y,
w , p yy[351], f . I
w , y j : j
y p y m w f f ,
x ymp . V w w my y m
H b, w fm y f Dm. w
w pp m m, m b xmy mpb b by
f , Dm w [352]. W m
p y, p p Hm m m xvy
y; b p m y b m
, y, f m f yp.
W v y A p, , p by A mm
mm f f f A ; , ,
m v p y, p p m y,
pp f . I m pb b, yp
ff p . W v fw
. , , b m m, w
y m pp. y, fm p
f f by y, w m , f
p f m m, v b
f x mp f f w m f
p. w p by ; w m,
b w Hm , pp
b p v b f w m p.
pp y mf w , w pp
w . A , x m m w f
; b pp b A , fy m
m w , w w A [353]. A m

y, p Hm pmp, w , p
f ,
vy f p v fm I f my, w

y bf _ _.
Hm w p y pp m
x fm w [354]. Ap f w
p, y m fm b A
yp w by f fw, f p , m
f f . Ap, , v,
y w y w p y m w w p
f V,
;
bv b, p w w f y w
A , w y fm , y, ,
yp, y, y : f w G ,
b f, y . w ,
Ap, f f y, m fm y
.
p w w m fw
, w w pb by f xmpf G
m f A , w ,
f w m by y, f . I
y, J Wy , y b f
fw w m m w y, w
w y . w p f
b f m m v
p. y v , w p
z w p; pw f
b fb v p v f f m
b m p b f pm y , f w
w v ff.
_! v m fm Hm._
I m , wv, p fm bj f Hm my
p , w v mp v
p f .
I m b bv, , pp v w
y pp G f j w vy,
Hm m w v , w f
m pp . ! , , n ,
be r y e sg f beg the prper desg t f the rg l
settlers d h bt ts f ll Greee: d f the me fr them be
t , there ert ly s ther me h tever hh
mpete fr the hur, e hh h s the s me m r s t e f gre t
tuty, d f verg de r ge f the utry. Ad f, s I
trust, t sh ll here fter be sh, th t ll these me frm br d
s str gers t utry lre dy uped, there the ll be
presumpt f me fre rsg eve ut f ths eg tve, t the
effet th t the el sg s ere the rg l b se f the Gree t,
hle e re ls ettled t ffrm, up the evdee f Hmer, th t
ther r e eteded beyd the lmts f Greee.
Suh s the suppst up hh e lre dy
the testmy f the pems s hle ppe rs
gr t, dret, d fr gmet ry, d muh f
gre tly el rge ts u tty frm sures t
beg t fd th t
t verge. It s, I
t jetur l; e m y
yet peed: but I sh t
dret p rtul r ttet t ts uty d h rmy, t the multtude

f d ts hh, thugh sep r te d dvdu lly slght, ll
de th the thery th t the el sg suppled the _substr tum_ f
the Gree ppul t subsstg uder dm t Hell fluees; d
t the f t, I uld lmst veture t dd, th t they de th
thg else.
_The el sg s; pst-Hmer evdee._
We must preed, hever, t sder th t prt f the evdee
the se, hh s eter l t the Hmer ems.
Besdes h t h s bee up t ths pt det lly tuhed, there s
gre t m ss f etr -Hmer testmy, hh teds, he re d the
lght f Hmer, t rrbr te the ves hh h ve here bee t e f
the el sg, s e f the m effets f the Gree t.
I the frst h pter f the ble r f Bshp rsh, ettled, _Hr
el sg_[355], ll be fud mple llet f p ss ges frm
Gree rters, hh, thugh m y f them re themselves slght,
d y e f t e sgly uld be f lttle eght fr the purpse
f prf, yet lletvely d te th t the pssess f the etre
utry t the remtest perd by the el sg s lttle less th
uvers l d v r ble tr dt. I ll here llet sme prt f
the evdee hh m y be ted t ths effet.
Cmg et t Hmer tme d uthrty, Hesd supprts hm, s
e h ve see bve[356], ss tg Dd bth th the el sg
d th the Hell r es; pl g t, just s Hmer des, the mdst
f the l tter, d mre dsttly th Hmer d tg ts fud t
by the frmer. It m y be bserved th t, r gmet, he uest bly
persfes el sgus[357].
Net e fd the very et pet Asus, rdg t the ut t f
us s[358], ssgg the very hghest tuty t the el sg
r e, by m g el sgus the f ther f me;

, .
Am G w, b mv, f
p, w my b , my pp,
m f mp, y. I m f w
m py w Hm, w y f
m f b f , w
fw mmy p m. ! y x p
y p. y w m m , b
, w, m, by p b ymp y. I m,
, m y , w ff
mp m y: w f
f A[359] yb[360], w w
f f ,
[361]. Eve w ee e eak aegcay, e eem t
eeet t e ft fm f aegy, w c t taceaby muded
u ty, ad eve f t key. It t t eefe ueaabe
t attac mtace t edeg f t e ubc tadt
eectg t e Peag, w c we fd a emakabe aage f t e
Suce;

, .

[362].
, mf p , b m

fm p ( ) v ym
( ), w Ap, m fm
A , f y f b f m by
f w b . A m f y, w fm
y fm y p. y,
f b, m-v f .
W p f vy , by
w f p f y, y
fm f G. I f
my , D p.
f _pym_ y, A, A
p ppp . p
A vy fy:
f w , f
, , v[363]. mb f w p b
w A.
H H f y w fmy
[364]: v p wm f f D
m f [365]: h dnmnats th Acadans
[366], th ppl f what was aftwads Achaa
[367], th Athnans [368], hm ls
he desrbes s uthth[369]: d he shs, th t rellets
f the el sg rshp ere preserved hs d y t Dd [370].
He furthermre mets the [371] at Athns; and h
placs th Plasgan ac n Samthac, and Lmns, and mntns th
sttlmnts upn th Hllspnt, namd Placa and Scylac.
Thucydds dscbs th spt buldng calld er
he Arpl Ahe, he very , hh he r l
l ll l elh e pl e fr fey. Th hr
l , h he eh f h jme, he p h
pre-Helle me he prev l r e me Greee ere
Pel ; [372].
I , p [373], m f
, m : b p f, w
w w y pp b , w p w
f m b w m, w m
vy b b w G , p y
m mp m
by w v . B b w
mpy f, w f f p .
f-w H w w
p , w v m v b,
w m p , fm f m b p.
p , wv, b by y mf; f
y w f m y, w p A
p.
, w f y y B. .,

p w y bw ff
p . H b w f ,
b , w p y m p ,
D , p, y [374].
Th wd m m (1) fw f G, (2)

vy b f G[375]. !w
w by m fw f G, w y
m f p p . w s
phaps ta n h n ts lagst sns[376].
Apllnus Rhdus, naly a cntuy lat, adhs t pat at
last f th sam tadtn, and calls Thssaly th
[377]. The Scholiast o this passage as a ole testimoy,
statig that Sophocles, i the Iachus, eclae that the d
w th sam.
Accdng t Stab, th Plasg w th mst ancnt ac whch
had hld pw n Gc:
[378]. I m p f D
, f . H xpy pp
w
b v bv f
Hm[379], n th wds ,
f y by , , mpy. H
m f p p , , y
f p , m m f p. H v
f m f p, w , my w
my f y, D m G, f y f
I , m f b fm
D .

.
A b b D m,
w f H, w v by Av
A m f f m, w y f A
[380].
w f Dy f H pb by p ,

jm fm x
m[381]. H p fy, w
H; w I m , w f mp p
f by fw H, y w
m y H. H m fm
p, w m y bv b , y,
A , , . I w f ,
p, b v f m . f
f p m f w pb by p
m f w f , f, f m w f m y
wy p p, y, , ,
y p f fy.
". . , p fy p-Hm ,
y mm p v , fw
ff.
y w b f p f bm f
v y, y f w by m , as
w s by th plans f th Pnus, and f th Inachus. If, as Stab
hlds, ths us f th wd was n hs tm mdn, and Macdnan
Thssalan, t may stll hav bn a vval f a pmtv usag,
vn as th vy ld wd had cm bac nt us wth th
Alxandan pts, thugh th ld cmmn tngu f Macdna.
Th ldst twns w th Lass[382], and th numb f ths
pnts ut th Plasgans as a cty-fundng ppl, xpt n asng
cnsdabl and duabl stuctus. Ths Lass w upn alluval
sls by vs, and th Plasgans w aly dggs f canals[383].
Th pusuts w agcultual; hnc thy ccupy th chst sls:
hnc Plasgus s th hst f Cs, and th nvnt f bad: hnc
Tyhnan Plasg cnvt th stny gund by Hymttus nt futful
flds. Th shphd lf f th Plasgans s an Acadan tadtn,
but Acada was nt th nly gnal sat, and, whn dsplacd by
Achans and Dans, thy may hav bn dvn t th hlls. Such sats
w fnd n Ags, Achaa, Plpnnsus gnally, Thssala, Epus,
and Attca, wh thy may b tacd n th dvsn f th tbs.
Tatng as an th tadtn f th vagant chaact, h
cncvs thm t b gnally and abv all autchthnc. H quts
fm Asus n Pausanas th lns whch hav alady bn qutd.
Th s n cd, h says, f th cmng nt Gc by
clnzatn. Thy a a ppl dstnct, h thn s, fm Llgans
and Caans, as wll as fm th nthn mmgants, Achans, and
Thssalans: and thy a th bass and gundw f th G
natn[384].
In Nbuh[385] wll b fund a cmphnsv utln f th wd ang
f Plasgan ccupancy n Italy: and Cam suppls a smla s tch
f Asa Mn and f Gc[386].
I fba t qut Latn authts as t th Plasg f Gc. Th
stng Plasgan chaact f Magna Gca wll f tslf natually
accunt f th f us f th nam by Rmans t dsgnat th G
natn, and cannt thf gatly sv t shw vn th lat
tadtn cncnng th ancnt pstn f th Plasgans n Gc,
and th latns t ts th nhabtants.
Mash appas t asst t much, whn h says that w may st dwn as
pculaly Plasgan ths placs whch tand th Plasgan nam n
th hstc ags. It ds nt fllw fm ths tntn, that Placa
and Scylac w m gnunly Plasgan than Thssaly, any m than
w a nttld t say fm Hm, that Thssaly was gnally m
Plasgan than Attca Plpnnsus, thugh t tand th nam
lng. Th asn may hav bn, that n such pwful pssu fm a
sup ac was bught t ba n th n class f cass, as n th
th[387].
In hldng that th Plasgans w th bas, s t spa , f th
G natn, I man t ndcat t as a pbabl pnn, that thy
cntnud t fm th mass f th nhabtants thughut all th
changs f nam whch succdd th pd f th ul. But t wuld
appa, that a succssn f th m vgus nfluncs fm th
Hllc stc must hav cntbutd fa m pwfully n all spcts,
xcptng as t numbs, t cmps and shap th natnalty f th
ppl. Th chf pat f th Plasgans f Attca may phaps hav
lan amng th 400,000 slavs, wh fmd th unhdd hd f ts
ppulatn; much as n Italy th sfs f th G clnsts b th
Plasgan nam[388]. S lag a bdy culd scacly hav bn fmd
n that lmtd tty, xcpt ut f th gnal nhabtants f
th cunty. In aly stags f scty th bul f scty ta s ts
mpss fm n, fm a fw, f sup fc: and th ulng
famls and tbs f a small, but m ngtc and wal ac,
fndng f thmslvs a natual plac at th had f scts alady
cnsttutd, assum th undsputd dctn f th ftuns, and

bcm, by a spntanus law, th sl psntatvs n th fac f
th wld, and n th annals f ts hsty.
_Languag f th Plasgans._
W may, hwv, fnd n ncnsdabl pf f th psnc f a
stng Plasgan lmnt n th G natn, n that ptn f th
vdnc upn th cas whch s suppld by languag. Ths numus
and mptant wds n th Latn tngu, whch cspnd wth th
wds blngng t th sam das n G , culd nly hav cm fm
th Plasgan ancsty cmmn t bth cunts; and, f cmng fm
thm, must dmnstat n th n cas, as n th th, th stng
Plasgan tnctu f th natn.
And as th languag f a cunty cannt b xtnsvly mpgnatd
n ths mann, xcpt th by numbs, by pltcal and scal
ascndancy (as was th cas f th Fnch tngu wth th Englsh),
by ltay nflunc (as s nw th cas wth us n spct t th
G and Latn tngus), w must as t whch f ths causs t was
wng, that th Plasgans s dply ma d th G languag wth th
tacs f th wn tngu. It was nt ltay nflunc, f w may
b su that th xstd nn. It was nt pltcal ascndancy, f
thy w th nslavd, at th last subdnat. It culd nly
b th nflunc f th numbs, thugh whch th mann f spch
culd n any masu hld ts gund; and thus w av agan at th
cnclusn, that thy must hav suppld th substatum f th natn.
It s tu that Hdtus, as wll as Thucydds, sp f th
Plasgans as usng a fgn tngu. S a Gman wt wuld
natually dscb th Englsh, and yt th Englsh languag, by
n f ts man ngdnts, bas cnclusv tstmny t th Saxn
lmnt f th Englsh natn, and als llustats th latv
pstns, whch th Saxn and Nman acs a nwn n hsty t
hav ccupd. Th tngu f th Plasgans had bn subjct wthn
Gc t nflunc and admxtu fm th languag f th Hllc
tbs: bynd Gc t had cvd mpssns fm dffnt
sucs; and natually, aft th cnsquncs f ths svanc had
w d f cntus, th spch f th Plasgans wuld b babaus
n th ys f th G s. Agan, Mash[389] bsvs that, n th vy
chapt wh h dstngushs Plasgc fm Hllnc, Hdtus (.
56) dclas th Inans t blng t n f ths stc s, th Dans
t th th: bth f whch ppulatns w n hs tm undubtdly
G . And th hstan gvs anth stng pf that th Plasgans
w G , wh h assgns t ths pantag (. 52) th G nam
f th gds: ,
...
v f w pp, m y v b ,

m by H, by y, p f fm
G y w f m, Gm fm
p y, y by ff
m m v pf, f w
p m v fm mp
f . v, w w w b ,
m b y v .
b f my m , b G Rm ,
b f fm f
f b . I f p f
p f B p H f vy b

f y f . I py v
p mpx f w w G
pp v v fm , f w
mpx . B w b b , w w v
x m Hm mp f H pp
m.
_ G._
W
v x x m ,
By w m pb b m

G?
bj y b y f w

pp: f, by , by f
, y y: , y fm A ,
f , by w v p f
.
I bv by m[390], pv p m
w, w v bj, p
f p: b m by y,
p , Dy f H , , w y
pp m. vy f v
p f p by .
Dy, w m y b mm p f
G , y[391] p f
p ; p m v m
y x . I x m, y
w, v, xp by ,
, w p v :
, m bm w y v my ,
v m m f p w
pp f p y: p f
m I y.
[392] p f

p w; y
; b _ _ w
v f y f m, Imb, m .
v f f
xp w p m fm y ( Hm.
I. xv. 301), f , p w y m y v fm
, m pb by, by . I
w m y, wv, m y v f
w y G b by ( f , pb by
), by .
Hm ff m f vy m .
H v m b y, w f v
pp p , w , w f v
. H v Jv f D ( vy w y
p f my), f Cs n Thssaly, tllng
ath f th fst; and h l ws gvs us a pcptbl cnnctn
btwn Cs and Ct, and btwn Jupt and ng Mns, vgng
t th latt. But t s t b bsvd that, wth th xcptn f
Attca, th chf Hmc t ns f Plasgansm l n Nthn and n
Suthn, but nt n Mddl, Gc: whch favus th pnn, that
th may hav bn a dubl ln f nty.

Th xta-Hmc tadtn s n th whl mst favuabl t th
suppstn f a suthn ut. Hsd ma s Ddna n Thssaly
Plasgan, but dstnctly asscats Cs wth Ct: and th Thgny
(479, 80) snds Jupt as an nfant t b ad n Ct. Th Hymn
t Cs, as w hav sn, bngs h fm thnc t Eluss; and
th ppula mythlgy n gnal tats that sland as th cadl
f Jupt, thf manfstly as th plac fm whch th G s
dvd hs wshp. M than ths; th tadtn ma s Plpnnsus
th sat and cnt f Plasgc pw, as w s fm schylus, wh
ma s Plasgus sd n Plpnnsus, but ul as fa as Macdna.
S l ws th nams bth f f cnnct
thmslvs gnally wth ths pat f Gc: spcally whn w
cnsd that Aps n Egypt s th sacd bull, and that agcultu,
th chaactstc pusut f th Plasgans, was als th busnss f
xn. Agan, Hdtus[393] pts that th lcal tadtn f Ddna
assgnd t that acl an Egyptan gn; and as Ddna was Plasgc,
ths tadtn smwhat favus th hypthss f nty by th suth.
Th a sval allusns n Hm t Ct, t Cypus, t bth,
as ma ng th ut btwn Gc and Asa. Mnlaus, aft quttng
Ty, and nang Ct (Od. . 285-92), sald afa
[394].
Th psud-Ulysss sals fm Ct t Egypt[395], and tuns
thnc t Phnca, n n tal, and aftwads stats f Lbya by
Ct; n anth lgnd, h s gvn v fm Egypt t Cypus; and
Antnus[396], n th Svntnth Odyssy, plyng t th suppsd
bgga-man, says, Gt ut f th way,
.
W y w f w G fm I :
pp fm G , by
yp. x mp pp f w,
m f , b m ; , f y
w f , p w, fm x,
ff p p m .
p by H fm D p
y w yp , w pp by
b w pb by mp m
bv .
y fm y w

w pp x by m
and . It s nt l ly that th Plasgans had much
n cmmn wth that ppl, culd ma th way t Gc th
wth n dspt f thm. Phaps th cast wh w fnd Ccns
and Pns apat fm th Thacans, may hav affdd a ut, and w
must mmb th tadtnal tacs f thm bth n th cast f th
Hllspnt and n th slands[397].
Ths may b th plac mst cnvnnt f bsvng, that th can
b lttl hstatn n gadng th nthn ut as that by whch
th Hllc tbs cam nt Gc. Thy, a hghland ppl, cam
alng a muntan cunty. Thy lft th nam upn th Hllspnt,
th sa f Hll, whch mans nt th m stat s calld n lat
tms, but th whl nthn gan[398]; and upn th v Slls,
whch dschags tslf nt th sa f Mama. W fst ha f thm
n Hm at th xtm nth f Thssaly: thn w fnd thm gvng
th nam, Hllas, t that cunty, t sm pat f t. Th ppl
f Hllas, whn th cnnctn wth th ss f th muntan had
bcm fant n cmpasn wth th latn t th tty thy
ccupd, calld thmslvs Hllns, fm th gn thy nhabtd;
and lst sght, as t w, f th ud pant tb. In th mantm,
thy had stuc ut ffshts thugh Gc, and th nam Hllas had,
as wll b sn[399], pbably cm, vn n th tm f Hm, t b
appld n a scnday and cmphnsv sns t th whl nthn
and cntal pats f t.
_Plpnnsus th sat f pw._
It s ma abl and undnabl, wth fnc bth t Plasgc and
t Hllnc tms, that n whatv pat f th cunty ulng tbs
famls mght fst ma th appaanc, th pmannt sat f
pw f Gc was unfmly n th Plpnnsus. Evy mvmnt
f pltcal mptanc appas t dct tslf thth, and th
t st n qulbum. Th ld tadtn f Plasgus, th dynasts
f Danads, Psds, and Plpds, th gat Hacld and Dc
nvasn, vdntly amng at layng hld n th cnt f dmnn,
and yt m, that Spatan pmacy (), w f
m y , m ; f y f v
w by ymp f J. I w y
ff y bf A
: p . H w y, f v , w
fw by v y, f b,
f y. B G b:
p f m m y w f
fm p p: fm m, A .
Amp y U m ,
m f G, b w f w
f I m, bv y, H b
f mv p ,
b , f fm, p f mm
w p, mm b.
I w pb by y, w v v ,
y m, v ! G. y
w f p, p w
, , b , w w y f
mm b, w m y v f
. f w , b
m , f v jy by . I w , b w
m,
A p , v ,
W v ff f w ,
m fv [400].
W , w w y . f f B
w w f w m fm y: w
bw b pvy, , f
A y m, y f ,
w w bj f b w p
m . p w , f m
: v y; j w m
y pp f y p, pb by
mb f v, w w v f
G v m fv y.

A m v m v
p ; f w fv y w
ff v, wy-x , p f
w x v, y, f x
, my, f y, m, A , w v y
mm f A mm.
_Dv f m._
V v v b f m f .
m w v m fm , m p
f G, w m, m v,
p f f m v b f
m . w bv, m m
pby: m f w w v
p , y f w
m , w p p , w p:
, v f , f m
p m[401]: , y, f m ,
xp w w w py f , vz. b, mm
w , f . v
f j ymy[402], w f f
f m f I p I J p J v pvy.
I m p w fy b p v mp
m y f m, w v f m p
, m w mp , v
b.
m , me g str s, h s bee t e t be the

fud t f ; and th xplanatn has bn gvn, that th
st s a mgaty bd, and that th Plasg w calld aft t
n accunt f th wandngs.
Ths xplanatn, whch sms ws than th fm, sts n pat
upn a statmnt f Hdtus mscnstud. H calls th Dans
[403], b y pp
, f w m, y, y, .
m fm w f f H, fy
m f Dy, w b m , v
y [404]. H m y, , m m y
m , w y (. 2), p f w
m b p. B f y
p w m f , w m v
f y p v f m , b
f pb fm mp m -v?
I pp v b f b,
w w b b f m. I m
y mpb b, w p, wy p
m fm b: b m y b v
m fm ? If w mp y f ,
pp p , bb, m , v f ,
w w mf fx b, pp
[405], m b, w m
m, b by m f pp?
I by m pp f Ap , p w
m, m p. I my f
B[406], w f A , vy
f m f , w

pv f p [407]. p y my
f A : m y b b p
bf, m fm ,
m y y b f f f
, m f b , v f w
w f G f. I v m f
j m y h ve bee the ld frm f the me.
The str , t m y be remembered, s e f the s red brds f the
Egypt s.
Ag , the rd has bn suggstd as supplyng th tu
dvatn f th Plasgan nam. Mash[408] jcts t, bcaus h
cncvs t s fundd upn th hypthss that th Plasg cam
acss th gan, whch h thn s mpbabl. But th vdnc appas
t b n favu f th havng cm pncpally by th slands, f
nt at nc acss th gan. It may als b qustnd, whth th
tymlgy must st n ths hypthss xclusvly. F, n th fst
plac, th m natual cnstuctn wuld b, nt that thy cam by
sa, but that thy cam _fm bynd sa_, an da whch mght vy
wll attach t any ppl f Asatc gn. S t was that th t
famus Plagus, wh s nwn t hav bn a Wlshman, cam by hs
classcal nam; a nam bang that vy sgnfcatn[409]. But
s t nt als pssbl, that may at n tm hav had th
manng f a plan? It pply sgnfs a wd pn lvl sufac,
cspndng wth th Latn _qu_, and wth u _man_. Hnc Hm
nv attachs t th wd any f hs usual pthts f
th sa, such as , , , , ;
but nly , : p [410],
w w b m y, f pply and dctly mant
th sa. S Pnda has , schylus ,
Ap R [411]. Th w n Macdna, as
w lan fm Stab, a ppl calld Plagns[412], and n Hm
w fnd th nams . A , e h ve Heyh,
m he me f , , f h
gvs , , ; as wll as . It sms nt
mpssbl that th Plasg may w th nam t th wd , n
ts pmay sns f plan and pn sufac: as th wd , ths
ve ts e t uterp rt, s derved frm , and at n tm
mant smply th nhabtant f a ugh and c y plac, a muntan
hghland.
Th s, hwv, anth md n whch m y be r the sese f
h bt ts f the pl , r r ther (fr t s ths th t the rd
ll mst mprehesvely pply t them, d mst lsely eep t ts
prper me g), f the ultv ble utry, hh uld lude v lleys
s ell s pl s prperly s lled: d deed ths derv t,
suggested by ". O. ller, s the smplest pssble, f ly e
le r the frst step, hh _ ssumes_ the detty f d
. H says t s cmpundd f . Th fst manng
f eem mply m h repe r m. Afer r
_ e_, epe lly _ e e_. Th ll, hle ye
very e r f , h ve he ee, _ freqe_ r _h _.
T he me r he refer , ; l he ,
v f f y, f f b [413]
m.
bj f m w m vw, w

m f s xamnd. In th man tm, lt t b bsvd,
that f th Plasg w thus calld fm bng, f nly thy n
fact w, nhabtants f th plans, w fnd n ths sm futh

xplanatn f th tadtn, whch can hadly hav bn an unmxd
, f th vagant chaact. F th plans cntand th mst
ftl sls: and, spcally as thy w f lmtd xtnt, th
nhabtants culd nt but apdly ncas, s as t qu m spac
f th suppt f th ppulatn. Futh, ths ch tacts ffd
a pz t all th tbs wh w n want f sttlmnts; accdng
t th just bsvatn f Thucydds[414], alady qutd, that th
mst ftl pats f Gc, namly, Bta, Thssaly, and much f
Plpnnsus, mst fquntly changd hands. Ths wuld b m and
m applcabl t a gvn ppl, n pptn as t mght b m
addctd t pacful pusuts. Manfstly, t s as nhabtants f th
plans, th cultvabl cunty, that Hm spcally ma s th
Plasg: bth by callng th gat plan f Thssaly Plasgc, and by
th ptht hh he pples (Il. . 841, d v. 301), t
ther L rss , the ly t ss he he mets t. Ad the
etymlg l ury seems, up the hle, t dret us, lthugh the
p rtul r p th be smeh t uert , t rds sml r lus.
OOTNOTES:
[276] Il. v. 321.
[277] Od. . 178.
[278] Od. . 568-71.
[279] Cf. Il. . 238. . 205.
[280] Il. v. 501. . 436.
[281] . v. 566.
[282] Il. . 365.
[283] Ngelsb h, Hmershe Thelge, p. 83; d Vd. f. set. v.
pp. 120, 124.
[284] H s Cret , . 142, .
[285] Il. . 450. Od. . 179.
[286] Od. . 181-98.
[287] H s Cret , . 182.
[288] Od. v. 523.
[289] Od. v. 199. Il. . 453. Il. . 649.
[290] Od. . 172.
[291] Il. . 712.
[292] Il. v. 133, 5.
[293] Od. v. 442.
[294] Od. . 321.
[295] Il. . 260-5.

[296] Od. . 631.
[297] Ibd. 322-5.
[298] Il. . 450-3.
[299] r gm. . Str b v. p. 332.
[300] Il. . 681.
[301] Il. v. 322.
[302] Od. v. 564.
[303] Od. v. 317-26.
[304] Od. . 580.
[305] sh. Suppl. 262.
[306] Thuyd. . 4.
[307] s, 16, 17.
[308] l. . 10. 4.
[309] r lud s eth f the pst f s s defed by
tr dt, see Thrl lls Greee, vl. . h. 5.
[310] Herd. . 122.
[311] Herd. . 173.
[312] llers Dr s, . 11. 8; Eurp. r gm. .
[313] Cret . 87.
[314] l. . 10.
[315] Ibd. . 10. 2.
[316] s 11-17.
[317] Athe. v. p. 263.
[318] Ibd. p. 267.
[319] Il. v. 592.
[320] us. . 17. 4.
[321] Ath. v. p. 263.
[322] H s Cret , b. . set. 4. (. 222 d se.)
[323] Il. . 397.
[324] See p rtul rly hs speeh Il. . 310-28.
[325] There ere ls Ly s f Tr s, th hm d rus s

eted: d t s pssble th t these m y be the perss me t.
(Shl. Il. v. 105.)
[326] r the uest hether the Leleges e sgle s frm
eept, see sup. p. 162.
[327] Il. v. 350, 1. . 848.
[328] Il. . 408. v. 421.
[329] Od. v. 241.
[330] Il. . 397.
[331] Il. v. 659.
[332] Il. v. 422. v. 426.
[333] Il. . 310.
[334] Vd. f. set. v.
[335] Il. v. 172.
[336] Il. . 827.
[337] Il. v. 105.
[338] us. v. 2. 1.
[339] Grte, Hst. Greee, v. 280.
[340] Vd. f. set. .
[341] Herd. . 136.
[342] ht Bblthe 72. p. 107.
[343] Herd. . 73.
[344] Il. . 860.
[345] Il. v. 193.
[346] Od. v. 442, 8.
[347] Ibd. 440-4.
[348] Vd. sup. p. 125.
[349] Il. . 19-28.
[350] Il. . 108.
[351] Od. v. 362.
[352] See f. Relg d r ls, Set. .
[353] Gr. , Hb. . , v.

[354] Ap. Bb. . 14. 3. . y . . 26. v. . x. 310.
[355] mb, 1815.
[356] p. p. 108.
[357] H. m. x. 2.
[358] . v. 1. 2.
[359] R .
[360] H. v. 56, 8.
[361] 10.
[362] . pp. 256.
[363] . v. 2. 2.
[364] H. . 56.
[365] . 171.
[366] . 146.
[367] v. 94.
[368] . 56.
[369] v. 44.
[370] . 52.
[371] v. 64.
[372] . . 3.
[373] . v. 109.
[374] . Iy. xv. 136-40.
[375] . y . x. 18. p . Aj. 285.
[376] f. . v.
[377] A . . 580, . .
[378] b v. p. 327.
[379] Ib. v. p. 221.
[380] Ib.
[381] . 17.
[382] wv p. 114 bv.
[383] aleady exists, as apat

om the commo
laboue, i the time o
Home; Il. xxi. 257.
[384] ". O. Mlle, Ochomeos, 119-22.
[385] Chap. iii.
[386] Cames Geog. Aciet Geece, vol. i. p. 15.
[387] The taditio that the Pelasgias ee the oigial ihabitats
o
the Geek Peisula appeas to have bee adopted ito the liteatue
o
mode Geece. See --
, , 1830, p. . p. 2. A
H w w f () f t e Geek at. Ibd. .
3.
[388] Nebu , bd.
[389] H Peag. c . . . 28.
[390] Came Geece . 17.
[391] Atq. Rm. . 17, 18.
[392] H Peag. . 12-15.
[393] Hed. . 54-7.
[394] Od. v. 83.
[395] Ibd. xv. 246-58, 290, 293-300.
[396] Ibd. v. 442, 7, 8.
[397] Pe a t e ue f t e wd f manland may suggst,
that t s du t an nsula ppl, wh wuld apppatly dscb
a cntnnt as th unlmtd (land). It s dvd fm ,
an nd stp; cnsd als , to pass ove, , I. .
635, , bd. 535.
[398] S nf. sct. v.
[399] Inf. sct. v.
[400] Rchad II., act ., sc. 1.
[401] H Plasg. ch. . sub fn.
[402] Clntn, Fast. Hll. . p. 97.
[403] Hd. . 56.
[404] Dn. Hal. . 17.
[405] Il. xv. 235.
[406] , v. 1359.
[407] Ptts Antq., b. . ch. 26.
[408] H Plasg. ch. . p. 17.

[409] S Hys Nsan Lctus, vl. . p. 142.
[410] Od. v. 335.
[411] Ol. v. 104; Ps 427; Sctt and Lddll n . I vntu
t suggst he r, ele, e ly r velle,
pe (mp re ) m .
[412] b, p. 327, 331.
[413] m, p. 119 .
[414] . . 2.
. IV.
_ , G p y f yy._
_ ._
x f Hm pp ff pmp, f f

ffy bw H , y f
y, f p y f m m ;
fm w f m .
m, m y b fm b, w wy p
G: v Hm w f w lre dy used, (1)
fr h , (2) fr Gree prper me, (3) fr purple, d (4)
fr the p lm tree (Od. v. 163).
We fd the et f mly f C dmus est blshed s dy sty
Bt , but the s me tme, rdg t the mm p, th
the e rlest ppe r es f the Helle r e the Gree pesul .
We h ve re s t suppse th t they ere themselves f Hell
etr t: but e fd them vested th the s me m r s f plt l
superrty s the Helle f mles, d fgurg mg the Gree
sveregs suessve geer ts. They must h ve ejeted prevus
up ts: fr Amph d Zethus frst settled d frtfed Thebes,
d they ere the ss f Jupter d Atpe[415].
I Leuthee, the d ughter f C dmus, s lre dy dety the tme
f Hmer. She ppe rs th t p ty t Ulysses, he he s tssed
up the ters betee Ogyg d h ; th t s t s y, he he
s stll beyd the lmts f the Gree r Hmer rld, d th
the rle f thse tr dts, lyg the u dst e, hh
the Gree s uld ly derve frm the mst epereed d d rg
vg trs f the tme; mely, the h s. Ths ppe rs t m r
I herself, d therefre her f ther C dmus, s f h brth.
Ad rdgly e m y set d the pst f ths f mly Greee,
s the e rlest t e f rel ts betee h d Greee.
It s flled by e mre sgf t stll, d mre le rly ttested
Hmer. s, h , ppe rs Crete d fuds empre:
he m rres hs d ughter Ar de t the Athe her Theseus; d s
u ly des ths empre ssume the t l h r ter, th t the

tme f the _Tr _, Helle r es re est blshed the sl d, the
Cret trps re umbered thut dstt mg the fllers f
Ag mem; d Idmeeus, ly the gr ds f s, ppe rs t be s
Gre s y f the ther hefs f the rmy. The gr df ther hmself
s ppted t t s judge ver the sh des f Gree s the ether
rld[416]: d hs brther Rh d m thus h s pst f gre t dgty,
f f ferr respsblty, beg trusted th the ple f
Elysum[417].
Nhere s Hmers pres mre rem r ble, th the umerus
p ss ges here he ppe rs befre us s re l gegr pher r
tpgr pher. Ideed, by vrtue f ths ur y, he e bles us t
defe th sder ble fdee the sphere f hs ledge d
eperee; by hh I me t ly the utres d pl es he h d
vsted, but thse th respet t hh he h d h btu l frm t
frm hs utryme, d urestrted pprtutes f rretg
errr. I the dret f the est, t seems pl th t he e
thg eept the st f Greee d the st rd sl ds. h
h gs dubtfully up hs hrz, d t s prb ble th t he h d ly
very geer l d v gue de f ts pst. T rds the rth, there
s thg t mply, th t hs epermet l ledge re hed beyd the
Thr st d, t the f rthest, the Se f rmr . He spe s f
Id , s f ts rts d spurs mprsed the hle dstrt, f hh
th t u rter he uld spe th fdee[418]. T the e st, he
prb bly e reg beyd Ly the st f As r, d t
the suth Crete s prb bly hs bud ry: thugh he s re, by me
t le st, f the le dg gegr ph l pts f m rtme p ss ge, t
hlly ufreueted, t the lmst u regs f Cyprus, h ,
d Egypt. The pp ret sstey hever f hs st temets[419]
respetg the vy ge t Egypt, ffrds prf th t t l y beyd the
gegr ph l rle, th hh e re t sder th t hs f ml r
ledge d th t f hs t l y.
Whle he s th th t rle, he s studus l e f the dst es
betee pl es, the frms f utry, d the phys l h r ter f
dfferet dstrts: but, he he p sses beyd t, he em p tes
hmself frm the l s f sp e. The pts tuhed the vy ge
f Ulysses re hlly rrel ble th tu l gegr phy, thugh
t l p rt ltes h ve ede vured t detfy them th ve t
p rtul r pprpr t. Sme f them, deed, e m y eve th t he
met lly ss ted th pl es th t h d bee desrbed t hm: y, he
m y h ve teded t ll: but the dsl ted ledge, hh le
eve the vg trs f the ge uld pssess, h s suffered, by tet
r det, suh further der gemet ts tr sfer t the md f
Hmer, th t t s hpeless t djust hs gegr phy therse th by
free d l rge fus f fttus dr g. Ths uter sphere s,
hever, pepled th m gery f deep terest. r the purpses f
the pem, the hle dergs bth f eel us d Ulysses le th
t, d beyd the lmts f rd ry Gree eperee. Ad thrughut
these dergs the l gu ge f Hmer s th t f pet h, s t
f ts, s t the mery f usfted frm t; f frm t hh
he must ether reeve frm sure t l ble t he r sruty,
r else t reeve t ll: d h sely v led hmself f th t
h r ter f the m rvellus th hh the hle s verspre d, t
r t up t ptures f the m g t, hh ere t fll bth
hs tempr res d ll sueedg geer ts th emts f
terest d der.
_Lmts f Gree vg t._
I Hmer e fd th t Gree vg t lre dy eteds, yet t s very

slghtly, beyd the lmts f Gree settlemet. The seud-Ulysses f
the urteeth Odyssey m de e vy ges[420], ;
and at lngth, nspd as h says by a wld mpuls fm n hgh,
h plannd and xcutd a vyag t Egypt. But h s psntd
as a Ctan, and th aly fam f Ct n navgatn s pbably
du t ts cnnctn thugh Mns wth Phnca. H t th
psntatn s, that h s a Ctan f th hghst class, th
cllagu f Idmnus n hs cmmand[421], and thus, accdng t th
law f ptcal l lhd, t b undstd as pbably f a famly
blngng t th Phncan tan f Mns. Th Thsptan shp f th
Futnth Odyssy tads f cn t Dulchum nly. Th Taphans,
ndd, wh fm th xnal latn f th ld, Mnts[422], t
Ulysss, must n all l lhd hav lvd n th nghbuhd f
Ithaca, a psntd as ma ng vyags nt nly t an un nwn
Tms, whch was n fgn pats ( [423]), but
l ws t Phnca; th latt vyag, hwv, s nly mntnd n
cnnctn wth th pups f pacy[424]. But ths Taphans appa
t hav fmd an nsgnfcant xcptn t th gnal ul: w d
nt ha any thng f thm n th gat amamnt f th Ilad. Spa ng
gnally, w may say that th Achans had n fgn navgatn: t
was n th hands f th Phncans.
_Th Out Ggaphy Phncan._
It s t that ppl that w must l as th stablshd mchants,
hadst navgats, and futhst xpls, f ths days. T thm
aln as a bdy, n th whl Hmc wld f flsh and bld, ds
Hm gv th dstnctv ptht f [425]. H
accds t ndd t th ay Phacans, but n all pbablty that
lmnt f th chaact s bwd fm th Phncans[426], and
f s, th asn f th dvatn can nly b, that th Phncans
w f that ag th typ f a nautcal ppl. T thm nly ds h
assgn th pthts, whch blng t th navy f tad, namly,
. Whn w ha f th shps n Egypt
n Gc, th ccumstanc s mntnd as f th cmng was n
th usual cus f th cmmcal patns. Sm fc als, n
spct t natnal hsty, may b assgnd t th gnal tadtn,
whch almst ma s th Mdtanan f th hc ag a Phncan
la : t th sttlmnts n Span, and th stng hld thy t
upn that cunty; and t th ndct Hmc tstmny, as wll as
th judgmnt f Thucydds, spctng th matm chaact f th
Mnan mp.
Agan, Hm nw f a class f mchants whm h calls
n th Eghth Odyssy (v. 152). But wh Eumus numats th
, pf f G mmy,
amng thm[427]. Agan, as th pt nw f th xstnc
f ths class n ath, s h ntducd thm nt hs Olympan havn,
wh gan and ncas had th psntatv n Mcuy. Fm
whnc culd th pttyp hav bn dvd, xcpt fm ntcus
wth th Phncans?
But th magnatv ggaphy f th Odyssy gs fa bynd th
pnts, wth whch Hm has s much at last f substantv
acquantanc, as t asscat thm hstcally wth th cmmc
pltcs f th ag. Th habtatns f th Cyclps, th Lstygns,
th Ltphag, f lus, th Sns, Calyps, and Cc, may hav
had n whabut, n actual st, utsd th fancy f Hm;
stll thy must hav bn magnd as psts n whch t ldg

tadtns whch had achd hm, and whch, hwv fabulusly
gvn, puptd t b lcal. Agan, wth spct t th tadtn
f Atlas, t s scacly pssbl t fus t t a lcal chaact.
H nws th dpths f vy sa, and h hlds ps th pllas
that hld havn and ath apat. Ths must nt b cnfundd wth th
lat psntatns f Atlas cayng th glb, wth hs m
puly ggaphcal chaact, as psntng th muntan angs f
Nthn Afca. H h appas[428] as th p f th gat gat
f th ut wats, namly, f th Stats f Gbalta: that gat
gat bng pbably th pnt f cnnctn wth th can, and that
ut sa bng fquntd xclusvly by th Phncans, wh n all
l lhd btand fm Cnwall th tn usd n ma ng th Shld f
Agammnn, n any f th mtal manufactus f th pd. Rc s
sng n ach sd f a channl at th xtm pnt f th wld, as
t was nwn t G xpnc, pantd n matm naatv,
culd nt b psntd m natually than as th pllas whch hld
up th s y. Ths fgu fllws th analgy f th pllas and walls
f a hus, supptng th f, and placd at th xtmts f th
nt f ts gat apatmnt[429]. Wth qual ppty, ths wh
a blvd aln t hav achd ths mt quat, and t fqunt
t, wuld b sad t hld ths pllas[430].
Evn n a lss magnatv ag than that f Hm, th lv f th
mavllus, bth by th gvs and by th cvs f nfmatn,
wuld act pwfully n clung all naatvs, f whch th scn
was lad n tacts un nwn xcpt t th naat. But a m pwful
mtv mght b fund n that spt f mnply, whch s s hghly
chaactstc f th al stags, n patcula, f th dvlpmnt
f cmmc[431]. T clth th latns n mysty and aw, by th
ad bth f natual and supnatual wnds, wuld b, f a ppl
pssssd f an xclusv navgatn, a pwful mans f dtng
cmptts, and f mantanng scu hld upn pfts th
lgtmat patcal.
W hav bf us ths facts n vdnc: n th n hand, a ppl
wh n matm ntps had fa supassd all ths, and had a
vtual mnply f th nwldg f th wats and cunts lyng
bynd a ctan naw ccl. Thn, n th th hand, w hav
a multtud f advntus lad by Hm n ths ut sph, and
asscatd whlly wth th psns and placs that blng t t. Upn
ths gunds t sms hadly pssbl t avd th cnclusn, that
th Phncans must hav bn th ppl fm whm Hm dw, whth
dctly mdatly, hs nfmatn spctng th ut ccl f
th ggaphy f th Odyssy. Such s th judgmnt f Stab. H says
; h cnsds that vn bf th tm
f Hm thy w masts f th chc pats f Span and Afca: and
t appas that th tacs f th clnzatn mand untl hs
day[432].
_Tadtns f th Out Ggaphy._
But futh; th tadtns thmslvs ba th unquvcal ma s,
bsds th lyng n pats nwn t Phncans nly, f a Phncan
chaact; and whth ths ma s w attachd by Hm, cam
ady mad nt hs hands, has n bang upn th psnt agumnt.
I hav sp n f th tadtn f Atlas; and f th l lhd that
th Phncans wuld cast a vl v th gns f whch thy nw
th pftabl scts. In cnfmty wth ths das, th sland f
Ogyga s th sland f Calyps, th Cncal: and ths Calyps s th
daught f Atlas.
Phaca s, n th Odyssy, th ggaphcal mddl tm btwn th
dscvd and th undscvd wld; Ogyga s th stag bynd
t, and th stag n ths sd f t s Ithaca. I d nt undstand
th Phacans t b a ptat f th Phncans[433]: but th vy
smblanc f nam s nugh t shw that Hm had ths ppl n
hs y whn h ndwd hs thal slands wth th dubl gft,
fst, f unvalld nautcal xcllnc, and, scndly, f fmng th
mdum f cmmuncatn btwn th nt spac bundd by th G
hzn, and th pats whch lay bynd t.
_Mns th ._
But i may istaces e
id Homes peculia ad chaacteistic use
o
epithets the suest guide to his meaig. No i Mios e have,
accodig to Home, a
imly gouded poit o
cotact ith Phicia.
O
Mios, as the
ied o
Jupite, ad the Judge o
the de
uct, e
must
om the poems
om a
avouable impessio. Yet is Aiade
. What s th manng f th wd ? I thik
a examiatio o
the use o
kided ods ill sho, that i the mid
o
Home it does ot mea aythig actually icked o cimial, but
had, igid, iexoable; o astute,
omidable to cope ith, oe ho
takes meciless advatage, ho holds those ith hom he deals to the
lette o
the bod; ad, i cosequece, o
te etails o them heavy
detimet.
I this vie, it ould be a epithet atual ad appopiate
o a
people, ho epeseted commece at a time he it so
equetly
patook o
the chaactes o
uscupulous advetue, a, ad plude;
ad a epithet hich might pass to Mios as oe o
the geat
igues
i thei histoy, o as a coqueo. Agai, it is oth hile to
evie Homes use o
the adjective . Ths ptht s appld by
hm t th ln, th ba, and th wat-sna [434]. Achlls, whn
cmplanng f Apll f havng dawn hm away fm th Tjan wall,
calls hm [435]. Meel , m h P r,
he h r re h h , mpl f Jper h
[436]. Phltus, n th Twntth Odyssy, astnshd
that Jupt ds nt ta btt ca f gd mn, uss th sam
wds[437]. And Mnlaus appls th sam ptht t Antlchus, wh
has stln an advantag v hm n th chat-ac[438]. In th
pstv dg, t s appld t ld ag, f, fat, nght, battl,
t Chaybds (Od. x. 113), and vn t th hstl ntntns f a
gd, such as th f Apll (Il. xv. 701),
(Od. x. 275).
But th chaactstc fc f th ptht appld t Mns bcms
mst cla, and ts ffct n stampng a Phncan chaact upn
ctan tadtns undnabl, whn w xamn th manng nstancs
f ts us; and l ws that f th cgnat, ndd naly synnymus,
phas .
Only tw psns bsds Mns cv n Hm th ptht
[439]. Oe o
them is Atlas, the
athe o
Calypso: the othe
is etes, the bothe o
Cice. Agai, the phase
s appld t Ptus[440]; and t s usd nwh ls xcpt by
Mlanthus, wh h mans t dscb Eumus as a psn dangus
and t b suspctd[441]. Agan, th f
[442]: mv w v f [443].
w pp Hm v y f p

w p f ; f , , ,
A , b G p y f yy[444]:
f f m f , w y pm b
x [445], , w m y ,
p y ,
f . f , p p f
m f y f m f
w m. mpy v yy p
Uy m f: m y f
vy , w fw pp y p by . !w
w y m fm f Uy? H w
m pm; y , p f
y f f pp y pm w. W y v w
Amp , p , p f
m w[446]? y b b ; my,
w b , v f y G , xp ,
w v b bj f y y[447]. I
w b , w f m p
f , f w G w, f , v
p w.
! y p p w m y y; b p
, , f w m y ppp . y f
f m f p. , , yp,
, y, yp, p f
m, w m j w v,
w fm y. I f w m y
v f yp.
I b bv, V m
p f A ,
A m , &.
by V f f

: b I v Hm m p
A p W f
, y p by !b [448]
.
ff f y, p yp, w b
f fm [449].
_mm p f m G ._
m f G , w

f , y b mb bw m;
f b p v, , ,
, w ,
w pb f w f. I p
, whch Hm has cnvyd thugh th muth f Euyalus,
w may ad a gnun ffusn f hs wn natu: but th gfts f
Mcuy t Autlycus appa t shw, that th Phncan chaact
asly amalgamatd wth th G by ts cunnng, as wll as by ts
stngth. And ctanly w may wll mavl at th tnacty f tssu,
wth whch ths chaacts w fmd, whn w fnd that stll, aft
th laps f th thusand yas, n ac s dstngushd bynd
all ths f apttud and ngy n pscutng th pusuts f
hnuabl cmmc; that n England, nw th cnt f th tad f
th whl wld, th G s f th psnt day al xcl all th
fgns wh fqunt h gat mpa, and th chldn f h wn
ngtc and psvng ppl; thmslvs phaps th ffspng f
th Thsptans, wh wnt f cn t Dulchum; f th Taphans, wh
cad swathy n t Tms; f th Ctans, wh mad much mny n
Egypt; and f th Lmnans, wh btand mtals, hds, captvs, and
vn xn, n tun f th wn, fm th jval G s f th amy
bf Ty.
Th m w attmpt an xamnatn f th ggaphy f th Odyssy, th
m w fnd that, mpssbl as t s t cncl wth th actual
dstbutn f ath and sa, t has ma s f bng dvd fm th
natn, wh navgatd n th mt wats wh ts scns a lad.
Th fundamntal atcl f th whl s th ccumscptn f th
nwn sas by th gat v Ocan, whch, al n th Ilad and
th Odyssy, flws und and und th ath, tunng upn tslf,
[450], l what s calld an ndlss p. And th tw ys,
as I blv, t th cmphnsn f t a t b fund n th dubl
hypthss,
(1) That Hm placd t th nthwad f Thac, Epus, and th
Italan pnnsula, an xpans, nt f land, but f sa, cmmuncatng
wth th Euxn. O, t xpss myslf n th wds, that h gatly
xtndd th Euxn wstwads, phaps als shtnng t twads
th ast; and that h mad t cmmuncat, by th Gulfs f Gna and
Vnc, wth th suthn Mdtanan.
(2) That h cmpundd nt n tw sts f Phncan tadtns
spctng th Ocan-muth, and fxd th st f thm n th Nth
East.
It wuld cay us t fa fm th ln f thnlgcal nquy, w
I nw t xamn th xtnsv qustn wth whch ths ppstns
a cnnctd. I wll nly bsv n ths plac, that all th fatus
f ths ut ggaphy, whn vwd at lag, a f such a natu
as t favu, phaps ath t cmpl, th suppstn, that t
was fundd n fgn, that s t say, n Phncan nfmatn. Its
xtndd ang, ts ach, by th uts f Mnlaus n th n sd,
and f Ulysss n th th, v all th pnts f th cmpass, ts
vagu, ndtmnat, and unggaphcal chaact as t dstancs and
dctns, and yt ts fqunt, thugh ncnsstnt and cnfusd,
smblancs at almst vy pnt t sm actual pttyp, f whch
th pt may hav had pssbly pbably a vsn n hs y;--all
ths ags wth th blf, that t psnts a hghly manufactud
w , mad up fm Phncan matals, and can scacly ag wth any
thng ls.
Rsvng ths much agtatd subjct f a full spaat dscussn,
I wll h nly pcd t cnsd that lmtd ptn f t whch
bas upn thnlgy; I man th vdnc affdd us by Hm n th
Odyssy, and patculaly n cnnctn wth th Wandngs, as t
th st and chaact (1) f th Scl and f Scana: (2) f th
Thsptans and Epus: and (3) wth spct t th famly f Cadmus,
whch gnal tadtn cnncts mmdatly wth Phnca n th
psn f ts fund, and whch Hm, by ndct tstmny, I thn ,
justfs us n cnsdng as dvd fm that suc.
_Th Scl and Scana._
Ntwthstandng hs us f th nam Thnac, th pt appas t

hav had n ggaphcal nwldg f Scly, at last bynd ts
shap; f I thn t may b shwn that h placs th st f th
sland n th mmdat nghbuhd f th Bsphus. But h mght
stll hav had f th astn cast f Italy mmdatly adjnng,
aftwads th cunty f th Butt, whch fms th sl f th ft
udly dscbd by th cnfguatn f suthn Italy. F ths cast
s much na t Gc; t pbably wuld b ta n by mans n
th way fm Gc t Scly, and mght b vstd by thm bf
thy had pushd th xplatns t th m dstant pnt. Th
Athnan flt n th Plpnnsan wa tuchd fst at th Iapygan
pmnty, and thn castd all th way[451]. Ths pssblty gws
naly nt a ctanty, whn w fnd that Hm spa s f a ac,
vdntly as tansman, whch fm hsty wuld appa pbably t
hav nhabtd that gn at sm aly pd.
I vntu t agu that ths Buttan cast, th sl f th Italan
ft, achng fm th gulf f Tantum dwn t Rhgum, s th
cunty whch appas t us n th Odyssy und th nam f Scana.
In th fabulus accunt whch Ulysss gvs f hmslf t hs fath
Lats bf th Rcgntn, h spa s as fllws:
, ,

[452].
In ths passag Ulysss psnts hmslf as a man, dvn by
sm css wnd ut f hs cus nt Ithaca. Nw ths mpls that
hs pnt f dpatu shuld b n fm whch by a sngl chang f
wnd h culd asly b dvn upn Ithaca. Agan, Scana must hav
bn a gn nwn t th Ithacans, ls, nstad f mly namng
t, h wuld hav dscbd t t Lats, as h dscbs Ct t
Pnlp[453].
Nw, t fulfl ths cndtns, n th cunty than th n I hav
namd s avalabl. It has nly an pn sa btwn t and Gc, and
a passag f sm tw hundd tw hundd and ffty mls, s that
a wnd dvng hm fm hs cus mght adly cay hm acss. And
th s n th tact n th wstn sd f th Adatc, whch s
s l ly t hav bn ntndd by Hm. Iapyga, bynd th Tantn
gulf, ls nthwad vn f Scha; and, l Scha, s Iapyga
was, w may b assud, n th Out un nwn sph f ggaphy f
Hm.
On th th hand, th Buttan cast mght wll b nwn n Gc,
thugh by dm umu, yt btt than Scly: fst, bcaus t was
na; and scndly, nasmuch as t dd nt n th sam mann
psnt th appaanc f an sland, ts bangs wuld b m asly
dtmnd, and thf ts st was lss l ly t b msta n.
Lastly, hsty assus us that th Scanan nam pvald n Italy,
bf t passd v nt Scly. Thf th cunty f th Butt
s n all l lhd th Hmc Scana.
But agan, w ha n Hm f , thugh t f .
v m [454] fr
s le: ddg th t gd pre, reumer tg pre (), uld
thus be bt ed fr them. O the ther h d, Sel fem le sl ve
s the fe f Dls, d l s fter L ertes hs ld ge[455].

rm these p ss ges e m y fer,
1. Th t the utry f the s th the remter ledge f
Ith se me.
2. Th t they ere rh peple; se they ere ble t p y gd
pre fr sl ves.
The frst pt, s e h ve see, uld m e the sut ble
h bt ts f S .
But l ese s t the sed, Hmer h s gve us sme d ts f
ther e lth: (_ _) the me (th pn-handd) ascbd by
Ulysss t hs fath; (_b_) n that f (bjct f cntntn)
assumd f hmslf; (_c_) phaps als n th nam , a n t
that f [456], w w v, f a
ch Sdnan[457]. Ths nam pbably ndcats th pssssn f
mtallc mns, whch f that pd w may cnsd as a spcal sgn
f advancmnt and pulnc.
Thn f w tun f a mmnt t th hstc pd, t s n ths vy
cunty that w fnd plantd th gat and luxuus cts f Sybas
and Ctna[458].
Nw as th ppl calld Scl, and th cunty calld Scana, a
thus placd n latns f pxmty by Hm, s thy cntnu
thughut all antquty. Th pts cllctd by Thucydds psnt
th Scanans as gvng th nam t Scly, and dsplacng th fm
nam Tnaca, whch s dntcal wth th Hmc Thnac. At a
lat tm, th Sclans passd fm Italy nt Scly, and, as was
sad, upn afts; that s t say, acss th stat, and cnsquntly
fm th cunty whch, as I cntnd, s th Hmc Scana. Ths
Scl w umud t hav vcm th Scan, and t hav agan
changd th nam f th sland t Scly. It s yt m matal t
nt, that Thucydds says th w stll Scl n Italy whn h
hmslf lvd: and h adds th tadtn that Italus, a ng f ths,
gav hs nam t th Pnnsula[459].
T ths pts, whch fm a pat f th accunt gvn by Thucydds,
w may add th statmnt f Dnysus, that th ere the ldest
h bt ts f L tum, d ere dspl ed by the el sg[460]. Ths
mples ther mvemet suth rd, d m es t prb ble th t e shuld
meet them Bruttum, ther y t Sly, perh ps pressg,
th t reg, up the S .
Suh hypthess uld be etre greemet th Hmer, h
evdetly represets the S s lder th the Sel me: fr
the frst h d beme terrtr l, he the l tter s ly trb l r
t l. Ad ll ths s greemet th Thuyddes the esset l
pt, th t he m es the S s preede the Sel: hle, thugh
the tr dt he reprts brgs the S frm Sp uder pressure
frm the Lgures[461], he eed t me t elude the suppst,
th t they m y h ve me by l d d the It l pesul . Thugh t
s prb bly rg t fud the Sel th the S [462], t uld
thus ll h ds ppe r, th t they ere but suessve ves f the
tde f mmgr t dv g suth rd.
There s further evdee th t Hmer me t t pl e S th
the Gree m rtme rld, d t beyd t. It s ths. I hs

f bulus rr tve t L ertes, Ulysses pprses the ld m , th t he
h d see hs s fve ye rs befre S , hpeful f re hg hs
hme[463]. N ths s prf th t the pl e s the Ier r
sphere f gegr phy: fr the uter rle, s fr st e t
l , he ever h s y ledge r re g f hs s t the
per f re hg hme: t s lus h g ve hm the Zephyr t t e
hm hme, t he h e th t f he gt Zephyr he uld re h hme.
Ad l e m er he s suppled th epress drets by C lyps:
hle eel us, t beg bslutely beyd the rld, h s
struts fr hs vy ge frm rteus, h pl ys fr hm the p rt f
dve frm t.
Thus the t ppe rs, th t Hmer e smethg f th t p rt f the
It l tet, hh e m y term the sle f the ft. Ag ,
f e l rd t the heel, I pyg r Apul , d bserve ts
prmty t Cryr r Sher , e sh ll pereve th t m rers
the tme f Hmer mght t e the rute, hh s fter rds pursued
by the Athe fleet uder N s d hs lle gues. But ths s
jetur l; d s Sher s s f tly , e must suppse
Apul t h ve bee stll mre f tly eved. Beyd Apul Hmer
gves sg f y u t e h tever th It ly. It therefre
t e ppe rs pssble th t he h d de f the jut by l d
betee the Gree d It l pesul s, d th t he h d m ged t
the rth rd ly ep se f se . I pstpe, hever, the further
dsuss f ths subjet.
_Eprus d the Thesprt._
_Eprus Hmer._
The Ith Sutrs thre te t sed Irus (Od. v. 84, 115), d
g Ulysses (Od. . 307), t ert l less d ruel g
med Ehetus; d the t frst p ss ges e h ve the ddt l
d t . xp I f
m f G : f w v
p [464] p by m.
A v , vy f (f w
v f G by G v G ), m b
by G m: b by p, w w
(, . xv. 427) f I . ,
b m, w v p by f
p . H w y b, w
v f p, bw p:
m may thus b at last as ancnt as th
Pt.
In l mann w fnd n th Sxth Odyssy a fmal slav namd
Euymdusa, n th hushld f Alcnus, th ld nus f Nauscaa.
Sh was bught by sa , b
[465]. pb by m m p f m
.
p w pp fm, w ,

Hm f v p, xm m f
p y, w -w w f G.
v p f z, w v
b , m f w b f m
bw I , p p

p y. I m m fby, I w, f
I m v , v fm f G p y,
p y.
y w f vy y w G
b b p, y v v
f , p f yy.
Uy, B , f f b
v m, , w w w y fm
w f, b , by
by , p w
f v f Jp, f m f y, ,
, f p .
_ p Hm._
m ff fx pp f f

f Amb (A ). y f f,
w v b f f m m , w v
b v by .
v w fw vy . p
, f Uy, f m
w m m v ( ); w , w
p , mm w pp y v jf,
v . , w f m
, ; f m m,
! , m. H, y , w
f Uy, w p fm D b
f , f m v b ppy w
p b w y pp. B ,
m , , f p m w f Uy,
p v f ppy ff by
p p b D m f , p
m by p m. w, wv, f w
pp pp f v , m b m,
w f m f v: b, w y
I b m m , v f ppy,
m p[466].
f b f , p p b
p f pm[467], w m , xp
y ( xx. 271) a ch n.
But anth passag[468], qut ndpndnt f all th fm, adds
a hghly chaactstc ncdnt. Antnus, th nslnt lad f
th Suts, s shaply bu d by Pnlp, and s mndd that
hs fath Eupths had cm t th palac as a fugtv fm th
Ithacan ppl, dpndnt n Ulysss f dlvanc fm th wath.
Th asn f th xaspatn was, that Eupths had jnd
th buccanng Taphans n a patcal xpdtn aganst th
Thsptans, wh w alls f Ithaca.
W hav h a vy ma abl assmblag f chaactstcs, whch all
tnd t pv, and I thn vy suffcntly pv, th Plasgansm
f th Thsptans. Th human and gnal cptn f th standd
sa-fa s n xact accdanc wth th bhavu f th Egyptan
ng[469], and hs ppl t hm n a pvus ccasn. Th fact that
h was nt nslavd, suggsts t as mst pbabl, that th w n
slavs n th Thsptan cunty: whch wuld ntly accd wth

th pstn f th Plasgans, as thmslvs nt th cnqus f a
ac that had pcdd thm, but th fst nhabtants f th spts
thy ccupd n th G pnnsula. Th chnss f th cunty
s futh n hamny wth th accunt f Egypt, and wth th
addctn t agcultual pusuts. Th fgnd dpst by Ulysss f
hs mtallc sts wth thm pvs, that thy w nt a pdaty,
and thf pvs, f that pd, that thy w nt a p
ppl. Th nam Phdn, thfty, gvn t th ng, ags wth
th chaact whch, as w shall lswh fnd, attachs n a ma d
mann t Plasgan pp nams. And lastly, thy w th subjct f
attac by Taphan buccans; whch tnds t shw th unffndng and
unaggssv chaact.
On th th sd, w fnd thm tadng by sa t Dulchum: and w
fnd th cw f th tad attmptng t dnap Ulysss. But as th
Plasgans w nt n gnal navgats, t may vy wll hav
happnd that th tad f th cunty had falln nt th hands f
sm dstnct, pssbly sm Llgan, vn sm Hllnc ac,
whch may hav sttld th f th pups f cayng n a cngnal
mplymnt, and whch, l th tads f th tm, wuld b ady
upn ccasn t d a tun n th way f pacy. It s t b mmbd
that th was a Thsptan[470] Ephy; whch pvs, as I blv,
an aly nfusn f sm ac cnnctd wth th Hllnc stm.
I cnclud, thf, fm Hm, that th Thsptans w
Plasgan. And ths cnclusn s stngly sustand by th
xta-Hmc tadtn. Hdtus stats, that thy w th pant
stc fm whnc dscndd th Thssalans[471], a pt whch I nly
fllw t th xtnt f ts sgnfyng an affnty btwn th aly
sttls n th tw sds f Munt Pndus. And Dnysus[472] appas
t mply th pnn, that thy w Thsptan Plasgans wh sttld
n Italy.
I hav alady statd, that I can hadly thn Hm pnts ut t
us m than n Ddna n th Ilad and Odyssy spctvly. At
th sam tm, f th suppstn f tw Ddnas b admssbl, th
ccumstancs suggstd by hm wuld hlp t accunt f t. F th
Ddna f th Ilad s dscbd as Plasgc and als Hllc: that
s, as w must I thn supps, havng bn Plasgc, t had bcm
Hllc. Th Ddna f th Odyssy (n ths suppstn) s Thsptan,
that s t say Plasgc, nly. Th slutn wuld thn b, that th
Plasgans f th gnal Ddna, whn dsplacd, clamd t hav
cad th acl alng wth thm, whl th Hllc ntuds n
l mann st up a cunt-clam t hav tand t n ts gnal
sat. Th hsty f Chstndm suppls us wth cass bang n
mt analgy t ths, n cnnctn wth th mval f a gat sat
f cclsastcal pw.
_Cadmans._
_Cadmans n Hm._
W hav sn that th nam f In Lucth s suffcntly dntfd
wth a ccl f Phncan and ut-wld tadtns. And, as h
nam and pstn gv us dctly, by suggstn, th pncpal
tstmny bn by Hm t Cadmus h fath, ths wll b th mst
cnvnnt plac f cnsdng hs cnnctn wth Gc.
W a justfd, I thn , n at nc assumng, fst, fm hs

latn t In, that h was Phncan; scndly, fm th dfcatn
f hs daught, that h was a ul pnc. And thdly, In
appas t Ulysss n hs dstss as a ptctng dty. Nw as, whn
mtal, sh had bn Phncan by xtactn, and as sh thus shws h
sympaths wth th Hllnc ac, w must assum a ln btwn ths
tw facts. Thy wuld b asscatd n an apppat mann, f th
famly f Cadmus h fath had bcm natualzd n th pssssn f
a G svgnty.
Ddus Sculus has handd dwn a tadtn spctng Cadmus[473],
whch s mptant fm ts cmbnatn wth ccumstantal vdnc;
and whch s n hamny wth Hm, as t appas t psnt th
Phncan mmgant at a wll nwn and natual stng-plac n hs
way twads Gc. It s t th ffct, that Cadmus put nt Rhds,
bult th a tmpl f Nptun (and h w shuld mmb th
wshp, and, as sm thn , th tmpl f Nptun[474] n Scha),
stablshd a ln f hdtay psts, and dpstd ffngs t
Mnva f Lnds. Amng ths, th mand n aft-tms a fnly
wught ttl caldn, xcutd n an antqu styl f at, and
bang an nscptn n th Phncan chaact.
In cnnctn wth th nam f Cadmus, w hav th Hmc dsgnatns
f and . Thy appa t b synnymus: but th
patnymcal fm f th latt cbats th pnn that th
was an ndvdual Cadmus fm whm th nams pcdd, that thy w
pply dynastc, and nt nams ta n fm a natn xtndd ac.
W hav nxt t nqu as t th pd wthn whch ths ac f
Cadmans hld sway n Bta, th dstct wh aln w ha f thm.
Whn dd thy bgn, and whn dd thy cls?
Th xta-Hmc tadtn wuld thw Cadmus bac t n f th vy
alst pds, whch wuld appa t b ncludd wthn Hms
nwldg upwads. Th gnatns a aangd as fllws:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cadmus.
Plydus.
Labdacus.
Laus.
dpus.
Etcls and Plyncs.
Th last-namd bths a cntmpas f Tydus. It fllws that

Cadmus s placd svn gnatns bf th Tjan wa; h s mad
cntmpay wth Dadanus, and h appas n Gc abut th and a
half gnatns bf Mns cam t Ct.
Nw ths s nt th psumptn, t whch th Hmc txt wuld
gv s. F t ds nt sm l ly that, f a famly f an
actv ac l th Phncans mad th way nt Gc, and
managd t stablsh a svgnty wthn t svn gnatns bf
th _Tca_, upwads f a cntuy shuld laps bf any th
advntu was fund t pat s advantagus a pcss.
Futh, th Cadmans w n Thbs. But Cadmus was nt ts fund.
It was fundd, as w a tld n th Elvnth Odyssy[475], by Zthus
and Amphn, sns f Jupt and f Antp, daught f Aspus: tw
psns wh hav thus, n bth sds f th pantag, th sgns
f bng th fst nwn f th wn ac n th cunty. Fm th
appaanc f Antp n th , w b H

z m, w m y f Amp #
w b H. A , y _f_ f
ff b, y m v p m . W w
pb b ?
I , f wm, Hm v m pp
f m p p .
f f m y[476], w m v b f

f my f , v v b f bf
_ _.
x Ap, m f Amp # .
Af
m (1) Am, m f H,
(2) p , m f p,

(3) , m f !.
A f w m b p bf w .
Af fw A , w w p x
f Hm b fx. B A , b f ,
f Im ( ), stands at abut n gnatn
and a half bf th wa: and Lda, as th mth f Cast and Pllux
wh w dad, and f Hln whs maagabl ag datd fm s many
yas bf th actn f th Ilad, as wll as f Clytmnsta,
blngs t abut th sam dat.
On th whl thf t wuld appa, fm th sgns f chnlgcal
d, that Antp can hadly hav bn ld than Ty, and thf
can nly hav bn abut fu, and h sns abut th gnatns
bf th Wa. W hav n vstgs f th ac n Hmc hsty,
xcpt that, n th Nntnth Odyssy[477], th s cdd th
dath f Itylus, th sn f Zthus, n hs byhd. Th Amphn Iasds
f Od. x. 283, must b anth psn. But, f ths asnng b
sund, Cadmus, wh succds t thm n Thbs, was pbably much m
cnt than th lat tadtn ma s hm, and may hav cm nt
Gc nly a sht tm bf Mns.
Hs nam appas t hav bn gvn as a dynastc nam t hs subjcts,
th ulng class f thm, and t hav cntnud such und hs
dscndants. F nt nly ds t appa t hav bgun wth hm, but
wth th fall f th famly t at nc dsappas.
In fv dffnt placs f th pms, Hm has ccasn t f t
ccuncs, whch t plac at Thbs und th Cadman dynasty,
n th tm f dpus and f hs sns: and n ths fv passags h
mplys th nams and n lss than ght tms f
th ppl, whl h nv calls thm by any th nam[478].
But whn w cm dwn t th tm f th wa, ths dynasty has
dsappad wth Etcls and Plyncs: th cunty f Bta, whch
t had nc gvnd, sms t hav lst ts chsn, and ts tps
a ld by a bdy f n lss than fv chfs. And nw, whnv Hm
has ccasn t f t th nhabtants f th cunty, thy a nv
, but thy a . Th wds and
a fund nn tms n th Ilad.
Natns calld by a nam whch s dvd fm a natnal suc, a

l ly t tan t lng than ths whch a dsgnatd dynastcally
fm th had f a ulng famly: as thy must chang th dynasts
m fquntly than thy can cv nw nfusns f ac and bld,
pwful nugh t acqu a pdmnanc v th ld.
Stab ndd says[479], that Hm calls th Cadmans f th Tc
wa by th nam f Mny. But n Mny a namd n Hm at all,
althugh h spa s f th , and f th
n Plpnnsus, and thugh th was phaps th als a
Mnyan Ochmns. Evn f Mny w namd n Hm as a ac, t
wuld b stang that Hm shuld wthut a asn alt, f th
pd f th wa, that us f th Cadman nam, t whch h adhs
lswh s stctly, as t shw that h s actng n a ul. Whas
th tanstn t s t ly tellgble, but plt lly
desrptve.
Up the fregg f ts e m y fud sever l bserv ts:
1. The C dme me uld seem t be strtly dy st: s t m es ts
frst ppe r e the spt here C dmus h s reged, d ds ppe rs
t the s me pt, lg th the ett f hs f mly.
2. The use f the C dme me by Hmer, mp red th hs dep rture
frm t, e h h vg pprpr te referee t the rumst es f
dfferet ephs, ppe rs t be m r ed e mple f reful d
hstr m er f h dlg l l mes th referee t the e t
rumst es f pl e, tme, d perss, d t the lse m er
f l ter petry.
3. Our hle ve f C dmus d the C dme s frm Hmer h s bee
tt ed by rutus feree: d, presumg t t be just
e, e h ve here very sgul r e mple f the pets retee
th respet t ll fus f freg bld d fluee t hs
utry.
OOTNOTES:
[415] Od. . 260.
[416] Od. . 568.
[417] Od. v. 564.
[418] Il. . 824; d . 19.
[419] Od. . 320-2; d v. 257.
[420] Od. v. 231, 243-8.
[421] Od. v. 237; Il. v. 321.
[422] Od. . 105; . 180.
[423] Od. . 183.
[424] Od. v. 425.
[425] Od. v. 415.
[426] See Wd Hmer, p. 48.

[427] Od. v. 383.
[428] Ngelsb h, Hmershe Thelge 80-3.
[429] There ere lums utsde the drs, fr e mple, f the p l e
f Ulysses Ith . Od. v. 29. Ths strut f the met phr
uld me e rly t the s me pt, by m g t me the drs f
Oe .
[430] Herm Opus. v. 253. Ngelsb h, . 9, te.
[431] Bl esleys Itrdut t Herdtus, p. v.
[432] Str b . 2. 13, 14. pp. 149, 50.
[433] ure, Gree Lter ture, . 510.
[434] Il. v. 630. v. 21. . 723.
[435] Il. . 15.
[436] Il. . 365.
[437] Od. . 201.
[438] Il. . 439.
[439] Od. . 52 d . 137.
[440] Od. v. 460.
[441] Od. v. 248.
[442] Od. v. 410.
[443] Od. . 289.
[444] As perh ps des Amphtrte, meted fur tmes the Odyssey,
ever the Il d.
[445] I sh ll sder further the strut f Il. v. 321, s t
be rs the et f s th h , tre tg the subjet
f the Outer Gegr phy.
[446] Od. v. 252, 3.
[447] Od. . 492.
[448] Ngelsb h . 9.
[449] See Studes Relg, set. .
[450] I h ve gve the epted, d perh ps the mre prb ble me g;
but the rd s ls ell d pted t sgfy the _td l_ Oe . I the
edterr e , s s ell , the td l t s t pereved.
[451] Thuyd. v. 42, 44.
[452] Od. v. 304-8.

[453] Od. . 172.
[454] Od. . 383.
[455] Od. v. 211, 366, 389.
[456] Il. . 857. Shem Geg. Hm. p. 31.
[457] Od. v. 426.
[458] Cr mers It ly, . pp. 354, 391.
[459] Thuyd. v. 2.
[460] Dys. . 9.
[461] Thu. bd.
[462] Cr mers It ly, . p. 2.
[463] Od. v. 309.
[464] Od. v. 93.
[465] Od. v. 7-12.
[466] Od. v. 293-359.
[467] Od. v. 65. v. 525, d . 269-99.
[468] Od. v. 424-30.
[469] Od. v. 278-86.
[470] Str b v. p. 324.
[471] Herd. v. 176.
[472] D. H l. . 18.
[473] Dd. S. v. 58.
[474] Od. v. 266.
[475] 260-5.
[476] See f. set. v.
[477] Od. . 522.
[478] Il. v. 385, 388, 391. v. 804. 7. . 208. . 680. Od. . 275.
[479] . p. 401.
SECT. V.
_O the C t lgue._
The C t lgue the Sed B belgs mre prperly t the
Gegr phy, th t the Ethlgy f the pems. But I dvert t t here
ut bth f the hstr m tter t t s, d f the m er
hh t llustr tes the geer l hstr desgs f the et.
It s perh ps, ts y, e rly s h r terst d rem r ble
perfrm e, s y mg the lfter p rts f the pem. Csdered
s prt f the Il d, t uld be mre justly termed the Arr y
th the C t lgue; fr t s reve, d t mere eumer t.
Csdered th respet t hstry, ts v lue s rely be
verr ted: t t s the hghest ttle-deeds f h tever et
hur the sever l St tes mght l m, d s truth the Dmsd y
B f Greee.
We m y sder the Gree C t lgue three p rts:
rst, the Iv t r ref e.

Sedly, the C t lgue rper.
Thrdly, the stsrpt, s t ll t, 761-779.
Befre d fter, he h s gr ed the r th spledd smles. Whe
ll s luded d, s t ere, m r ed ff, he preeds t pped t
t the Trj C t lgue; r f less etet d dffulty, s ls
f less peetr tg terest t hs he rers, but yet struted th
muh f re, d th v rus desrptve embellshmets.
The ref e t s the mst frm l v t f the uses mg the
fe hh re t be fud the pems. The thers re,
Il. . 1. Itrdut t the Il d: ddressed t .
Il. ii. 761. I the Postscipt to the Catalogue.
Il. xi. 218. Be
oe the ecital o
the pesos ho ee slai by
Agamemo.
Il. xiv. 508. Be
oe the ecital o
the Geek chie
s, ho, o the
tu o
the battle, sle vaious Tojas.
Il. xvi. 112. Be
oe poceedig to elate, ho the Tojas huled the
iebads at the Gecia ships.

Od. i. 1. Itoductio to the Odyssey: addessed to .
I f v B , v f
w p ff f mmy; f
pf by f m by y
w . B pp
m v .
If Hm w mp w pm, v -m
m . H y, by f f m, v
bj pp v. m w ,
v f p y f : p f

vw, w f y m _m pp _, w f
p f pm mp. B f w pm
, w vy ff; b f
m f w , w
mv by y bv .
I b fm m, b y w
mp m, w p p y
() f nfmatn. Nw ths was qually tu f th whl
matal f th pm: but th asn why h ntducs th statmnt f
ths tuth n s ma d a mann, must b fm th aduus natu f
th tas h was bgnnng; n culd t b aduus n any th way,
than as an fft f mmy.
Th nvcatn cntans anth pf that th pms w cmpsd f
ctatn n th wds (vv. 489, 90)
,
, .
! b m pp f ff by

f by f , f w b : b
pp, f w w pm. I b
f wv w p py Hm p ,
m w f bm w y
pp b: bv m b
f f p I .
!w f.
_ G A y._
I , ff f G,
f wy- f v ,
by mb f p, my.
fy-fv , m y f m w , m fm
vy- G w. pp m f G
, y , y-x,
f j fv, m fv
. m v b fm mb, f
w G w (f x mp f the elpesus, Od. .
488, d the v rus ts med ) m ;
ffy f p by mmy
. A , w ff p y m
b w y b y, p y p f
my w mp m y v, w w w fm
m, p v y f xmy
fm .
_ pp f m._
Hm wv w y p p
m G , w , f v
v w , b m mb m
f w .
y, w pp my, p y f ,

p y f : w p y , y
b f m , m b m vy mmb
j w , p y
fm p f mv.
If w , w f y

fm p f v f, , b p ,
m y pp p f
, w fw b m f y . m,
fm ppxm m f, m y pby
v b f G by Hm m
m . I p f Hm m
m , b pp p f m
f w: f f , p p
v w m f .
pp f f fm by m

b w- f mp mf: f v
b y , y, w m
, - .
w p , fy, pm y v f
pp p , y, bv
f p .
I w w m , p m
f m w m v b m bv: my,
b f xm f m ( ),
p w . If bv
b , w v b v: b fm
y w v b w y .
A , m v b w A mm, mm f
m; m p
p mp f pv . B
w w bj. ,
pp v b y , p y f p fw
f m b. B, y, pp v v,
w fx pp w x y , b
w , w v v x f f j y bw
v f G. f I f m
pm y f A mm: b f mp p f
f !, Dm, , f A , A ,
, , w v b v
w bv p, w fm f . p,
wv, w m y y , f Hm b w
pm, v f v A mm f p
p. H fw fm f
y, b w f p mmb f
m m. !, y, v p
p v f G: b , w
m mp p f y, bw p
(B , w x ) w p ( , w w
) f G.
f v m f m, w

p y p y m b m bv, b w
p by. W y p m by? w y b
w B ? w w pwf, ,
m b ; y y
f p xm f y.
A , m b , w y
v
fm G, ? I f ,

b , p , # y , I , m v w
G, b b w v w .
w fy w
.
, w
pp v f w pp

fw:
I. G f m ,
v, w mm y j .
f x . (I. . 494-644.)
II. I G, fm y: f
. (645-680.)
f
III. G, fm y , ymp

: w f . (681-759.)
v mpy v f m

v. I fw w b b p f
p v y, fm mp f f f:
v , fw my m
v . A v bw f
, m p fm :
bw , fm y y.
_ m_ bvy w ,
p p,

b, y w ppy
mmy by

ff p m b m by
w w mm y fw.
f _mm _.
W w pp f p by b f,

w v m f G, y
f (mp) f.
A, w m y y v vw f b
w B , w m w v bf f
b w m f f xm;
my, w pp , y pp
mb f p m, y mm ,
b f vy, pp
f f f f my.
H v bf , w bv m
m b-b, m f
w
y m x.
A m vy p p w : f,
v p v v y,
m y
f.
A y, w v

f, f w
mv fm p p.
[I :
A I.
_R H AA GU._
m v.
_ b-v._
_ I, II, III, IV, m p
._
]
[I :
A II.
_H AA GU._
IGUR I.
I. B . (1)
II. m,
( B , 2.)
III. .
IV. .
V. b .
VI. A .
VII. m.
VIII. A.
IX. y.
IGUR II.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
m.
y.
A .
.
D .
p .
.
IGUR IV.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
y f A .
.
m.
.
IGUR V.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
.

yp.
G. ( b D .)
. ( .)
_!.B. A [] m p by

mm, w
p by Hm bw I II._
]
H f f m y b , b p [480];

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B .
y m.
.
.
b .
A .
m.
A.
y.
H zz , v [481].

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
m.
y.
A .
.
D .
p .
.
W w p w f .

H f mb , v f
, p f p[482].
1. .
2. R .
3. ym.
4. . p , w y bw
R ; b pp y p w
y, b m ,
b w m. b bv pp f p
v, w m [483], b p
by f .
By f m p x, w m v
by f, f v w b y
.
_ f y._
I m ff Hm m f p w p
y.
y f , w m y b b b

by m f . ffy f
f, xp m f b m . y fm,
p, mp [484].
;
I. A (681-94).
II. (695-710).

III. m (711-15).
IV. (716-28).
m ffy b m f

m . b, w fw y w
m, m v m:
p f , and th
[485]. But whn h cms t th sxth dvsn, that f
Euypylus, h appas t fnd t mpssbl t fx wth any cnfdnc
th st f Omnum: and says, ,
[486]. Ad fut e e beve,
t at t e dacemet ad c age f cte, ad mxtue f ace,
ave cfuded t e ame ad tbe[487], a t make t em at
utegbe t me f day: w ee we ae aew emded f t e
aage f T ucydde, w c e te u, t at t e mt fete
tact udewet t e mt fequet c age f uat[488].
T e f ypy m p mmy p
, b pp , w y f y : w ,
f pf w v f m, m
b , , Hm v fw
m w w
p, w fw, b b v fm m by
y p f.
f v, w
j fm y w w fm f ,

m f ypy m v b mw m b
w f Ap , w f yp. W v
wv y ff fx pvy , w f f
m by zz [489], w
w G. fw:
I. (729-33). (ypy 734-7, m.)
II. yp (738-47).
III. G (, b, D , 748-55).
IV. ( , 756-9).
I vw Hm pp bv y w f,
G: b f m
v , w p :
zz , w w p.
I v b m m, f
w , w pm w w
; m b f y .
I m b b ymmy bf y f
m, mb f bj bw w w f
pp m mpb f m y f .
B Hm, m ,
f -f : fw m w,
m y p f G, v b f w y
m. A, mpx p, y f
mpx p y m fm, w bm

p y m m b y w y f pp,
vy w m y b b jf pp f
mm .
_
pf f
._
G f f pf f

f Hm.

I f p , pf ff by mm m f

, w _pm f _ p v, w Hm
m v , fm v
bj by f m b. H m v

pp f v . I v w
w p, p f , pp pp w
my f v y f by w f.
f p m y b f

p , b v f f f p
f . If pp f w f b
m , v b f
pp.
Vw , w m ,
w xp xy f vy G m
f m f f w y m
b.

[490]
Th chf ndcatn f dpatu fm ths pups s n th cas f

Nus[491]. Ths palty lad s almst th nly psn f lgtmat
bth, bth f whs pants a namd: and whl h s vdntly
ntducd f hs bauty nly, t s mst suspcus that hs fath
shuld b namd , ws hs mh . v f
m and , whch Hm has gvn t hs Bads
n th Odyssy. And agan f hs Phnus, sn f Nmn, whm h
ntducs t play th pat f a cnsdat and svcabl Ithacan
ctzn[492]. Wth th nsgnfcant sland f Sym Hm mght, f
a spcal bjct, wll ta ths lbty. And w may bsv h, as
lswh, that what s pbably a dpatu fm ltal tuth, may
als b n a hgh vw hstcal: f dubtlss hs bjct s t
cmmmat mpssvly th wndful bauty f Nus, and ths h
ds by nvntng apppat accsss.
Agan, thugh an accuat ggaphy wuld nt f tslf hav pvd
th psnal pats f th naatv t b hstcal, t s scacly
cncvabl that h wuld hav adptd n s mnut and labat, as
wll as xact, f h had mant t cmbn wth t a stng f mly
fcttus psnalts.
_Gnalgs f th Catalgu._
Thdly, bsds many smpl patnymcs, th a fund thtn
mn gnalgs n th Catalgu, tn f thm G , and th
fgn. Thy a f th gnatns nly n vy cas, wth th
sngl xcptn f th Ochmnan lads, wh hav fu: and n
vy cas thy attach t scnday hs, wh a thus tatd n a
mass, whl pvsn s mad n th pats f th pm f ma ng
nwn t us th dscnt (wth th xcptn f Ajax) f all th gat
hs, as ccasn svs t stat t f ach f thm sngly. Nw
t s ncncvabl, vn n gnal gunds, that th pt shuld
hav nvntd ths mass f nams; f thy culd suly hav xctd
n st f ntst amng hs has, xcpt upn n gund. Thy
must hav bn tu gnalgcal cds f psns, wh had playd a
pat n th gat natnal dama; n nt phaps f hgh mptanc,
yt suffcnt t b th bass f such tadtns, as a justly
dmd wthy f lcal cd amng a ppl mnntly stng n th
muncpal, as wll as th gnal pattsm. Ov and abv ths,
many pnts f ths mn gnalgs cncd wth, and llustat
th hstcal ntcs n th pats f th pm.
Agan, th a n all ght cass n th Catalgu, wh th nam f
a mth s mntnd. Ths a,
1. Astych, mth f Ascalaphus and Ialmnus, Mas bng th fath,
v. 513.
2. Aua mth f Echthus, n fath bng mntnd, v. 548.
3. Astycha mth f Tlplmus, Hculs bng th fath, v. 658.
4. Agla mth f Nus, Chaps th fath, v. 672.
5. Alcsts mth f Eumlus, Admtus th fath, v. 715.
6. Rhn mth f Mdn, Olus th fath, v. 728.
7. Hppdama mth f Plypts, Pthus th fath, v. 742.
8. Vnus s mntnd as th mth f nas, Anchss bng th
fath, v. 820.
Th scnd f ths cass, f w a t gad th passag cntanng
t as Hmc, must nt b cnsdd as an accunt f pantag, but
smply as a md f asstng autchthnsm. Agan, th pants f
Nus, whth tu psns nt, a vdntly namd wth fnc
t th cnsdatn f bauty nly, whch s th y t th whl
passag.
And th pantag f nas may als phaps b namd f th sl
pups f mbllshmnt.
Dscbd by th wds , pp
m , b pb f m xp ,
G w G f b f w v
f f ; y , m G , f
m b fm . f fv (1,
3, 6), bvy m b , f m
w f b f . pmp m f
m w m y m m f
: m p w w v b .
I m y by b j, b w f
w .
p f y pv f

y, y v w y b f
p f p w y f. y
x y my w p p f
pm, m , w pp f y

b pp, . ,
A f I. v. 134, : f
(604), (611).
f I. x. 429 , ths f th Catalgu (840) a .
p f (631), f I.
v. 330 . Th Ct f th Odyssy (xx.
174) has , th Ct f th Catalgu (v. 649) s
[493].
Sngl cmmands a n vy nstanc assgnd t ths wh n th
st f th pm appa as chfs f th fst d. In th cas f
Idmnus aln s ths n any way bscud; as th passag (645-51)
uns: Idmnus ld th Ctans.... Idmnus ld thm, wth
Mns. But t s vy ma abl that Mns hlds just ths st
f ambguus latn t Idmnus n th pm at lag: smtms h
s calld hs (xx. 113 _e l_), h (x. 58 _et
alibi_), hile he stads amog the ie
ist aios o
the amy, ho
(vii. 161), volutee
o sigle combat ith Hecto; ad he Idomeeus
leads the va, he maages the ea (iv. 251-4). Agai, though the
oppotuities a
oded by the Catalogue ae o

ecessity ao, yet
Home has cotived ithi its limits to mak distictly the chaacte
ad positio o
ealy evey geat chie
tai: cetaily o
Agamemo,
Achilles, Meelaus, Telamoia Ajax (v. 668), ad Ulysses.
_The Epilogue._
The thid potio, o epilogue, appeas to be ascibable chie
ly to
the geial love o
Home
o the hose. His aagemet o
the amy
accodig to the umbe o
ships, hich coveyed each divisio, had
shut out the metio o
the chaiots ad the couses ho de them,
ad he appeas to have devised this closig ivocatio
o the pupose
o
supplyig the de
ect. It as cetaily ot ecessay i ode to
ix the positio o
Achilles i the amy, hich the Fist Book had
completely developed; ad the passage is chie
ly occupied ith the
hoses o
Eumelus, togethe ith those o
Achilles ad his
oce.
It cotais, hoeve, to emakable otes o
histoical veacity. The
hoses o
Eumelus, a Thessalia, ae poclaimed to have bee by
a the
best ( ): ym, ,
p f v mb f p ;
w (773), p y m....
f, w , w
. v f y my. I
my w p, y w p
m f G, f x f b f
, f v y.
If b , w w m w
f Hm w by G f f- ,
y ym f m f pv
.
w my y pv m :

p f v pb m. U w f ,
f x mp, v f pb m
. I w f f v. I
mm, w p f w , A
p vy ppy p f G G f . H
m mm . I m w
f, p b m by m ,

A f p m f f,
m, , f y, my f Hm m
f [494].
_ j ._
j f G w

f pm .
I p p f w , p w
m m, v . H vy m
w f : mv w b x
mmy fm p , pp m b
y b f mb f f G ,
f m b w f B .
H w b w m y b : f
f my, w w pp by v,
pp b ; m v f p
p f I f, m b,
fy . x v D f, w w
w f , fw
pp by b v f f
.
H p f m , p
b w f j mp,
f m my, y fw, m
, f p A
. I pmp , w Hm
ff, m bv,
f G , m v b v by m p .
I w b bv , f v v f A,
w f . A b f
w fw w v f G , p
v m m y v b f p. B
pmp f by f , b
f p , y , w
, y ,
G ff, m f .
v w , w m mb
G ppxm p f
pv f: b m p z mb
j f v f .
j my w f m : w w
w m, b fm
m, pmp by m pwf mv f G ,
w by f. w f R w j
v B [495]: m m y f
f H[496]: w f f Hpp (I. x.
792), w , had cm as lfs, n th pcdng day. An
amy thus cllctd pcmal, and thus fluctuatng n ts cmpstn,
culd nt lav bhnd t th sam accssbl tadtns. Agan, th
dstuctn f Ty tslf bltatd what aln culd hav bn th
dpsty; n had Hm, as a G bad, th th sam mtvs
th sam mans f gathng dtald nfmatn, as h wuld
natually pssss wth fnc t hs wn cuntymn.
Hnc, as th Tjan Catalgu s sht, s als ts scp s m

lmtd. It cntans n spcfcatn f fcs: n ancdts gng
fath bac than th xstng gnatn: scacly any f what may
b calld spcalts f chaact pstn as t th chfs. It
shws a gd dal f nwldg f th ggaphy and pducts f th
cunts, but ths nwldg s f a much m gnal and vagu
chaact, than that whch h has dsplayd n almst vy ptn
f th G Aay. H gvs h vy fw lsts f twns at all, and
nv uss pthts qung us t blv that h had a psnal
nwldg f th st and chaact. Only Ast s ,
. I t r three ses he spe s f mmer l prduts;
h r terst hh t s bvus th t he mght h ve le red
thut y pers l eperee f the utres. He des t use
ths p rtul r d f sg t ll the desrpts f the Gree
C t lgue: d e m y perh ps rretly terpret t, here t ppe rs,
s t e f hs t f vvd d epermet l ledge.
He ls s lly mes mut r rver. But there s
geer l vd e f p rtul r d h r terst epthets, suh
s, (t refer t the Bt lst le,) v A,
t Etns, t Mycalss,
Hyp b, to Thisbe, t Halats, t
An, Ahe, h perh p e r her e.
Aher m er l feree ee y he very ffere exre
f he Trj C le.
Up he hle, h v ee f erp , I h , e
re re mh fl h he elef h Hmer Gree f
A Mr, f le h mp r ve lee f he re
he ppe e f he e e e , eher
pve r e ve, f h vy.
FOOTNOTES:
[480] F. . M p.
[481] F. . M p.
[482] F. . M p.
[483] x. 5. p. 430.
[484] F. v. M p.
[485] Sr x. p. 435.
[486] I. p. 439.
[487] I. p. 442.
[488] Th. . 2.
[489] F. v. M p.
[490] O. . 170, _e l_.
[491] I m prep re e h he mer f he hp re
e e ler lly rre: h je ll e e
j h h eer l me f mer, he Se
Pery, e. .

[492] O. . 386.
[493] The re fr re h ee ll e f
p per Hmer e f mer. (Se Pery, e. .)
[494] Her. v. 161.
[495] Il. x. 434.
[496] O. x. 521.
SECT. VI.
_O he Hellee f Hmer; h hem_,
Hell ; P hellee; Ceph llee; Hell r Sell.
_The Hell f Hmer._
We h ve ex qre he fre f he Helle me he
pem f Hmer.
I mee , l e he Pel , le frm, rp f
r; m hh, he prp l re fll:
1. , Il. . 684. }
2. , bd. 530. } Natnal tbal nams.
3. , Il. v. 234. }
Ad, l stly, the terrtr l me f
4. .
Obsvng th d f dvatn as t has bn pntd ut by
Mu[497], w shall natually l t th wd as a gud t
th manng f ts dvatvs, and . It s tslf
dawn fm r : but as that nam s nly nc usd n th
Pms, and as by fa th lagst bdy f vdnc tlls upn th wd
, th dcsn upn th whl gup f wds wll tun manly upn
th nquy w shall hav t ma nt th us f that wd by Hm.
Wth t thf w shall cmmnc. Is th, w hav t as , cla
pf, that t wnt bynd th dmnns f Plus? If t wnt bynd
thm, hw fa dd t g? and dd t nclud that dvsn f Gc, n
whch Lcs lay, whs nhabtants a patcula ln f th Catalgu
classs wth th Panhllns? F n suspcn f spuusnss can
justly as ut f th fact (f t b n), that Hm calls by th
nam f Hllns th nhabtants f any cunty, whch was tslf
wthn th scp f th ttal nam Hllas: nasmuch as ths s
lttl m than, th wd Y sh bng gvn, t ma us als f
th wd Y shmn.
At th utst, hwv, t s ssntal t bsv, that a ctan
lastcty n th us f ggaphcal as wll as pltcal nams culd
nt but blng t th ag, n whch Hm lvd: fst, bcaus f th
succssv mvmnts f tbs, l wav n wav, s that th us f

any such nam wuld dnaly b th gwng dclnng, but
nt statnay: scndly, bcaus f th ndtmnat fms whch
pltcal authty assumd, as stng n a mxtu, n un nwn
pptns, f th vaus lmnts f custm, cmpact, vnc, and
fc: and, thdly, bcaus f th want f wll-dfnd ggaphcal
bundas.
W a nt nttld t assum that th tty, whch w call Gc,
was, n Hms tm, subdvdd wth pcsn btwn a gvn numb
f ttal nams. W ha f Phtha, galus, Els, Acada:
but ths sm t b th xcptns ath than th ul. F many
pats f t th a n lcal nams whatv; and w must nt l
f any thng smblng th mann n whch England s mad up f
ts cunts, Fanc f ts dpatmnts, th lat Gc f ts
ndvdual stats.
Th passags n whch th wd Hllas s usd by Hm stand as fllws
n th d f th Pms:
1. A vs n th Catalgu, Il. . 683:
.
2. (A __), x. 395:
.
3. ( x _._), b. 447:
.
4. ( x _._), b. 478:
,
.
5. (I v), I. xv. 595:
,
.
6. (p _._), . . 344:

, .
7. (Pnlp _lq._), Od. v. 724:
,
,
, .
8. Pnlp pats th sam lns, Od. v. 814-16.
9. (Achlls _lq._), Od. x. 494:
,

.
10. ( _._), m , . xv. 80:

,
, ,
.
f p , m w m f w H

f m f , v f mp
p f m. ! my fw:
I (1) w p f p f y, fm
w f f A w w. B fm w
p , w m y : b f A, f
Ap, f , w p , H
f f wm. I , f f p , , w v
m y m , m m p
p , fm p f m f .
I (2), w A y, m y A m
, y f w m v f wf.
H
I (5), w w B y, f , w

H , pm m ym ppy w .
A (9), w f A w f
jym f y pw pp y f
ym, w pv p
f H .
B m f p . I (1), (5),
(9) H mb w . !w w v , w
by m f : f m
w m y x, pmp w H
m m m m y w m. B
m y p w w H ;
m xp w . I
y f, f , H m
f p f m p . A p
B y, f , m y
m y ; y, w m y f m y,
by m pvy y f
f p .
A b y , fm m f p ,
m H y, Hm m, b b m
x .
I pf f , , fy, w p w
. I I. x. 444-8, x w
m A ; , v f , b ff
, w m m y v , w
w f f H , f f wm, fy fm
f w f Amy. !w p by pv
w H w by Hm, y, f m
m , ( f m) f y;
m x w v _f_ H
. B m , m
f H w w, p f
m pm pp. x b
f ; (478-80) y _ _ b

p H , m __ f , .
pp m w w f p ,
mp pp f m f ,
w p f m m y v f ( w w w
p p ) m f H : b y by p
b f Amy m f ; f,
y x f H , f fm m
H , y mpy y H , fm w

f, w , p , f m w
f.
B p w m pfy w , w
fmy x m, f w pp H m w f
! G y, b p p f b
m fy mp w m f , f f
ym. b f x m
b H , y ( x. 447) w : y w
p w y H , y (b. 478) :
w v H , my by m : mv
m f m by w w mmy w by
p f , m m p f
H , , fm I. . 683, y vy .
pp mm , y by fm

, f v
f p w v x m, b by f ,
, mmy m pm m f A
ym: w w y m p
y w by m, H .
If y b w , pf b mp by
w p : (I. x. 261-7), w
Amy, f m, w ; w pm y,
Ay fm m m, by b b
w-b ,
[498]:
and th th th vs f th Catalgu[499], whch placs Eln n
Bta. Ths passags thf claly appa t cay th nam
Hllas as fa as Bta, and t ma t ach cntnuusly fm thnc
t Phtha. And f Hllas cms dwn t Bta, thn t ncluds
Lcs; and th vaus tbs f ths gns may b ncludd n
th gnal nam f Hllns, thugh t all appaanc thy w nt
as yt famlaly and dnaly s calld. And f Lcs and Bta,
wth pat f Suthn Thssaly (th dmnns f Plus), a ncludd
wthn th ang f th nam Hllas, w can hav n dffculty n
suppsng that t ncludd Nthn Thssaly als, whch must hav bn
th pathway f th Hll t th Suth.
But w fnd n anth cmbnatn bsds that wth Phtha,
n th fu passags f th Odyssy, (n f thm bng a smpl
pttn f anth,) whch w hav stll t xamn.
Nw th ln Od. v. 726, patd 816, s und suspcn, f whch t
s nt wth whl t scutns th justc: as th da and fc f
t s just th sam wth that f Od. . 344,
, .
Ths passag dscbs th fam f Ulysss as spad thugh th

badth f Hllas and md-Ags; (, fm th hat f Ags t ts
xtmts, ght thugh _all v_ Ags.) And agan n Od.
xv. 80, whn Tlmachus has ppsd t tun hm fthwth fm
th cut f Mnlaus, hs hst gntly dssuads hm fm hast, and
cunsls a m xtndd tu, ; ffng
t ta chag f hs hss, and t shw hm th cts, scud
dwllngs, f mn.
Th sgnfcatn f th wd wll b cnsdd haft: f
th psnt pups t s nugh t bsv that th wd , a
ued by Meeau, cmbat wt Hea, f tef evet u
ayg t my t t e aw ce f t e Peeu w c
t e cty f Ag wa aced; ad t eefe t at t ca cacey mea
e t a Peeu. Ad t t e a, t at w ateve may
be t e fce f t e wd w e take gy, t e effect w e take
tget e ca ady be e t a t : Meeau mut mea t t t
Geece at age, a t e cee f t e ed excu. F t ee
agabe t f Geece t w c , ctety wt t e wd
ad t e ee, e ca be ed t cfe meag. If we cud
ue m t mea Peeu y by t e tw ame Hea ad
Ag, w c e emy t ace, we ud but eage t eeby
t e Hmec caacty f t e wd Hea; f we ave aeady bug t t
dw fm t e t t Bta; ad we ud, t e way w ed,
cay t t ug t e t mu, ad ve Peeu, , at t e eat,
ve me at f t. But eve f Meeau mea Peeu y,
w c mt mbabe, t ay cedbe t at uc ud be
t e meag f Peee Od. . 344. A a Geek, e _cat_ mea t
mt t e ew f e ubad t ay ee e wde t a Geece.
We ave aeady ee, t at Hea metme cude cetay t e
tety fm Sut e T eay t Bta, ad baby T eay at
age: ad t qute a t at, f t cme t Bta, t de t
t t ee, but ae t t e w e f Mdde Geece, t e eg
betwee T eay ad t e t mu: f t e acat f t e tem
Hea cud t t excet at me geat atua dv f t e
cuty, ad t e t mu ee t e y e be.
Nw t e ame Ag eated t T eay[500], but muc me ecay
eated t t e Peeu, a we a ee fm a umbe f aage.
It a eat at a Hme t t at dv f t e cuty
atcua w c we ca Mdde Geece.
Aumg t, t e, t mea Peeu, t at cae Hea mea
Mdde wt Nt e Geece: ad t e tw ame f Hea ad Ag,
take tget e, cmetey ad cveety exe t e w e cuty.
T e y ateat ae uc a wud ag t Hea a age ee;
cae ca t, a t t aage, admt f a me etcted e.
T e fegg agumet uted t a ceta extet by t e fact,
t at w e teta ame ae fequet f t e Peea at f
Geece, (we ave Ac ac Ag, Iaa Ag, E, Acada, Lacedm,)
t e ctet t t e t f t e t mu geeay wt ut
teta ame: P t a ad Peagc Ag ae, I t k, t e y
excet. T ee t u befe u a ga, w c t e ame Hea, a t
a bee ee ctued, eem cveety t f.
T ctuct f ceta aage, w c t e wd Hea
ctaed, t e w c ud be adted by t e eade uawae.
But f, ke myef, afte examg t t tcty e aet t
t jutce ad ecety, t e e w fd t at t f t e utmt

mtace t t e eucdat f Hmec ty; f t ue a key
t t e muc cteted ue f t e Heec ame.
I t e ft ace, I ubmt t at f we w evew t e te aage
w c Hme eak f Hea, ad bea md t at me amg
t em t cat be ctued a meag e t a, wt a ceta amut
f detematee a t budae, Nt e ad Mdde Geece
geeay, we a a fd, t at t ee t e f a t e
aage, w c t w t at eat admt f t e ame ee. I
d t dey t at t e t u t d t at t e Hea, w c
C ac dwet, wa a mee dtct f T eay, ad t at Hme attac e
dffeet ace dffeet ee t t e wd. But f t ee a
ee, ubtatay e, w c w ut t e wd evey ace
w ee t ued, t eem mt eaabe t ad ee geeay t
t at ee. Suc a meag we ave, I t k, fud f Hea,
ccudg t at t ued t gfy Nt e ad Mdde Geece. I
t ee t vede ad cude P t a, a Face vede Aace
Bugudy. But a t ee wa a tme w e Aace ad Bugudy mg t,
befe t e eet tate f cat, ave bee et e ad t be
Face t Face, wt ut a utageu cee f eec
et e way, e a t e ad f P t a wa f Hme et e a at
f Hea, a vce caved ut f Hea by t e eca ccuat
f t e Mymd, a cca mg t c ace t demad. Nt t at e
dd t cfm t t e fact, but t at t e fact wee t emeve
detemate. T u abt, ude w c evey c f gud beg
t mebdy, t deftee w y tage; but tme
w e y t ee ad t ee wee aated, ad t ee wa
uvea ccuat, t wa t ug y atua, ad t e t g eay
tage wud be t e abece f t. Accdgy, w e P x ay e
eft Hea, e gve t P t a, t e ame f t e ace e eac ed,
t excuve fce. W e e ay C ac dwet Hea amg t e
Mymd, e baby mea P t a, but w egad P t a a
cveed by t e age degat. W e Hme te u t e de
f Ac e wee t e w abted A, ad Ae, ad Tac ,
ad w ccued P t a ad Hea, we udetad by t e t ee ft,
atcua t w c t e Mymd ad etted, by P t a a age
dtct w c t ey ad fa dtted wt t e ccuacy a t make
t ecuay t e, ad by Hea t e uudg cuty, t w c
t ey ad me e amfed.
Aumg t e t e ee f t e wd Hea t be w uffcety
acetaed, t e ext quet , w came t cuty, w c a
bee decbed, t bea t e ame f Hea? Ad t e quet admt f
but e awe. It cud y be caed Hea becaue tbe f He
ad becme t mate, t gveg ace, t e detae, t ug
t vau eg, f tca ad mtay we.
We mut t eefe udetad t at, accdg t Hme, tbe euted
t be f Hec g wee fa dtbuted ve t cuty, a t
ave begu at eat t affx t e ame t t: t ug wt ut avg
abutey effaced evey de ame, ke and thugh
nt pcludng th ntductn f nams phaps m cnt, ctanly
m spcfc, such as Phtha.
_Th Hllns f Hm._
W may nw pcd t cnsd th fc, accdng t Hms us, f
th nams dvd fm Hllas. Ths a, as cmmnly undstd,
1. ,
2. ,
and t ths I shall psum t add,
3. .
Th fst f ths s fund nly n Il. . 684. H, aft th
dscptn f th placs fm whch th fcs f Achlls cam, th
pt pcds t gv thm th dsgnatn:
.
W fnd an xclusv us[501] f th wd Mymdns f th fc
f Achlls thughut th Ilad, xcpt n ths n plac;
ntwthstandng that Phnx, wh was ld f th Dlps, cmmandd n
f th fv dvsns[502], and that w may thf psum a ctan
pat f th fc t hav bn Dlpan. Fm ths xclusv us, w
cannt dubt that th nam f Mymdns was that whch apptand t
thm n patcula, as th ulng tb amng th subjcts f Plus.
Had w fund asn t cnstu th wd n th pcdng ln as
manng nly a dstct f hs dmnns, t wuld hav fllwd, that
mant th nhabtants f that dstct; and that a pat f th
slds f Achlls w Hllns ath than Mymdns, n vtu f
a lcal nam. But t fllws fm what w hav alady cncludd abut
Hllas, that th nam f Hllns was applcabl t all th Mymdns
as bng thmslvs nhabtants f Hllas, that s, f Phtha, whch
blngd t Hllas.
And n passng t shuld b ntcd that, althugh th Mymdns
nhabtd Phtha, thy a nv calld Phthans; n d w v ha
f Phthans at all n Hm, xcpt nly n that passag wh thy
a dscbd as ngagd wth Lcans and ths n pllng th
Tjan assault[503]. Thy a th dscbd as und th cmmand f
Mdn and Pdacs. But n th Catalgu Pdacs and Mdn[504], as
substtuts f Ptslaus and Phlctts spctvly, cmmand th
scnd and futh Thssalan cntngnts, whch cam fm dstcts
lyng na th ngdm f Plus. Eth thf th Phthan nam
xtndd bynd th lmts f Phtha, th Phthans w ths
whm th Mymdns had cntly dvn ut, and whs lands thy had
ccupd.
W cannt cnclusvly sttl th sns f th wd ths
p ss ge, eept by tp tg the results f e m t, hh
e h ve t yet etered. But t m y be bserved eve t ths pt,
th t the be rgs f the p ss ge re smeh t dverse t merely
l l strut fr t. If yrmd s the strtly prper me,
the Ah must h ve bee desg t hh s t prper t the
yrmds ly, but hh they ejyed mm th thers. Ad yet,
the ther h d, t mm th ll the Gree s, but sme
sese mre restrted th th t, hh t s h btu lly ppled t
the hle rmy. r th t l rge d geer l sese every tget
f the rmy s Ah , d Hmer uld ert ly therefre t h ve
meted the Ah me th respet t e p rtul r. It
h rdly es pe bserv t th t, studyg gre t le ress d pres
the C t lgue, he system t lly vds the trdut f hs
geer l mes fr the rmy. We ever re d f D s r Arge s
t t ll, d f Ah s ly te[505]. S f r the s the p ss ge
tself gudes us, t pts t the suppst th t thse h ere

lled yrmds prperly, t dstgush them frm ll thers, d
Hellees be use they ere ( mm th thers) h bt ts f
Hell s, belged l ese t p rtul r l ss r r e f Gree s, t
hm the me f s ppl ble sme dsttve sese. The
three ppell ts, rdgly, re t s m y syyms; but e h h s
prb bly ts prper spe.
Thuyddes[506] spe s th hs usu l ur y, he he s ys th t Hmer
h s gve the me f Hellees t prt f the rmy eept the
trps f Ahlles frm hthts. He des t hever g beyd the
ssert th t ths rd h d t yet gr t ppell t fr the
Gree s uvers lly, ssert hh, s f r s Hmers evdee
ges, s ude ble. But t des t reure us ls t dey th t the
Hell s f Hmer eteds beyd hth , d th t the me f Hellees
m y eve the h ve bee begg t tt h t the h bt ts f ther
p rts f Hell s, thugh perh ps less fedly, s yet, th t the
yrmds.
_The hellees f Hmer._
Wth these f ts ve, I m hlly u ble t fll thse h h ve
demed, up ter l evdee, th t verse f the C t lgue hh
e fd met f the hellees.
Spe g f Ole Aj , mm der f the Lr s, the pet s ys (Il.
. 530),
.
It s nt gammatcally ncssay that w shuld ma ths tw wds
cxtnsv; and I d nt blv that th f thm spaatly,
as h usd, cnvys th whl fc f th tw, thugh phaps
cnjntly thy may cay th asstn that h was th bst spaman
n th amy.
If th was a Hllas n th tm f Hm, whch was nhabtd by a
vaty f tbs, thn, as ths tbs dspsdly mght b calld
wth ppty Hllns, vn apat fm th authty f cnstant
us, s thy mght wth qual ppty b cmbnd nt th tm
Panhllns, whch wuld man all th tbs, ncludng th Lcans,
that nhabtd Hllas, Nthn and Md-Gc. Thus, as th
Achan nam was at ths tm m pmnnt and dstngushd n th
Plpnnsus[507] than n any th pat f th cunty, th pt may
n ths plac by me the Suther r elpes Greee; s
s, by the t epthets jtly, t sgfy the hle rmy. Or he
m y me ll thse h, Hell s r beyd t, ere f the pure Ah
r e ( ssumg, fr the mmet, th t suh r e ested); d thus m y
here ssert, th t Aj eelled ll Hell s, d eve ll Ah s r
ut f Hell s, usg the l st f the t rds by y f lm . I d
t dey th t he m y ls be strued t me the hle hst the
grss by , gree bly t the mm use f t; but ths s less
l ely; s the me, s uderstd, uld t be dsttve.
Nr d I see y re s t hest te but tre tg the Hmer me
as n f hs Hllnc gup f nams. As n th cas f
, s here e h ve me frmed by mb t f dfferet
rds. The rd _he d_ seems t h ve bee represeted by rt f
fleble struture. I S srt t s _ pl _[508], Gree ,
_ p_: b pp Gm _ pf_,
G , b, , , . The od

sms, thn, t b fmd n th mst dct mann fm th
t , sigi
yig head, ad : and thus t bth attachs
Ulysss, wth at last th dmnant ac amng hs subjcts, t th
Hllc stc , and ndcats th tndncy f th Hllnc nam, vn n
Hms tm, t pduc tslf and t spad abad.
Agan, w bsv n hs a us f th sam sgns as n
and , that th pw f th nam was nly gwng up
fm ts nfancy. F th wd s usd but twc n th Ilad, and n
m than fu tms n th Odyssy, wh th s cnstant ccasn
f addssng, f spa ng f, th subjcts f Ulysss. W fnd n
that pm v m, st tly.
H vg de lt th the Hmer derv ts f Hell s[509], let us
sed t the rd, frm hh t s tself derved; Hell s beg
evdetly, the Gree tgue, the utry hh h d bee uped by
the Hell.
Of the peple h re s termed, ether uder the frm begg th
the spr te, r else uder th t f , e fd bvus Hmer
vestges the Hellespt, ; n vaus vs tmd
; and n th nvcatn f Achlls t Jupt, whch placs
th Sll n th nth f Thssaly, abut wnty Ddna, and sms t
stamp thm as thn stll manng a ppl f th udst habts n
th muntan hm[510];

, .
_ f Hmer._
The rd w pp b m pb b f
x f v ; f pm v
f w b p . B b
b w v y w . Indpndntly f
phllgcal agumnt, th s th stngst psumptn that n ths
plac Achlls ntnds t nam hs wn natnal ancsty, as bng th
mnsts f th gd; wh gv hm, as t w, th ght t nv
th ad f th Plasgc ndd, but thf gnun and gnal,
Jupt f Ddna. But n ccumstanc sms t b btt stablshd
by phllgcal sach, than that n many cass f G wds,
whch nw bgn wth th aspat, th was n ( m than n)
ntal ltt, and that fquntly that ltt was th _sgma_. Much
bscuty has hung abut ths subjct, fm th fact that dscvy has
pcdd pcmal, and that f a lngth f tm th wd _dgamma_
was usd t sgnfy what had gnally flld th vd nw xstng
n s many placs f th Hmc vsfcatn. What ths _dgamma_
mght hav bn was dsputd; but t was, almst nsnsbly phaps,
assumd t b sm n ltt sund nly. But as nquy has mad
futh advancs, many fms f a lst ltt ltts hav bn
dscvd: and t has als bn mad cla that th gaps ught t b
flld up vausly, and nt by any n unfm xpdnt. T ta
vy smpl xampls, th can b n dubt abut th dntty f
, , , wth _sx_, _sptm_, _sus_: n any dubt abut th
ssntal dntty f __, and _suavs_, and
_sc_: nn thf that th b pp, _f_,
_w_, _v_, p [511]. W e deed a eumt
ae[512] fm t e Gema wd _c wege_ ad _c wge_, t at a
dube eve tebe may ave ccued, ad t at t e aage may
ave u . Ude t ee ccumtace, t e cae befe

u, w ee we ave bt fm eeeted, t ee ca be etat a
t t e detty f d : th fst psntd n ,
, , and th f H:
pp by .
Th s anth cuus and nstuctv cas, n whch w hav
th ld fm f th wd stll rem g: besdes th t f
, t w c au a aeady bee made cdeg
t e cae f t e Peaga Acada. I t e Bd f At ae,
t e damatt atze At e ad t e Sca Exedt, ude t e
ame f a cty t e cud, caed ; bj b
xp f p, w m
pp m. , y, m f f ,
f . w , sm ,
bcaus h pmsd much, and dd nthng. schns was a paup,
wh ptndd t walth. Th Schlast adds, .
,
[513]. y m m fm ,
f f . B f p , m ff
y f w, f w
y, m f f f b p, w v
f Ap . I p , f w
b fw, m mpb b f m
v bm f G w pv f p
b ppy. w (f x mp)
m ppp by p w
m y b . y, v fm
seems perfetly tur l e, d ls deu te t the se. It s
sme degree h r terst f thse h redued rumst es
tr e b ther le ge t very et st , ste d f relyg
smply the subst t l hur f ther deset, stll t ffet the
pssess f the e lth hh h s p ssed y frm them: t pl y fr
themselves the p rt, hh C leb B lderste desres t pl y, beh lf
t f hmself, but f the ster f R vesd, Stts Brde
f L mmermr; d ltgether t be sestve, r h t s lled
tuhy the subjet, d t le the hle t rds ert
b stfuless, mm th the xmy f
. b bw
w x f f p ,
w f p f by, ,
w v bf m. I m y, wv, b y
y, v p y, w f p
w w
p w y. If w f w f
[514] y, , v w y
f m , p b p
v by H f ff . ,
, [515].
I v f w w
pp y .
FOOTNOTES:
[497] Lt. Gc, . 39, nt.
[498] Il. x. 267.
[499] Il. . 500.
[500] Il. . 681.

[501] Ilad _passm_: and Od. . 182. v. 9. and x. 494.
[502] Il. xv. 171.
[503] Il. x. 685-700.
[504] Il. . 704, 727.
[505] Il. . 530. 562. 684.
[506] Thuc. . 3.
[507] Vd. nf. sct. v.
[508] Dnaldsns Nw Catylus, p. 291.
[509] It s nt ncssay t tac n ths plac, wth pcsn, th
vaus applcatns f th nam Hllas, aft th tm f Hm.
Stanly (n sch. Suppl. 263) stats, that what I hav tmd Mddl
Gc was th Hllas f Ptlmy: that wth Stab th wd ncluds
mst f th slands f th gan: and, fnally, that t als cam t
nclud Asa Mn, and pats vn f th Afcan cast, as wll as
placs lswh, whch had bn clnsd by th G ac. Accdng
t Cam (Gg. Gc, . 2), at th pch f th Plpnnsan
wa, Hllas mant vythng suth f th Pnus and th gulf f
Ambaca. H cnsds that Hdtus als mant by t a ptn f
Thspta (Hd. . 56. v. 47). It s ntstng t bsv hw
ths dmstc nam, ta n fm th ac whch mad Gc s gat and
famus, has tand ts vtalty thugh s many vcsstuds, and
s nw th natnal nam f Gc, n ppstn t that whch was
pbably dawn fm a Plasgan suc, and whch, as pcdng fm
th Rman masts f th cunty, tld ts ppl th tal f th
subjugatn.
[510] Il. xv. 234.
[511] Il. . 172.
[512] I fllw th acut and sagacus nts f Pfss Maldn t a
valuabl pap cntbutd by M. Jams Yats, dung th ya 1856, t
th Phllgcal Tansactns: als Dnaldsns Catylus, p. 120.
[513] In lc. Cays Bds, p. 77.
[514] S sct. x.
[515] . 89.
SECT. VII.
_On th spctv cntbutns f th Plasgan and Hllnc facts
t th cmpund f th G natn._
_Cntbutns t th mythlgy._
In ths attmpt at an thnlgcal suvy, w hav nw cm dwn t th

pnt, at whch th G Pnnsula passs v fm ts ld Plasgan
chaact, and bcms subjct t pdmnatng Hllnc nfluncs.
Nw thf, and bf w xamn th latns and succssn f
th gat Hmc appllatns f th Hllns, appas t b th
tm f cnsdng hw th accunt stands btwn ths tbs and
th Plasgans, and what w, s fa as by pbabl vdnc w can
asctan t, th spctv cntbutns fm th tw sucs t th
ntgal chaact f th G s and f th nsttutns.
In th cas f Gc, as t s nwn t us n hsty, w hav th
mst ma abl dspptn btwn mal and physcal pw, and
btwn th gn and th full gwn pduct, whch s ffd t
vw n th whl ang f human xpnc. A ccumscbd cunty,
wth a small ppulatn, thws fth, wthut lss f vtal pw,
t th East and t th Wst, clns gatly tanscndng tslf, as
wuld appa, n walth and ppulatn; cntnus f many cntus
t xcs a pmay nflunc n th wld; at n tm ssts and
pls, at anth nvads and tfs, at a thd vthws and
cushs t atms th gat clssus f Eastn mp, and cntnus
t xcs, thugh th mdum f mnd, a sngula masty, ndung
dwn t u wn tm, and l ly stll t ndu, v cvlzd man.
And vn th mnatu ganzatn f Gc psnts t us, wthn
ts wn lmts, dvsts f chaact almst nugh f a quat f
th glb.
Many f ths dvsts cnnct thmslvs wth th thnlgcal
fmatn f th dffnt cmmunts. In th cus f that pcss,
s fa as can b dscnd, ctan admxtus f fgn nflunc
w suppld dct fm Phnca, Egypt, lswh: but th gand
cmpnnt pats facts n ths cmpst pduct a tw, th
Hllnc and th Plasgc. T ths dual cmbnatn, phaps th dubl
nvcatn f Achlls (Il. xv. 233, 4) s a wtnss.
Th dvlpmnt f th natnal chaact s th mst lag and vad
n Attca, wh th ppulatn, fm succssv mmgatns f
bds f fugs, and fm th f gnal st and cptn f
stangs, psntd als th lagst and mst vad thncal cmpund.
In analysng that natnal chaact whch thus sultd fm th
amalgamatn f ngdnts chfly Hllc and Plasgc, w hav nw t
as hw fa ts dffnt lmnts a fabl t th Plasgc t
th Hllc t spctvly? W hav tacd n sm dg th cus
and lcal ccumscptn f th acs: can w afflat upn thm any
f th cntbutns whch thy svally mad t th vad manns
and t th nsttutns f Gc?
Th pf, as fa as t s spcfc, can b nly that whch pbabl
and cnjctual vdnc affd: but that vdnc s supptd by th
fact, that t tnds, as a whl, t an dly sult.
Whl thy pcd fm dffnt sucs, and psnt vsbl and
vn pmannt dstnctns f chaact, th s n vlnt dspaty
btwn th Hllc and th Plasgc acs: thy affd a gd matal
f calscnc. W a nt t supps that whatv th n had,
th th had nt. Of what blngs hstcally t th Plasg, much
may stand as ths nly thugh th pty f ntanc nt th
cunty.
I pps t nqu what vdnc can b dawn, th fm

phllgcal sucs, fm th txt f Hm, t thw lght n th
sval pusuts and tndncs f ths acs, und th hads f
Rlgn, Plcy, Wa, th Gams, Pty, th Chas, and Navgatn.
Und sm f ths hads, hwv, w must n a masu antcpat
sults whch wll b nly btand n full fm lat nqus.
Th Pms affd us n cmplt and dcsv tst f dscmnatng
btwn th Hlln and th Plasgan cntbutns spctvly t th
G lgn.
W shall, hwv, haft fnd many dtals f vdnc bang upn
ths subjct.
F th psnt I must cnfn myslf t tw vy gnal ppstns,
whch a fundd n th latns f th G lgn wth ths f
Ty and f Italy.
Fst, th sms t b a psumptn, whch may wgh wth us t
a ctan xtnt n th absnc f cunt-vdnc, that ths
pats f th G lgn whch w cmmn t th G s wth th
Tjans w Plasgan, and that ths whch w nt cmmn, w nt
Plasgan. But f th pats whch w cmmn, and thf Plasgan,
many may hav bn gnally Hlln t.
Agan, a latnshp subssts btwn Gc and Italy, as t th
cmpnnt pats f th spctv ppulatns, whch, wthut bng
unduly stand, wll thw cnsdabl lght upn th qustn f
Hllc and Plasgc attbuts.
Th G th Italan f th classc tms culd nt b xpctd
t wn latnshp wth what lay t th nthwad, n ach f ths
tw pnnsulas. Th Rman, thf, whs nvstgatns ld hm
t supps th w Plasgans n Italy, wuld nly dv thm
fm Gc. F us th cas stands fa thws; and w must smply
cnsd th Plasgans f Gc, and th Plasgans f Italy, as tw
amng a vaty f banchs, whch stuc ut at dffnt tms fm
th man tun f an xtndd ac, pbably dffusng tslf v
many pats f Asa and Eup. In Gc and Italy spctvly ths
Plasgc tbs ntd nt nw cmbnatns, pbably nt whlly
dffnt, n, n th th hand, by any mans n xact cspndnc.
W may phaps b fund nt t g bynd th lmts f th mdsty
whch th cas qus, whn w smply lay dwn ths ul: that
cspndncs n lgn n languag btwn Gc and ancnt
Italy as a psumptn, that ths fatus f ach cunty, n
whch th cspndnc s bsvd, a f Plasgc gn.
Smthng f such cspndnc w may pcv n
Th lgn f Hmc Gc dffs fm that f
as t mn dts, but n th nams gvn t many
dts, and spcally n th fa m magnatv
tadtns.
gad t lgn.
Rm, nt nly
f th gat
chaact f ts
Ths pats f th lgn f Gc and Rm whch w cmmn t
bth w pbably Plasgan.
Lt us ta fst th nams whch cspnd, and thn ths whch a
dffnt.
(I.) Nams f dts that cspnd n th G and Latn tngus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dus.
Jp.
Apll.
Vesta.
L .
Pea.
Mas Mavs.
(II.) Nams f dts whch d nt n any mann cspnd n th

G and Latn tngus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
J.
Nu.
Plut.
v .
Vulcan.
Mcuy.
V.
Dana.
.
Bacchus.
Tw ma s may b mad n th dts f th fst lst.

Fst, that t cmphnds gnally th gds whm w shall fnd t
ba ma s f bng th mst ancnt amng th G dts; wth th
ma d xcptn, hwv, f Mnva[516].
Scndly, that n t w fnd n dty wh ta s pat n th G ,
that s, th Plasgan sd, n th wa f Ty. Th nly tw nams
whch d nt appa n th Tjan sd, a Vsta, wh wth Hm s
nt psnfd at all: and Pspn, wh fm th sat f h da
dmnn culd nt sha n th was wagd upn ath.
On th th hand, whn w tun t th scnd lst f xclusvly G
nams, w fnd that t cntans all th dts wh t pat aganst
Ty: and nly tw vy scnday nams f dts fndly t t.
Mas and Vnus, bth ngagd n th Tjan sd, and n standng n
th fst lst, a th dts aft whm, accdng t Ovd[517], th
tw fst mnths f th Rman ya w namd n th fst ag f th
cty.
It wuld nt, hwv, b saf t dpnd mplctly upn th appant
appaanc f ctan nams n th Latn languag, wthut a full
nwldg f th laws f dscmnatn btwn th aly mythlgy
f th Rmans, and th fm whch th lgus systm assumd at
th pd whn thy cam nt f cmmuncatn wth Gc and ts
clns, fm whch, as thy ctanly bwd sm nams f dts,
such as Pallas and Phbus, s thy may hav assumd ths t. W hav
n pf, f xampl, that Apll was pmnnt, vn that h was
nwn, n th alst Rman wshp. Cc[518] says, _Jam Apllns
nmn st Gcum_. Stll, a tmpl was asd t hm n Rm[519] as
aly as 430 B. C.; and th Tjan sympaths f mst f th dts
n th fst lst tnd n sm dg t shw bth that thy w wll
nwn n th Plasgan lgn, and that many f th ld ptns
f th mythlgy w cmmn t th Tjans, th aly Rmans, and th
Plasgans f Gc.
_Plasgan Rlgn lss magnatv._
W may m bldly ly upn a gnal ndcatn, whch s ffd t
us by th lgus systms bth f Rm and f Ty, n cmpasn
wth that f Gc.
Th lag accunt f Rman dts funshd by Sant Augustn, n
hs D Cvtat D, cnsttuts f us th pncpal psntatn
f th gat w f Va, nw lst, n th Antqutats Rum
Dvnaum. Ntwthstandng th multtudnus dvlpmnt f th
thugc systm, th _D Cvtat_ tnds t suppt th blf that
t was nt vvfd, l th systm f th G s, by th ntns
pvadng pw f a vgus and plfc magnatn. Th Fast f
Ovd may phaps b fd t as sustanng th sam pnn. And
Hyn n hs cmmntay n Vgl has bsvd upn th cmpaatv
dulnss and dynss f th aly mythlgy f Rm: _Italc myth
lng a Gc fabul suavtat absunt; nc vatas gata nst_[520].
In a lat ptn f ths w [521] I shall ndavu t shw, that
a smla chaact appantly attachs t th lgus systm f
Ty: nt s much a puty smplcty, as a cmpaatv pvty
and hadnss; and an ndspstn n th nvntns t assum ths
gacful fms, f whch th Gcan Th-mythlgy, as xhbtd n
Hm, s s full.
And agan, whn w pass fm Hm t Hsd, w fnd a gat mass
f lgus fabl, th addd by th lat pt, gwn up n
th ntval btwn th tw. Hsds dpsts a much m
numusly ppld: but w hav passd at nc fm th pty f a
thgny t ts mst ps, whn w cmpa hs mann f tuch
handlng, and hs das n ths subjcts, wth ths f Hm. And, as
n th gunds w may cnsd Hsd t psnt th Plasgan sd
f th G mnd, w sm justfd n fng th dstnctv tn
f hs mythlgy n sm dg t hs Plasgan chaactstcs.
But ndpndntly f cnfmatn fm th cas f Ty, and fm
th tn f Hsd, th chaact f th ld Italan mythlgy, s
dvd f magnatn, fc, and gac, lads us t ascb ths
ppts, whn w fnd thm abund n th G supnatualsm, t
ts nn-Plasgan, that s, t ts Hllnc suc.
_Its tual dvlpmnt full._
Whn, hwv, w tun t anth fm f dvlpmnt n lgus
systms, w fnd th cas ntly dffnt: I man th dvlpmnt
n pstv bsvancs f all nds, and n fxd nsttutns f
ppty and class. H th lgn f Rm was lag and cpus.
Plybus has lft upn cd, n a mst ma abl passag, hs
, y,
admatn f th Rman systm f , w
b p, p, b
x. I w , p, f m.
W mp f w, w v b ff:
b pp f f vy p ,
[522].
! m b my f Dy; w , w

p Rm f v mpy f w b
, f xp f mm

f b p , y f pp
mp f , ,
, m , fm, _ _, p v
f m , f w y ,
f mb b b , m f b
b . I wy f y b
w m f p m f [523], w
w , , fm m f m[524].
f v v f m w Rm
b m f b p
f f. m w w
xv ppy f [525]; p
w pw pf w, w fw f
p f w .
A , w v , w v
f y, p fm f
pp v b m m v , w
G . ff w y f w
f fm . W f f
w f ff, y, f , and nt
that f th pst, sms at th tm f Hm t hav apptand t
th Hllnc acs.
And t s nt a lttl cuus t bsv that, whn Sant Paul
avs amng th Athnans, th pnt whch h slcts f ntc
n th chaact and usags, aft all th ntmxtus thy had
undgn, s stll ths, that thy a [526],
p y p bv ; ,
w w m y pp mv w, y v w
pm y f U w G. ! w
w p y w
pv f A , b y , f
bf, bm p y p p v f f
G mp: f ym f bv fxy,
w b m p; , w
y, pwf m y vv
v: p p m f
p f , f pw v m f p
bw w bv w .
A p b , fm
w xv pv f f-b ff f,
pp m pb b p f f p w ,
ff pf, f fm . W
pmv f f w p mm ,
vy m , y, vy f f my, w , I m,
f w ff p[527]. ,
vp mmy, py ff, f
f p y, m f pp f.
H, by y f , y
p f f
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
.
".
w
5. p.
6. mm .
v f ff vy w v

, p m mb w w p
w. f mpym m
pmv mvm f y, w v
f b f m py m v vpm.
v f pp f I f w
w , p w ff v
v y, v f fm . I pp ,
b , w A by v mm ,
J , m, [528] ff f.
xv f p b mp p ,
Dv Rv , by pv , f p
pp[529].
_ f H._
H Hm pp x b

f w ff f v vm;
bm p
p y f w
pf , b y f- pp w ,
p f y, v f b.
If w pp f w , f m b
b y f pp pvy w f ,
y, by p m f , b
w v f: f m fm m
p p f p y, b p ,
m fm m; w b
f w p f f
pf p , w fm ; b
f ff m pv w w f
f f my, pb w f v
vm.
pp v b f f bw j

f Hm w p , H w :
ff m y b pp y f b ff
y f H : w
, b pv f , m y v
b w p f .
y p y f- f H
b, b p y , w , fxy
f , pb b w y, p f m
x b w f Hm, w f p ppy
, b y ppy H, y m
x pv, .
f , , w v pmp, b y
I f, G w H
m v, m
vpm. A pmp , I ,
w w w by p , fm w
w v b bw w . I w p
bj f .
_b ._
I mp f H

mm f ff bw G
, I m w I v p w
b w mp.
m y pby v w f m m
m H, w b y p
w , f f G pp. A ,
vy x f w mm
. mb f w b y
b 339 G , 319 [530]. W
m , w jy b bv, f fm mp f
f mb bw G w, b
bw y mf fm .
b by j ff f m ,

w y v p f f
x m .
I b fm mp, w p b
_b m_ b G Rm . I ,
m y p p b jy , m b f ,
w w f w , m m f
I y, H m m f G. B w w
m y ppy m y f f w
pvy, p mp
b y , p mb
mx f ff , f m
vy ff pp. f w jf y
w , w v f f
w w m pb by : , f
p f b pp fm m
w ff, y p
ff w v b f pv bw m f
p .
A , I w m bw mp f f
v fm mm,
p f mb w w y v w y
f, b y p
p fm v p, b p b, fm
p, f v , y fm , b fm
. , G h L __ h s
v fm h S s _ h m_. Bu h s u h
h h v s u fm h s m , u v
h s m h jus , s h G L ws
. O h h h , f w h G , and th
Latn _quatu_, bth a fd t th sam Sansct t, _chatu_:
but nth f thm can wll hav bn dvd fm th th, and ach
s m naly latd t th t than t s t th th. O f w
ta th Latn _ans_, th G , ad the Eglish goose, these
ods scacely appea to have a coectig lik: but it is
oud, ad
a emote o mediate coectio established, by meas o
the Gema
_gas_. Istaces might easily be multiplied.
I sigle cases, hee the elatioship o
ods is oly o
the kid
last exempli
ied, it ould ot be sa
e to da i
eeces to the
e
ect o
thei beig espectively due to this o that elemet i the
compositio o
the atio.
But hee thee is such a similaity as to sho eithe that the od
has advaced ealy to its matue state be

oe the Geek ad Lati
oms bega to divaicate, o that the Lati

om may have bee deived
om the Geek i a ealy stage o

the histoy o
the laguage, o
_vice ves_, the it seems just to e
e the esemblace o
tems to
the existece o
a poe
ul commo elemet i the to peoples.
Ad
uthe, i
e shall
id that the ods stadig i close kided
ae capable o
classi
icatio ith e
eece to thei sese, the, he
e have oce costituted a class o
such ods, it may be justi
iable
to add
esh ods to it o the stegth o
a moe emote a
iity,
i vitue o
the pesumptio aleady ceated. Fo istace, i
the
ames o
the commoest objects ad opeatios o
iaimate atue ae
geeally i close coespodece, e may i
e a elatio betee
othe ods hich ae i the same class as to meaig, though they may
be ot so ealy alike, ith moe co
idece tha i
the easoig
as to this latte sectio ee ot suppoted by the
ome. O this
piciple I poceed i the collectios o
ods give belo.
O
couse the utmost cae must be take to exclude those ods hich
have bee copied
om Geek ito Lati, a
te the liteay ages o
Rome
had begu, ad accodig to the pactice hich Hoace has descibed ad
ecommeded[531].
_Niebuhs popositios._
Niebuh as, I believe, the
ist peso to da
om philological
souces a coclusio as to the chaacte ad habits o
the Pelasgias.
He poceeded upo the thee
old assetio, (1) that the ods commo
to the to togues ae pesumably Pelasgia, (2) that they
o the
most pat e
e to tillage ad the getle ays o
li
e, ad (3) that
e may hece coclude that the Pelasgias ee a people give to peace
ad husbady. Ad covesely, that the ods hich idely di
e i
the to togues ae ot Pelasgia, ad that the pusuits hich they
idicate must have bee moe peculialy chaacteistic o
some othe
ace, that cotibuted to make up the compositio o
the Roma atio.
The piciples thus assumed by Niebuh[532] appea, he placed ude
due limitatio, to be soud; ad the oly questio is, hethe they ae
suppoted by the
acts o
the case. I
i a give laguage e
id the
ods idicative o
a cetai tu o
li
e to have bee deived
om a
paticula ace, hich
oms pat o
the atio speakig that laguage,
hile othe ods, e
eable to othe habits ad pusuits, have bee
supplied by othe aces also umbeed amog its costituet pats, it
is just to ead the chaactes o
those aces espectively though the
chaacte o
the ods that they cotibute to the commo togue. Fo
the questio is eally oe o

oces hich may have bee adjusted ith
as much accuacy, as i
they had bee puely mechaical. The odiay
easo hy a od o
Pelasgia oigi pevails ove a od o
Helleic
oigi ith the same sigi
icatio, o the evese, is that it is i
moe o i less commo use: ad the commoess o
use is likely to be
detemied by the degee i hich the employmet o state o
li
e, ith
hich the od is coected, may belog to the oe ace o the othe.
The suvey take by Niebuh appeas to have bee apid; ad the list
o
ods supplied by him is vey meage. Bishop Mash[533] ad othe
authos have, ith a vaiety o
vies, supplied
uthe mateials. The
most compehesive list, to hich my attetio has bee diected, is
i the Lateiische Syoyme ud Etymologiee o
Ddelei[534]. The
subject is essetially oe hich hadly admits o
a
ixed citeio o
authoitative ule, o o
a
ull assuace that its limits have bee
eached. Mid
ul o
the eseve hich these cosideatios ecommed, I
should ot ish to lay do i

lexible popositios. But I vetue to
state geeally, that those ods o
the Lati ad Geek togues, hich
ae i the closest elatioship, ae coected
1. With the elemetay stuctue o
laguage, such as poous,
pepositios, umeals.
2. With the ealiest state o
society.
3. With the pusuits o
peace
ul ad ual idusty, ot o
highly
skilled labou.
_Classes o
ods hich agee._
Examples, umeous eough to sho a most extesive ageemet, ill
eadily suggest themselves ude the
ist head. To illustate the
othe popositios, though it ca oly be doe impe
ectly, I ill
ollo both the positive ad the egative methods. The

ist, by
compaig ods hich deote elemetay objects, both o
aimate
ad iaimate atue, o the simplest poducts o
huma labou
o
the supply o
huma ats, o the membes o
the huma body, o the
udimets o
social ode. The secod, by cotastig the ods hich
elate (1) to itelligece ad metal opeatios, (2) to a, ad (3)
to the metals, the exteded use o
hich deotes a cetai degee o
social advacemet. It ill I hope be boe i mid, o the oe had,

that these lists ae give by ay o
istace, ad have o petesio
to be exhaustive: ad, o the othe had, that exceptios, discoveed
hee ad thee, to the ule they seem to idicate, ould i o ay
dispove its existece, but should themselves, i
puely exceptios, be
teated, povisioally at least, as accidetal.
Class I.--_Elemetay objects o
iaimate Natue._
,
, ae
,
, u
{astum
{stlla
{stula
, m
, sl
-,
,
() , ds
, pntus
} sal
} m
, plus
i , } lux
}
, hyems
, v
, a
, vp
{nubs
{nbula
() , nx, nvs
, s
{fluvus
{pluva
, fgus
, m
, pix
} sps
} (_a pt_), lacus
}
, pampnus
, yv
, fm
,
, laps
, ag
, vm
, m
, fucus
} splunca
}
, v
, scpulus
, .
II.--_m y bj f m ! ._

,
ea
, lupus
, ap
, le
, angulla
, pscs
, accpt
, , cans
, vs
, bs
, tauus
, sus
, quus
, pullus
, u
, agnus
, as
, vulpes.
Cl ss III.--_Artles mmed tely rel ted t elemet ry ts d t
l bur._
1. DWELLINGS.
, dmus
, vcus
, f
, clavs
, sds
, f v
, thalamus
, lctus.
2. FOOD.
, vnum
,
, m
, vm
, m m
, f
, f
-, ttcum
, cbus
,
} lac, lacts
, }
, calamus
, ca
, me
, daps
, ca.
3. CLOTHING.
, vsts
, .
4. A!D I !.
, m
} jugum.
}
5. !AVIGAI!.
, navs
, m
, mus
, gubnat
,
, ps.
Class IV.--_Th cnsttunt pats f th human bdy, th famly,
scty, and gnal das._
1. THE HUMAN BODY.
, caput
, m
, amus[535]
, f-m, m
, p m
, ps
, , dns, dnts
, l rm
,
, l
, ju
, v
, ulcus
}
}
,
, mdulla
, ()
, s (s).
2. THE FAMILY.
, pate
, m
, flus
} f
}
, sc
}
}
{gns
{gnus.
3. SOCIETY.
() , x[536]
, lb
(), f. em (e)
, fu
, pllx.
4. GENERAL IDEAS.
, ume
, dus
, m
, fm
, vs
, Rm , b
,
,
, f m
} fatum
}
, vta[537]
, ms
, smnus
[538], m
, alg
, } gustus
}
, annus
} m
}
, ds
, m
}
uga
}
, vm.
Cl V.--_Ajeve f e ly lfe._
, magnus
{pavus
{paucus
, latus
}
} {
} {
}
, cutus
, cuvus
, fuvus
{ub
{ufus
, pngus
, bvs
} tadus
}
, cavus
, tee
, plnus
, mr
, m jr
, nvus
, alus
, d[539]
, supnus
, gavs
{lvs
{lntus
, lvs
, gnavus
, dxt
, slus
, suavs
, acs[540].
_Classs f wds whch dff._

A vy xtnsv lst f phaps n hundd m vbs mght b
addd, whch a th dntcal naly latd n th G and
Latn languags: but t wuld nt, I thn , matally nlag
dmnsh th gnal ffct f ths wds whch hav bn numatd.
W hav bf us abut n hundd and ghty wds n th classs f
substantv and adjctv nly. Thy mght naly fm th pmtv
vcabulay f a ustc and pacfc ppl. Tw xcptns may b namd,
whch may dsv ma . It wll b bsvd, that th snss a
nadquatly psntd, nly tw f thm, smll and tast, bng
ncludd. Th th th a als cnnctd n th tw languags as
fllws: tuch, by th latn f ad _tago_: sight, by
_ve_: he r, y he eve e f he L _ re_
h he Gree , pp m Hm f v.
m xp f . W

xp, = _dus_, th cnnctn f _x_ wth ,
f _me_ h , o
ith _libo_, ad that o
,
ith _oae_, _oato_, _aa_, thee is a cosideable at o
coespodece i the leadig ods, such as , , , ,

, , , , f th n tngu, and _sac_, _sanctus_,
_pus_, _tmplum_, _vats_, _mact_, _mla_, f th th. Th gat
pat f th Plasgan vcabulay must hav bn dsplacd n th n
sd n th th: and as t s n Gc that w hav much full
and cla vdnc f th advnt f a sup ac, whch gav ts
wn mpss t lf and th mnd n th hgh dpatmnts f thught,
w must cnclud that ths substtutn pbably t plac n Gc,
and was f Hllnc f Plasgan wds.
Th ppstn f Nbuh wth spct t tms f wa, appas t m
t b n th man wll sustand by th facts. Lt us ta f xampl
th fllwng lst: whch appas t shw that, n ths dpatmnt,
wth th xcptn f a ptty cls latn btwn and
_tlum_, and a m mt n btwn and _bllum_, pssbly
als btwn _lca_ and , there s h rdly y se the
f test sg f rel tshp betee the ustm ry terms emplyed
the t l gu ges fr the respetve bjets.
telum
nss
gladus
}
}
p
m
acies
}
}
}
{
{
galea
ata
{
{
scutum[541] }
clypus
}
{
{
lca
re
vagna
bllum
{
{
plum
p
}
}
{
{

hda
}
}
{
{

(Hm.)
tn
tuba
}
l ssum }
str
b m[542]

{
{
s gtt
{
{.
It can hadly, I thn , b qustnd, that ths class f wds

psnts n th whl a vy ma d cntast t ths whch w bf
xhbtd. And as w s th hghst matal ngs f Gc
manfstly psntd n th Hllns, w may th m cnfdntly
adpt that nfnc as t th habts f Hllns and Plasgans
spctvly, whch th cntast btwn th tw languags f tslf
vvdly suggsts.
Bf quttng ths had f th subjct, lt us ntc th wd
dffnc n th channls by whch th tw languags av at th
wds ntndd t psnt th hghst xcllnc. F btt th
G s hav , fm , a dat, and f bst, ,
fm , wa; whl th Latns a cntntd wth _ptmus_, fmd
fm a cmmn t wth _ps_, walth.
Th s almst as ma abl a want f cspndnc btwn th tw
languags n spct t th hgh das, bth ntllctual and mal,
as n gad t wa.
In th wds ndd w may tac a cla tymlgcal latnshp,
but n tw f th cass wth a ttal, and n th thd wth an
mptant chang n th manng.
1. Th f th G s bcms th Latn _mns_; s that a
patcula qualty, and that n blngng t th
f m , m f m.
2. G s vdntly th Latn _anmus_: , that wd
whch mans th symbl f a snsbl bjct n G bcms
th psntatv f mnd n Latn. Th adjctv s
ndd capabl f a mtaphyscal applcatn: but t mans f n
accunt[543].
3. Th f th G s s th _fumus_ f th Latns: and th cas
last dscbd s xactly vsd.
Th th gat wds n th aly G f th unsn sptual
pws f mans natu a , , ad . They pehaps
coespod most ealy ith the thee Lati ods _mes_, _idoles_,
ad _vita_[544]. Thee is ot the slightest sig o
co
omity
o commo oigi i ay o
the cases; although s a n t
_nsc_[545].
In tw th vy mptant wds w fnd phaps dvatn fm a
cmmn t, but nthng l a na dct latnshp. Th G
may poceed
om the same stock ith the Lati _vitus_, ad i
like mae m y v m _vm_.
Up w w m y , mp f w
mb y m. I w b
f y f
p m y; mb pp
, m y mm y, p b bj p m .
A p m mpy v , w v b
bv, y w fm, f
w; y w f m , y , ,
f w
w pp b y p .
A , m y b y, y vy

w f m . w b
f v pp , b y
v , f y w w y
vb f m . A bj f jym mpy
w w f y, p m bm
m b w vw x . B pp m f
y : f , y w by
G w pp , v m f Hm, v b xmy
m . f m f w f , pb by f
mm x , w m v b v fm ,
; w v pf w Hm v y
y f mv.
b f y p f m m y b

w f m. A w mp G
Rm m f m pvy:
1. , auum.
2. , agntum.
3. , s.
4. , fum.
5. , plumbus: n lat G , th fm nast t th
Latn.
6. , stannum.
H als th s a gat want f cspndnc. Only n n and
lad, and pssbly n slv, a th sgns f latnshp: but n
all t s mt. In th th mtals t s ntly wantng; and n
ths whch a nast, t amunts nly t psumptv dvatn fm
a cmmn t. Th want f cmmunty n ths class f tms sms t
shw, that th ac whch was th cmmn fact f th tw natns,
was pbably nt advancd n th us f mtals bynd th lmntay
pupss.
I wll nly futh bsv, that whl s many nams ndcatv f
scal and dmstc latns a a n, nthng can b m claly
spaat than th G and th Latn _svus_. Fm ths fact
t wuld b n mpbabl nfnc, that slavy was un nwn t th
Plasgans: and th gnanc f t wuld, n th th hand, b
n th clsst hamny wth th slght cncn n wal and n
matm pusuts; snc captvty n th n, and dnappng thugh
th th, w th tw gat fds f th nsttutn. It s als
n cls cspndnc wth th futh hypthss, whch psnts
th Plasgans as pbably th ac that fst ccupd th G sl,
and fund n pdcsss upn t v whm t stablsh pltcal
pptay dmnn[546].
It may, I thn , dsv ntc n cnfmatn f th gnal
agumnt, that almst all ths G wds, whch a n cls
affnty wth th Latn, a fund n Hm. F th can b lttl
dubt that, aft hs tm, th G tngu bcam m and m
Hllnc: and th fact that a wd s Hmc suppls th mst
pbabl t n f a ln wth a Plasgan gn.

And nw lt us sum up und ths had f dscussn.
It may b sad wth vy gnal tuth, that th wds whch hav
bn qutd, and th classs t whch thy blng, hav fnc t
th pmay xpnc and t th lmntay wants and pductns f
lf: but that thy d nt tuch th ang f subjcts blngng t
cvlzatn and th hghst pws f man, such as wa, at, plcy,
and sng.
But f th vdnc gs t shw, that th Plasgan tngu suppld
bth th Latn and th G natns wth mst f th pncpal
lmntay wds, and wth ths whch xpss th man das cnnctd
wth ual ndusty, th nfnc stngly ass, 1. That thy
cnsttutd th bas f th G natn; and, 2. that, gnally
cultvats f th sl f thmslvs, th cam upn thm a tm
whn th tbs acqud th masty amng thm, s that thncfth
thy had t cultvat t und th gvnmnt f ths. Th cas f
th Plasgan vcabulay n th Latn and n th G languags wuld
thus appa t smbl th Saxn cntbutn t th Englsh tngu:
and t s l ly that smthng l th gnal pstn, whch w
nw t b dntd n th n cas, s als smlaly t b nfd n
th th.
_Evdnc fm nams f psns._
N ncnsdabl lght may, I thn , b thwn upn th chaact and
pusuts f th Plasgan and Hllnc acs spctvly, fm an
xamnatn f th tymlgy f th nams f psns cntand n th
Hmc pms. F th nams f mn, n th aly stags f scty,
a s fquntly dawn dct fm th pusuts and habts, that th
das, n whch thy a fundd, may sv t gud us t a nwldg
f th chaact and ccupatns f a ppl.
By way f summay pf that a cnnctn pvald (whth th nams
b fcttus nt, I ca nt, f ths pups, t nqu,)
btwn th Hmc nams, and th pusuts and habts f ths wh
ba thm, I may f t th nams f Phacans and Ithacans. Of th
latt, whch a numus, nt n s dvd fm th hs; and w
nw[547] that n hss w usd n Ithaca. Th fm a chfly
cmpsd f wds cnnctd wth th sa: n cnfmty wth th fact
that th pusuts f th ppl a psntd by Hm as thughly
matm.
Th nams f psns n Hm a xtmly numus, amuntng t many
hundds. It wuld b hazadus, as a gnal ul, t assum f thm
an hstcal chaact, xcpt n th cass f such ndvduals as,
fm gnal mnnc lcal cnnctn, fm sm patcula
gft ccumstanc, w l ly t b hld n mmbanc. In sm
cass, as w hav alady sn[548], thy ba th ma s f nvntn
upn thm. But ths qustn s lttl matal f th psnt
pups: and ndd th pbablty that w ught, as a gnal ul,
t gad th lss dstngushd nams as fabcatd f th pupss
f th pm, ma s t th m asnabl that w shuld tun t thm
t s hw fa thy cnnct thmslvs wth dstnctns f pusut,
chaact, and ac, and what ppts and chaactstcs, whn s
cnnctd, thy appa t ndcat as havng bn assgnd by Hm t
n ac t anth.
W must nt xpct t av at anythng btt than gnal and

appxmat cnclusns; f patcula ccumstancs, un nwn t us,
may hav vad th cus f tymlgcal nmnclatu, and t may
als happn, that n a gat numb f cass w cannt sculy tac
tymlgy at all.
Subjct t ths cautns, I wuld bsv, fst, that th vdnc
fm th sucs gnally tnds t shw,
1. That th Tjans, xcpt as t th yal hus[549], and phaps a
fw th dstngushd famls, w Plasgan.
2. That th bas f th G amy and natn w Plasgan: wth
an nfusn f Hllnc tbs, nt famls mly, wh hld th
gvnng pw and pbably fmd th upp, that s, th pptay
and mltay, class f th cmmunty, n mst pats f Gc.
3. That sm pats f th G pnnsula psnt lttl n ma f
Hllnc nfluncs; patculaly Attca and Acada.
4. That th Lycans appa t appxmat m than th th acs
n th Tjan sd t th hgh G typ, and t psnt th th
Hllnc lmnt, sm lmnt a n t t, n a ma d fm.
Th nvstgatn f ndvdual nams ccung sngly wuld b
ndlss, and ftn quvcal: but Hm fquntly unts many nams
n a gup und ccumstancs, whch authz us t assum a cmmn
gn and chaact f th psns dsgnatd: and ths, thugh h
may nt cllct thm tgth n th sam passag, a yt asscatd
n vtu f palpabl latns btwn thm.
An xamnatn f Hmc nams, n th gups thus gathd, has
bught m t th fllwng sults:
1. Wh w hav asn t psum an Hllnc xtactn, a lag
pptn f ths nams, f whch th tymlgy can b tacd,
appa t xpss das cnnctd wth gly, pltcal pw, mntal
fttud, ngy and ablty, matal cuag and stngth,
mltay patns.
2. But wh w may m asnably supps, n pat n whl, a
Plasgc stc , das f ths nd a m aly xpssd, and
anth vn f tymlgy appas, fundd n ual habts, abds,
and pusuts, th catn and ca f wldly gds, n th
ppts ccupatns lss a n t pltcal and matal pusuts,
t hgh bth and statn.
It s at th sam tm wth ma that, amng th slavs f th
Odyssy, w fnd nams f a m hgh-bn cast than ths mst
cunt amng th Plasgans. Such as Eumus (, to desie eagely
ad stive a
te), Euyclea, (ho moeove is daughte o
Ops the so
o
Peiseo,) Euymedusa (i Scheia), ad Alcippe (at Spata[550]).
Thee ee to causes, to hich this might be e
eable:
ist, that
high-bo slaves ee o
te obtaied both by kidappig ad by a;
Eumus, as e ko, as o
this class. Ad secodly, that the ames
o
thei lods may the, as o, have bee occasioally give them.
So that the high sigi
icatios coected ith sevile ames do ot
costitute a objectio to the ules hich have bee stated.
Thee is aothe class o
ames, hich equies especial otice. They
ae those hich have e

eece to the hose. The eaig ad cae o
the hose ae i Home moe coected ith the Tojas, tha ith the
Geeks: ad his stadig epithet, , s m lagly mplyd
n th Tjan sd[551]. Th hs was nt xclusvly, phaps nt
pncpally, mplyd n wa and gams. H was usd n tavllng als:
h may hav bn mplyd as a bast f budn: h ctanly dw th
plugh, thugh Hm nfms us that n ths ccupatn th mul was
pfabl.
Th pnts at whch w may xpct t fnd nams chfly Plasgan,
bsds ths whch a xpssly gvn us as such, wll b ths th:
1. In cnnctn wth sm patcula pats f Gc, spcally
Attca Acada.
2. Amng th masss f th cmmn G sldy.
3. Stll m unquvcally amng th masss f th Tjan fc, and
f th auxlas gnally; xcpt th Lycans, whm w hav sn
asn t psum t hav bn lss Plasgan, and m alld, at
last m smla, t th Hllc acs.
On th th hand w may psum
stmatn was a n t t, amng
w fnd, spcally n th G
nams apptanng t th hgh
f th cunty.
Hllc bld, what n Hms

th Lycans, and l ws whv
sd, any cnsdabl cllctn f
class astcacy f th amy,
_Nams f th Plasgan Class._

Th Hmc nams, whch a gvn us as xpssly Plasgan, a fu
nly; and thy blng t th Plasgan fc n th Tjan sd.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hppthus.
Pulus.
Lthus.
Tutamus[552].
Th tymlgy f th th fst nams sms bvus nugh: and,
thugh th psns a all uls amng th ppl, nt n f thm
unquvcally psnts th chaactstcs whch w shuld gad as
apppat n Hllc nams: althugh, fm th bng f th hghst
an , w shuld b lss supsd f th cas w thws.
As gads th fst f th fu, upn xamnng th class f nams
latng t th hs n th pms, w fnd, as fa as I hav bsvd,
nly Hppnus[553] amng th G s. Ths an ds nt claly
appa: but , th scnd fact f th wd, suppls th hgh
lmnt.
On th th sd, n addtn t Hpplchus, a nam manng
hs-ambush, wh was bth Lycan and yal, w hav Hppasus,
Hppdamas, Hppdamus, Hppcn, Hppmachus, and Hpptn. W hav
l ws,
Mlanppus, (Il. xv. 695.)
Echplus, (Il. xv. 417.)
Euppus, (Il. xv. 417.)
Ta agan Pulus, fm . m m y m p - p:
y pb f . I w

f m b f w p ,
ppp m. Hm m, m, w
pp b f mpy p m : , , and
. Thy a all n th Tjan sd.
Nxt, w hav a lag class f nams, wh a stng nfusn f th
Plasgc chaact may b xpctd: namly, ths cnnctd wth Attca.
Amng ths, th blng t ts yal hus, and n thm w fnd n
ctan fatus f th Plasgan nd. Thy a,
1. Echthus,
2. Pts,
3. Mnsthus,
}
} Fm Il. . 547-52.
}
Th last f th th, hwv, sms, f dvd fm , t blng

t th hgh class f nams.
Bsds ths th th a,
4. Phdas, }
5. Stchus, } Il. x. 690, 1.
6. Bas,
}
7. Iasus,
}
8. Sphlus, } Il. xv. 332, 7, 8.
9. Buclus. }
Nw th whl f ths a cmmands ffcs; and yt fu f
thm, Phdas (), Sh (), Sphel (),
Bl (), a n a ma d mann f th Plasgan class:
Bas (), m y p p b , m m p y f:
ymy f m I I v
p . B, B, w w m py,
v p : w f mb
m m w ( ) pm by H.
m pm, w m y b m , fm

, pm , ,
1. y, } m I. v. 136, 149, w
2. , } y b A .
3. Dm, f yp, fm . xv. 443.
A p p w m y ,
4. A I I , f .
5. An Aps, th aly pnymst f th Plpnnsus, a pat f
t[554].
Nw, thugh ths a all uls and gat psnags, th nam Dmt
s th nly n amng thm whch sms n any dg t psnt
Hllnc das: n nd that man a subdu f mn; t may as wll
man smply a ba f hss. Aps, w hav vy asn t supps,
mans th x. Lycgus, fm and ,
pp f b y .
w f w w b f b

pp w f G y.
I f I H y b f pp y

p[555]. y ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
m .
H ( f p).
.
A v I H y m;

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A.
A.
p.
Dp ( f y).
p .
A .
ym.
.
Hpp.
!w f v m mb,

, my, A, y, A , ym (fm
w w , ul), blng t what I tm th
Hllc class.
Th, namly, Tuthas, Asus, and Hlnus, d nt mmdatly suggst
a patcula dvatn.
Of Hppnus I hav alady sp n. Th th nn appa t cnfm t
th Plasgan typ. nmaus cspnds wth th Latn Bbulus.
Agan; th nams f dnay Tjans appa t blng gnally t th
sam typ.
Whn Patclus cmmncs hs xplts n th Sxtnth b , h slays
n succssn,
1. Pnus.
2. Thst, sn f
3. Enps.
4. Eualus.
5. Eumas.
6. Amphts.
7. Epalts.
8. Tlplmus, sn f
9. Damast.
10. Echs.
11. Pus.
12. Iphus.
13. Euppus, and
14. Plumlus, sn f
15. Agas.
Of ths nly Tlplmus and Pnus can wth ctanty b assgnd
t th hgh class. Damast s dubtful, l Dmt; but phaps
fm ts cnnctn wth Tlplmus, w ught t plac t n th sam
catgy. Stll t must b bsvd that Hm ta s ca t bng nt

actn aganst Patclus and th Mymdns hs favuts th Lycans,
as wll as th Tjans[556]: and that thf w a t psum n
ths lst an ntmxtu f Lycan nams.
Th nams f dnay Tjans a f th mst pat f th sam clu.
But w must ba n mnd that w cannt s asly tac th Tjan as
th G cmmnalty. Hm aly allws a G f hgh statn
dstnctn t b slan: whas th G s cntnually dsty Tjans
f mnnc. W may thf b ppad t fnd nams f th hgh
typ smwhat m fly spn ld amng th Tjan than amng th
G slan.
In th Sxth Ilad[557] a numb f th G hs dspatch
cnscutvly a lst f Tjans, whch suppls th fllwng nams:
1. Dsus.
2. Ophltus.
3. spus
4. Pdasus
{
{
{
{
{
{
Ths tw w sns f Bucln,

an llgtmat sn f Lamdn,
wh appantly nv was ac nwldgd,
but was bught up n th
lw class by hs mth Ababa.
I add ths nams t th lst:
5. Bucln.
6. Ababa (mth f Bucln).
7. Astualus.
8. Pduts.
9. Atan.
10. Abls.
11. Elatus.
12. Phylacus.
13. Mlanthus.
14. Adstus.
Amng all ths nams th s nt n whch w can wth cnfdnc
plac n th hgh catgy xcpt Atan. Dsus (cmpa ,
m v ), p , B, (fm
yy, pp by , b b v ),
v y f : pb by (w
wv f m I ), y , A,
b m y p. A (, ) has n cntay fc:
and f th st th dvatn s nt bvus.
If w ta th scnd batch f Tjans slan by Patclus, t gvs a
smwhat dffnt sult. Thy a[558],
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Adstus.
Autnus.
Echclus.
Pmus, sn f Mgas.
Epst.
Mlanppus.
Elasus.
Mulus.
Pulats.
Of ths Autnus and Epst wuld sm claly t blng t th

hgh class; t whch w may add Echclus, f t s dvd (l
Echcls, a Mymdn chftan) fm : but vn ths s
nt a lag pptn.

Nw whn w tun t th Lycans[559] slan cnscutvly by Ulysss, w
fnd a matal chang. Ths a,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Kans.
Alast.
Chmus.
Alcands.
Hals.
Nmn.
Putans.
_Of th hgh Hllnc Class._

All f ths svn vsbly blng t th hgh Hllnc d f
nams, xcpt , whch I psum may b a n t , ,
man. But ths last namd dsgnatn s als smwhat Hllc: I
dubt f w fnd amng Plasgan nams any ta n fm matm das
pusuts.
Agan, whn Achlls cms fth, th s pvdd f hm a lst f
vctms bang dstngushd nams[560], thugh pactcally un nwn as
chaacts n th pm. At th nd f th Twntth b h slays,
1. Dups.
2. Dmuchus, sn f
3. Phlt.
4. Lagnus, and
5. Dadanus, sns f
6. Bas.
7. Ts, sn f
8. Alast.
9. Mulus.
10. Echclus, sn f
11. Agn.
12. Ducaln.
13. Rgms, sn f
14. Ps, n f th Thacan lads.
15. Athus.
Nw f ths fftn nams nn, f judgd by th uls whch w hav
lad dwn, wuld claly fall nt th Plasgan, m plban,
class, xcpt Dyps, phaps Lagnus, and Bas: th nly. Ps
and Rgms (pbably a n t ) a Thacan, and may b put asd.
Sx, vz., Dmuchus, Phlt, Alast (cntast wth ths Lthus),
Echclus, Agn, and Athus, a f th Hllc class. Th ths,
Dadanus, Ts, Mulus (Il. x. 739), and Ducaln a patd fm
mnnt hstcal psnags.
In ths st f nams w bsv, n cnjunctn wth a nw nstanc
f Hms v wa ful ca n dng supm hnu t Achlls,
unquvcal vdnc, as I thn , that th pt dd dstbut hs
nams wth sm spcal manng amng hs mn, and, (s w must
supps,) gnally fquntly, nn-hstcal psnags.
And th futh nfnc may phaps b dawn f a pbabl affnty
f ac btwn th hghst Tjans and th Hllc tbs.
Ths nfnc may b supptd by anth xampl. Th numus sns
f Antn, whs nams a cllctd fm dffnt pats f th pm,
a as fllws:
1. Agn, Il. x. 59.
2. Acamas, . 823. x. 60. x. 100, _t alb_.
3. Achlchus, . 823. xv. 464.
4. Cn, x. 248.
5. Dmln, xx. 395.
6. Echclus, xx. 474.
7. Hlcan, . 123.
8. Iphdamas, x. 221.
9. Ladamas, xv. 516.
10. Ladcus, v. 87. and
11. Pdus (), v. 70.
I apphnd Ladcus shuld b cnstud, aft th mann f
Dmdcus, t sgnfy havng fam put amng th . If s, thn
f th tn lgtmat sns, ght hav nams wth an tymlgy that
dctly cnncts thm wth th hgh sgnfcatn. Th nam f th
Bastad nly s m dubtful.
Amng th Suts n Ithaca, wh a th pncs and chf mn f th
sland, wth th cnnctns, and ths f th sam class, w hav
th fllwng lst f nams f th hgh class:
Mnt.
Elatus. (cf. Il. x. 701.)
Euyads.
Euydamas.
Euymachus.
Euynmus.
Amphnmus.
Psand.
Eupths.
Antnus.
Lctus.
Lds.
Aglaus.
Damast.
Dmptlmus.
Euyads.
Mast.
Eun.
Phnus.
Nmn.
N a th nams whch hav nt bn placd n ths lst f an
ppst chaact. Thy a chfly such as hav nt an bvus
tymlgy. Tw f thm, gyptus and Plybus, w, as w nw, gat
nams n Egypt, and thy pbably ndcat a Plasgan an Egyptan
xtactn. Oths a, Halthss, Mlanus, Ctsppus, Nsus,
Antphus, Pus. Of ths, th tw, vn th th, fst may
phaps b gadd as pply Hllc.
Ta agan th sx sns f Nst:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Antlchus.
Status.
Thasymds.
Echphn.
5. Psus.
6. Atus (a n t , , ad the Aete o
Scheia).
O
these oly Peseus ould ot at oce
all ithi the class; ad this
is evidetly a most oble ame, take
om a geat Geek heo. Ideed
it must itsel
stad as a cospicuous example o
the ule, i
e shall
heea
te be able to sho[561] a elatioship betee the Hellic aces
ad Pesia as thei
outai-head.
Lastly, let us take the Mymido leades ad commades. These ee,
1. Patoclus; { ad a
te him the heads o
the
ive
so o
{ divisios.
2. Metius.
3. Meesthius.
4. Eudous.
5. Peisade, so o
6. Maimalus,
om .
7. Phix. This ame may epeset, (1) Phicia
extactio o coectio; (2) The palm
tee; (3) The colou o
ed o puple, aki to
, and t bld, whch th clu s
suppsed t bet e. I y f these three
spets, t ll f ll t the Hell l ss.
8. Almed, s f L eres.
9. Autmed.
All these mes belg t the hgher tegres. It s therefre the
geer l result f ur ury, th t herever e h ve re s ther
gruds t presume el sg rg, e fd the prper mes f
perss, uless they h e t be merely desrptve f the utry
they h bted, deded tedey t represet pe eful, prft ble,
d l brus pursuts, r the ler u ltes d dts f
m d. But herever frm ther uses e re ettled t presume
Hell rel tshp, there, s f r s smple etymlgy ll rry
us, the pers l ppell tves ppe r t ru up de s derved frm
tellet, per, mm d, ply, f me, the gre t u ltes d
hevemets f r; shrt, p rt frm relg, hh des t
ppe r t eter t the mpst f mel ture t ll, ll the
de s th t ppe l mst strgly t thse m sule f ultes f ur
r e, hh ts perfet s s vvdly eved by the Gree s t
resde.
_Evdee frm plt l d m rt l de s._
Oe mg the mst rem r ble fe tures f the Hmer ems s, ther
hghly fr rd develpmet f plt l de s very e rly st ge
f sety[562]. It seems h rdly eess ry t rgue th t these ere
f Hell rg; be use the f t s befre us, th t they m e ther
ppe r e Hmer smult eusly th the uvers l sed y f the
Hell ver the el sg trbes herever they ere t t; d
be use, mp rg the t ts tgether, e sh ll h ve s
t te the gre ter b rdess, d dlty, s t spe , f the
Trj s[563] ths respet. I ssume, therefre, thut det led
rgumet, the peul r rel t betee the Hell st d the
plt l sttuts f Greee.
r sml r re ss I sh ll tuh very brefly the rel t f the
Hell trbes t the m rt l h r ter f Greee.
We m y sder the hle Il d, hh represets flt betee

less el sg d mre el sg r es, d hh gves le r
superrty t the frmer, s geer l but desve testmy t ths
f t.
We fd ther suh testmy, th ell est blshed hstr l
h r ter, the mp rs betee the sed ry mlt ry pst
f Athes the Il d, d ts spledd dstts l ter
tmes. It s true deed, th t the Athe trps re meted
spef lly the tt up the shps, tgether th the Bt s,
Lr s, hth s, d Epe s[564]. Of these the t l tter re
lled respetvely ; th Athnans a th
, an ptht f mst dubtful chaact as appld
t slds. It sms t m plan that Hm by n mans mant th
patcula ntc f ths fv dvsns f a ma f hnu: thy
fught t b dfatd, and h ds nt us hs pm G s n that
mann. N Plpnnsan fcs a namd as havng bn ngagd n
ths ccasn. Ths pbably w th flw f th amy; and t
s mntnd n th Catalgu that th tps f Agammnn w th
bst[565]. Agan, t wll b sn, n fnc t th Catalgu,
that th whl fc f Mddl Gc s h n battl xcpt th
tlans, th cntngnt f Ulysss, and th Abants (f whm s
542-4). Ths th a all dstngushd acs, whm h sms
pupsly t hav xcludd fm a cntst, wh hnu was nt t b
gand. Th mltay cntast, thn, btwn th al and th lat
Athns, may b ta n t b stablshd: and wth t cncds that
vy ma d, thugh nmal and pacfc, tanstn f Attca fm th
xclusvly Plasgc t th fullst dvlpmnt f th cmpst G
chaact[566].
Th passag f th svnth Ilad, whch dscbs th wa f th
Pylans wth th Acadans, suggsts a l cnclusn.
Upn th whl, hwv, th _d fact_ Hllc ascndancy n Gc at
th tm s, wth fnc t wa and th stng hand vn m than
t plcy, a full psumptn f th ttl t b gadd as havng
gvn bth t th splndd mltay gnus f Gc.
Whn, f th busnss f th Tjan wa, Hm dvds th tw gat
tadtv dts[567], and assgns t th G s Pallas, th m
pltcal, ngtc, and ntllctual f th tw, t th Tjans
Apll, w may ta ths as f tslf nvlvng an asstn, that th
hgh ats f plcy and wa w pculaly Hllnc.
_Evdnc fm Gams._
W cm nw t th pncpl f what may b calld cpal ducatn,
whch fund a dvlpmnt amng th G s m fully than amng any
th natn; fst, n gymnastc xcss, gnally pusud, and,
scndly, n th gat natnal nsttutn f th Gams.
Th w, says Gt[568], tw gat hldng pnts n cmmn f
vy sctn f G s. On was th Amphctync Assmbly, whch mt
half yaly, altnatly at Dlph and at Thmpyla; gnally and
chfly f cmmn lgus pupss, but ndctly and ccasnally
mbacng pltcal and scal bjcts alng wth thm. Th th
was, th publc fstvals gams, f whch th Olympc cam fst
n mptanc; nxt, th Pythan, Nman, and Isthman: nsttutns,
whch cmbnd lgus slmnts wth catv ffusn and
haty sympaths, n a mann s mpsng and s unpaallld.
Amphctyn psnts th fst f ths nsttutns, and Athlus th

scnd.
Ths passag placs n an xtmly cla lght th latv pstn
f th Gams and th Amphctync Assmbly. Th Cuncl psntd
a lgus nsttutn, pata ng als f a pltcal chaact. Th
Gams, n th th hand, w a gymnastc clbatn, mad avalabl
f natnal gathngs: placd, as a matt f pm publc mmnt,
und th guadanshp f hgh lgus slmnts, and fd f
gat ffct, n th lat tadtn, t sm psn f th hghst
an and xtactn, as th nmnal fund. As th bjcts f th
Gams and th Cuncl w dstnct, s w th gn and hsty
dffnt; and ths dffnc muntd up nt th vy alst
ags. Ths s claly pvd by th xta-hstc and mythcal nams
assgnd t th funds, whs fant psnalty ds nt vn
sv t pss th suggstn f fctn, cnvyd wth sstbl
fc by tymlgcal cnsdatns. But th lgnd, thugh a lgnd
nly, cnfmd t th laws f pbablty, by assgnng t Amphctyn
a Thssalan bth, and by vndcatng at th sam tm t Athlus
th hgh hnu f th mmdat patnty f Jupt; whl, by
placng hm n Els t scus hs functn as th nsttut f th
ldst, namly, th Olympc Gams. In ths lgnd, t, w s Hllnc
magnatn pvdng f ts wn ancstal hnus n cmpttn,
as t w, wth ths f th sst nsttutn, whch may hav bn
Plasgan.
Th fundatn f Gams _n gn_ appas t b tacabl, wth
suffcnt clanss and upn Hmc vdnc, t th Hllc tbs.
Th lngthnd dtal f th Twnty-thd Ilad s f tslf nugh
t pv th mptanc, as an nsttutn fundd n th natnal
habts and manns. W must nt, hwv, ly upn th absnc f any
smla clbatns, vn allusns t thm, amng th Tjans;
snc th cndtn, n th ccumstancs f th wa, wll f tslf
accunt f t. But w may bsv hw clsly t blngd t th
chaact f th gatst hs t xcl n vy fat f gymnastc
stngth, as wll as n th xcss f actual wafa. Th ngs
and ladng chfs all act n th Gams, wth th qualfd xcptn
f Agammnn, whs dgnty culd nt allw hm t b actually judgd
by hs nfs, but yt wh appas as a nmnal canddat, and
cvs th cmplmnt f a pz, thugh spad th cntst f t;
and wth th xcptn als f Achlls, wh culd nt cntnd f hs
wn pzs. Agan, t s a pc f vdnc n favu f th Hllc
chaact f publc Gams, that, thugh th w th Athnan
lads alv dung th actn f th Twnty-thd B , nn f thm
t any pat. Thy w Mnsthus, Phdas, and Bas. Agan, th
spch f Ulysss t Euyalus, th saucy Phacan[569], wth th acts
whch fllwd t, stngthn th gnal tstmny f th Ilad upn
th pnt. S ds th pscutn f ths xcss, t th bst f
th pw, vn by th Phacans, th ndd f th gds.
S much f th gnal da f Gams n Hm; but, t daw th
dstnctn wth any fc btwn what s Hllc and what s Plasgc,
w must f t ths passags whch affd glmpss f th al
stat f Gc, and s what lght thy affd us.
Accdng t th Hmc txt, Els and Cnth w th ptns f
th Plpnnsus, wh th aly nts f th psnc f th Hllnc
acs a mst vdnt. Nw f ths Els had th gatst and ldst
G Gams, whl th Isthman fstval at Cnth was hld t stand
nxt t thm.
Th nvntn f ths gymnastc xcss was ascbd n th lat
mythlgy t Mcuy, wh s n Hm a Hllnc, as ppsd t
Plasgan, dty.
Mcu, facund nps Atlants,
u fs ms hmnum cntum
Vc fmast catus, t dc
M palst[570].
It has bn bsvd, that th Hms f Hm bas n tac f ths
functn: but w hav n pf n Hm f th fmal nsttutn f
Gams at all, althugh w hav cla sgns f thm as a nwn and
famla pactc; and th Mcuy f th pms s vn yt m
Phncan than h s Hllnc. Astphans[571] pducs th
, and suppls a fsh ln f cnnctn by fng t
n musc, as wll as n fats f cpal stngth and s ll. S
ds Pnda[572].
In tuth, ths Gams w th xcs and plasu f th hghst
ds nly. F w s that, n Hms Twnty-thd B , nt a
sngl psn ta s a pat n any f th ght matchs that s nt
actually namd amng th and f , w
xp y fm . y A ,
pp f y, b f Aj x, p,
(y wv bx m ,) w pp fm yy[573]
v b p f mp , v m f
. v , th n lump, pat f th bty
f Achlls, had fmly bn usd f th spt nly f a ng[574].
.
Th G Gams psupps lsu, and thf th accumulatn f
ppty, th cncntatd pssssn f lands: but ths cmpts
much m wth Hllnc than wth what w nw f Plasgc scty, n
whch w d nt fnd th sam sgns as n th fm, f an astcacy
ccupyng th mddl plac btwn th ppl at lag, and th yal
hus. Lt us nw xamn anth pat f th Hmc vdnc.
In th Elvnth Ilad, Nsts lgnd acquants us that, at th tm
f th wa btwn Pylans and Elans, Nlus th ng apppatd a
pat f th Pylan spl, n spct f a dbt wd hm n Els, th
natu f whch h xplans[575]:
,

, , .
There ere he, pl , h r r e rel rly e lhe
(fr he G me re here p e f h expl , m er
f ml rly ) Olymp : h r he yh f
Ner, r eer efre he Trj r. The re,
hh e here ee ere hee G me, re fr, he Pyl ,
ex he El , f hm Ae . I ll e ee
eqe p r f h qry[576], h h f hee re ere
Hell, Pel . Ye er ly here h here h
rely he -p rp f Pel he me.
There hever her p e f r efl fre Ner he

Tey-hr B , hh pple me eree eve h frm f
evee. Wl, y he h l phr e, l I ere y
r[577],

,
H s s sm h usm f fu G ms Es,
w s f h _T _. Th m , s w f
fuh w h , 1. Ch s, wh h s z; 2.
Bx; 3. Ws; 4. Ru; 5. Hu h s . Bu w h v
fuh ms v u ss . Th w s s s, s s
Ns, u msf; h h s xh usv um f
h s h fush h m :
,
, .
Fo the Epeas (o Elias) ad Pylias, I epeat the e
eece aleady
made. No ca I doubt that the tolias, the subjects o
eus ad
his illustious
amily, beloged to the same stock. I do ot iquie
hethe, as they ee alays i late times held to belog to the
olia bach o
the Geeks, so thei ame may have bee adically aki
to, o idetical ith, the ame o
olus, hich is o
te ith Home
. But w fnd Mlag (ndpndntly f th fnc t hm,
vdntly as a gat natnal h, n th Catalgu[578],) slctd
by Phnx f th subjct f an psd f gat lngth, and hld ut
as a wanng and xampl t Achlls[579]. It may safly b assumd
h wuld hav chsn n chaact f ths pups, xcpt that f an
h f pu Hllc gn. And th dscptn f Tydus, th fath
f Dmd, by th ptht [580], agan svs t dntfy th
tlan nam wth th Hllc acs.
Th tbs psnt, thn, at th Gams w all Hllc, and thy w
all cntmnus: th Epan nhabtants, th Pylans, nghbus n th
Suth, th tlans fm th th sd f th naw stat, whch
was th mst fquntd passag nt Plpnnsus. In fact, t was
vdntly an assmblag f th nghbung tbs; but wth a mst
ma abl xcptn, that f th astn nghbus f Els, ths
sam Acadans, whm by many sgns w a nabld t cnclud t hav
bn Plasgan.
A thd nstanc n whch Hm ntcs gymnastc xcss, s n
Il. v. 389. H Tydus, havng gn t Thbs, fnds a slmn
banqut pcdng n th palac f Etcls. Aln amng many, and n
qustnabl tms wth hs hsts, h nvthlss at nc challngs
thm t gymnastc gams, and bats thm all.
,
.
A , H, mf, , f m H, y
m mmb f y y w

b f, pp , B , mw y
: v , p y [581], b fm
, w b m w y G .
A , I. xx. 678-80, w , ,
f p, w b v m y f
G m, w v v wh ppsd hm, by

th ad f Mnva. Euyalus, th sn f Mcstus, was an Agv, and
was th cllagu f Dmd and Sthnlus. Th sam bsvatns a
applcabl h, as n th last cas.
Th s thf nthng n any n f ths cass t cnnct th
gymnastc clbatns wth th Plasgan, but vy thng t asscat
thm wth th Hllc acs.
Of th G Gams, th Pythan a ths whch, as bng und
Apll, mght mst b suspctd f Plasgc gn. But ths dd
nt appantly bgn as a natnal gymnastc fstval untl abut 586
B. C.[582] Th Olympc cntsts had thn bn gulaly cdd f
naly tw hundd yas, snc 776 B. C. And n th laws f Sln
th was a wad f 500 dachms f vy Athnan wh shuld gan
an Olympc pz, f 100 nly f an Isthman: whl f th Nman and
Pythan Gams, as bng mly lcal, thy ta n ntc. S ths
Gams, bsds bng scnday, blngd t tms much lat, and als
puly Hllnc.
Th Panathnac Gams a appantly f smla dat. And wth ths
vdnc fm th al hstc tms bf us, n mptanc can
attach t a tadtn s lat as that f Pausanas, wh ma s Thsus
fund th Panathnaca, and Lycan, sn f Plasgus, th [583].
B w w y f m , p
, ymp G m w m , y m
vy y f m , and
Jupt w sad t hav cntndd at thm f pzs. Agan, gat
fam attachd t th Gams sad t hav bn clbatd by Acastus n
th dath f hs fath Plas. Stschus, wh lvd n th svnth
cntuy, wt a pm upn thm; but Plas, th bth f Nlus, and
sn f Ty, (havng Nptun f hs fath,) was f undubtd Hllc
gn[584].
Mn nstancs f th addctn f th Hllc acs t Gams may b
fund n th cnstant pactc f th Ithacan Suts, and n th
st f th Mymdns bf Ty, dung th sclusn f Achlls,
t ths mthd f bgulng th tm[585].
Th cas stands nly a lttl lss dstnctly as t sng. Th s an
n th palac f Pam, as wll as n that f Ulysss; n n
that f Agammnn, and n n that f Alcnus. Th Muss a Olympan
Muss. Olympus ggaphcally was qut as much Hllc as Plasgan,
and n vy th sns, as I blv, fa m. W may phaps mst
faly stmat ts natnal chaact, by cntastng th Jupt
f Olympus wth th Jupt f Ddna, and th hm f th lag and
vad gup f Gcan gds wth th sltay gandu whch affds a
tac f th ld Plasgan wshp. In ths vw Olympus and th Muss
wll b claly Hllc. Futh[586], Thamys n hs bast suppss
th Muss t b cntndng aganst hm at th publc matchs. If I hav
bn cct n tacng such matchs t an Hllc suc, Thamys must
hav gadd th Muss as Hllc whn h mad ths suppstn. Agan,
Thamys hmslf s a , th t s t s y, hghl der: ths ets
hm th the Hell f the hlls, t th the el sg s f the mre
pe utry. The pl e, t, here the pushmet s flted up
Th myrs, s the dms f ylus: hh, t y r te fr term
eu l t three geer ts befre the _Tr _, h d bee Ah , th t
s, Hell[587].
Apll s dubtless bjet f el sg rshp: the Apll f
Hmer hever s t fed t the el sg s, but s by m y sgs,
s ttered thrughut the pems, pl ed lse s ell s fredly
rel ts th the hle Gree t. Amg these m y be re ed hs
ept e f the prpt t d pr yer ffered by C lh s. I truth,
thugh t s hs busess, s the rg f Jupter, t ssst the
Trj s, he here shs y f th t hstlty t ther ppets,
hh Neptue d Ju sh t them.
_As t petry d mus._
I l ter tmes, the tr dts f Orpheus, usus, d Eumlpus, l ys
, supptd th tadtn whch dvs G sng fm th
muntan tbs.
Why has Acada a mus f h wn, but bcaus th Plasgan pty s
nt th Hllc? and ds nt th putd chaact f that mus blg
us t assgn a Hllc gn t th hgh natnal pty?
Hsd, as auth f th W s and Days, s s nmusly dffnt
fm Hm n hs fam f mnd, as wll as hs dctn, that t s
had t tac, vn n th mst gnal fm, a cmplt natnal
affnty btwn thm. Th Thgny, by ts subjct, bught hm na
t Hm, but t s qut dsttut f th hc pw and f: a
calm and lw-tnd bauty, as n th lgnd f th Ags, s all t
whch Hsd v ss. T my cnjctu, h sms t psnfy th
n-stngd nstumnt whch mght suffc f Plasgan sng: whl
th Dapasn f Hm, mbacng wth ts mmasuabl swp thngs
small and thngs gat, thngs sublm and thngs hmly, all bjcts
that human xpnc had suggstd, and all thughts that th sul f
man had magnd cvd, psnts t us that G mnd, full,
vad, ngtc, lvly, pfund, xact, whch was dstnd t gv
fm f s many ags t th gnus f th wld.
I cannt hwv pat fm ths subjct, and lav th Hllnc acs
n pssssn f th hnu f havng pncpally cntbutd t
muld th pwful magnatn f th G s, wthut ntcng th
ppst cnclusn f M. Fgussn, n hs admabl Handb f
Achtctu.
H tats th G natn as mad up chfly f tw ngdnts, th
Dan and th Plasgan. H ta s th G s f th Tjan Epch t
hav bn Plasgan, and s t hav cntnud untl th tun f th
Hacld. Thn, accdng t hm, bgan th Hllnc, whch h tats
as synnymus wth th Dc, ppndanc; and, havng Spata bf
hm as th n gat Hllc typ, h bsvs that th ac was fa
btt adaptd f th ats f wa and slf-gvnmnt, than f th
sft ats f pty and pac[588].
But th suppstn f a Plasgc supmacy n Hmc Gc, s
cntay t all th vdnc affdd by th txt f Hm, and, I
thn w may add, t th blf al f ancnt and f mdn tms.
Evn th lmtd pat f th Hmc vdnc whch s cnnctd wth
th nams and , sms lag nugh t vthw any such
hypthss. Thugh th Dan ac was Hllnc, t was appantly
a lat utgwth fm th stc , and has n ptnsn whatv t
b cnsdd as th unvsal typ f ts pducts. In Spata, th
xcssv dvlpmnt f plcy was dubtlss unfavuabl t human
xcllnc n th fms; amng ths, t pty and at. Stll,
nth vs, musc, n achtctu a dscnnctd fm th Dan
nam and ac. It sms qut mpssbl t f th wa-pty f
th Ilad, th gandst n th wld, f ts gn t a ppl s
unwal , n fnc spcally t th changful, mantc, and
ptc sd f wa, as th Plasg.
Th advntuus tn and tnu f th Odyssy, and ts wd ang v
th wld, and v th sa, a as lttl n png wth what w can
s f Plasgc habts n th hc ag. Abv all, that lagnss and
unmpad unvsalty f typ, whch blngs t human chaact as
dawn by Hm, and spcally t Achlls and Ulysss, dmnstat (I
cannt us a wa wd) that all th matals f Gcan gatnss
w n hs tm fully pnd.
_Plasgan sns f bauty._
At th sam tm t s nt ncssay t dny, that th Plasgans
may hav bn ndwd wth a hgh sns f bauty. Nt that Hm
appas t hav had a vvd cncptn f bauty n cnnctn wth
achtctu, th gat putd accmplshmnt; f h sms, n th
cntay, t hav had lttl da f namnt n buldngs, bynd
th blaz f plats f plshd mtal: fa dffnt h fm what
h shws hmslf t b n dalng wth dss, amu, th fms
f mn and hss. But w hav bf us th fact that thugh Athns
tslf pmnntly, and l ws thugh ts clns t th ast, th
G ac and n aft-tms th vy hghst hnus n pty
and th fn ats. On th n hand, hwv, a lag sha f ths
hnus, spcally n aly tms, fll t th sha f th ac
calld lan, whch was claly Hllc, and a pncpal pat f th
Hllc famly. On th th hand, Acada, whch mand m puly
Plasgan, whl Athns cvd all sts f mxtus, nv attand
t hgh dstnctn n at, n s abv a mdst and tanqul stan
f vs. Th gat tagdans and th gat atsts w f a ac
th mst cmpst n all Gc. Th natual nfnc wuld sm t
b, that whatv th Plasgans may hav cntbutd t th gnal
sult, hwv thy may hav affdd f pty and at (as als thy
dd f wa) a gd aw matal, t was nly whn n cmbnatn wth
th lmnts fm th sucs, that thy culd attan t gat
pactcal xcllnc. A lvly sns f bauty s, dubtlss, nt nly
a cndtn, but vn a fundatn: yt a gat gansng pw s as
ncssay f th pductn f th gat w s f magnatn, as
t was t Lycugus f th Spatan cnsttutn, t Asttl f
phlsphcal analyss and cnstuctn; and ths was th cmmandng
and svgn faculty n a mnd such as that f Hm.
Th cnnctn btwn th Hmc G s and th tadtns f
huntsmn s, I thn , suffcntly vdnt fm Hm. Hs huntng
lgnds, and th multtud f hs huntng smls, a s many sgns f
t; and many ndcatns, I thn , cncu twads fmng a blf that
th G s wd th fndnss f th chac t th Hllc, nt t
th Plasgc habts and bld.
I ta fst th latn btwn Achlls and hs nstucts.
Chn was th tach f Achlls n th sugcal at, whl Phnx
had chag f hs hgh ducatn. Sugy and wa wuld bvusly
g tgth. But Chn t gav hs fath th ashn spa fm
Pln, whch nn but Achlls culd wld: h was th mst cvlzd
() f th Cntaus, th n t whm th das f ght, n
whch scty s fundd, w mst cngnal. But h sms t dwll
n Munt Pln, nt l Phnx, n th cut f Plus; h s,
thf, wthut dubt, a huntsman, and s n fact a ln btwn th
ld and ud, and th nw and m cvlzd lf f th Hllc tbs.
Agan. Of th Hllc lgnds f Hm, whch a nt n all vy
numus, tw hav huntng f th subjct: as,
1. That f th Calydnan Ba n Il. x.
2. That f th vst f Ulysss t th cut f Autlycus, n Od. xx.
Nw ths tw lgnds a th nly ns n th pms, that d nt
lat t wa. Thugh th Tjans dwlt by Ida, w nv ha f th
hunts: but th pncs fd shp upn ts slps, tnd hss n
th plan blw.
_Evdnc as t huntng._
Evn apat fm patcula vdnc, w mght psum that, f th
natn dvd ts wal tun fm a Hllc suc, s t must
l ws hav bn wth huntng, whch was nxt f n t wa.
Lastly, f ths suppstn b cct, t hlps t accunt f what
s thws an anmaly n th pms. Dana fghts n th Tjan sd:
yt w fnd n vdnc that sh was wshppd amng th Tjans,
vn nwn t thm n th chaact, n whch sh has th gatst
mythcal clbty. Sh s mntnd but nc, I thn , amng thm; t
s by Andmach, and that s as havng put a pd t h mths
lf[589], nwh n h chaact as a huntss. But amng th G s
sh cnstantly appas thws than as n cnnctn wth dath. H
pthts, , , , f m b
, m m f f my f D
m m b. A , H mp pp .
m f " y m p m f
w p p [590];
p p m f w b p m.
! [591] b y mp , m
b y ym . w m
m j , pp y v f
w (w f) fm v [592];
H f, w p my m v
b f b f : w , , pp
m pf f f H b p.
_v v ._
I y j w f G f v
b f y . y, f
w , w m . W v
y m m y w w pp by w,
pp b y m f p fm . W
fm m m x f A m
m f Hm,
f mp , w m m y
y, b m y, . ,
f p pp f A
y, w y f p, ff v
. A , vy m b , pp by
w f p m j , w
w y f v b f m m
pw. Y v p b f m ff
[593], b f m pp I
v b v f m y. , Hm
f f f mv f H

. Am m y b m, w mb
v f H: ff f [594] mp y
m jy b G: j f !pm[595]
y: f v f Im[596] p bf
w : m f [597] f f
: jy f ![598] y: p v
f Ay I , f y Uy[599] Ay:
v f m y f w f v
v b[600]: x f p f w f G m
[601]: m f mb fm p f
f f m[602]: y, vy f vy
f Uy f bj f p f yy,
f . A w pp b
-v yp , w v f H b y
ymp w , m f
v .
m
v
w

p f -Uy yy, w

v v p,
w f , p pp
. H b , b v p w [603].
,
,

.
It s als plan, fm tw ccumstancs at last, that Hm gadd

tavllng as n gat mans f mntal and pactcal cultu. On s,
that h dscbs ths bnft as attand n th cas f hs gat
h Ulysss;

...
, [604].
The her h , he very rem r le mle f he Thh, he
re r vell he re ml he rh f he m f
m :
,

, [605].
Both as to avigatio the, ad as to locomotio, hich stad ealy
elated to each othe, it ould seem that e ought pobably to egad
the Hellic stock as the paet o
the Geek accomplishmet.
_Summay o
the case._
A
te this laboious ad micoscopic ivestigatio, e may o be
justi
ied i takig a suvey moe at ease o
the goud hich e have
tavesed so sloly, ad i edeavouig to embody ou geeal esults
i a ude sketch o
the successio, places, ad
uctios o
the to
geat aces o
ealy Geece.
Relyig, thee
oe, upo hat has bee poduced i the ay o
poo
,
I ill poceed to
ill up its itestices ith such cojectues as
pobable easoig ill supply.
The Geek atio as oigially

omed o
to geat coe
iciets, the
Hellic ad Pelasgic aces espectively: ad thee is o evidece, that
ay othe ace eteed lagely ito its compositio, o modi
ied it
sesibly: although idividual
oeiges o compaies o
emigats,
hich le
t little impessio o the ames o
disticts o aces, may
otithstadig have execised a poe
ul i
luece
om time to time.
We may coside the Leleges, Caucoes, ad othe pe-Helleic tibes as
baches o
the Pelasgia
amily, o as aki to it athe tha to the
Hellic stem.
Thee is Homeic ad post-Homeic evidece, hich seems to she us the
Pelasgias established though Geece
om Macedoia i the oth,
to Cete i the south: as ell as i Italy, ad elsehee beyod the
bodes o
Geece.
It is o the hole most pobable, that the Pelasgias picipally
eteed Geece
om the south by Cete; but they may have eteed
it i both diectios. I eithe case, thee is o othe people
to dispute ith them i cotietal Geece the title o
its
ist
egula settles. They chose thei habitatios i the plais, ad
ee essetially a lolad people. It is eve likely that they deive
thei ame
om this chaacteistic, ad that it maks them at oce as
agicultuists.
As espects the
pobably commo
that the Helli,
itepetes o
eligio o
Geece, its most essetial
eatues ee
to the to aces: a piciple illustated by the
act
by a kid o
atual successio, become the ades ad
the geat Pelasgia shie o
Jupite at Dodoa.
The
ist
om o
the eligio o
Geece as pobably due to
the Pelasgias; ad moeove it ould appea to be
om them
that it eceived, i the mai, its itual ad hieachical, as
cotadistiguished
om its imagiative, developmet. They appea to
have icopoated it i visible istitutios, ad to have give social
ode to the couty; pobably i that
om i hich me live spasely,
ad ot i the lage aggegatios o
cosideable cities. But social
ode i ay
om implies some meas o
de
ece agaist the laless:
ad e must vie the Pelasgias as havig itoduced the costuctio
o
oks o
this class, hich ee the o
pime ecessity to the
existece o
commuities. Thei stadig pusuit as evidetly that o
agicultue: the oly lik o

coectio established by Home betee
them ad the beauti
ul i at, is the doubt
ul oe o
the epithets
[606] h hu f h s f
P m P s sv.
I , h P s , huh whu h vv m m f
h H s, wu h v h v s
h .
Th s m f P s mm , fw hf hw , s m
h u-s m f H s, fm h hh
f h H, whh h s s h mu s h
h f Thss .
Th h suhw us vs h s m us whh h
P s h u; sussv s f mm s
fh fm h s ff ms, s h ssu f
u h m s f suss u , u ff
ms, h fm h s.
I h s f mu s, sm, s uss,

us: u s h u s fh, m h w
m f vu s f hs s f, h
s f vm f s, h ssum w
h .
B h v, h m vwh h
m . P w f h h s: h su h
m vus, u , m v m h wfu
ms f h G m. Of h P s m s
ffu s f m : u h h
m su , mvm, wh , whh m s h
m f G.
F m x sv h h P s sss, h H s
v hmsvs f h v s whh h u ffs
f x v , whh w s s ss s m s h f
mmu , f h ms f vz fm
. Th w us u sus, h Ph
m s. Th v h P s h m
vsf mh: h z h vs w h
wh hum u, s sh hs u v sv
s w h s h us shs f
xs, whh h ss f h G mh. Th ss
f h ufu hm h h h m f m
wh h us f , wh h m v w u
m hm h h s js sh s w fm
h vs w, u h s wh sms sss
w fm h sh f v x.
Th ws uh wh hm h m s m f h G
ssm, h u f h ; h m vs f hs
u , ju wh wfu m s f u,
h G ms whh m s f mus huh s m s.
Th s m u s whh fu mm f sh h s
f h h v, w ws us u h s wh h
s, h f hs h fm f s.
Of hs w h Ah s, wh h w xs huh
G, v s h fs f mus s ,
h whh h h Hm ms. Fm h s m su
h Hs, v v s , h Mms.
U h Ah m, us s s ss,
u wh h Ps, h P s, Ch s,
E s, Mms, L s. N w h s
u hs f ms whs w xs susu
mss s f G wh h m.
Wh m s ms, h fms jms,
h wh h s, mvm, su f f, f h
H f h G ss, s fm fm hm,
h P s m, huh ss w h suf , u
v wh vu; m h sss whh fm
h s _sus um_ f s, hs whh u us, f
hs whh mh usus , fm whh h
u suf , wh xh us h fm f s
fus, m w v s sussv s s f w m s
v s v fs.
Wh Hm hmsf sms s h uu w h

fuss, h m f vs w, f h ms G
m, w h v, h u s s f Hs, f h
uv h s s hm, h jus u
xmf f h w mh x P s .
_S s s H P s._
I , s w s Hm ms, h A s sm h ms
m m h v xh h P s s f h G m
f: h shw muh h s m h H
s, s h f h S xs h Nm hv . L h S xs,
w s v h h f : h w
: b y p , w
v z pw, y w b mp ,
f y v w y: w , fm
, y w w f f ppy
w by m vv mp m
bv m.
Am p w f vp, vy p , w
f mp m f G . f
p f y f H , by w , b y, y
pv fm m f y, w ff
y.
A , f f by,
m p f m : m w m y
m w, b w m mmb G p fy
vw w w v pp fm , m y b p,
w y fm p , my, f f by x
p fm m b.
I w A , wv, w v ff f x b
f m y f G :
ff , by w w f ff f,
pb by m y v b f f w b by
v mm f ff G , w
b p m f y f m , w , w
v , y m v b p .
H w y x b b f ; b , ,
; , A , f
pp , w m f m;
w , w A[607], f f
w p f ; b m m
y G , v f ,
w mp G m pp v w
H f. H b f w ,
H[608], m fm H
: y m w y vb b
y f p .
y w y w , pp , H

b, m w fm pvy f
f, f b vp m z pw,
vz , y w , p , v
, b.
H, v
H , v m, v
fm ; w y p w ,

y H b H, v y y
v v m . I
b, y w m
w f Hm[609], m y
w p m pp f Jp.
v Hm m, y v vy f f b
b m: f w G f fm
D , y f w , p b ,
y , bf y b w- m [610].
py f w mb, f pp

w , m b v f p ;
w , fm v f m , w
b pb b p f m fm .
B y , w fm py f p
y, fm v y p m m
p f , y f Hm, pp y
H p, p y mp, y m v f
, w m[611]. p x f
pp p p p pm f
m y, p f f H
m, f w y A p v
m f f m vb y:
, , p-Hm , w pp by
ym fm , y fm f H.
y, , w y f H H
, b w m. y w p f m,
w mx f , y b m
G b ymp : w fm pv
f , f , , w may als
f t ts m Plasgan chaact th appant fact, that t was
nt s labl t pltcal chang, , as w th lss
Plasgan pats f Gc. Whn, aft cntus f vcsstud, th
utwad nts f ts gnal bld w almst gn, Plasgan flng
stll suvvd: f Thucydds lats that, whn Basdas ntd
Thssaly at th had f th Lacdmnan amy, h fund th mass f th
ppl attachd by affctn t th Athnan caus, and had t ly n
astcatc nflunc t funsh hm wth guds[612].
FOOTNOTES:
[516] S Studs n th Th-mythlgy f Hm.
[517] Fast, . 39.
[518] D Nat. D. . 27.
[519] Lv. Hst. Rm. v. 25, 29.
[520] Exc. v. ad n. v. S Bwns Hsty f Rman Ltatu,
chap. v. p. 129, and chap. . p. 41. Als Dunlps Hst. Rm.
Ltatu, vl. . p. 56.
[521] S Th Tjans.
[522] Plyb. v. 56, sct. 6-12.
[523] Dnysus, b. . 18-21.
[524] Id., b. v. 38. S als Cc. Dv. . 2.

[525] Smths Dct., At. Fast.
[526] Acts xv. 22.
[527] Outam d Sacf. b. . ch. v. sct. 3.
[528] Exdus x. 12-16, and Lvt. v. 1-13. 1 Sam. xv. 2, &c. S
Calmts Dct. Tayls Edtn, 1838. At. Pst.
[529] Hb. v. 4.
[530] Bwns Rman Classcal Ltatu, ch. . p. 13.
[531] H. d At. Pt. v. 53.
[532] Ha and Thlwalls Nbuh, vl. . p. 65.
[533] H Plasg. ch. v.
[534] Schst Thl. Lpzg, 1838.
[535] Appld pncpally t th shuld f anmals by th Latns.
[536] Th ln f dal cnnctn s t b fund n th sacfcal
ffc f th pmtv _x_.
[537] Sctt and Lddll _n vc._
[538] Cmpa th Hmc dvatn f fm , .
xx. 407.
[539] D.
[540] .
[541] p w G .
[542] , b. . . 96.
[543] I. xx. 123.
[544] A . x. 952.
[545] Bm x. v. .
[546] Cmpa sup. p. 237.
[547] Od. . 601-8. Th nams f Ctsppus and Elatus amng th
Suts a latd t hss: but all th slands w nt s ugh as
Ithaca, and sm f th nbls may, l Ulysss, hav had pastus n
th cntnnt. (Od. xv. 100.)
[548] Sup. p. 256.
[549] Inf. sct. x.
[550] Od. . 347. v. 8. v. 124.
[551] S Mus Hst. Lt. Gc, vl. . p. 86.

[552] Il. . 840-3.
[553] Il. x. 303.
[554] S nf. sct. v.
[555] Il. v. 705-7.
[556] Il. xv. vv. 369, 393, 419, 422.
[557] Il. v. 20-37.
[558] Il. xv. 694.
[559] Il. v. 677, 8.
[560] Il. xx. 455-87.
[561] Inf. sct. x.
[562] S Studs n Plcy.
[563] S Studs n Th Tjans.
[564] Il. x. 685.
[565] Il. . 577.
[566] Hd. . 56.
[567] S Studs n Rlgn, sct. 2.
[568] Hst. f Gc, vl. . p. 137.
[569] Od. v. 179.
[570] H. Od. . 10. 1.
[571] Plutus 1162.
[572] Pyth. . 18. Nm. x. 98. Isthm. 85.
[573] Od. v. 493. x. 592.
[574] Il. xx. 827.
[575] Il. x. 699-702.
[576] Vd. nf. sct. v.
[577] xx. 629.
[578] Il. . 642.
[579] Il. x. 529-99.
[580] Il. v. 399.
[581] Sup. pp. 167, 242, and s Th Out Ggaphy f th Odyssy.
[582] Gts Hst. . 322.
[583] Paus. v. 2. 1.
[584] Gts Hst. Gc, . 160.
[585] Il. . 773.
[586] Il. . 597, 8.
[587] On Plasgan musc s Mlls Dans, . p. 367 (tansl.)
[588] Fgussns Illustatd Handb f Achtctu, b v. chap.
.
[589] Il. v. 428.
[590] Il. x. 533.
[591] Od. v. 102.
[592] S nfa, Studs n Rlgn, sct. .
[593] Il. v. 62.
[594] Od. xv. 80.
[595] Od. x. 506.
[596] Il. . 232.
[597] Od. x. 322.
[598] Il. . 269.
[599] Od. xx. 399, 413.
[600] Od. . 267. xx. 16.
[601] Il. x. 698-702. Od. v. 364. xv. 327.
[602] Il. xx. 629-43.
[603] Od. xv. 222.
[604] Od. . 1-3.
[605] Il. xv. 80.
[606] Il. v. 242, 315.
[607] Paus. . 14. 2.
[608] Hd. . 56.
[609] Il. xv. 235.
[610] Il. x. 537-9.

[611] Hs. Fagm. xv.
[612] Thuc. v. 78.
SECT. VIII.
_On th th gat Hmc appllatvs._
_a._ Danaans. _b._ Agvs. _c._ Achans.
W nw cm t th gat Hmc appllatvs, Danaan, Agv, and
Achan. As Thucydds has sad (. 3), ,
, . Why has th gat hstan aangd
th th nams n ths d? It cannt b wth fnc t th
cmpaatv fquncy f th us: f th fst s mplyd th
smallst numb f tms, and th thd s by fa th mst fqunt.
F th psnt lt us pstpn s ng aft th caus; and smply
nt t as pbabl, vn f n m than pbabl, that th _s_ a
caus.
_Mds f fmatn f Nams f Ppls._
Lt m, by way f pfac t th xamnatn f ths nams, cnsd
th vaus ways n whch, s fa as w hav th mans f tacng thm
(whch s but t a lmtd xtnt), th nams attachd by Hm t th
nhabtants f patcula cunts a dvd.
Thy appa t cm th
1. Fm an pnymst dctly, wh s als an gnal fund, as
, , fm Dadanus, and Ts, n latn t Dadana and
Tja spctvly.
2. Fm th land thy lv n: and thus fm an pnymst, f th has
gnally bn n f th tty.
F xampl, w fnd fm , hich agai as
deived
om . In a cas l ths, whn th appllatn f
th ppl cms nt dctly, but mdatly fm th nam-gv, a
ttal dsgnatn ntvnng, w can daw n nfnc as t
th nnss f ac btwn thm and hm. Thus n th cas bf us,
, w , has ot as o
ecessity, ay
coectio hateve ith psnally.
3. Fm th land thy lv n, as dscbd by ts mst pmnnt
physcal chaactstc.
F xampl, th Thacans (), must vdntly b s calld fm
th ughnss f th cunty, as a cgnat wd t , whch s
thus appld t Ithaca,
, . Odyss. x. 27.
Agan, fm , th dstct aftwads calld Acha, w hav,
n lat G [613], th nam f th nhabtants. Ths ds
nt ccu n Hm, but w hav what s quvalnt t t n th nam f
, w w wf f Dm, f A , fm
f y . f pp f
pp, b , b v
b .
4. m f pp m y b v y fm f
pp . w w m v fm , ths
n ts tun can nly b dawn fm th .
5. I f A , w f m f
pp v fm f y.
6. I pm b, , pp
m fm v . I m y pb
xp , f x mp, m , whch nwh cnncts
tslf wth any f th fgng sucs f pnymsm, thws than
by fnc t an ndvdual Cadmus, whm Hm mntns n Od. v. 333.
Th da pvals xtnsvly, at last by suffanc, that ths th
gat nams a n Hm m synnyms, and hav n fnc t any
actual and hstcal dffncs, th xstng whn Hm wt,
nwn by hm t hav xstd at a pvus pd.
Ths qustn t s ppsd nw t xamn. I cmmnc by ma ng a
bad admssn. It s ths.
Upn th fac f th pms, and n almst all dnay ccasns,
Hm sms at fst sght t us, and h vy fquntly ds us,
as quvalnt and ntchangabl, ths th pncpal dsgnatns
whch h appls t th G s n cmmn.
_Hms us f thm dstnctv._
It s a vy mptant qustn, hwv, whth Hm nw f and
bsvd any dstnctns btwn ths nams. F f h dd, thn
ths m cmmnplac wds, as thy a ta n t b, may nvlv n
thm th gm f much aly hsty.
In ths nvstgatn, w hav th advantag f dalng n gat
pat, nt wth m tadtnal asstn, but wth facts. Th us f
patcula nams, at patcula pchs, f patcula tbs, affds
(f th txt can b tustd f gnunnss) a class f vdnc
analgus t that suppld by cns and nscptns f hsty,
that affdd by glgcal phnmna wth spct t th fmatn f
th glb.
Th pms f Hm, patculaly th Ilad, abund n passags latng
t p ccuncs. Ths passags a nt n gnal f a hgh
d f ptcal bauty, as cmpad wth th st f th pm; thy
ftn caus th actn t hang ath havly; many f thm ma
up th spchs f ld mn, whs natual lanng t lquacty t
appas that th Pt has, wth hs usual s ll, mad t mnst
t th accmplshmnt f hs wn ma d hstc ams. But thy a
psts std, w may almst say pac d, wth th mst cuus
and suggstv nfmatn.
Sm f thm may b wthut dat: but th tm s gnally fxd
wthn lmts suffcntly cls, th by gnalgs, by th
pd n th lvs f th naats, t whch th tals blng. Th
wa f th Elans and Pylans n th Elvnth B t plac n th
byhd f Nst: pbably fm ffty t sxty yas bf th wa
f Ty. Th bth f Euysthus, latd n th Nntnth B , was
pbably al stll by tn twnty yas. Th th lgnds fall
nt th ntval btwn ths vnts and th _Tca_. Nw f w can
tac a dffnc n th applcatn by Hm f hs appllatvs,
th as t th tms th placs, h may hby cnclusvly,
thugh uncnscusly, tll us a gd dal abut hs vw f th
succssn, and th lcal dstbutn, f ulng acs n Gc.
Such a ul f dffnc s asy t b tacd.
F xampl. In th Catalgu[614] and lswh, f n th cus f
th actn h fs t th slds wh pcdd fm th cunty
aftwads calld Bta, h calls thm . But wh Agammnn
has, ath ma s, ccasn t tll a sty f th sam ppl
actng n p hsty, h calls thm, nt , but e ,
and nc by th quvalnt nam [615]. Th tal s an accunt
f th mssn f Tydus fm Thbs t Mycn, n cmpany wth
Plyncs, whch had ccud und th Plpd dynasty.
In ths sty t appas, that Tydus and Plyncs, fst btand
a pms f th hlp thy wantd; but that, aft thy had dpatd,
th was a chang f slutn. Hnc mssngs w snt t
acquant Tydus, and appantly t call th fc. Th xpssn s
(Il. v. 384),
.
An allusn t ths ccunc s agan put nt th muth f Mnva
n Il. v. 800-7. Th smblanc n th nams usd s s pcs as
t b almst _pcsan_. Agan, th Mycnans a namd nc, and
namd as . Agan, th Thbans a namd twc, and nc t s as
, nc as .
_Pfs f th dstnctv us._
Ths tw nstancs ftfy n anth t such a dg by th
cncunc, that, as I wuld submt, thy wuld, vn f thy std
aln, amunt t a dmnstatn that Hm had gad t th tms
and ccumstancs und whch th sval acs pvald, n ths
passags f hs w whch f t patcula ncdnts f p
hsty, psnal and lcal. But th s n lac f th vdnc.
Fst, w hav th pcs f p hsty, whch affct th sam
ptn f Gc. Th fst f ths pbably pcdd th _Tca_
by nly tw, , at th utmst, tw and a half gnatns. It s th
accunt f th bth f Euysthus, gvn by Agammnn hmslf n th
Nntnth B . Th scn f t s dscbd as . He
ca t deed by t e ame, w c t t be at t e tme w e e
ke, ad w c wa udetd by t e eae, f t emaed t e
ame cuty a t ad bee fme tme. But t e ame ee, w
t e tme f Tydeu, vg ude t e Ped, wee ,
the tme f Eurystheus, d therefre befre the predm e f the
elpds, re desrbed s . In Il. xx. 122, Jun thus spa s
f th bth f Euysthus
, .
A , v. 124, m m .

A , pp fm x I , w xp
Bp b m m, w f (Il. v. 158);
,
.
Ar exr -Hmer r , Pr he rher f
Eryhe. Ar Hmer, h per exe ver Ephyre, ver
he Arve: l y e ere he rl he e,
he ry fer r lle he Ar f he Ah , h me
p r f hh he m h ve rle. B ell h he ry f
Pr, he ry f Eryhe, h referee he me e f
Pelpe, erely f e h e her, he ex
f Hmer, re elf, ll he je f e h h per,
ly y he me , nv r .
Thus, n gnatn bf th _Tca_ h calls ppl Achans, and
calls thm by that nam nly, whm n tw gnatns al h
dscbs, and patdly and unfmly dscbs, as havng bn
Agvs. Th can hadly b stng ccumstantal vdnc f th
fact, that t ach tm h attachd ts wn spcal manng.
And yt t s nt smply that Hm has mad th Agv th m
ancnt, and th Achan th m cnt, nam. On th cntay, h uss
bth th n and th th wth ma d spct t plac as wll as t
tm. F at th gat Agv pch h has Achans: and at th gat
Achan pch, that f th pms, h has Agv asscatns, and a
lcal Agv dsgnatn, stll manng.
In th Elvnth B , Nst dtans Patclus wth a spch f
gat lngth. In th bgnnng f ths haangu, h fs t th
ccumstancs f th mmnt, and, havng ndd hs pfac, h tavls
bac t hs wn aly yuth, ndd almst hs chldhd, t gv th
sty f a wa, fay, btwn th Epans and th Pylans. Whn
h has ndd ths tal, h tuns t th actual pstn f affas
bf Ty.
In th naatv f ths ad[616], h cmmnly tms th n sd
Epans, and th th Pylans. But h nc calls th Epans, wh w
nhabtants f Els, Elans. Ths s natual nugh: f as th Elan
nam aftwads (and s sn as n th tm f Hm) pvald n
that ac and cunty, t mght vy wll hav bn alady bgnnng
t cm nt us. But h als calls th Pylans Achans; and h uss
th nam dstnctvly, f t s wh h s spa ng f thm as th
cnqung paty[617]. F ths th s claly n cspndng
asn. It s qually cla that Hm ds nt call th Pylans
, smply the sese f beg Gree s, fr the the me uld
t h ve bee dsttve: the eemy t uld h ve bee luded th
them, hh uld tur the p ss ge t sese. Hmer, the, (there
s ther lter tve) me s t s y th t the yl s ere, sme
p rtul r sese, f the Ah r e.
Ths s the mre rthy f rem r , he e l t the pre mble d
perr t f the speeh. r bth f these, hh refer t the
hle bdy f the Gree s d t the Trj eph, he emplys hs usu l
mes, d lls them bth D s ( , v. 665,
v. 797), Av ( , v. 667): f y A (
, 800).
Thus the he calls the Pylias Achas at the time of the Agive
peomiace: fo this local wa coul haly have bee moe tha te
o twety yeas afte the bith of Euystheus, a must theefoe have
bee befoe, o else uig his eig; that is to say, at a time whe
his ow subjects ae calle .
Agan. Hm uss th wd n th fmnn sngula fftn
tms. Twc t s wth fnc t Jun. Of cus ths applcatn
f th tm s fguatv. But thugh t b fguatv, th fgu
s vdntly fundd n h cls and ntmat latn, nt t th
G s at lag nly, but t th Agv nam; and t th psns, but
m patculaly t th plac, that was s spcally asscatd wth
t[618].
In all th th thtn placs, th ptht s jnd wth th nam
f Hln. Ds t f h man smply G , smthng spcal and
bynd ths? Nw f t mant smply G , t wuld b stang that
sh s nv calld, I wll nt say , because the Daaa ame has
o sigula use i Home, but cetaily o . Espcally as
th wd s usd as an ptht, b t mmbd, many tms
ftn, than s : and t aln s usd t dscb th wmn f
Gc gnally.
Agan, f th ptht Agv, as appld t Hln, mant smply G ,
t mght b sutabl nugh n th muth f a Tjan spa ng amng
Tjans, but t wuld hav bn wa and unmanng, and thf mst
unl Hm, n th muth f a G a fnd f G s; whn,
as n th Odyssy[619], Hln s n lng amng stangs, but at
hm. Yt t s usd n th fllwng passags amng ths, (1) by
Jun t Mnva, Il. . 161, (2) by Mnva t Ulysss, Il. . 177;
and h n a na juxtapstn wth th Achan appllatv, whch
gs fa t pv f tslf that m m pf
my G . p ,
,
.
I b w Hm v p pxmy w p
w m m f [620]. y w b , f
A A m m G : b f
v , w w m . (3) I by
A mm, I. . 458, j ; (4) I. v. 174,
; (5) I. x. 140, G .
I m , fm v m , ,
pp H, m m m ff fm m f
b G .
! ff f m . Hm v b

w fm x f H. H
mm [621], m y m [622]. I
I w b f x,
v yy w m b f y
[623]. W y w w w fm m. B
mm , w m m v p,
y w Hm. ,
w fm f y , w
p Av pw m pv ; H,
f y , w v , y
w m Av H. m y w b wf y, w
pp w m f m w m p y

ppp m f A mm, f p.
y w w , m f A , fm
W vpw p Av pw f ,
w y by m : f y Av
p f w vv y H
ym , p p , ,
wf wf f , w v y
m f w p b f f.
H v, I , jfy bf m
f m m f Hm f w m
m , w, m , p
x m w m .
_ D f Hm._
Am Hm pp v,
f , w pm by . w , frm
the mp r tve p uty f the sgs d d ts eted th t,
evdetly sers t ths desrpt.
We ll t e frst the Hmer, d the the l ter, evdee respetg
t. Of the frmer, the gre ter umber f p rtul rs re eg tve.
Ideed e h ve but t pstve tes t dell up; bth f these,
hever, re f gre t mprt e.
1. The D me s th Hmer st dg ppell t f the Gree s.
I th , hever, t be sh th t t ever me s the Gree t,
but l ys the Gree rm met r sldery.
It s used the Il d e hudred d frty-seve tmes. The me
s mplyd ftn, namly, n hundd and svnty-svn
tms n th plual, bsds lvn tms n th sngula as a psnal
ptht: and muh mre freuetly stll.
_Hs epthets fr the three desg ts._
If e bserve the sh dgs, tt hed t these rds respetvely by
me s f the epthets hh Hmer ees t them, e sh ll fd they
est blsh pereptble dstts.
The epthets f re elusvely mlt ry epthets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
p f a as fllws:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
, I. v. 242. xv. 479.

, I. xv. 479.
, Il. xx. 429.
, I. xx. 269.
, Il. v. 242.
Upn ths w may bsv, fst, that thy a fw n numb;
scndly, that thy a usd wth xtm aty; bng nly appld
n fu passags altgth, whas th wd h s epthets
tety-t. Thrdly, ths rd ly te the hle f the pems
h s mlt ry epthet tt hed t t. r I must fll thse, h d
t tr sl te p w : (1) b
G w , (2) b v fm ,
h v, v h ss f , h mss x wh
h m h s : w (3) f
pmpv, b Hm by m v, ,
ms s .
Th hs f re umerus, hghly v red, d f very
freuet use. They re these:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
p y y p ,

y m y b f mp,
(1) w w f p , vy y .
(2) W pv f p:
.
,
(3) Wds ndcatng that dspstn t bag, whch s m lss

tacabl n th mltay cnduct f th G s, as wll as glangly
palpabl amng th Tjans.
(4) Wds dscptv f psnal bauty: and .
(5) Th wd , whch sgnfs gnally th pssssn f sm
nd f xcllnc.
(6) Wds latng t wll mad and wll fnshd amu: ,
, .
And f th pthts f th th appllatvs spctvly w may say,
(1) Ths f re hghly dversfed, eteded, d elev ted
me g: d re t sut ble fr slders elusvely.
(2) Thse f a s slght and a that thy may b passd
v.
(3) Ths f re mst prperly ether thse f hefs, r f
t t l rge, but f sldery.

I the Odyssey the D me s used thrtee tmes: but t ever
sgfes ether the Gree s tempr ry th the t f th t
pem, r the Gree t ts prr hstry: t s emplyed l ys
retrspetvely, d l ys f the sldery the Trj r.
It ll be bserved by re ders f the pems, th t Hmer fte brgs
t f the three gre t ppell tves, r eve ll the three, t
jut pst s e r, s uld be veet up the suppst
th t they re purely syymus. r st e, Il. . 71, e h ve
and the s me le, d Il. . 90, 91, d
t suessve les. It s, I th , bvus, th t ths
veee ll be mtg ted r remved, f t be sh th t
e h f these three mes, thugh they ere mst mmly ppled
t me the s me bdy f perss, evertheless h d ts sh de
f me g. Ad e sh ll presetly h ve t e me ses, here
determ t f ths d ppe rs t be reured by the sese[624].
All the rest f the Hmer evdee eted th the me s
f eg tve h r ter.
It s ever used the sgul r umber, ether s djetve, r s
subst tve. Nr s t ever ppled t me: pt t mm ter l,
et th the uest, hether th Hmer t des t me
the Gree s f the rmy elusvely. There s, g , thg hs use
f t hh ss tes t th p rtul r l ss f the rmy, ether
the ler r the hgher; but t ppe rs t be esset lly geer l,
mprehesve, d, I m y dd, l ese v r ble ts me g.
Stll less shuld e epet t fd t, r d e fd t, eted
th the h bt ts f y p rtul r p rt f the utry: t h s
t, l e the C dme r Ceph lle me, l l h bt t th
Greee. Nr h s t tself y rt, r y derv tve, hh uld
ss te t th y terrtry, s fs us t ,
vn as s latd t .
I I x my w yy:
v w y f G y p f m:
, v f x pp
by m f mp.
! y p y f

y, y f w v b , y
mpym b f f, y y. I f bf
D , w y vb v b . A
y , w pv v mm
m, mm by v,
m yp m y b w fm p
fm, by fb mv, xp p .
I p D m m v m , y
vy p y f G: w v
b pb f Hm, p f pp, bj
m pfy , b G my y
m, xp w m f m p, m
v b, f y.
_D m y ._
I w y m ff . If

w , b , ,
y b p . W , , D w y
y f G, w f y y f pw,
p H y f y,
b mp w f ? If ,
b G m b by Hmer. If
th t dy sty h d p ssed y, e ell uderst d hy shuld
t be me f tempr ry Gree s s suh: just s was
nt an admssbl dsgnatn f cntmpay Btans. Futh, f
t had nv bn an hstcal appllatv at all, but was th m
flctn cast by th fgu f a gat pmtv psnag, and
ncpatd, f th Pts pups, n a dsgnatn mad natnal
by hm, thn w can s hw natual t was, that h shuld lmt th
wd altgth t an hc and matal sns; just as Camban
f Wlshman, Caldnan f Sctchman, Gal f Hghland,
sn f Albn f Englshman, wuld b an appllatn natually
apppatd t manc, wa, any stan mpgnatd wth a
stng vn f magy passn, but yt wuld nt b sutabl f
th pupss f pu hsty.
In ths nquy cncnng th Danaan nam, w must, I thn , cay
alng wth us, as a cadnal lmnt n th cas, that whch w nw
fm th sucs spctng th mann n whch Hm was wnt t
vl all tacs f th nty fm lswh f acs, psns,
nfluncs nt Gc. It must nv b fgttn, that, thughut
th whl f th pms, th s appantly nt n sngl statmnt,
mad t us wth th ntntn f cnvyng nfmatn spctng
th clnzatn f Gc fm abad. It sms t b th Pts
ntntn that w shuld assum all G manns, nsttutns, and
acs, t hav spung ut f th vy sl: and t s nly accdntally
that h mpats t us any nfmatn suggstn n ths subjct,
whn h s n qust f sm th pups, and unawas lts fall a
glam f lght upn sm fgn sttlmnt mmgatn.
All ths s cnfmabl t th cus f natual flng. Sha spa
fund t wth hs whl t sng f La, but nt f Hngst and Hsa;
f th Englsh n Fanc, nt f th Nmans n England. And thugh
Dansh nvasns hav nt bbd u gat Alfd f hs fam, yt f
a lng tm, n d t guad ts bllancy, t may hav bn that w
clud n u wn favu th mltay hsty f th pd. Avals
fm abad, n th aly pds f th lf f a natn, a usually
th cnqusts, n n fm anth, f fgns v natvs: f
what s stang t th sl v what s asscatd wth t. It can
hadly b, that such naatvs shuld b ppula. An abnmal nstanc
t th cntay may b fund n th fabl, whch dducd th Julan
ln n Rm fm nas: but ths was f pty cmpsd a thusand
yas aft th dat f ts naatv; cmpsd whn th ln f
natnal cntnuty wth ths, whm nas was ta n t hav cnqud,
had bn cmpltly b n; and cmpsd f th as f a cut, whn
th puls f natnal lf had bcm almst nsnsbl. Evn th
pcss, by whch Hllns mastd Plasgans, s nwh pfssdly
latd by Hm; whs pups t was t unt m clsly th
lmnts f th natn, and nt t cd that thy had nc bn
spaat.
_Cmpad wth th Cadman._
Excpt n th n pnt, that th nam had had a cla and
undnabl plac n p hsty, th s a ma d analgy btwn
th mds n whch Hm tats th Cadman and th Danaan sts.
In ach f th tw cass, gnal tadtn tlls us f a fgn,
wh nts Gc and funds a dynasty. Ths dynasty, aft actng
pwfully n th dstns f th cunty f sm gnatns, n
th cus f tm dsappas, th nam dyng wth t. All ths,
n th fst f th tw nstancs, w hav sn t b suffcntly
supptd by nfnc and suggstn fm Hm. Yt Hm nv
mntns Cadmus, xcpt as t w by chanc, n th act f gvng th
xtactn f Lucth[625]; n stats that h cam fm abad;
n that h fundd a dynasty at all. H gvs us Cadmus, fath f
Lucth, and Cadmans, and lts us ma f thm what w can. S h
h gvs us Danaans, and nt ndd a Danaus, but a Dana, wh s
psumably latd t Danaus.
2. In Ilad xv., Jupt nds an accunt f hs passn f vaus
wmn, all f thm psns n th vy hghst pstns; and amng
ths f Dana[626].
,
, .
_The lie of Daae._
I this passage we have Daae exhibite as the hea of a lie of
soveeigs though Peseus, who occupie the most aciet a
most istiguishe seat of powe i Geece, that of the Easte
Pelopoesus. Fom he, iee, the eivatio of soveeigty is
locally cotiuous ow to the time of Home. Peseus is the fathe
of Stheelus[627], a Stheelus of Euystheus. Next to him, we fi
Pelops i possessio of the thoe, with a ew scepte, beto eig
a ew soveeigty. That is to say, he was o loge a meely local
soveeig, whose highest hoou it was to be fist i that class,
_pimus ite paes_; but he ha also acquie a extesive supemacy,
eachig beyo his ow boes, o those of the Achaic Agos, a
embacig all Geece, with a multitue of islas[628].
Such is the lie of Daae owwas: begiig with a so, whose
pateal extactio we shall cosie heeafte[629]. A he epoch,
as we shall see, is six geeatios befoe the Toja wa. Fo tacig
he upwas, we have o meas fom Home, except such as ae affoe
by the wo . T e ue f a atymc w c decbe Daae
a t e daug te (mt baby) f Acu, me degee make t
key t at Acu et e wa t e bt e f Daau, t ewe
cateay eated, at e t a decty deceded fm m. F,
ad Daae eef bee deceded fm Daau, t eem mbabe
t at e wud ave daw e atymc fm t e e dtgu ed
Acu, ue Daau wa a vey emte acet. But t vey
mbabe: f eve geeat befe Ty fm t e utmt mt
f Hme tca kwedge; ad w ee a bede fa wt
t at e, t mbabe t at t ee ud be a ge excet
eac g geaty beyd t. Ad aga, fm t e cue f mgat, t
key t at we ud fd det tadt Aa, ad t
Eue. O t e t e ad, t at Hme ud t t tacg
t e eage wad, jut befe e came t t e feg mmgat,
exact cfmty wt w at e a de mttg t cect
du ad Ecate[630] wt Cadmu, Pe wt Tatau. I t e
fme f t ee tw cae, t e m a t e me cgety ugget
deg, becaue Ecate t e y wma tduced t e
w m f b , m , mb, f
w v . I m pb b, f,
Hm m y fw: ,

m b x f Hm v
y y f b, w w b
f G y vy m y.
1. D = A
|
2. D
3.
4.
5. y (= H) = p
6. A = y
7. A mm = .
_p
f y y._
A pmp, D mp y w

D [631]: j p Hm p f
m uld le d us t epet; e h me frm br d, d
s th t ut ept m jest sh d; e h fuded thre,
but dd t trdue r e: e h m y h ve gve hs peple the
me f , s C dmus g ve th t f , f th tm whl
hs dynasty was n pw, but whs nam dsappad, tgth wth
ts sway. W hav, t wll b mmbd n Hm, n Hmc lgnds
f th pd f th Danads, s that w d nt nw whth th nam
s the y degree t l r t.
Ardg t the pst-Hmer tr dt, D us s Egypt [632],
brther f gyptus. He mgr ted t Greee, d be me g f Args.
Arsus d rtus ere reputed t be hs gre t-gr dss.
I Hmer, t, e h ve Arsus d rtus: but rtus s
tempr ry th Bellerph, t geer ts befre the _Tr _, s
th t he s l ter by fur geer ts th Arsus, d l ter by t
le st fur th D us.
The mre reet tr dt, tr dtg Hmer pstvely ths, s
s m y st es, rres rtus b t the tme f Arsus, d
the, p yg sme respet t the terv l betee rtus d D us,
gves mpes t by thrustg D us hmself three geer ts
further b .
Of the psterty f the Hmer rtus e he r thg, d th hm
the D d le, prlged jur br h, m y h ve epred.
Tr dt pl es hm the thre f Trys. Hs hldg sep r te
sveregty Argls s t f tself flt th the Hmer
ut f the erseds, h reged t ye; be use e fd
Args tself sep r te sveregty uder Dmed t the eph f the
_Tr _. But the terms used re peul r. rtus ruled ver ;

[633].
f y ! B m y, wv, mpy

w f : and at fst sght th s sm
cnflct h, bcaus bth Euysthus and Ptus may b sad t
dat tw gnatns bf th _Tca_. Th slutn s pbably
as fllws. Th passn f Anta, wf f Ptus, f Bllphn,
suggsts that h husband was m advancd n lf than Bllphn,
whm, as th gandfath f Glaucus, w may ta as justly psntng
n tm th scnd gnatn bf th wa. On th th hand, as
Euysthus was th cntmpay f Hculs, and Hculs had a sn,
as wll as gandsns n th wa, w may assum Euysthus t hav bn
jun t th gnatn, as Ptus was ts sn; s that thy nd
nt hav bn cntmpay pncs.
Th hstc plac assgnd t Danaus, th as w mght fx t fm
Hm, as th lat tadtn wuld dtmn t, ps hm cla
f th alst Hllc tadtns n suthn Gc. Nn f ths
can wll b cad bac bynd Ssyphus; and Ssyphus stands at fv
gnatns bf th wa, whl Danaus cannt b lss than svn. Had
Hm mad Danaus synchns wth th al Hllc svgnts, t
wuld hav bn, n my vw, a psumptn aganst hs Egyptan gn,
hs xstnc altgth. F an Egyptan stang was lttl l ly
t attan t pw, wh Hllns w alady n th fld: th m
ngtc gnus wuld subdu th lss vgus. Th xpulsn f th
Hllnc Bllphn, and th plt aganst hs lf, may ally hav
bn cnnctd wth th pltcal jaluss f th Danads twads
th fmdabl nw-cms f th ld stm: n d I ad th fabl
f Jupt wth Dana thws than as a vl, usd t gv dgnty
t th cmmncmnt f an Hllc svgnty, whch, n th psn f
Psus, patly succdd, patly supplantd, th Danad thn.
Danaus has bn mntnd by Hsd, th fst amng th lat
authts. Ths pt stats, that h lvd Ags fm dught: an
patn whch hamnss wll wth th tadtn that bngs hm fm
a cunty dpndnt n th gatn f th Nl, as th cndtns f
cultvatn th culd nt but lad at an aly dat t ca n th
managmnt f wat. H l ws calls Psus by th nam f ,
and als tms hm th sn f Dana[634].
Th nly pnt f cnnctn btwn th Danads and th Agv
Agan nam s, that Ptus, th last f th Danads, gns v
Agans. But ths s at a pd whn th Psd hus, whch was
vdntly Hllnc, has alady bcm th fst n an amng th
G thns, and has gvn, as s pbabl, th Agan nam t th
ppl f Eastn Plpnnsus. Th whl vdnc, thf, thws
th Danaan nam, wth all ts ncdnts, bac t a pd ant t
that f Agans and f Achans.
But f th Dana w thus bf th and bf th ,
hm dd they fll?
_st-Hmer tr dt._
The evdee f shylus the Supples supprts the tr dt
hh m es them mmed tely fll the el sg[635], r hh, mre
strtly, represets ther me s the frst f thse bre by the
Gree t fter t h d e sed t be smply el sg.
By Eurpdes s veyed dred tr dt, th t D us, h vg me
t Args, lzed the ty f I hus; d th t the elpes s,
prevusly lled el sgtes, ere there fter lled D [636].
,
.
, v , w

v f Hm x. x, f p ,
y w D f b f y f
H b. y, by v v, w mpy

D m p- , v f
m v b , m m fm mm , f
pp . y, Hm pp w m
w m f bw D
, f w m w v f ,
, m y p f pm.
, , w p b j fm Hm w

p p D , w m b jf
fm my, pp w y , y y
w p-H, x
m.
m s th nxt wth whch w hav t dal: and ths
nam, applcabl t psns, s s vdntly fundd n th nam
, applcabl t tty, that wth ths latt wd w must f
ncssty bgn th nvstgatn; just as n d t av at th
manng f th tm Hllns, w w blgd t bgn wth Hllas.
_Applcatns f th nam Ags._
And th wd s s mptant, and as t w cntal, n th
ggaphy f Hm, that w had btt fst cnsd what a th
vaus fms f xpssn whch Hm uss whn h wants t xpss
n wds th nt tty f th G natn:
1. W hav alady sn that h appas t us f ths pups th
cmbnd fc f th nams Hllas and Ags;
, [637].
2. H mplys th cmbnatns f th l pups. Th fst
s that f , xtndd by th ptht , ad joied ith the
islads. These ods take togethe embace the hole Empie o
Agamemo:
, [638].
3. A , w pp m ,
, [639].
p by
, p w ,
_ y_ w
G , f
j f pb jm f

y, w w y y,
A A . By y m
y w y m G.
4. I m y b w , n cmbnatn wth ,

ncluds th whl f Gc, as n th spch f Dmd t Glaucus:

, [640].
5. It s als a qustn, what s th ggaphcal fc f Ags, vn
whn standng aln. It s manfstly wd n ctan passags. Thus
Pas mntns th ,
[641]:
a Polyamas, spea ig of the possible estuctio of the Gee amy,
[642].
a ln patd lswh. On th th hand, th wd n sm placs
has undubtdly a lmtd manng nly.
6. Agan, w fnd th wd , pp y w
f fy w G y; f I
by !;
, [643].
7. A w v m w wthut , b
yy.
I
, w ! Uy w G f,

y w
[644].
A Uy,
m b , y,
,
[645].
p f w w m , I m y b

f , wth wthut th affx [646],
m s ohi lss h h whol of Gc i h p ss s wh
Hom uss his ppll iv lo. p ss , i, k lo,
ffos cisiv poof fo islf h v h isl s iclu.
Tlm chus[647] hus scibs his moh s uiv ll i Gc:

, , ,
, .
F h a claly numatd as amng th pats f , sval
Plpnnsan stats, th sland f Ithaca, and th cntnnt,
vdntly manng that t th Nth f th Cnthan gulf.
And yt t may man tu that, thugh cmmnly manng Gc at
lag, may stll hav a m spcal cnnctn wth th Suth,
as th whl f ths sland s calld Btan, whas th nam has
bn dvd spcally fm ts suthn nhabtants.
But n th passags numbd (1) and (3) w fnd th whl f Gc
dsgnatd by th us, nt f n, but f tw xpssns: n th fst
cas thy a,
1. .
2. .
In th scnd thy a,
1. .
2. .
And wth ths w may cmpa th xpssn, vdntly mant t cv
all th G s, n Il. . 530, und th nams
1. .
2. .
Nw th a h th ways n whch th wds may b usd s as t
cnvy th jnt sns, whch I assum t b that f Gc _nt_:
vz.
1. That ach wd shuld cv a pat, th tw pats tgth ma ng up
th whl, _.._ that th wds shuld b usd dstbutvly.
2. That ach shuld cv th whl, and that th wds shuld b usd
cumulatvly.
3. That n f th wds shuld apply t a pat f Gc nly, and
shuld b vlappd as t w by th th, that th manng th
whl.
Nw as unfmly mans all Gc n ght passags wh t
stands aln, ths wll natually gvn ts sns n th tw passags,
wh t s jnd cpulatvly wth . W shall als haft
s th lcal us f th s dffused, th t t uld h rdly be
pssble t suppse y ther me g. Thus, the, e h ve e pt
fed, frm hh t per te up thers.
But h t des the me ?
I emr le h Hmer he r has sval manngs.
1. It s a cty, as n Il. v. 51,

, , .
...
2. I m y, pb by w fw
f A. w m p , ym j
m[648], . And agan, whn Mlampus quttd Pyls, h
cam t Ags:

[649].
The fr prve h Sp r le he er ph l me
: th scnd pvs th sam f Pyls: and ths t s th
.
The me phr e e O. . 263, f h, h ee vr
rrp Clyemer ,
.
H y p y m by , and th
Arl, r meh l e .
Th r, l Mye, he he q rer f he Gree
per. N e f h he hle m f Pr m me ,
w m y m y, m
w mm pp p , f w pp m
w I. Vz p y m b y
y, v y y; y

y - f . f
w ffy , j m w
fm m x p , fy m:
, w b w , w m
m x p , w m w , w vb y
m.
I. . 75, 258, p , r
h h preee, m y eher me ,
1. The p r f he Pelpe Ar Mye
he q rer, ( he he le m e erpree he hr f
he me ve pe ; e mh y, e ve Rme
I ly.)
2. Or m y me he hle f Greee, y r fer frm p l
p r, he he le m e erpree he e me,
mh e , r Gree Er, r Irel mher f he r ve.
The Elh l ee m r he ee: he Gree s muh
mre el st, d m y be euv let t the It l _ss _, r t the
sg =.
I dubt f there be y p ss ge Hmer here the rd Args st ds
le, r th h r terst epthet suh s , here
reqre y her ee h e f he hree j ve--he
y--he rh e f Pelpe-- (y meymy) ll Greee.
Whe Ner (Il. . 348) ee he Gree h hl h f
rer hme efre he m f Jper , ll rer
, m p b w m Gc.
Whn Pas says h bught th fm A, m
, p w p , f A
w , fm w m, m by A
fy G.
W yp w p y, , w m
p[650].
w n th Catalgu (. 559) mst pbably mans th cty
nly.
As t s plan that n sm passags t cannt man th Plpnnsus,
and as that manng ds nt appa t b supptd by sup
pbablty n any plac, such a manng ught nt t b admttd.
_Achac and Iasan Ags._
It s anth qustn hw w ught t cnstu th phass
-- , usd fu tms--and .
Th tw latt a vdntly analgus t , whch w
hav alady fund t man Thssaly.
Of th fu passags wh w ad th phas , th
tw fst[651] lat t th tun f Agammnn and th G s, and
appa t admt thf th f th lmtd sns f a ptn f
Plpnnsus as th mst mnnt pat, f th xtndd n f all
Gc, btt than f th ntmdat n f Plpnnsus tslf,

wth whch nth Agammnn, n th whl bdy f th G s, had
any spaat and dfnd latn, as thy had wth th dmnns f
Agammnn n th capacty f th supm Chf, and phaps wth
ths f th Plpd famly jntly, s as t nclud Mnlaus.
In th thd cas t s usd f Jun, as sh gs t hastn th bth
f Euysthus[652],
,
.
p vy m f y, m

, b f p . I,
f m vy ,
m v p, w m y y
b m f w.
B f p f f p .
I f m , w b
m w b m[653];

,

Ths sms claly t nclud Spata n Achac Ags; and, ths
bng s, n manng s s sutabl t t n ths plac as Eastn
Plpnnsus. Ths cnstuctn s als mnntly sutabl t th
latn btwn Eastn Plpnnsus and th Achan pw, whch had
ts cntal sat th.
Undubtdly Stab tats as manng th whl f
Plpnnsus (v. 5. p. 365, bd. 6. p. 369), but th agumnt fm
Hms txt sms t b aganst hm: and vn h admts fm Od. .
249, that th tm appld als t Lacna n patcula:
[654].
As the t ppe rs th t the sese f E ster elpesus ll sut the
phr se ll he fr p e here emplye,
hle he mre exee me f he hle Pelpe reqre
y e, l ly e eve mle e (O. . 249), e
m y le h E er Pelpe he prper me f he
phr e.
_I Ar._
We me .
In Od. xv. 245, Euymachus th Sut, n payng a cmplmnt t th
bauty f Pnlp, says t h, yu wuld hav m suts than yu
hav,
.
Nw t must fst b admttd, that ths ds nt f t any cunty
ut f th Plpnnsus. F n th fst plac, that was th mst
dstngushd pat f th cunty, and th chf Achan sat; s that
th ntntn f ths spch thf mst natually bas upn t.
But als w hav nthng n Hm t cnnct any lcal us f th wd
wth Mddl Gc.

But f Euymachus mans nthng t th Nth f Plpnnsus, t s
agan mst pbabl that h fs t that pat f Plpnnsus wth
whch Ithaca had mst ntcus, wh lay ts latns f busnss,
and f hsptalty. Nw ths pat was Wstn Plpnnsus, as w s
fm th juny f Ulysss t Ephy (Od. . 260); fm th juny
f Tlmachus whch, as t w, spntanusly ta s that dctn;
fm th cus f publc tansactns mpld n hs spch (Od. .
82, cf. 72); fm th , whch Ulysss wnt t cv n Mssn
(Od. xx. 15); fm Nsts bng th psn t vst Ithaca n th
matt f th gat Tjan qual; and fm th apphnsn flt by
th paty f th Suts, that Ulysss wuld fthwth pa t Els,
t Pyls f ad. (Od. xxv. 431.)
Just s th latns f Ct w wth Eastn Plpnnsus; and
thf Hln at Ty cgnss Idmnus, bcaus sh has ftn
sn hm n Spata. And ths, I may bsv n passng, s pbably
th asn why Ulysss, n th fcttus accunts whch h gvs
f hmslf n Ithaca, s s fnd f ma ng hmslf a Ctan, namly
that h may avd any s f dtctn, by placng hs wn pp
whabut at a dstanc bynd th dnay ang f ntcus.
N a w whlly wthut nfmatn fm Hm n th subjct f
th gnal Iasus hmslf, fm whm th nam appas t b dvd;
and whs nam w fnd stll subsstng n Attca at th tm f th
_Tca_[655].
F a passag n th Elvnth Odyssy nfms us that Amphn, sn
f Iasus[656], was a pwful pnc n Mnyan Ochmnus: that
hs yungst daught, th bautful Chls, was qun f Pyls: and
that Nlus, mayng h, fundd th th dynasty f th Nlds.
Thus thugh Pyls w cnnct a pwful Iasd famly wth Wstn
Plpnnsus, pssbly fv gnatns bf th Tjan wa, and at a
tm whn w fnd fm Hm that th Danads Psus must hav bn
gnng n Eastn Plpnnsus. Ths sms nugh t justfy puttng
th sns f Wstn Plpnnsus upn th phas n th
spch f Euymachus.
W may justly nqu whth t s s ctan, as sms t b ta n
f gantd, that th Mnyan Ochmnus, wh Amphn gnd, was
th Ochmnus f Bta. F hs daught Chls was svgn f
Pyls, and w must supps that svgnty t hav bn nt acqud
by hslf, but nhtd fm h fath. Nw t s vy mpbabl
that Amphn culd hav bn svgn at th sam tm f Pyls and
f th nthn Ochmns: btwn whch ntvnd an ld famly
sttld at th Isthmus, anth ac f Hllnc chfs, th ln
f Pthus, n tla, and phaps als th dynasty f Cadmus n
Bta. W hav n nstanc n Hm f th pssssn by th sam
pnc f tts nt cntnuus. Nw th was th a v
Mnyus, btwn Pyls and Els; n Acada as wll as n Bta th
was an Ochmns at th pd f Hm; t sms thn pbabl,
that th nam f that twn shuld b cmbnd wth th Mnyan nam
n Plpnnsus as wll as n Bta. If t w s, th pltcal
cnnctn wth Pyls s natual, and th applcatn f th Iasan
nam t Wstn Plpnnsus bcms stll m asy f xplcatn.
But vn thugh th Ochmns h namd b Btan, th cas mans
suffcntly cla. F t was nc, fmly () Amp
m; m m y w b, v
f , fw mp w
mvm f m, p p b xp fm f ;

b , - b bw W
p I m.
y, p sms t b quvalnt t th Englsh

xpssn, thugh th badth f Ags, _all v_ Ags;
and thugh w may thn that aln mans n sd f th
Plpnnsus, may vy wll man th whl. In th spch
f Dmd[657] t Glaucus, t cannt man lss than ths: n th th
hand, fm ts bng th cuntpat f Lyca, t may phaps nt
lss pbably sgnfy th whl f sttld Gc, and thus b th
quvalnt f n Il. . 108. But th m cnvnnt sns
f Od. xv. 80 s planly th Plpnnsus, bcaus thn t squas
pcsly wth Hllas n th sam passag, and th tw tgth ma
up th whl f Gc. But wthut dstubng th sgnfcatn f
th wd Hllas, as manng Nthn and Mddl Gc, w mght stll
gv t Ag t e fce f a Geece. T e wd f Meeau
wud t e tad a f a abtat f Ld ad t fed a
fege, I w take yu t ug Sctad ad a Bta. It
dffcut, weve, t decde abutey betwee t ee tw ee f
. What w s planly s, that th wd had ta n
th dpst t, and a vy wd ang, n cnnctn wth G
sttlmnts, and wth such sttlmnts nly.
And nw wth spct t th ln s much ctcsd,
[658].
Th wd may, w hav sn, th man th tbs f Gc
bynd th Isthmus, ths f all Gc: n whch latt and m
l ly sns t s cxtnsv wth . I h fnally tuch upn
ths vs alng wth ths pply ggaphcal, n accunt f th
mptant cmbnatn whch t nvlvs.
_Th Apan land._
W fnd n Il. . 270, . 49, and n Od. v. 25, xv. 18, th
xpssn , w m f mm , mm
p m by b[659], v xp m
p, w m mpy [660]. I
w p f I , fm y
m b: mb w I. . 270,
, f , -Hm, f m my . I
. xv. 18 w v p . I . v. 25 (w
w v ) Uy mf v m
. As h had nt cm fm Plpnnsus, t s assumd that ths
s nt th manng. I qustn th asnng. Ulysss vywh,
whn qustnd, shws an mmns ftlty n fctn abut hmslf:
n vy cas, hwv, cafully ptng hmslf t b cm fm
a dstant spt. I s n asn thf why w shuld nt cnstu
m p; fmy w
w y[661] p Ap, w b
f . A I p Rm - p y
f yy, p w b by
f Hm b xmy m fm y. ff f
y ff . y
, f b pp m , m w p,
p f , f ! I. . 270
W , H, I. . 49, .
_G p f._
I w w m p w y b
, by by pb b v, w p Hm
p m f G , f pp
mmb.
1.
}
}
}
v by m w f G.
2. th aln, wth pthts th than ths whch cncn

ggaphcal xtnsn, mans
(1) Th cty nly, as n Il. v. 52, and pbably n Il. . 559.
(2) Th mmdat dmnns f Agammnn n th nth and nth-ast
f Plpnnsus, as n Od. . 263.
But t s pssbl, thugh by n mans ctan, that n ths
sns shuld b hld t nclud th whl Plpd dmnns, whch
w l d upn as havng a ctan pltcal unty, and thus t b
th quvalnt f .
(3) By metymy fm t ueme ad metta quate f Geece,
t mea t e w e cuty.
3. T e ae n Il. . 108 mans th whl f Cntnntal
Gc.
4. Th phas mans mst pbably th whl f Gc,
Gc at lag; pssbly th Plpnnsus nly.
5. s Thssaly, fm Macdna t ta.
6. mans th Plpd dmnns f th Tc tm, n
gnal wds, Eastn Plpnnsus.
7. mans Wstn Plpnnsus.
8. Th wd mans
(1) pbably a ptn f th dmnns f Achlls, as n Il. .
683, x. 395;
(2) ctanly th cunty utsd thm t th suthwad f Phtha,
dwn t th Isthmus f Cnth, and pbably achng nthwad
thugh th st f Thssaly: Il. x. 447 and lswh;
(3) t s pssbl that may man all Gc n Od. . 344, and
xv. 80; but m l ly that th sns s th sam as n (2).
9. Th phas m pb by, y, m
p.
W w m , whch Hm uss s much m
fquntly, and wth s much m lastcty and dvsty f sns,
than any th ttal nam whatv?
In th fst plac lt us ma hw aly t s usd f a cty; n
th stct sns f th wd, w cannt b sad t fnd t m than
nc. Its pp manng s vdntly a tact f cunty.
Fm ths t s lmtd t th cty t whch th tact f cunty
blngd: t s xtndd t th cunty at lag, f whch th
patcula tact was th captal gvnng pat. Bth ths
sgnfcatns a what a tmd mpp: th latt s als
pltcal, and has n latn t ac, t an pnymst, t any
physcal fatus f sl scny, whth th wd may hav
had such fnc nt, whn usd n ts gnal, pp, and usual
applcatn, t man a dstct.
As pvusly wth ppulatns, lt us nw st ut th vaus
dscptns f suc, t whch th Hmc nams f cunts and
placs w th gn.
Thy appa t b dvd th
1. Fm an ndvdual pnymst, as Ithaca fm Ithacus, Od. xv. 207;
Dadana fm Dadanus, Il. xx. 216; Ascan fm Ascanus, Il. .
863; whl w s th ntmdat stag f th pcss n th nam
, j w , pp p,
b v fm Ap.
2. m p : f
smply, fm th Achans; fm th ; (Od.
v. 199) frm the .
3. Fm ts physcal fatus ccumstancs dctly, such as
fm bng a naw stp alng th sh f th Cnthan
gulf, btwn th muntans and th sa: th s als a twn
f th Paphlagnans, Il. . 855. Pbably w may add , E ,
frm he p f h ferle l ll e, hh fer r
m e he r ry f Ahe.
4. Frm me r e py : he e here h r e h
ee me frm y fe re f he ry, he, rely
erv vely, frm he ry elf.
Fr e, fm , Thacans, whch wd agan must cm
fm a cmmn t wth . Th nam bvy m
.
G w f namd

fm m fm : and phaps fm
th , wh nhabtd t, and t th nam fm .
And s n Hm w hav ; fm pp y m , and
fm ths agan, n th lat G , Phthts.
Such thn a th dnay sucs, as fa as w nw, f th
ttal nams f Hm.
Th th ads whch w hav f judgng f th manng f th nam
a, th Hmc txt, tymlgy, and th lat tadtn.
_Etymlgy f th wd Ags._
Nn f ths n any mann cnnct th nam th wth
an pnymst, wth a ac f nhabtants, th mdatly
mmdatly, as ts t. W can nly thf l f ts gn
n smthng latd t th physcal fatus f th cunty,
cunts, t whch t was appld.
Th wd tslf s fquntly fund n Hm thws than as a
pp nam. It s usd as an adjctv n th fllwng cmbnatns:
1. Il. . 50.
2. Il. . 30.
3. Od. v. 161.
S ls e h ve the mpuds () ,
(), (, ), (),
(), (), (hs f Achlls).
And t s usual t gv t th wd [662] n ths sval fms
th sval snss f
1. Swft, as n swft dgs, swft thundblt.
2. Wht, as n wht gs, wht (chal y) Camus.
3. Sl , shnng, as n sl xn, wth glstnng cats.
It s sad tuly, that what s swft n mtn gvs an appaanc
f shnng: and what shns s n sm dg a n t whtnss.
But t s nth asy t say, n ths vw f th matt, whch s
th pmay, and whch th scnday, manng f th wd, n what
s ts tymlgy. N ds t shw th slghtst smblanc t th
lcal nam , whch, fm th vaty f ts applcatns, apat
fm any qustn f ac pltcal cnnctn, must hav had sm
tymlgcal sgnfcatn.
N, as gads th p rtul r, s t very e sy t
beleve the slee ess f the e Hmers tme, (ths seems t
be r ther de brred frm the presses d eperee f mder
tmes,) r f the mp e f y tme. Nr s the m tter meded by
t fred ttempts, e t strue s e h vg hte
f t th them, r g , s sl e. rm these sures, the, e
t preset bt lght.
N I submt th t the just sgf t f the prper me s
t b fund by cnsdng t as a n t th wd , w p y
pp Hm v b f pm y bj.
A m py , by p f w
mmy pp p , p y f
f , w , a fld, s n m than a fm
f .
K. O. Mll, as w hav sn, cnsds that wth th ancnts
mans a plan[663]: I wuld add a plan, nt as bng a flat sufac,
but as bng fmd f cultvabl gund, ls t mans a
sttlmnt fmd upn such gund.
In spa ng f th wd _plan_ as appld t Gc, w us t
latvly, nt as t wuld b mplyd n fnc t Russa
Hungay, but as manng th bad lvls btwn th hlls, and
cmmnly twads th sa: such as ths vallys f Sctland whch a
calld _cass_, ths calld _staths_.

Nw n th fst plac I nw n th manng f th wd whch
wll sut ts vaus uss n Hm as Plasgc Ags, Achac Ags,
Iasan Ags. What s th n cmmn physcal fatu f th sval
gns that accunts f th cmmn fact n ths th cmpund
xpssns, f t b nt that f plan, that s t say, cultvabl,
and cultvatd, sttld cunty?
Agan, l at th latn f t . What xcpt a physcal
and ggaphcal manng, stll adhng t th wd, and hldng
t smwhat sht f th matu and famla us f a pp nam,
can accunt f th fact that w hav n th hsty and ggaphy
f Gc s many cass f an Ags, wthut Agvs, that s lcal
pvncal Agvs, blngng t t? Achac Ags ndd has
blngng t t, but Plasgc and Iasan Ags hav nn.
Just s w mght spa f th Hghlands f Saxny, f th Lwlands
f Swtzland; but th nhabtants f th fst a nt nwn as
Hghlands, n ths f th latt as Lwlands[664].
I blv th a n phass, whch m naly tanslat th wds
and , than Lwlands and Lwlands spctvly. F
th wd Lwlands mans land nt nly lyng lw, but bth lyng lw,
and als bng favuabl f cultvatn: and ths das m tuly
psnt th land fttd f th st f sttlmnt calld , than
th m da f lvl plans.
If ths b th da f th wd Ags, w s th ppty f ts
applcatn t th cty f Ags and ts dstct. F ths cty std,
as a cty f th twn and m pn cunty, n a ctan ppstn t
Mycn, whch nstld amng th hlls; and whch b ggaphcally
much th sam latn t Ags, as Dadana t Iln. It aftwads
fll als nt th sam pltcal analgy.
In th phas , Hm dals wth a cas wh, as t s
smtms appld wthut an ptht, may justly b calld a
pp nam, l th Eupan _Pays-bas_; but th s n vdnc f
ths n hs Plasgc Ags, and Iasan Ags, and t sms l ly
that h ath ntnds n ths phass t mply th tm Ags as a
wd smply dscptv, and t spa f th Plasgan Lwlands, and
th Iasan Lwlands. Th dffnc f sns s just that whch w
shuld ndcat n Englsh by th absnc f th captal ltt.
Th s vdnc that th nam had nt xhaustd ts lastcty vn
aft Hms tm. In lat ags w fnd an Ags f Osts n
Macdna; an Ags f Amphlcha n Wstn Gc; an Ags na
Lassa n Thssaly[665], and th cass m mt. Nthng but a
ggaphcal fc stll adhng t th wd wll accunt f ths
xtnsn.
Th sam s th nfnc t b dawn fm th pthts and
quas-pthts, dscptv phass, appld t t by Hm.
Wth th xcptn f n passag, wh h gvs t th pltcal
ptht[666] , hey re ll phy l; e ,
, , . Of ths fu pthts, th
fst s n Hm pculaly cnnctd wth th spcfc fm and
chaact f th cunty: accdngly, whl t s th standng ptht
f Ags, bng usd wth t lvn tms ut f nly fftn n whch
th wd has any ptht quas-ptht attachd t t, t s nv
fund wth Achs, wth Hllas. And th pf f ts physcally
dscptv chaact ls n th passag wh Tlmachus gvs t

Mnlaus an accunt f Ithaca;
,
, [667].
f Hm, agan, ds nt pnt mly t ftlty, but

als t labu and ts sults; nt mly t pastu, but als t
gan, f th hss f Hm a fd n ths as wll as n hbag,
[668].
Nw, n fng th wd t a cmmn t and sgnfcancy wth
, w b vw by
j w p used ts tesve sese. r e h ve
the rd, d ls ts derv tves, ths frm, mg d t us
frm the ld Gree . Amg the fur trbes f Att hh subssted
utl the tme f Clesthees[669], e s th t f the
husbandmn: and n th Elan nscptn suppsd t dat abut th
Ftth Olympad[670], m than 600 yas B. C., w hav th vy
wd fm , w mm , p w I
py,

This inscription, says the Article in the _Museum Criticum_, is of
older date than any other which has either been brought in copy from
$reece, or is to be found on the marbles. The matter of it is a public
treaty, between the Elians and some of their neighbours, concluded for
an hundred years.
Another good example of the interchange of the vowels
w , hh v erve frm , . I
w b fm pv, _ _ p ,
__ w. A v f
G frm ml r re.
If he he me f b an agcultual sttlmnt, and ts
t th sam wth that f , w w
w b w , w wv pp
b pb b, w b f p f
f w Hm , y, f
b x f m b
.
_ ymy by w._
!w, v vw f w and , w f,

f m f b f, m w w f
b f Hm jv, f mp
v pp . w y w w
, ( p ) f; mm fm
f , m f wf j
w b: mm, , fm f p ,
b w. b f wf, f x
p : b , f wf;
b x, f w;
ff f b v p , f vm
. W m y b w w y
, by x y ,
.
f w m y ff f
p m p y.
f pp b Hm: b
m y b v v fm f w .
By m f f , by f
b ( p ) , Hm w m y b
jy . m f m w b f wf,
f w : f , wth . In Asttl[671],
d Mund, c. 4, w hav ... ,
. A , wth . Ths may man th flt
Ntus: t may als man wht, as cayng th lght wht clud fm
v th sa, n th sns ta n by Hac, wh appas t hav bn an
accuat and caful bsv f Hmc pthts; and wh says,
Albus ut bscu dtgt nubla cl
Sp Ntus[672].
Ths sns f th wd Ags wll sut th uss f t whch hav nt
bn yt namd.
F nstanc, t wll sut th shp Ag, whch w may cnsd as
swft, , and phaps pfably, as stut, stng, dng battl
wth th wavs: as w nw say, a gd shp, a gallant shp. Agan,
t suts th nbl dg Agus f th Odyssy, whs chaact wuld
b but nadquatly psntd by th patnt, swft, wht.
Cnsdng ths wd as th adjctv f th wd whch dscbs what
has bn wll calld by a wt f th psnt day, nbl, futful
labu, w at nc s hm bf us, swft as h had bn, and
patnt as h was, but als bav, fathful, tustful, and tustwthy.
Agus th spy, namd n th f Hm, psnts n
sd f th aly manng f th wd[673]. Th adjctv ,
xaggatng as wll as slatng that lmnt f dffculty whch th
t cmpss, psnts anth: and th lat wd [674],
th dl, catchng th da f slwnss at th pnt wh t passs
nt ntnss, smlaly psnts yt anth.
Such bng th cas n gad t th nam , w shall nw hav an
asy tas n dalng wth .
Hm mplys ths wd n fu placs (t spa n und numbs) f
th n whch h uss .
H mplys t as an ptht, smtms wth th nam f Jun, and
fquntly wth th nam f Hln.
_Th Danaan Agvs f Od. v. 578._
In th Odyssy[675] w hav ths sngula and a juxtapstn f th
wds:
.
Nitzsch[676] obseves, that e might almost suppose the od
e ephe, h erv qe y G. Cr.
E h, he Shl , B re, P ye Kh, e .
I eem me mre ree le Hmer l re he
ve, as the ajective. Fo as Home ows of a

Achaic, a Iasia, a Pelasgic Agos, so he may cosistetly spea of
Daaa Agives, with the latet iea that thee might be, a wee,
othe Lowlaes out of Geece. %ut thee wee ot, so fa as we ow,
ay othe Daaas tha a sigle Gee yasty.
Home also i othe places uses [677] s djetve, th
the subst tves and . H has n cspndng us f
: thus th ld da f a _clnus_ famng sttl sms
stll t clu th wd, and lngs n t, vn aft t has gwn t
b n cmmn us a pp nam.
In th applcatn f th wd p J H,
pp m mpy G b Av J, Av H,
w ppy f th natnal
nam, but smply th adjctv fmd fm , n th sns f that
pat f Plpnnsus whch fmd th Plpd dmnns. T ths Hln
blngd: and f that famly, as pvusly f th Psd ac, Jun
flt h chf anxty, vdntly bcaus thy w th pltcal hads
f Gc.
Thus th us f Agan as an adjctv sms t b qut claly
lmtd t a lcal sns f th wd: and ths bng th cas, t sms
ma abl that th attntn f th cmmntats bf Ntzsch shuld
nt hav bn dctd t th ln n th Eghth Odyssy, and that
Ntzsch, wth d t gude hm, shuld
suggest the sese f Argve D s, ste d f D Argves.
The l l use, hever, f the Arge me must t be dsmssed
thut mre full vestg t. Let us frst dspse f ts use fr
Ju d Hele.
The prf th t Hele s me t t be desrbed s t merely Gree , but
s eted th Ah Args r E ster elpesus, h s lre dy
bee suffetly[678] set frth.
As respets Ju, e sh ll fd th t her ffets l ys etre
the huse th t s p r mut the hef se t f Helle per, the
E ster elpesus. Her te us tt hmets re st tly dreted
t the t, d they survve dy st h ges. Hee her ee d
veturesme feelg fr Eurystheus; her ever dyg, ever sleepg
h tred t hs rv l Herules; her esteem fr Ag mem eu lly th
Ahlles[679], thugh they ere s ueu l f me d v lur: perh ps
suggestg th t Ahlles s reg rded by her ether be use he s
eess ry fr the purpses f Ag mem, r be use he s lsely
lled t the hef Ah st [680]. Hee t s th t, he he h s
ssumed hs rms[681], she thuders hs hur: d hee her
espe l lve fr the three tes, hh ere the symbls f Gree
per, Args, Sp rt , d ye[682]. S tese s her tt hmet,
th t she uld sh t be the tu l mther f the Gree s, eve s she
uld re dly devur the Trj s up s[683]. Hee, e mre,
eve the Odyssey, here she s lmst mute, t s meted, th t
Ag mem[684] me s fe rss the se , fr Ju prteted hm. Ths
s ute eugh t f the sese f , w pp J,
.
I f , Hm f w w
y , b m fy f, b m
p .
W my bf y fy D , Av,

A , y y f pp,
v pp D G m, mpy
w m w m m .
_ fm A A ._
A m f p p,

m p . Up f f vy
p , A m b pp
mm bj. w x m p w m y
.
1. w y bf _ _, m
w Bp w y, v ,

[685].
!w w y f G. w

p m f G bf p: m f w
v y , , m , !
, , w pb by ,
w p . B f w p f ,
w mp f p w
y .
2. B y p f by Hm v f G;
f Av[686],

.
w J f y b fm Jp pm

p b b y jy vy,
v Av, b v :

.
Thus th pms s th bab shall gn v , a wd
claly napplcabl t th whl f that stagglng tty, whch
was ccupd gulaly by th G s. But whn th fulflmnt s
clamd, t s that h shall gn v . Thf th tw
nams a cxtnsv, and accdngly ds nt man all
G s; f xampl, t ds nt nclud th ln f Cadmus thn ulng
n Bta.
3. But w cm dwn t th tm f Tydus, wh was ld f Ags dung
th pch f th Plpd svgns. And nw w fnd that hs subjcts
cas t b calld (s Il. v. 803. v. 384) n th lgnds,
wh Hm bsvs a pcula ncty n th applcatn f ths
mptant wds.
_Lcal sns f th fm nam tand._
4. Stll th Agan nam cntnus t psv ts lcal applcatn
t th nhabtants f Ags and ts dstct, f Achac Ags.
At th gams n th dath f Patclus, Idmnus thn s h dscns
Dmd cmng n as th wnn, and h dscbs hm thus:

, [687].
I p Im m m Av, m
G .
1. B Dm w m G , b A mm.
2. B Dm w v p f Av.
3. B w v ,
p w , f w , whch s undubtdly
lcal.
Agan, whn w a tld that Osts mad a funal fast f th
[688], w may pbably psum that w hav h agan th lcal
sns.
Thus w s planly nugh th hsty f th s f th Agv nam.
Blngng t th subjcts f th ulng pat f Gc, t gws s as
t b applcabl t all G s, n cass wh n cnfusn can as
fm ts bng thus mplyd. Thus th Rman nam bcam applcabl
t Campanans Calabans as subjcts f Rm, n cntadstnctn
t Gmans, Dacans, Pathans; but f th subjct n hand w
dmstc and Italan, th dmstc dstnctn wuld natually vv.
Evn s Hms G s a all Agans n th _Tca_: but at hm
thy hav th lcal manng, l Cadmans, tlans, Pylans,
Elans, Epans, Acadans, Lcans, and als, as w shall fnd,
Achans.
It s at th vy pd f th lcal pvalnc f th Agv nam,
that w fnd als fm Hm unquvcal appaancs f a Ctan
mp, ccumscbng t by sa, and pssbly m lss by
land, thugh phaps th Mnan pw and dynasty may nt at nc
hav acqud ts Gcan chaact. If thn, wth spct t th
wd , w s that t was gnally f lmtd and lcal
applcatn; w hav n asn whatv t supps that th Danaan nam
culd v hav bn f wd scp. Tw qustns thn as.
Fst, why ds Hm us th Danaan and Agv nams as natnal, whn
thy w nly lcal?
Scndly, th pty f th Danaan nam bng cla, as w s
that th Danaan dynasty pcdd that n whs subjcts w calld
Agvs, why dd th Agv nam supplant succd th Danaan?
Th fst qustn wll b sumd haft, but I wll nw tuch upn
th scnd.
Th nam Danaan, n all l lhd, was that f a dynasty gnatng
bynd sas; and f s, t culd nt wll, untl sftnd by th mllw
haz f dstanc, b m ppula wth th G s, whn thy had
awa nd und Hllc nflunc t a full cnscusnss f natnal
lf, than t wuld hav bn wth th Englsh n th last cntuy t
b calld Hanvans Bunswc s.
Th Danad ln casd, whn Psus cam t th thn, as h was
dscndd n th faths sd fm anth suc.
Nthng culd b m natual, than that wth ths chang f dynasty
an ld and mly dynastc nam shuld dsappa. But why shuld t b
succdd by th nam ?
_Rlatn f Agan and Plasgan nams._
I hp t wll nt b thught t bld, f, fundng myslf n th
pbabl, phaps I mght say, plan smblanc f manng btwn
d , I cnjctu that n th dsappaanc fm us
f th nam , ste d f f llg b up the ld grultur l
me , hh h d by D uest beme th t f
subrd te, f t servle l ss, the peple m y h ve me t be r the
me ; bwd, l th th, fm th gn thy nhabtd,
and fm th habts f lf n t, and f qual fc, but wthut
th tant whch attachd t th dsgnatn f a dpssd ac.
In ths vw, th nam may b dfnd t b th Hllc
quvalnt f th ld Plasgc appllatn f th ppl f th
cunty: and t natually ta s t upn th passng away f th
Danaan pw, wthn th dmnns f ths t whm that pw had bn
tansfd.
I shall haft hav ccasn t cnsd futh, what was th fst
hstc us f th Agan nam.
Th a sgns n th lat G f th affnty, whch I hav
h suppsd, btwn th Plasgan and Agan nams, and f th
assumptn f th functns f th fm by th latt. I d nt nt
n th qustn f tymlgcal dntty, but I f t smlaty f
applcatn aln.
_Illustatns f th Etymlgy._
In Sudas w fnd th pvb , wth ths xplanatn;
. N e h
f he Arve, h , he h f Arl, hh l
rr he pp h hey ere f p rl rly v e
l ppe r e. B f , as has bn shwn, gnally mant
sttls n an agcultual dstct, and f n pcss f tm th
ppulatn gathd nt twns, n lu f th ld mann f lvng
, he, eqee f he h e, wuld cm t man
ustcs, as ppsd t twnsppl, and fm ths th tanstn wuld
b slght and asy t th sns f a wld and savag aspct, as n th
pvb.
Lt us cmpa wth t th Latn wd _agsts_. Ths I ta t b
pcsly smla, ndd dntcal, tymlgcally, wth .
Th pnt f dvgnc s whn by tanspstn bcms ,
whnc a _ag_ and _agsts_. Matally ths Latn wd s n
stll cls cspndnc wth , a G dvatv f .
Idally, t passs thugh th vy sam pcss as has bn shwn n
th cas f , and h t s stngly supptd by th cmmn
Hmc wd , ud savag, whch cms fm , mad ady
by tanspstn t yld such a dvatv.
Ths nam w fnd nt nly as an adjctv, but l ws as a pp
nam. It s appld t a bth f nus and Mlas, a sn f
Pthus[689]: and n ths nams w appa t s dscbd th fst
ud Hllc nvads f tla, at an pch th gnatns bf
th _Tca_. Th _agsts_, agcultual sttl, nxt cms t
man th class f cunty fl , as ppsd t th nhabtants f twns

_uban_; and thn, whl _ubanus_, wth ts G clatv
, passs n t acqu th manng f cultvatd and plshd,
_agsts_, n th th hand, fllwng a paalll mvmnt wth
, and n th ppst dctn, cms t man unducatd,
cas, wld, babaus. Thus Ovd says f th v Achlus, whn h
had bn mutlatd by th lss f hs hn n th cmbat wth Hculs,
Vultus Achlus agsts
Et lacum cnu mds caput abddt unds[690].
Thus Cc, n th Tusculans, aft a dscptn f th battls f
th Spatan yuths, cad n nt nly wth fsts and ft, but wth
nals and tth, as s, _u babaa Inda (~al.~ babas Indca)
vast atqu agst?_
W als fnd n Sudas th phas , and ths xplanatn:
.
.
No p of his pl y m is, so h w lf o l soi:
bu i sms mos u l xpl io of his povb o ph s,
h h wo , manng wld and savag, shuld b appld t
bandtt: thft n th aly stags f scty, always fquntng
sltay placs, as n th lat ns, t ath daws t th mst
cwdd haunts f mn.
Agan, schns, n th , bngs th gssst
psnal chags aganst Dmsthns, f ffncs, whch h says
had bught upn hm vaus nc nams. Amng ths, h thus accuss
hm: ,
, . p by b
Hy , and t s xpland . A
spnt, th gnally f sm patcula nd, had, t sms,
th nam f , whch w can asly dv fm , ta n n th
sam sns as that n whch t bcam th nam f Agus th spy. Nw
th spnt was m subtl than any bast f th fld[691]. But
ths ds nt sm t satsfy th ntntn f th hghly vtupatv
passag n schns. Ths mputatn f xtm clvnss caft
wuld nt hav bn phaps a vy ffctv n n Gc. I thn h
m pbably mans t call Dmsthns a swndl plund, _hm
tum ltaum_, fm whm hs guadans w tyng t cv, and
wh was l ly t b xpsd, nt l th spnt, t gt ff: and
n ths sns th wd at nc attachs tslf t th ptd
passag n Astphans, and thugh that t th ld manng f
_agsts_ . N s , a thf, m mt n sns
fm , a ual sttl, than s _paganus_, an dlat, fm
_paganus_, a vllag.
I wll ta yt n m llustatn, Hsychus und gvs
ths xplanatn; ,
. Nw th sns f mght e sly be derved frm the
prmtve sese, the s me y s th t f hteess. But t s ute
dstt frm the epl t respetg th t selet d trusted
l ss f Helts, h ere lled . Ths usag bth svs t
xplan hsty, and s xpland by t. was th nam f th
G ctzn n Eastn Plpnnsus und th Psds; t appas
n pat t hav tand ts lcal fc thughut th pd f th
Plpds; f thugh n th lgnd f Tydus th nhabtants f Agls
w at last fnd th nam mg them, yet the Tety-thrd
Il d, d the Thrd Odyssey, they re lled . In th lcal

usag, thn, th Hlt manng a sf, th mancpatd Hlt wuld b
a ctzn, an . But nth sfshp n ctznshp w n
ths days gdly dfnd, and th n an nt th th. What culd
und such ccumstancs b m natual, than that any Hlt wh was
spaatd fm hs bthn, by bng ta n nt th cnfdnc f hs
mast, and lvng n asy tms wth hm, shuld acqu th nam f
, and, that th class wh had thus btand t n a smwhat
pcula sns, that s t say, th sns f a f ual sttl,
(s t spa ) fhld, shuld cntnu t ba t as dscptv f
th wn pstn, vn whn t had casd t b gnally applcabl
t th f G s f that patcula dstct? whch f cus t
culd n lng b whn th famly and dynastc t btwn Agls and
Lacdmn cam t b dsslvd.
And f I am ght n suppsng that vn n Hm[692] th nam
vdntly lans twads th masss, and that f t rds the
selet fe r hefs, suh dstt s m r ed h rmy th the
hle f ths ury respetg the fre f the frmer phr se.
_Dfferet etet f and ._
Accdng t th vw whch has bn h gvn, w must cafully
dstngush btwn th sns f , as a natnal nam n Hm,
and that f , n ths spct. Th nam was asd t
th dstnctn f a natnal nam appantly n cnsqunc f
th pltcal ascndancy f a hus that gnd v tts
spcally namd , and v subjcts namd fm th gn .
I say ths wthut undta ng t dtmn whth th actually
was a pd n whch th G s w as a natn calld , a
suppstn whch sms t m mpbabl: whth t was a nam
whch Hm appld t thm ptcally, l th nam , be use
t h d e bee the prper desg t f thse h held the se t
f Gree suprem y. I ether ve, hever, the se f the me
s dffnt. That nam had nt ts t n pltcal pw,
actual mmbd: t pt ts plac, as bng fundd n a gd
physcal dscptn, s fa as t wnt, f th gnal chaact f
th pncpal habtabl pats f th pnnsula whch th Hllc tbs,
swamng dwnwads fm th hlls, succssvly and gadually
ccupd. Hnc th substantv was, as w s, capabl f spadng
bynd th adjctv n spac, snc, whl w hav an Iasan and a
Plasgan , w hav n Iasan Plasgan . Thus thy w
dtachd n fm th th. In Hm th ptht has a lag ang
f cla sgnfcatn than th substantv. But apat fm Hm th
substantv appas fm tymlgy t hav bn th ld, and fm
hsty th t hav achd pnts at whch th adjctv nv
avd, t hav lng suvvd ts dsutud.
_Th Achans._
_Patculas f th us f th Achan nam._
Th lghts, whch w hav alady btand n cnsdng th Danaan
and Agv nams, wll assst th nquy wth spct t th Achans.
At th sam tm, th fullst vw f that nam and ac cannt b
attand, untl w shall hav succdd n fxng what w a t
undstand by th Hmc .
I ow pocee, howeve, to show fom the text of the poems,
1. That of the thee geat appellatives of the atio, the ame

s the mst f ml r.
2. Th t the m er f ts t l use d tes the plt l
predm e f Ah r e, the Hmer ge, ver ther r es,
r ged by ts sde the Tr eterprse, d mpsg lg th t
the t, hh ed Ag mem fr ts he d.
3. Th t, besdes ts t l use, the me h s ls
mprt t l l d p rtul r use fr r e hh h d spre d thrugh
Greee, d hh eersed s y mg ts ppul t.
4. Th t the m er f ts l l d p rtul r use pts ut t
us, th sder ble le ress, the eph t hh t ured
prepder e, mely th t he elps d hs f mly ured
sed y Greee.
As respets the frst f these prpsts, the umer l test,
lthugh rude e, yet ppe rs t be lusve. We fd th t Hmer
uses the me n th plual tw hundd and fv tms, f
whch twnty-ght a n th Odyssy; bsds fftn passags n
whch th sngula s usd. And th nam but e hudred d
sty tmes, f hh thrtee re the Odyssey. But e fd the me
, emplyed frm seve t eght hudred tmes: th t s t s y,
fve hudred d ety-seve tmes the Il d, d e hudred d
sevetee tmes the Odyssey; ll these the plur l umber, besdes
thrty-t pl es f the pems hh t s used the sgul r, r
ts derv tves .
Th patculas nxt t b statd wll ba at nc upn th fst and
upn th scnd ppstn.
Hm vy aly attachs any ptht t th nam , m
fquntly by much t , d stll fteer t . T th fst
nly sx tms n all: t th scnd twnty-fu: and t th thd na
n hundd and fty tms. It s nt l ly that mtcal cnvnnc
s th caus f ths dvsty. W hav alady sn that s
suscptbl f a substantv fc, whch wll cay n at last f
th th nams by way f ptht, as f t ndcatd an mplymnt,
and nt pply th nam f a ac. A l nfnc may b dawn fm
th gat suscptblty f cayng dscptv pthts, whch w
nw fnd th Danaan and Achan nams vnc. F xampl, th nam f
th Sctts, Duglasss, Gahams, fu cntus ag, wuld hav
affdd lag scp f chaactstc pthts than such a nam as
Fams Clnsts, whn usd t pnt ut a patcula ppl,
than such a nam as Lwlands, whl t stll tand ts dscptv
chaact, and had nt yt bcm puly ttula pp. W must
pbably l , thn, t pltcal sgnfcanc f th bass f th us
mad by Hm f th Achan nam.
Whn w xamn th chaact f th pthts, ths psumptn s
gatly cbatd. Hm uss wth th wd , d th ths
rd ly, epthets d tg, frstly, hgh sprt, sedly,
pers l be uty, d thrdly, fshed rmur[693]. I t e these t be
f themselves suffet sgs, eve ere thers tg, t pt t
the Ah s s beg prperly the rulg l ss, r rstr y, f the
her ge.
The Ah me, g , tt s th Hmer t gre ter v rety f use
d fle th the D r Arge mes.

He h s r ed t t the fem le frms , , , s
the ther sde he h s de th the mes nt , ,
and , d : but h has nt mad any such
us f th nams and . Th fmal us f th fm
appas ndd n th sngula wth th nams f Jun and f Hln,
but nv as applcabl t G wmn n gnal, t a G wman
smply as such.
H uss t n th sngula t dscb a G , I. .
167, 226: w v f w m. I m
m , I. . 701. fm m
f f m b m f m; D ,
w w, b D f v bf _ _ (I.
xx. 215-40).
I p p f I ,
f yy, Hm , y bv by ,
y v mm y Am f pm. B I b
w ff b f vy ffv m
w
v f pp, by
p m w. A
f , f x , b v, b p y
f fm Jp, w f
p pm. A mm w
w b m f m, m y
y f pm y bf m[694]. A
G , f I m , w f y
, , b
b , f A . ! y v
b fv m A [695] D
m[696] . Av m, f w , w f
mpy, p w w f A ,
p p by w y f xp :

, [697].
Agan th paamunt fc f th Achan nam may justly b nfd
fm ts bng th nly ttal nam whch had claly gaspd th
whl f Gc at th pch f th _Tca_[698].
Tunng nw ntly t what ndcats m lss f pcula
chaact n th Achans, I wuld bsv, that th adjctv
appas t b th hghst f all th natnal pthts mplyd by
Hm; and ths h cupls, as has bn bsvd by Mu[699], (wh
cgnss a pcula fc n th tm,) wth th Achan dsgnatn
aln amng th th. H als appls t t th Plasg; f whm, as
w hav fund, h mans t t b a hghly hnuabl ptht. Pbably
th Achans a bcaus f pmnnc, th Plasgans bcaus
f antquty. T n th natn tb whatv ds h apply ths
ptht. Hs vy chay us f t n th plual s a sgn f ts
pssssng n hs ys sm pcula vtu.
_Sgns f ts lanng t th astcacy._
Of ts fmnn fms n has bn slctd t cnvy th mst btng
fm f pach t th amy, n th spch f Thsts. Nw t s
ma abl that n that spch, f whch an nflatd psumptn s
th gat ma , th Achan nam s usd fv tms wthn nn lns,
and nth f th th nams s usd at all. I d nt dubt that
th upstat and baggat uss ths nam nly bcaus t was th mst
dstngushd astcatc nam, as an ll-bd psn always ta s
pcula ca t call hmslf a gntlman. And dubtlss t s f th
sam asn that h ta s th fmnn f , nstad f usng
r fr hs terpret tve epthet, he he ts t
stg the sldery s Gree esses d t Gree s.
Smeh t sml r evdee s suppled by the Hmer phr se
, which has othig coespoig to it ue the Daaa o
Agive ames. This is a Homeic fomula, a the fom sms t
blng xclusvly t th Achan nam. T th G s wh always as d
th stang wh w hs pants, ths phas wuld cay a pcula
sgnfcanc. What addssd thm as th sns f hnud pants
wuld b t thm th shapst tuchstn f hnu dsgac. And
what th patnymc was t th ndvdual, ths fm f spch was t
th natn, an ncntv und th fm f an mbllshmnt. It s a
pncpl that uns thughut Hm; t s vy wh
. p y f D , f
ff w D : f A , f w
p w: my
fm m m , d , they re ever
. But t b sns f th Achans was th gat gly f th
ac, vn as t dgnat fm bng Achan was nt ffmnacy
wuld hav bn ts dpst pach: and th fact that h calls a
mxd ac sns f th Achans s cnvsly a pf that th Achan
lmnt was th hghst and mst famus lmnt n th cmpund f
th ancsty.
But, unlss I am msta n, w hav many
f th smpl tm s sh frm
d peul r, smetmes perh ps eve
hefs d le ders f the rmy. I th
h s f t three me gs:
passags n Hm wh th us

the tet t h ve spe l
elusve referee t the
t m y be sh th t the rd
1. Th t f p rtul r Gree r e, hh eteded tself frm pt t

pt, urg per everyhere s t spre d, by heret superrty.
2. Th t f the rstr y f the utry, hh t tur lly be me by
vrtue f suh etes d ssumpt.
3. Th t f the hle t, hh t es the me frm ts prme p rt.
We h ve t e me sme p ss ges supprt f the sed me g:
d I t hy, but ert ly these p ss ges ppe r the Il d t
be mst bud t e r the peg f the pem.
Chryses slts ll the Ah s d mst the t Atrd[700]. All
the Ah s sset, eept Ag mem. N the prest uld t slt
the rmy geer lly eept ssembly: d there s met f
e, deed the reply f Ag mem[701] s h rdly suh s uld h ve
bee gve e. It s l ely, the, th t thse hm he ddressed
ere Ag mems h btu l d rd ry ss tes; ther rds, the
hefs.
Whe C lh s preeds t v e the vege e f Apll, hh s t
f ll up the rmy t l rge, t s lger the f hm he
spe s, but hs pr yer s,
[702].
A I w , w f m f
fm f G m , w m
mp, y m p , fm f ,
v f by, b y
xv ff , m v b by f. !w w v
f , w y f ff
b . Agammnn says[703], D nt lt m aln f
th Agans g wthut a pz; and n cnfmty wth ths w
fnd Nst stmulatng th hst at lag wth th xpctatn f
bty[704]. But Achlls pls t Agammnn, that th _Achans_ hav
t nt n th pw t cmpnsat hm th and thn, f thy hav
n cmmn stc : but whn Ty s ta n, thn w th Achans wll
pay yu th and fu fld[705]. Th sam subjct s agan tuchd
n . 135, 162, 392. . 227: and bth tms wth fnc t th
s the dstrbutrs f the spl. I Il. . 255 t s lltted
by the .
In th sam way w fnd a dcdd lanng t th us f th wd
, he referee s m de t ther gverg dutes.
r st e, the djur t f Ahlles by the st ff r septre.

It h s bee strpped f le f d b r , d the ,
who ae ituste by Jupite with soveeig fuctios, bea it i
ha[706]. It is haly possible hee to costue the phase without
limitig it to the chiefs.
I have efee to the passage whee Home itouces the wo
f th fst tm, und th shadw, as t w, f . Nw, f w
xamn that passag, w shall pcv that unlss th b sm shad
whatv f dffnc n th manng, th wds a tautlgcal, an
mputatn whch Hm nv mts. But f w admt n th Achan
nam a ctan bas twads th nbls f th amy, thn th sns and
xpssns a al apppat. I fa th sntmnt f hm, wh
mghtly lds t v (all) th G s, and t whm vn th Achans
( chfs) submt thmslvs[707].
Agan th phas [708], w by Hm, b m
m f m fm j w , b m f
y, f b y,
b f f, w
m w. p y w y f
:
,

Of whch th ffct sms t b xpssd n ths wds:
Wh s th Achan Chftan
S bautful and tall?
Hs shulds bad sumunt th cwd,
Hs had uttps thm all.
H agan, f Achan and Agan b synnymus, th us f th latt
wd s n th hghst dg nspd, but f th fnc b t
th chf, xcllng n hght th mass f th sldy, a pfct
ppty s mantand.
I nd nt xtnd ths llustatns t th passags, such as Il.
. 80, 346. x. 670. And, n th th hand, t s asy t pnt t
passags wh th fc f th Achan and Agan nams s bvusly
dntcal, such as Il. x. 521: agan wh Achan and Danaan must
ag, as n Il. x. 641, 2. Th mst fqunt us f th Achan nam
s, I blv, f th natn, and nt th ac class: yt a numb
f passags man t shw th natv bas and pmtv manng f th
wd.
I wll hwv pnt ut tw m placs, n n ach pm, wh
that shadng f th sns, f whch I cntnd, wll th gatly
facltat th ndng f th txt, vn may b calld qust
n d t attan a tlabl cnstuctn.
1. It dsvs patcula ntc, that Hm smtms placs th wds
n vy cls pxmty, as n th fllwng passag;

Ths s I. x. 676-8, follows i 680. The eaess of
the wos, a the place of , betee the te used , s
hghly nspd and un-Hmc, f thy a pu quvalnts. But nw t
sms by n mans mpssbl, that th Pt may n ths passag hav n
vw a dstnctn btwn th lads and th mass. H may hav mant
t say, Hct had nt yt land that hs mn w suffng havc
n th lft fm th G tps. But s t was; and th chfs mght
nw phaps hav wn fam, such was th mght wth whch Nptun ugd
n th fcs, but that, &c.
2. It s dffcult, xcpt upn th suppstn f a dffnt shad f
manng n ths appllatvs, t cnstu at all such a passag as
,
, , [709].
Hee the juxtapositio of the wos, if they ae syoymous, becomes
absolutely itoleable. %ut the sese us easily a atually, if we
ee it he iquie (of me) all about (the fall of) Toy, a the
fleet (o amamet) of the Gee s, a the avetues of the chiefs
while o thei way home.
The Oyssey, howeve, appeas to offe a lage cotibutio towas
ou meas of compeheig the Homeic use of , th be
suppled by the mere t t f p rtul r p ss ges.
_Its ppl t th Ith ._
There s sder ble evdee f dvs f r es Ith : d
ls f the ppl t f the Ah me t the rstr y f the
utry.
The legth f tme durg hh Ulysses h d bee bset, ll ut
fr muh dsrg z t hs dms: d ther lyg hefly
sep r te sul r pssesss uld ted t ggr v te the evl. Stll
t ly Nestr, Idmeeus[710], hltetes, Neptlemus, but ls
eel us, h s bset lmst s lg s Ulysses hmself, ppe r
t h ve resumed ther respetve thres thut dffulty; s th t
e re led t suppse there must h ve bee muh peul rty the
se f Ith . rt f ths e m y fd the f t, th t the f mly

f Ulysses m y but reetly h ve tt ed t per, d th t the
sld t f r es s mperfet. Besdes hs fre f h r ter,
he h d umul ted[711] gre t e lth, fllg the ftsteps f hs
f ther L ertes, h s bth uerr d emst[712]. Hs
per, thus depedg h t s pers l t hmself, uld t but be
sh e t ts very b se by hs dep rture, d by hs lg detet
freg p rts.
S f r s e le r frm the tet f Hmer, the f mly f Ulysses
h d me, l e the ther Hell f mles, frm the rth: d t h d
ly reged Ith t mst fr t geer ts. Hs etr t s
t st ted further b th hs p ter l gr df ther Aresus[713].
But hs ets ll ppe r t be the rth. Hs m ter l
gr df ther, Autlyus[714], lved by resus, r r ssus,
hs, e r t Delph. Ad hs fes f ther, I rus, h d d ughter
Iphthme, h s m rred t Eumelus[715], her- pp ret f her
the suth f Thess ly: rumst e hh ffrds presumpt f
prmty ther dms. Thus t s prb ble th t L ertes m y h ve
m rred Thess ly; d, s e h ve met f the sveregty f
Aresus, t s hghly prb ble th t L ertes s the frst, ether t
ure the Ith thre, r t le st t hld t fr y legth f
tme.
The fut e r the ty, hh suppled t th ter, d hh
prb bly m r s ts fud t, s struted, s e re tld, by
Ith us, Nertus, d lytr[716].
The frst must h ve bee the Epymst f the sl d: the sed f ts
prp l mut [717].
es der, lled d [718], s n f fu pncpal

Suts, whs gfts t Pnlp a spcfcally mntnd n th
Eghtnth Odyssy. Thus h wuld appa t hav bn mst pbably
nphw t th Epnymst f th sland. Smtms ndd th patnymc
s dvd fm a gandfath, vn, as n th cas f Pam
(, Il. xxv. 629, 631), fm a mt ancst; but thn h
must appantly b a fund, n f th hghst fam. But Psand
at th last may hav bn th sn f Plyct; and h was pbably
th psntatv f th famly, whch had bn dsplacd fm th
Svgnty by th hus f Lats. H aftwads appas amng th
lads n th stuggl f th Suts wth Ulysss[719].
Th nams appld t th subjcts f Ulysss n th Odyssy a th:
, , . In accdanc wth ts us n th
Ilad, th fst f ths, whch s but fu tms[720] usd, appas
t b a nam f th whl ppl f th stat; and, judgng fm what
w hav sn f th fc f th wd, t mpls that th Hllnc
lmnt was dmnant. Th dffnc n th us f th th tw s
vy ma d.
In th fst plac, th Suts a cmmnly calld [721], ever
, v r . Eth, bng th astcacy,
thy w an Achan ac; ls, wthut all bng f Achan ac,
thy w calld Achan, bcaus thy w th astcacy. Of that
class thy a statd t hav cnsttutd th whl[722].
Th m pbabl f ths tw suppstns s, that thy w by n
mans xclusvly f Achan bld, but t th nam fm th bth
and statn. It s mst natual t supps that th dsplacd famly
f Psand, and pbably ths, w nt Achan, but blngd t an

ld stc . Ths stc may hav bn Hllnc; f, as w nw, th
w Hllnc, and n patcula ld, famls n Gc lng bf
w ha f th Achans th.
Th hus f Ulysss stll ndd had fnds n th sland, l
Mnt, l Nmn, sn f Phnus, ( th class psntd by
ths nams, f thy b typcal nly,) l Pus, wh t chag
f Thclymnus at th qust f Tlmachus[723]. But th bul f
th ppl w nutal, ls unfndly. Th bst that Tlmachus
can say s, that th _whl_ ppl s nt hstl[724]. And n th
last B , whlst m than n half th Assmbly ta up ams aganst
Ulysss th st smply[725] man nutal: s that h has n n t
ly upn but hs fath, hs sn, and a m handful f dpndnts.
Whl th Achan nam s thus xclusvly appld t th Suts, and
appantly t thm bcaus thy fmd th astcacy, th ppl,
whn assmbld, a nvaably addssd as . I
, A [726] w mm by
Amby f B : b m v b m y
p mm y pp p, w f
[727]; w xp ,
.
I , wv, v , w
s t ppled t the ppul t f Ith geer lly. Whe Eurpdes
ddresses the Assembly, d tes the peple t revege the de th f
the Sutrs, e re tld th t . Ths may
man th astcatc paty n th Assmbly, as w nw that th w
tw sctns vy dffntly mndd. At any at, f th whl ppl
b mant, t s by th ast pssbl xcptn. Th nam s appld,
as w shuld xpct, t th slds wh sald wth Ulysss t Ty:
but wthn Ithaca t sms cla that th nam pply dnts th
nbls. And upn th whl t sms mst pbabl, that ths ,
the Tety-thrd B , re the p rty f the Sutrs, th referee
r ther t ther pst sety th ther etr t: hle the
mrty, h d t j the mvemet g st Ulysses, re prb bly
the ld ppul t f the sl d, h h ve use f u rrel t m e
them t e up rms g st hm, d yet suh te th hm, ether
f r e r f et subrd t, s t due them t mve hs
f vur.
Ith s ll ftted fr tll ge, r fr feedg ythg but sheep
d g ts. Ad Ith us, ts epymst, beg very mder pers ge,
t seems hghly prb ble th t, hether Ah r t, he d hs r e
ere Helle, d g ve t the ppul t th t peul r me f
Ceph llees, uder hh L ertes desrbes them s hs subjets. But
there ere prb bly terr h bt ts f the ld el sg st ,
submerged bee th t Helle mmgr ts, rg lttle hh f
ther lrds s uppermst, d frmg the supe mrty f the f l
Assembly.
The use f the Ah me Ith , br d sep r t frm the
Ith es , must the prve ether ts et th r e, r ts
b s t rds l ss, d m y prve bth. But uttg the l tter s
suffetly demstr ted, I preed t tr e the l l use f the
Ah me.
Ad, frst f ll, e fd t l lly used the Nrth; th t
Thess ly, here the me f Hell s me t beg, d frm hee t
eteded tself t the Suth rd; therefre the lsest et

th the Hell stem.
We re tld the C t lgue, th respet t the dvs uder
Ahlles, fter the mes f the dstrts d pl es frm hh they
me,
, , [728].
Nw w fnd thughut th Ilad, that th lcal dvsnal nam
f ths bdy s unchangng: th tps f Achlls a unfmly
dnmnatd Mymdns. Thf Hm ds nt man that n pat w
Mymdns, anth Hllns, anth Achans, but that th th nams
attachd t th whl bdy, f cus n dffnt spcts. Thy w
thn Mymdns, whatv th suc f that nam may hav bn, by
cmmn dsgnatn. Thy w Hllns, bcaus nhabtants f Hllas,
f th tty fm whnc th nflunc and ang f that nam
had alady bgun t adat, m pply and mnntly thf
Hllns, than ths wh had nt s pstvly acqud th nam,
thugh thy may hav bn ncludd n th . And manfstly
thy culd nly b calld , be use t be uder le ders f
the pure Ah st , h ere ettled t rry the me ther
rght, ste d f be rg t ly derv tve sese, d be use
t h d spre d ll ver Greee. Of ths peul r d emet Ah sm
the eled st , e h ve, I th , t ther sgs frm the pems:
e the pssble me g f the lve f Ju, hh e h ve see
eteded t Ahlles eu l degree th Ag mem; the ther
the m rr ge f Herme t Neptlemus, hh s fuded up
prmse gve by eel us her f ther hle befre Try. Dubtless
the emet serves f Neptlemus mght be the sle grud f ths
prmse: but t m y ls h ve h d t d th , s sme spe l
rel t, f eghburhd r therse, ppe rs mmly t mp y
these m trm l ets. I frmty th ths p ss ge, the
me s appld by Achlls n th Nnth B t th wmn f
Hllas and Phtha.
_Lcal uss f th Achan nam._
It s wndfully llustatv f th pspcacty and accuacy f
Hm, t fnd that n ths vy spt, whch h has s spcally
ma d wth th Achan nam, t cntnud t subsst as a lcal
appllatn, and t subsst h almst xclusvly, all thugh th
hstc ags f Gc. On ths subjct w shall hav futh ccasn
t tuch.
2. Of th fv acs wh nhabtd Ct at th tm f th _Tca_,
n was Achan[729]:

, ,
, .
Th psnc f an Achan tb n Ct may hav bn du t ts
cnstant ntcus wth Eastn Plpnnsus[730], wh th Achans
had f sm tm bn dmnant: t ths latns wth Thssaly,
t whch th nam f Ducaln n Hm bas pbabl wtnss. In any
cas, th passag claly stablshs th lcal vtu f th nam.
It als xhbts t us Achans as dstnct fm Dans, and shws us
that th w a vaty f banchs, nwn t Hm, f th Hllnc
t. And th numatn f th Achan and Plasgan acs wth ths
n ths plac, cmpad wth th unfm dscptn n th Ilad f

th whl fc f Idmnus as Ctan, shws us hw caful Hm was
t avd such cnfusn as th juxtapstn f Achans and Plasgans
wuld hav causd wth fnc t th man thncal dvsn n th
Ilad.
3. In th Pylan ad f th Elvnth B , Nst cafully
dstngushs btwn th pats, as Epans, als calld Elans, n
th n sd, and Pylans, als calld Achans, n th th[731]. Ths
ad t plac n hs aly yuth, phaps fty ffty yas bf
th _Tca_, and wthn th Achan pch. And as h wthhlds th
Achan nam fm th th paty, thy planly w nt Achan n th
lmtd sns. And yt thy w Hllnc: f, amng th Hllnc
sgns, Augas, th ng f th Epans, was an . Thus agai
we have Acha fixe as a subivisio, though pobably the picipal
subivisio, of the Helleic ace.
4. A fouth case, i which the Acha ame appeas clealy to have a
limite sigificatio, is i a seco passage of the Gee Catalogue,
whee a pat of the foces of Diome ae escibe as those,
, , [732].
Although Mases has bee ta e to be a tow, yet its juctio hee
with gia pehaps athe poits to it as a isla. It appeas to be
amitte that its site is u ow. A a exta-Homeic taitio[733]
epots, that the small islas off the Tzeia coast wee calle
afte Pelops. It is impossible ot to obseve the coespoece
betwee this taitio, a the iiect taitios affoe us by
Homes laguage i this vese. Fo i the Catalogue he seems caefully
to avoi epeatig the geeal Gee appellatives i coectio with
the ihabitats of paticula places, a to give them local a
special ames oly. It follows iesistibly, that theefoe he must
be uestoo hee to spea of the istict ace a local ame of
Achas: to which ace a ame woul atually belog ay settles
bought by Pelops ito Southe Geece.
A, as Home oes ot iscotiue altogethe the applicatio of the
Ageia ame to the ihabitats of Agolis, he pobably i this place
meas to istiguish Achas ot oly fom othe Gee aces, but eve
fom othe subjects of Tyeus a of Diome, who woul most popely be
calle Ageias.
It thus appeas, that twice i the Catalogue Home has occasio to use
the Acha ame locally, a i its oigial o, so to spea , getile
sese. A accoigly he has bee caeful ot to is cofusio by
employig it i its wie sigificatio eithe at the commecemet of
the Catalogue o at the close. I both cases he uses the wo ;
th nly n f hs gat appllatvs whch nwh ta s a lcal
thws vad manng. Whn h bgns h nvts th Mus t tll
hm, v. 487,
.
, v. 760, m p w,

.
5. A ! pp A m b f y,
fm m f p w y bm pp b f
p y, w f I. .

562, b y w . I I. v. 384, I.
v. 803, , fm m w m y f b,
. S als n th cllquy wth Glaucus, Dmd calls th cmads
f hs fath n that ccasn by th sam nam (Il. v. 223). H
pats th nam n hs pay t Mnva, Il. x. 286, 7; and h h
s caful t dstngush thm fm th Thbans f that pch, wh a
(288).
_Th nam ._
6. I f p f m bj, w
f f Hm w .
v y
Ths s undubtdly a tm that challngs patcula ntc. N wt

s s lttl wnt as Hm t vay hs xpssns wthut a asn f
t. But snc th wd s used m y hudred tmes s the smple
eupllet f Gree , t t reure the pref
v hs ss ffu . Thf sus h
me s Gree s d thg mre, uld reder the pref ume g, d
I lude th t suh t be deu te epl t f ts purpse.
But f e strue the rd s h vg spef referee t ly t
the ggreg te, but t the p rts f hh t s m de up, the the pref
ms u h wh m . Th w ll
ths ve me h t e shuld ll ll l sses f the Gree s, the
Gree s frm the hghest t the lest.
It s used, ll, eleve tmes. Of these eleve p ss ges, seve tmes
t ppe rs the epress . Hee the peceig
wo at nc dcts th mnd t ths ntc f th dffnt
classs, and cvs much fc fm th dstnctv patcl : s
w m ju fm h f h Hm v u ( ,
Il. xvii. 225) appes the appellative i its simple fom to .
Th pfx sms s h f v , m
: h hfs h fw f h wh G .
O h ss f h I w f ; t s n
th patn f th spch f Ulysss t Achlls[734]:
,
,
.
St, f yu detet (t e kg) Atde fm yu eat eve
muc , m ad gft, yet ty t e Geek t ug ut t e amy, w
uffeg fm t e g et t t e wet. T e fce f t e
here very m r e.
L ly, he Oyey e f he le hre repe e,
,
and always n th sam cnnctn wth th dath f sm slct and
blvd h f th amy. Its bvus sns s, all classs f th
G s wuld hav jnd t d hm hnu, by lndng a hand t as
hs funal mund.
In vy n f ths cass thf th wd seems t
epress the mb t f ll l sses, d thus t pt dsttly
t the rd s p ble f sgfyg smethg less th ll
l sses, mely, e, th t s, the rulg l ss.

The strut thus put up s frmty th Hmers
usu l mde f emplyg suh rds s the djetve and th
ppstn mp. W v pvy v
f f n and . And tslf cvs
addtnal pw fm . As i Il. i., hee Achilles, havig just
be
oe emided Calchas o
his o
ice as See to the , preeds

t ssure hm th t e f the Gree s sh ll hurt hm fr dg hs
duty, t s e, t f the merely, but f the
; n, nt vn f h nam Agammnn hmslf as th gulty
psn[735].
It s hadly ncssay t pnt ut hw accuatly all ths cncds
wth th gnal sults t whch w hav bn alady ld. Accdng
t ths, th bul f th G s w a Plasgan ppulatn, und th
sway f ulng tbs and famls, blngng t anth ac; amng
whch th mst pwful w ths blngng t th Achan stc ; and
whs Agan nam was tymlgcally, and phaps pactcally, a st
f substtut f th ld Plasgan n.
N s th dffculty n cncvng hw, f th Achans bcam th
dmnant ac n th mst mptant pats f Gc, thy mght,
wthut cnsttutng a numcal majty, gv th nam t th mass
f th ppl, and t th cunty tslf, as Btan and Btns bcam
England and Englsh fm th Angls, as Lmbady t ts nam fm
th Lmbads, and, unhapply, Eupan Tu y, nc th cvl had f
Chstndm, fm th Tu s.
_Th ld and lan nams._
It has bn custmay t spa f th qustn whth Hm was
an lan G : t gv th lan nam t th fms f th G
languag pvalng n hs tm: and t dscb th Achans as a
banch f th lans. Wth ctan xcptns, says Stab[736], th
lan nam stll pvals utsd th Isthmus; and t als cvd
th Plpnnsus, tll a mxtu t plac. Th Inans fm Attca
had ccupd galus; and whn th Haclds, wth th Dans, bcam
masts f many Plpnnsan cts, th Inans w xplld n
th tun , , aft whch tw y
m p, D .
A , p _ mm _, Hy[737] m jy bv
m y m m jy b ;
, f w w, y , f v f
w . B , w
jm Hm x, w vw f f
A , mmy v, w pp f
. I f p b w y
p-Hm: w b f m mf f
m . f m, , f Hm v
vy p, w w f [738]: b
y mpy f f m m f A ,
m y f m, m f m ,
w w p w b
f w, my, ym. w pp v b
w . y, !, y
w f m b , m y p p b b
; b bj y b m f A ,
b m f y [739]. W p
p f _ _, f A

w b m b (
xv p ym w m)
wv m y w ppy : f
pp G bf A , w
b fm m .
,
w m
A . I
m
pb by
b pv f mp w A

m, ( H, wv, vy bb b ,)
pp p f w pp. w
b, w
p Hm,
D v b p : , m pb by,
m y v pp p f
b v
G, w A m, w
by p pm f p v, p
p f pm . I w b xp
m wf f , w H
D v xp b f fm f
pw, m f b fv,
m p f p; f w p,
, m by yb[740] f m y , f m
w f, w fm m w A . f
D m b w Hm, w A
z , y y, I , b vy
y f m f I yy, m f
v pmp, v by y v f
, Hm v v v,
w mpy ff m ,
, f G.
_ H Hm._
y y bw f

m Hm fw pv pwf
, f H f m, m by m,
D , w m w fm by Hm
p f-by. H mf pp bf
D , vyw p v
f pp w p, p m fm
[741]. y H m m y by Hm
pm, pp, Ap ; w m
pf[742]; f , f G f xp,
D , w , , f H f Hm
by A m. y m y v b D ,
; m m y v bm b fw , w
y pw. f p f H
A pp v b by m
[743], pp f f p
b , w m y p p f xp f D
pv m by H[744].
I y D , A , A m f
Hm, w v f p D , x A ,
b D . B m f
mpy m w Hm by
p f G y, w v m.
If, wv, f pp f , w
f y, w m D m
f , b m f ffx
p f p. ! A m, f w
pp v b f f

, y H f; b m f
f b f p pp pp ppp
. Hm, , v G f D p,
w y w m v b
G f p A . A w y pvy ,
f A m _ f _ b w p f
f H G, f . I p
w A m f b
m [745]: b w p y
A m pp , f H
pp , A m m f, D
. f, A , b p y, I bv,
f , b p y, fm Hm x,
fm .
_D f ._
mf w m Hm. v
yp . p ym f
f b m w w f , w
m my fm m. B y w m y p p b
b fx , fw:
1. Bp f yp [746], by
mp y y , ffp f y, , f
Jp:
[747].
m f y b p, w m Hm

f f , my , w p
f Jp.
2. I f v yy w y,
f m, wf f [748].
w p , v v w by Hm xp
H, pp y v w
m f .
I by m y, I w v , m
f m y p m, w .
That epithet is ideed sometimes applied o the goud o
pesoal
chaacte. But Home also gives it to the villai gisthus, hich
appeas quite iexplicable except o the goud o
the divie descet
o
the Pelopids[749]. The late taditio has loaded Salmoeus ith
the cime o
audacious po
aity: ad it has also, begiig ith
Hesiod[750], made him a so o
olus. The od , combied ith
the f y, v m f b p p b ,
y f p b
f Hm. If , y w f ; w
fx fm Hm, fw:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
m, . x. 235-7.
y = , b.
, . x. 259.
Am, I. . 711-15, 763.
m, b. . v. 798.
m w p I w m mp y
f b -- w Uy,

f w .
f
W v f yp fm fw: 1.

yp ; 2. G (1); 3. Bp ; 4. Hpp ; 5. G
(2), mp y w w [751]. A b yp
m b f .
A , , w yp , may hav bn
th th uncl th cusn f hs wf Ty. Th Fagmnt f Hsd
wuld ma bth hm and Ssyphus sns f lus, and thf uncls t
Ty.
Ths gnalgs a n pfct png wth what Hm tlls us f
th Nld ln. Ty, h says, fll n lv wth Enpus. In th
l nss f that v, Nptun had accss t h, and sh b t
hm tw sns, Plas and Nlus. Nlus s th fath f Nst: and
Nst stands n gnatn sn t Eumlus; f h was n hs thd
t-dcadal pd[752], f th xpssn may b allwd, dung th
actn f th Ilad. Thus w hav (as bf), 3. Ty; 4. Nlus; 5.
Nst; 6. Nst. Th matnal gnalgy f Eumlus bngs us xactly
t th sam pnt: f Alcsts, th daught f Plas, was mad t
hs fath Admtus[753].
Thus th ld gnalgs a lad dwn by Hm wth gat clanss,
xcpt as t th fst ntval, and wth a sngula slf-cnsstncy.
Psus[754], as w hav sn, blngs t th ffth gnatn bf
th wa. Ths s naly th sam wth Ssyphus, and wth Cthus: and
w a thus nabld t dtmn wth tlabl ctanty th pch f
th fst Hllnc nfusn nt Gc. It pcds th aval f
Pthus n tla by n gnatn, and that f Plps by tw.
Of Ssyphus w nw fm Hm, that h lvd at an Ephy n na
th Isthmus f Cnth. It s nt s cla whth Cthus v cam
nt th Plpnnsus. Th s an Enpus f Els: but th s als
n[755] f Thssaly, whch was dubtlss ts gnal. Th nam,
hwv, f th Thssalan stam appas t hav bn wttn Ensus.
Ntzsch[756] dtmns, n nsuffcnt gunds as fa as I can judg,
that th passag f Od. x. cannt man th Enpus f Psats. I can
fnd n cnclusv vdnc th way: but Ssyphus was ctanly n
Suthn Gc at bf ths tm, s that w nd nt wnd
f Cthus, anth ld, was th als. Hs putd sn Nlus
fundd, wthut dubt, th ngdm f Pyls. Pst-Hmc tadtn
placs vn Salmnus, th fath f Ty, n Els.
_Ealst Hllnc thns n Gc._
W hav nw bf us an utln f th fst ntanc f Hllc
lmnts nt Gc, suth f Thssaly. It sms t hav bn ffctd
by fv famls;
1. Th hus f Psus.
2. That f Ssyphus.
3. Th llgtmat ln f Cthus, th Nlds.
4. Pbably th lgtmat ln f Salmnus, psntd n Augas.
5. Nxt t ths wll cm Pthus, th had f th nd n tla:
and nly thn fllws th gat hus f th Plpds, nt aln, but
n cnjunctn wth a ac, t whs hsty w nw must tun.
Of th Danad and Psd pncs w hav n asn t supps, that
thy njyd th xtndd pw whch was wldd by Agammnn. Nt
nly wuld thy appa t hav bn ccumscbd, lattly at last,
by th Mnan mp fundd n Ct, but Hm gvs us n ntmatn
that th dmnn at any tm ncludd th pssssn f a supmacy
v a numb f subdnat pncs bynd th wn mmdat
bds, achd bynd th tty whch may b gnally
dscbd as th Eastn Plpnnsus.
A dct nfnc bang n ths subjct may b btand fm th
passag cncnng th scpt f Agammnn[757]: f th Plpds d
nt succd t that f Euysthus and th Psds, but thy hld fm
Jupt: whch sms t mply that thy acqud much m, than had
bn und th sway f th pdcsss. Pbably thf w shall
d wll t cnclud that Euysthus, f xampl, had a lmtd alm,
and that by land nly: Agammnn, a ctan supmacy by land and sa,
wthn th ang f whch th ld Mnan mp had nw falln. Stll
th ngdm f Euysthus was pbably n ts wn day th gatst, and
was als pbably th ldst, f all pply Hllnc ngdms.
If, thn, nth f th p dynasts f Danaus and Psus gnd
v all Gc, t s unl ly that th f thm culd gv a nam
t th whl natn: thugh thy mght gv a nam t th pat f
th cunty whch, havng n th tm bn patculaly famus and
pwful, bcam und th Plpds a mtpls, supm thughut
th st f th cunty; and whs ppl thn nt nly t th nam
f fr tself, but eteded t ver the hle f Greee.
_Use f the D d Arge mes pet l._
It s thus mre th prb ble th t the spe f the me D , (f
e re t ssume th t t s the me tu l use,) uder the
D ds, d f the me und th Psds, was lcal, and
cnfnd n th man t Eastn Plpnnsus, wh ths pncs
uld; wth th addtn f any th pats f th cunty, v whch
thy mght f th tm hav xtndd th pw. And f s, thn
w hav t supps that Hm, havng cvd th tadtns f th
Danaan and Agan pncs as havng bn at th had n th wn tm
f G hsty lgnd, gav t th natn by way f a ptcal
nam, but f a ptcal nam nly, th appllatn whch th subjcts
spctvly had bn, and whch had nv bf bn, and nv
bcam by any th ttl than hs ptcal authty, applcabl t
all th G s.
Th Achan nam, n th th hand, dffs fm ths, fst, n
dntng th xtnsn f a patcula ac, thugh nt v th whl
cunty, yt thugh vy many f ts pats, and scndly, n th
fact that th ulng hus f ths wh b th nam njyd a al
pltcal supmacy v bth th cntnnt and th slands. S that t
bcam th mst lgtmat xpnnt f G natnalty, untl t had
lst bth ts xtnsn and ts pw; th n by cmpssn f ts
pncpal tbs nt a naw spac: th th by th tansf f ts
pltcal pgatvs t th gat Dan famly f th Spatan ngs,
aft th cnqust f th Hacld.
Whn th Achans had casd t pdmnat, th culd b n asn
why th nam shuld man stampd upn th bthn, wh bastd
f th sam dscnt, and wh had attand t gat fc.

As n th Hmc tms, whl th Achans w th lads f Gc,
thy mght clam t psnt th whl Hllnc stc , s, whn th
Dans had dthnd thm and ccupd th sat f pw, whn th
lan nam was wdly dffusd, and, agan, whn Athns wth ts mxd
ac bcam gat, and clamd, alng wth ts vaunts f antquty and
cntnuty, t pass v, as Hdtus says, t th Hllnc class,
but wthut an Achan dscnt, thn th Achan nam culd n lng
adquatly psnt th ttl t natnalty, and th vaus acs
natually fll bac n th dsgnatn whch gav n xclusv ght
pmnnc t any f thm, and whch thy w all nttld t
njy n cmmn. Thy appantly hwv chs t b cnnctd wth th
ch plans f Thssaly, wh thy fst land cvlzatn, and
ganzd th cllctv natnal lf, ath than wth th ud
and cas manns f th m mt ancsts n th hlls. Thy
w thf nt Hll, but Hllns.
Ths may b cnsdd as th _atnal_ f th cmmn and palpably
manufactud tadtn spctng Hlln and hs famly, f whch w
hav th alst fm n Hsd.
_Summay f th Evdnc._
Ou cnclusns spctng th nams by whch Hm dscbs th
nhabtants f Gc may nw b summd up as fllws:
1. W st ut fm th pnt at whch Gc s, pbably f th fst
tm, sttld by a ac gvn t tllag and pacfc habts, und
th gnal nam f Plasgans, wth subdvsn und mn nams f
patcula tbs, patally and lcally ntmxd wth fagmnts
f th acs.
2. A dynasty f fgn gn, n a ptn f Gc whch thn
bcam, and v aft cntnud t b mst famus, lads th mach f
vnts; and, appantly wthut dsplacng th Plasgans thmslvs,
yt sms t hav dsplacd, n a ctan quat, th Plasgc by
th Danaan nam; at any at, t attans t such clbty, that ts
hsty, n th y f Hm, flls th whl badth f ts wn pch,
and ts nam stands n aft tm, ptcally at last, f a natnal
ttl.
3. An Hllnc dynasty f Psds, blngng t th G Pnnsula,
fllws ths dynasty; and, ffacng th tac f fgn ul, gvns
ts subjcts und th Agan Agv nam; whch, wthut vvng
th ttl f th Plasg, a wd nw bcmng bcm subdnat,
yt l that ttl s fundd n th physcal chaact f th gns
n whch th ppulatn was sttld, and upn th mplymnts sutd
tht.
4. Nxt appas upn th scn th Achan nam, whch bas n ma f
latnshp t th sl, t any patcula mplymnt, t any
patcula pnymst, but appas t b th dsgnatn f a ac, nt
ndd fgn, yt nw t th Plpnnsus.
5. A wal and hghly gftd ac gadually pvad dffnt pats
f Gc und ths nam: th Plpds, ts ulng famly, pssssng
thmslvs f th thn f th Psds, attan, phaps thugh th
xtndd sympathy f Achan bld, t a natnal supmacy. Th Achans
a, n fact, bcm th G s f th Tc ag. Thy nclud lds
and acds, Agvs, Btans, tlans, Epans, Abants, Dans,

Acadans, Inans, and all th th lcal tbs, as wll as th mass
f ld Plasgans, wh cnsttut th w ng ppulatn (s t spa )
f th cunty; sm f thm by vtu f bld, and th st by that
pltcal unn, n whch th Achans had an undsputd ascndancy.
6. All th chaactstcs f ths ac, scal and lgus, and ts
cls ggaphcal pxmty t, f nt ndd ts dntty wth, th
fst-namd Mymdn Hllns f Hm, appa t dv t fm th
Nth, t dsscat t fm th Plasgc, and t unt t wth th
Hllc stc .
7. Tm passs n; w ls th gudng hand f Hm; but unvsal
tadtn assus us that th Dans, mgng, l ths wh had
pcdd thm, fm th cadl f th natn, lad anth and th last
gat Hllnc mgatn suthwad; th Plpds a dvn fm th
thn f that whch may b tmd th mtpltan gn f Gc;
thy mgat t an nf sat, wth th fllws, and bcm th
bscu hads f a scnday Stat: and th nam f Hllns, blngng
t all th gat G tbs n cmmn, whth f Achan, ld,
Dan bld cnnctn, bcms th gand hstcal dsgnatn f
th natn at lag.
8. Aft phaps ght hundd yas f fam and fdm f Hllas,
th n hand f Rman pw dscnds upn h at a tm whn th ld
Achan nam has vvd by mans f a dmcatc cnfdacy, and has
nc m vspad[758] th Plpnnsus. Fm ths tm, Hllas
ta s h plac n hsty nly as a mn ptn f th Rman mp,
vn whl, by an nwad pcss, sh s asstng h ntllctual
supmacy[759], and muldng th ltatu and phlsphy f h
cnqus. But t thm pltcally sh s n m than an appndag f
th _Magna Gca_, whs gly t s t b a pat f mpal Italy,
and whs nam th land f Hms sng must nw assum n vtu f a
dubl latnshp; th fst, that f th cmmn scal bas, th
ld Plasg, f whm th G s () ere prb bly p rt; d the
sed, th t f mre reet lz t. Thus the Gr r Gree
me, h vg ested, but ever h vg emerged t h t m y be lled
vsblty Hell s, tr vels rud t t g by the rute f It ly,
d f lly bemes predm t ths ts e rlest se t.
Of ths termture d suess f mes depedet the fus f
r es, d plt l suprem y, e h ve suffet e mple ur
sl d. It h s bee h bted by Brts, Rm s, Agles, S s,
Jutes, D es, d Nrm s. All me mre r less s uerrs, e
fllg up the ther. But t mes ly h ve left ther m r ,
Brts d Agles: ll the thers, ludg the l st r Nrm
uerrs, re submerged. S t h s bee th the suess f
el sg s, Ah s, Hellees, Gree s. E h f these mes hstr lly
superseded the e befre t. Ap rt frm them, by the hgh prvlege
f etry, st d ther mes ther mb t: the Il d
d Odyssey she us D s, Arge s, d Ah s, s the m
syymus befre Try: yet e h th ts le g, hh m es
mst prperly d by preferee the sldery, , th
masss, and , the hefs.
It stll rem s t bserve the mmed tely subseuet lter ry hstry
f these three gre t ppell tves, hh the _f t_ f Hmer m de s
f mus.
Hesd d the mr Gree pets ffrd us the ly s tsf try
llustr t f tu l us ge, be use the tr ged s m y prb bly h ve
sught, tre tg her subjets, t emply the mel ture f the
her ge. The ther pets sp e, f urse, rdg t ther
respetve ges.
I Hesd e d t fd t ll: nly n th sngula
f Jun: s e used fr the Gree s lletvely,
retrspetve p ss ge referrg t the ssembly t Auls[760]. He uses
[761] n th sam pm wth th sam sns. An mptant
passag f Stab[762] tstfs, that bth Hsd and Achlchus w
acquantd wth th us f th nams and f th
G s at lag; and fs t w s f ths, nw lst, by way f
xampl as t th latt tm. Bth and a fly usd
n Smnds, wh als has f th Agvs nly. And gnally
ths ld wts, cmng nxt aft Hsd, nw nthng f th us f
, vn f , fr the hle t, hle the rd
s t fud them t ll.
Ths s strgly frm try, s t ppe rs t me, f the prpsts
I h ve ede vured t est blsh.
Amg the tr ged s the me , wth ts dvatvs, usd t
sm xtnt by schylus, pgssvly dclns: th Danaan nam hlds
ts gund ath btt, and btt stll; thugh all a
clpsd by th gat hstcal nam f Hllns, whch pbably had
njyd an undsputd pvalnc fm th tm f th Dan cnqust.
Thus, f ptcal us, dalng wth th vnts and chaacts f th
hc ag, thy pply fall bac upn th nams whch Hm mplyd.
_Its valu as pmtv hsty._
Fm ths succssns f nam, whth th patcula appllatn b
fundd upn lnag upn physcal ncdnts, t s nt unasnabl
t hld that w may daw th utlns f a pmtv hsty, at last
wth m cnfdnc and satsfactn than by ffts t cmpund and
pc tgth th mscllanus and pmscuus tadtns f many
ags and placs, st wd apat fm n anth; n spct t whch,
vn wh w hav nt t lamnt th gnawng pw f Tm, w, at
last, nw that th facults bth f xaggatn and f nvntn,
stmulatd by vanty, valy, and slf-ntst n many th fms,
hav bn at w . It s btt t dal wth slght lcs, f whch
w nw th _bna fds_, than wth an abundanc f such as hav bn
falsfd. Bsds, whn w hav ffctually xhaustd th pw f
th fst, w may much m pftably us th subsday lghts whch
th scnd wll affd us. And th tndncy f an attmpt t nvst
th Hmc txt wth an unquvcal supmacy, s t substtut f
cmplt and symmtcal systms, n whch th hwn stn and th tash
a nt dstngushabl n fm anth, vy slght and patal
ndd, but yt authtatv fagmnts and utlns, all th ntvals
f whch a flld up by avwd cnjctu. Ths cnjctu s
wthut a ptnc t authty pply s calld, but t s, at any
at, bth pt vsbly apat fm what s authtatv, and l ws
fundd upn th suggstns whch vn fagmntay tstmny, whn
gnun and na th suc, s wll qualfd t ma .
And th succssn f nams s n ffct f tslf almst a pltcal
hsty. F th nams f natns a nt abtaly changd, thugh
such thngs hav bn dn t patcula cts wthn th dmnn f
patcula stats. Th nams f acs, spcally f acs dspsd,
l th G s, t nt thmslvs clsly wth th past, a
chshd as a matal ptn f th patmny. Whn thy alt,

t s f sm gat and cmmandng pltcal asn. Such as, f
xampl, f sm tb famly, pvusly nt advancd bynd ts
fllws, n sm gat natnal xgncy bcms nvstd wth th
spnsblty f actng f th whl bdy, and thus gws t b as
wll ts psntatv and gan n all xtnal latns, as als
th psntatv f ts nwad lf: whn sm cnqung dynasty
and hst hav by th stng hand ntd n upn p ccupants f
th sl, and, ducng thm t dpndnc t svtud m
lss qualfd, nawng th ccl f th pssssns, hav
ta n nt th wn custdy, tgth wth th bst lands f th
cunty, th whl ang f publc affas, and hav mpsd laws
upn th vanqushd, and mpatd t thm manns. In ths cas, th
dffnt lmnts a wldd nt a pltcal unty, by a pw
pcdng fm that ac whch amng thm has pssssd th gat
physcal and matal fc. But unlss th b m than th mly
cnvulsv fft f cnqust, unlss dp ts b stuc nt th
sl, and shap fuws dawn upn t than th spa aln can
cav, than th wav f a m dlug tacs, unlss, n a wd,
th b a pdmnant ganzng faculty, th ffct wll nt b
pmannt; and th cud mass f m stngth wll sn dwn amd th
suundng mld, but m ndung and m pvalng mpulss.
In sm nstancs t has bn s: th bdy, whch has bn stng
n th hand, has pvd wa n th ntllctual and mal, that
s t say, th ndung, lmnts f pw. Th undyng yt daly
nfluncs and sympaths f pac wa dwn th cnvulsv vbatns,
whch th shc f wa and cnqust hav cmmuncatd t th scal
fabc. Vcty must nd n pssssn, l tl n slp. Pssssn
mpls th dspsn f th cnqus, and, n such cass as ths,
th f ntmxtu wth th vanqushd. Ts f nghbuhd,
f cmmc, f maag, ts blngng t all th tansactns f
lf, a gadually multpld btwn th nw cms and th ld;
and by a gntl pcss, xpnc and pnn gadually dcd, nt
mpusly n th spt f paty, but nsnsbly f th bnft f
all, what laws, what manns, what languag[763], what lgn shall
pdmnat. Th fat f th nam fllws that f th nsttutns and
habts wth whch t was cnnctd; and th ld dsgnatn pvals
ultmatly v th nw, th nw v th ld, n pptn as th
ld nhabtants hav cntbutd a lag a small sha twads
th cmmn natnal lf sultng fm th cmbnatn; n pptn
as th nwly avd cv m f mpssn than thy mpat,
mpat m than thy cv.
FOOTNOTES:
[613] Stab, pp. 372, 383.
[614] Il. . 494. x. 685. vd. sup. p. 243.
[615] Il. v. 385. 191.
[616] Il. x. 670-761.
[617] v. 759.
[618] Inf. p. 392.
[619] Od. v. 184, 296.
[620] S nf. sct. x.
[621] Il. v. 292. Od. xx. 227.

[622] Il. . 199 t alb.
[623] Il. . 236. Od. x. 298.
[624] Inf. pp. 410, 11.
[625] Od. v. 333.
[626] Il. xv. 319.
[627] Il. xx. 116.
[628] Il. . 108.
[629] Inf. sct. x.
[630] Od. x. 271.
[631] S nf. sct. x.
[632] Fagm. f th Danas, Dntz, Fagm. d Epschn Ps, p. 3.
It has bn agud by E. Cutus (_In v d Inschn Wandung_,
pp. 11-13), that th w sttls n th Egyptan sa-bad,
blngng t th Inan ac, and t th sam stc wth th Hllns.
Fm amng such sttls, whth Inan nt, t sms l ly that
th mmgants fm Egypt t Gc mght hav pcdd.
[633] Il. v. 158.
[634] Hs. Fagm. lv. and Scut. Hc. 216. 229.
[635] Sup. sct. .
[636] Eup. A. F. . 7.
[637] Od. . 344.
[638] Il. . 108.
[639] Il. . 75, 258.
[640] Il. v. 224.
[641] Il. v. 363.
[642] Il. x. 70.
[643] Il. . 254, and v. 124.
[644] Il. x. 770.
[645] Od. x. 166 and 481. S als Od. xx. 68.
[646] Od. x. 249.
[647] Od. xx. 107.
[648] Od. xv. 223.

[649] Od. xv. 238.
[650] S als Il. x. 378. Od. xv. 224, 239.
[651] Il. x. 141, 283.
[652] Il. xx. 115.
[653] Od. . 249.
[654] It s cuus that Stab shuld say n v. 6, that Hm ftn
ma s by th ptht , s w s , he he
frmer r e r ll he Hmer Pem.
[655] Il. xv. 332.
[656] O. x. 281. E. Cr (Ier, p. 22 e eqq.) e
I , Amph, I l , J , h he I r e.
[657] Il. v. 224.
[658] Il. . 530.
[659] Sr v. p. 371.
[660] Heye Il. . 270. Bm Lexl. v. Cr l.
[661] Sppl. 277.
[662] See S Lell, v. D mm Lex. Hm. v. Cr Il.
xx. 30. Nzh O. . 11, Herm qe y hm.
[663] Orhme e Myer, p. 119. See l E. Cr Ier,
p. 17.
[664] Sr f h me, h repre he m
f he mer, h he Arve pl p e y he me f ,
and nt th cty nly.
[665] Cams Gc, . 197. 385. . 10. Stab x. p. 440.
[666] Il. xxv. 437.
[667] Od. v. 606.
[668] Il. v. 196. v. 560.
[669] Gts Hst.
[670] S _Musum Ctcum_, vl. . p. 536, and Mashs H
Plasgc, p. 70.
[671] Stph. Lx.
[672] Cam. I. v. 15.
[673] S Ntzsch n Od. . 38 f hs tymlgy f Agphnts; but
nt f hs tymlgy f Agus, whch h smply fs t Ags.
[674] Sph. F. 288.

[675] Od. v. 578.
[676] In lc.
[677] Il. . 110, 256. xv. 733. x. 419.
[678] Sup. p. 353, 4.
[679] Il. . 196.
[680] Inf. p. 417.
[681] Od. x. 45.
[682] Il. v. 52.
[683] Od. v. 35.
[684] Od. v. 515.
[685] Il. v. 158.
[686] Il. xx. 122.
[687] Il. xx. 470.
[688] Od. . 309.
[689] Il. xv. 115.
[690] Ov. Mt. x. 96.
[691] Gn. . 1.
[692] S nf. p. 410.
[693] Sup. p. 357.
[694] S nf. sct. x.
[695] Il. . 2, 12, 15, 17, 22.
[696] Il. . 42.
[697] Il. . 81.
[698] S sup. p. 380.
[699] Hst. G. Lt. xv. 5. vl. . p. 77.
[700] Il. . 15, 22.
[701] . 26-32.
[702] . 42.
[703] . 118.
[704] . 354.

[705] Il. . 123, 127.
[706] . 237.
[707] . 78.
[708] . 167, 226.
[709] Od. x. 14.
[710] Od. . 188, 9.
[711] Od. xv. 96.
[712] Od. xxv. 377, and 205-7.
[713] Od. xv. 118.
[714] Od. xx. 394.
[715] Od. v. 798.
[716] Od. xv. 205-7.
[717] Od. x. 22.
[718] Od. xv. 299.
[719] Od. xx. 243.
[720] Od. xx. 210. xxv. 354. 377. 428.
[721] Od. . 394. 401. . 87. 90. 106. 112. 115. xv. 301, t alb.
[722] Od. . 51. xv. 122.
[723] Od. . 386. xv. 545.
[724] Od. xv. 114.
[725] Od. xxv. 463.
[726] Od. . 7.
[727] Od. v. 11.
[728] Il. . 624.
[729] Od. xx. 175-7.
[730] Il. . 232.
[731] Il. x. 671, 94, 732, 7. x. 687, 724, 37, 53, 59.
[732] Il. . 562.
[733] Pausanas . 321.
[734] Il. x. 300.

[735] Il. . 85-91.
[736] B. v. c. 1. p. 333.
[737] Hm. Il. vl. v. p. 711.
[738] S nf. sct. x.
[739] Sup. p. 352.
[740] Plyb. b. . c. 38.
[741] Mll, Dans, . 11. 6.
[742] Il. . 653. 665. 678. v. 628.
[743] Mll . 11. 10.
[744] Sup. p. 88.
[745] Inf. sct. x.
[746] Il. v. 154, 5.
[747] Ibd. 191.
[748] Od. x. 235-7.
[749] Inf. sct. x.
[750] Fagm. xxv.
[751] Il. v. 154, 197, 206.
[752] Il. . 250.
[753] Il. . 714.
[754] Sup. p. 364.
[755] Thuc. v. 78.
[756] On Od. . 4.
[757] Il. . 101-8.
[758] Plyb. . c. 38.
[759] H. Ep. II. . 156. _Gca capta fum vctm cpt._
[760] , . 269.
[761] Ib. . 146.
[762] b, v. 6. p. 370.
[763] m f p, w f ,
b fy x b f f p , p

, Appx A. (v. .)
. IX.
_ Hm ._
_Diffeece betwee Epithets a Titles._
%oth i moe society, a i the foms of moe laguage, the

istictio is a familia oe, which sepaates betwee esciptive
affixes o epithets, a titles popely so calle.
A esciptive affix, be it substative, li e , r
djetve, l e , b y,
fm , y p vy ,
j f p. pv ffx
v y, fm p , w _fm_,
y ppxm f .
B ff fm pv ffx. A
f , w p fm
m m w x m . I p, v f
ff mpy , f, p p. I
x f ff, m ,
f mb: , w fx
, p , m y v b
f pm x f p .
pv ffx, m y b jv, m b,
b v, m .
vy pm p z f

p y; w pv p m b ,
m pp f m p , v f .
f p m v b m f Hm;
f f pm, w f pv
p , b y m .
Am pv p f Hm w f, f b v,
, , and als , . Of adjctvs, appld
t classs, (), (),
(): and appld t psns, ,
, : and many m.
In mdn phaslgy, du , al, ban, nght, squ, a ttls:
nbls, clgy, fhlds, bugsss, a dscptv phass. Of a
dscptv ptht affx whch has gwn t b a ttl, w may fnd
nstancs amng ths just ctd; nght (_ ncht_) mant gnally
a svant, thn a psn pfmng patcula svc t th ng;
and squ (_scud_, _cuy_) mant a psn wh b th ams
f a nght, patculaly hs shld. In pcss f tm ths bcam
ttls. Agan, wds may hang dubtfully upn th cnfn btwn ttl
and ptht; as th much ctcsd xpssns f th Englsh Cmmn
Pay B , (u) mst lgus and gacus ( ng).
W fnd n Hm that th wd , a ng, had alady bgun t

pass fm th functn f a m dscptv wd twads that f a
ttl; f, thugh aly, h attachs t t th nams f ndvduals,
bsds fly usng t wthut thm; and t s an usual nt f
ttls pply s calld, that thy can, vn f substantvs, th
b cmbnd wth th nam f th psn, , n addssng thm,
substtutd f t. In th Ilad w fnd , d the
Odyssey . Ag , e fd yy
v v[764], w m m .
w , g , Hmer, hh must ut be fuded

th [765], s cmmnly a dscptv ptht, naly
quvalnt t u wd _ld_, and, l t, havng an xtadnay
lastcty f sns; f as a psn may nw b ld, s h mght thn
b , f gdm, peple, feld, me, sl ve, hrse,
r dg. Ist es re utless. Smetmes the me g s lrd, r
m ster, rel tvely t p rtul r bjet, s f the hrses f Nestr,
....[766]
Sometimes it meas i the abstact a class o
pesos,
.[767]
w naly cspnds wth u chldn f th
hgh ds, .. th masts f slavs.
On th th hand, n fnc t th mmtals, s smetmes
ttle: s Il. v. 233,
, , .
_Exame f tte._
T ee ae, weve, Hme vau wd w c ae udubtedy ad
ufmy ttua. Suc ae atcua t e adjectve
and , whch a vy naly quvalnt n pw t th phas
Ryal Hghnss f th psnt day. Thy cmmnly accmpany th nam
f th ndvdual, f th class, t whch thy blng: and thy a
cnfnd, wth n sngl xcptn, n th Ilad, t psns f th
hghst nwn an , that f ng. Th xcptn s Phnx,
wh s n n plac addssd by Achlls as . But
Achlls says ths , whn pttng and caxng th ld man,
and thf th nstanc ds nt dsty th fc f th gnal
ul.
In n plac w hav [768] usd f Achlls n th thd
psn wthut hs nam: whch stll m st ngly ma s th wd
as a ttl. Als s nt unfquntly usd n th vcatv,
wthut, as wll as wth, th nam f th psn t whm t s
addssd. It may pssbly b wth ntc, that ths wds,
and , a nv appld t Agammnn, as f thy had, agan
l th phas Ryal Hghnss, a lmt upwads as wll as dwnwads,
and w nt applcabl t th supm had f th natn. Th s
ndd n passag wh Agammnn s addssd as , but t s
n th unvsally suspctd[769] f wy-f yy.
y f b f m , v
, bcaus th n th gntv, n th vcatv,
t wuld asly hav bn mad avalabl: spcally n th latt
nflxn, f Agammnn s addssd vcatvly sm fv and twnty
tms n th pms. I admt that Ulysss may allud t hm n th ln,
[770].
But th phas h s m abstact than psnal: t s phaps as w
shuld say, u yal mast.
Th wd may hav bn gnally a mly dscptv
chaact. But t has nly patal tacs f that chaact stll
adhng t t, as t s usd n th Ilad. Th chf nt f such a
sns, that I can fnd, s, that t s usd n th cmpaatv and
suplatv t dstngush th Plpd hus fm th th ngs.
Agammnn s , Il. x. 69, and Mnlaus s vdntly
ntndd n th f Il. x. 239; wh Dmd s bddn t
chs th bst man, spctvly f an , and nt t t hmslf t
th .
As th Odyssy psnts a pd f pltcal dsganzatn,
bught abut by th lng absnc f th chfs, t s nt supsng
that w fnd th wd , and ts pp ptht , usd
n ths pm wth gat laxty. Th and th [771],
a h nt th ngs but th astcacy f Scha, and f th
dmnns f Ulysss: and t s a cmplmnt pad t Tlmachus by
Thclymnus, whn h says[772],

.
Yt vn h th spcal and ffcal sns f mans: n
n s v calld ndvdually a unlss h s n th thn,
thugh Antnus s sad t smbl n f th ng-class,
[773].
And th sam Antnus sacastcally xpsss hs hp, that Jupt
wll nt ma Tlmachus n Ithaca, ntwthstandng hs ght
f succssn by bth[774]. If nly ndcatd a ctan
statn, Tlmachus wthut dubt was alady.
Th sns pp t t n Hm s that n whch, f sm thusands f
yas, t appas t hav mantand a wld-wd clbty.
_Cmmn ntptatns f ._
A ow as espects the costuctios which have bee put upo the
phase . It is ot otice by Heye o by Cusius. Of the
taslatos I have aleay spo e. As egas the Lexicogaphes,
Scott a Liell say Agamemo _as geeal-i-chief_ is specially
, while Osilochos is calle I. v.
546; b p , w I b
mpy v , v p
_fm _.
D mm[775] y pm y w m y
mm .
A ; [776] m , mm w a ,
ee he ffe f y r hef , mre p rl rly
h f preme rler r mm er.
Th hee expl re erely ee he m r , I m ve

fer meh me er .
I er D mm, I l erve h he phr e pple
e , h mm er, vere: pple
Ahe, h vere, mm er; pple
Emel, h eher vere, r rrr f y e,
h mm e mre h eleve hp.
I e he epe p he hhe eree eher f ml ry r
f vl elev .
Nr e ll e h ve ee, eve hh h
ee e frm Jper; r eve f e mme e r ex
mme e: m he lv, S rpe he f Jper h ,
eher h Plype h r (Il. . 740). S, m he e ,
ve eher Herle r Rh m h[777], f
Jper. If, pr le, repe exr frm Jper ll
e he , reme e r exr ,
h he le he r me f qe le e; er ly ve
ee he mme e q lf fr he p rl r y.
I pe, h e f ve ee he eer lly
mme ely vere h, le he Il . B h
repreee y he r and , as thy ba wtnss
by th tymlgy, and nt by . Iee we seem to fi the
wo usd f havn-bn, wthut fnc t pltcal
pw, n that ln f th Odyssy (v. 378), wh Nptun appls t
t th Phacans:
.
But f ths Hmc ttls whch a spcfcally G , by fa th
mst ma abl s th ttl f .
_Paticulas of its use._
It is use by the Poet fifty-two times: fifty times i the Ilia, twice
oly i the Oyssey.
It is applie foty-six times to Agamemo, a six times to five othe
pesos, oce fo each i fou cases, a twice i oe. The pesos ae,
Eumelus, a livig Gee .
Augeias, }
} ea Gee s.
Euphetes, }
Achises, }
} livig Tojas.
eas,
}
It appeas a peishes with Home, ot beig fou i the witigs of
ay othe Gee autho.
It is eve use i ay of the cases, except the omiative: eve
sepaate fom the pope ame of the peso to whom it is applie,
except oce (Il. i. 7), a the oly by the paticle : w y
p m xp p : w y w
f f f ff f f v, xp m

p : , w s ever sep r ted frm the rd
, except oce i the Oyssey by the wo .
It aed t e w e ame de t beg wt a vwe,
ad t e w e ame t f t e metca vaue eceay
t eabe t t fm t e at ft ad a af f t e examete: a,
Agamem, f tw t yabe ad tw g e; Eu ete, t ee
g e; Eumeu, tw g ad e t. Ccumtace, t ee at,
w c , f t ey td ae, wud ae a eumt t at t e ue f
t wa detemed by metca cdeat y.
T at metca cdeat ad me degee f fuece t e ue f
ae Hme, we may uffcety judge, by bevg t at w e
Hme ue t e ame f Ac a fu tme f t at f Agea ce, e
ue t e fm b wv m, w
m xy m.
B w m y bv m v pv
Hm fm ppy p Dm, yp, , w
m ff fm f A mm y v
b f m: y : m f
x begi with a vowel. Thus as he estais himself
beyo what mete equies, he may have ha some easo othe tha
mete to gove his use of the title.
The questio is, whethe thee ae, evietly o pobably, othe
coitios of substace, which, besies these of sou, meet i the
pesos esigate by the title, a which eable us to tace a fix
its pupot?
With efeece to Mues explaatio I obseve, that it oes ot
appea to ta e accout of the iffeece betwee esciptive wos i
geeal, a titles, as applicable to Home; but athe to assume that
the Homeic phases ae simply of the fome class.
It is plai that the wo erm f h l ly: hh,
_pr _, e y rel hp he e lhe
r ry ephe f mp r . I le rly ere he l
f he, h re le-h e rle, he re Jper,
[778]; er he ephe prely Il. xxv. 538.

.
Fr he h ye prely ffpr h hme.
Ler h , whch cspnds t th an mpld by u tm
majsty, and lss wd n sns than , hh rrespds very
e rly th lrd, t s geer lly the euv let s t r f pre
r prely, rdg t the Eglsh sese f the terms; but t s
Hmer l ys desrptve rd ly, d ever ttle. Ardgly t
s fud the l ter Gree rters, he bth , a eve
have isappeae.
_The of Home._
The phase is moe lagely use tha , h
mre ppe r e f pprxm h ve h r er,
eply f v l ppl , hh el le.
Th
, ,
[779],
th a th mmbs f th G , ad meas
Agamemo. Li e , ppl le he h hel e ry
veree, he fe re, pe , f he prp l hef:
fr e, e f m he e ry mm er f he Pyl
v,
, , [780].
It eaches ow to pesos, of whom we ow a ca ife othig,
but that they may pobably have hel small fiefs (so to call them)
with eivative soveeigty of some i, such as wee, amog the
Tojas[781], %ieo, Hypeio, Apisao, Hypseo: a it is also
applie to the sos of the geate chiefs, fo example, Thasymees a
Ageo[782], as well as to the chiefs themselves, icluig Agamemo.
It is li ewise give to gisthus, whe he was, _e facto_, i
possessio of the thoe of Agamemo[783]. It is theefoe applicable
to the iea of political ule i the vey wiest sese, iffeig
howeve fom s f r th t, hle t s ssged t pers ges f
sm ller te plt lly, t s fed t the epress f th t d
f superrty, d h s thg h tever t d th prperty.
I fd t, the hle, mpssble t detet ths phr se y thg
f defte h r ter, eept th t t epresses plt l rule t
l rge, d epresses t uder the frm f fgure d pted t the e rly
d p tr rh l st te f sety. I hest te the t ll t th
fdee ttle, be use the l ss t hh t pples s smeh t
determ te, d therefre t s tg spef me g: yet t
m y p rt e smeh t f th t h r ter. We must, hever, dstgush
br dly betee the elemet f subrd t t Ag mem, suh s e
see t Nestr d Dmed, d th t f the l ss t hh the ler
beloge. These wee as wiely sepaate as the geat
feuatoies of meival Face, fom the petty los who so much
aboue i this isla.
I its fom, the phase beas a exteal, athe tha a eal
esemblace to . Fo f vy xp
m ff f p
bj; w is much moe peculia i chaacte, sice
ehbts the de f m ster s ell s ruler, d he s t
merely f peple, but f dvdu l me, respet t
smethg ppert g t m s suh, f hh he s the pssessr r
usufrutu ry. The expesses a elatio, which implies that
political society is aleay fome, fo mans a bdy untd n
that fm.
Agan, w a scacly nttld t psum that eotes
the office of ay ig o chieftai, whe, though it is use i some
fifty passages, it is oly applie to six pesos: o is it less
hazaous to say that it meas especially the office of a supeme ule
o commae, whe out of these six pesos oly oe at all aswes to
that esciptio, a whe at least thee ae pesos of isigificat
powe, as well as iiviually obscue.
Oce moe, it is the mae of Home, whee he applies a epithet o
phase chaacteistically to oe of his geate pesoages, to give
them the exclusive use of it, such as the f Achlls,

f Hct, and f Ulysss. F
xampl, s usd thty-ght tms f Hct, nv f
any th h: thugh t s usd nc f Mas, n Il. xx. 38. It
wuld b stang f h dpatd fm ths usag n th cas bf
us. But f be a mee phase of esciptio, as Mue
supposes, he oes epat fom it i the stagest mae; fo while
he applies it foty-six times to Agamemo, he li ewise gives it to
the vey isigificat Eumelus. If it be a phase simply sevig the
pupose, as a epithet woul, of eotig the geat political positio
of Agamemo, how ca its foce be moe uttely shattee tha by
bestowig it ot oly upo Eumelus, who oes othig except ive a
chaiot, but upo Euphetes, who is metioe but oce i the poems of
Home, without ay epithet o cicumstace whateve except this to
istiguish him, a who is ame owhee else at all? If it escibes
a ule as supeme amog ules, why is it thus ebasigly, as well as
loosely, applie? %ut if it escibes a ule geeally, the why is
it employe so estictely? The actual moe a coitios of its use
equie us to examie whethe it oes ot i fact cove some specific
iea, eive fom a fom of society which, eve i the ays of Home,
ha become, o, at the least, was becomig obsolete; pehaps aleay
i some pat a moumet of the past, a cuttig acoss, athe tha
fittig ito, the aagemets a usages of his time.
_ has a specific meaig._
The peculia fomula lo of me appeas well aapte to ma the
peio of tasitio fom the patiachal to the political costuctio
of society; i the family, soveeigty a the possessio of popety
ae uite, a the natually fllws aft and gws ut f
th . Authrty s here lthed frm mre eteded th th t
f mere f mly et, yet the de f t rem s determ te:
there s dstt frm t f _l ss_; superrs re t yet veed
uder the frm l plt l t f gs, r ( s ) hav _mn_
yt cm t cncv f thmslvs as subjcts. Th a human bngs
wth a sup: but th s n scty wth a had. In that stat f
thngs, pw, f lss scu and td, was m abslut: wtnss
th pjctd sacfc by Abaham f hs sn Isaac.
T sum up, hwv, what w hav sad upn th th phass, t
appas that w hav n Hm fu wds cmmnly usd t xpss th
ulng ffc, fm th hghst fm f that ffc dwnwads: thy a,
1. , th mst lmtd: cnfnd n th Ilad t ths wh
bth w pactcally supm, and uld v cnsdabl tty,
ls w f pmay mptanc fm psnal pwss th
qualts.
2. , he ex; emr he very hhe, ee
e ry pre, hh mmly fe he mre er le.
3. , which, also capable of applicatio to the highest,
yet, as expessig political omiio i the wiest fom, embaces the
suboiate, eivative, a petty picipalities eve of pesos who
o ot appea to have bee i ay sese iepeet soveeigs.
4. Moe vaie i its applicatio tha ay of these, pehaps ole, a
elate to the time whe the oly ow fom of soveeigty implie
ietemiate, a so fa absolute powes of isposal, the wo
vlves the duble de f plt l uthrty d f ershp; t
mp es them bth, l e ur rd _lrd_, he they sep r te, d t
dheres t e h f them ll ts frms.
I dmt th t the strut hh t s prpsed t put up
has ot, so fa as I am awae, bee heetofoe popoue;
a that this is, _po tato_, a pesumptio agaist it. %ut i lieu
of _po tato_, I woul i this case cave to wite _po tatillo_;
fo it seems to be the fact, that, as oly of late has Ethology bee
systematically stuie, so oly of late have the text a ictio of
Home bee subjecte to miute ivestigatio; a it is easoable to
expect, that the futhe applicatio of citical attetio to it may
yet isclose to ou view much, which has heetofoe bee ususpecte.
It is the moe allowable to pocee upo this view i the case of
, because so few eaes of Home appea eve to have obseve
that it is eve applie to ay peso besies Agamemo, a theefoe
the commo opiio ests upo a iaccuate impessio as to the
elemetay facts. My pupose, accoigly, may moe justly be escibe
as a attempt to ope a ew questio, tha as a attac upo a citical
veict egulaly elivee.
Let us ow pocee to examie what the facts eally ae espectig the
use of the phase i Home.
_Pesos to whom it is applie._
It is applie to Agamemo i the followig passages:
Il. i. 7, 172, 442, 506.
ii. 402, 434, 441, 612.
iii. 81, 267, 455.
iv. 148, 255, 336.
v. 38.
vi. 33.
vii. 162, 314.
viii. 278.
ix. 96, 114, 163, 672, 677, 697.
x. 64, 86, 103, 119, 233.
xi. 99, 254.
xiv. 64, 103, 134.
xviii. 111.
xix. 51, 76, 146, 172, 184, 199.
xxiii. 161, 895.
O. viii. 77.
xi. 396.
It is also applie to
Achises, Il. v. 268.
eas, Il. v. 311.
Augeias, Il. xi. 701, 739.
Euphetes, Il. xv. 532.
Eumelus, Il. xxiii. 288.
Now although, as we have see, the tem is i fact employe oly with
ames ealy a i to oe aothe i poit of metical value, yet the
Poet has give us the most istict eviece that the employmet of
it was ot a mee metical expeiet to assist him i the use of ames
othewise umaageable. This we lea i the two followig foms:
1. The ame Eumelus is oe of those to which he applies the phase:

but the metical cojuctio of it with this ame is by o meas
paticulaly coveiet, fo out of five places i which Home metios
Eumelus i the omiative case, he oly oce gives him his title of
. Agai, it is eviet that he has o pefeece fo the
e of the vese as a place fo the ame of Eumelus; fo he places it
elsewhee, at the begiig, a i (I. . 714. .
v. 798), y w w m v w
x. H y p f v
p w , a with (Il. xx. 288, 354). S
f r he frm e mer l veee, h phr e r her fre
hm f h y rer re . S h e . Hmer
e h me very m y me, ever e pl e he e f
vere, exep he le e hh he he he le
. Agai, the, the phase compels him to aopt a positio
which he is uifomly caeful to avoi elsewhee fo eas, a this i
little shot of foty istaces.
_Pesos to whom it might have bee applie._
2. %esies the ames to which Home applies the phase, he employs
a geat umbe of ames, of pesos havig high o the vey highest
a , which possess exactly the same metical value as oe o aothe
of the six ames above quote; but yet to oe of these oes he at ay
time give the title of . Of such ames I have obseve the
followig: a I exclue fom the list the meely local chaactes of
the Oyssey, a all pesos i ifeio statio.
(1) Of the same metical value with Eumelus:
Patoclus.
Pheiippus.
Eueus.
Euous.
Euphemus.
gisthus.
Ametus.
Amphius.
Euphobus.
A of the ea,
Isaos.
Aestus.
(2) Of the same metical value with Augeias, Euphetes, eas,
Achises:
Ateo.
Sapeo.
Pychmes.
Hecules (Heacles).
Euystheus.
(3) Of the same metical value with Agamemo:
Diomees.
Polyptes.
Megapethes.
Thasymees.
Eteoeus.
Agapeo.
Eupheo.
Pothoeo.
Hypeeo.
(4) Of the same metical value with Agamemo, except havig the last
syllable shot:
Meelaus.
Echepolus.
Melaippus.
Polyous.
A of the ea,
Rhaamathus.
Meleagos.
Hee ae thity-five ames as susceptible of cojuctio with the
phase as the six to which he attaches it. How comes it to
be attache, sigificat as it is _pim facie_, to the six, a eve
to the thity-five? Di it come a go by acciet, o ha Home a
meaig i it?
Moeove, I woul by o meas be uestoo to amit, that metical
obstacles woul have suffice to pevet Home fom applyig almost ay
title to almost ay ame: such wee the esouces of his geius a his
ea, a such the feeom that the youthful elasticity of the laguage
secue to him.
It must be emembee too that he has give us a istace (i Il.
i. 7) of a seco site, so to spea , fo i the Gee
hexamete, which woul have eable him at oce to combie it with all
such pope ames as come withi the compass of a actyl a tochee,
o a spoee a tochee. Such as ...
... ... ... .... And vn
wthut altng ts usual pstn n th vs, by a ba f t,
a _csua_, whch s nt unfqunt wth hm, h mght hav gvn us
(f xampl) . O h mght by _tmss_, m
lbally usd, hav futh wdnd th fld f ts mplymnt.
O agan, h wuld hav bn f, by th uls f hs wn usag, t
hav sad n th vcatv, .
_Hmers reveree fr ths ttle._
Hs bstee frm fle bslutely, d frm _tmess_ lmst
etrely, the use f , I thi eseves ema . We might
be stuc , eve i aothe autho, by fiig a wo fifty-six times
i the omiative sigula, a eve i ay othe fom: but i Home
these slight cicumstaces have a value a sigificace, which i
oiay cases it woul be moe ageous to assig to them. It seems
to me possible, that this estait i the use of the ame, which
always assigs to it the most commaig place i the setece, was
ot ucoecte with a sese of eveece towas it. I thi that if
we wee to examie the coespoece, fo example, betwee %itish
Miistes a thei Soveeig, we might fi that the phase You
Majesty was place, ue a sot of atual a ucoscious bias,
by the wites, i the omiative case, i a popotioal umbe of
istaces fa exceeig that which the poou you woul supply i a
oiay lette.
It is ifficult to efie this elicate a subtle setimet: but it
may pehaps be illustate by the feelig o which is foue the
pevailig usage of aessig amog ouselves the vey highest a s,
a i some laguages all pesos of cosieatio, i the thi
athe tha the seco peso. A agai, it is the same esciptio
of setimet, which, whe caie ito the sphee of eligio, has le
Date ivaiably to fobea, whe he itouces the ame Cisto at
the close of a vese, fom placig ay othe wo i hyme with it, so
that he ma es it its ow echo (so to spea ), a epeats it thice, i
o less tha fou passages, to meet the full ema of his mete[784].
O agai, as Home appeas to have possesse a fieess of ea which
is ot oly woeful, but by us i some pat iappeciable, it may be
that he attache a impotace, which we caot measue, to pesevig
a pefect uifomity i this igifie a sooous title, as a meas
of poucig popula impessio, ot less tha of satisfyig his ow
taste.
Othe istaces might be give fom Home, beaig upo the case.
e fry me, ly e f he m ve,
hh mer l re l h mper he pe h repe y
f he e f h . s usd n th nmnatv and
vcatv nly. s usd sxtn tms, and n th vcatv
aln. Th fmnn fm hwv s fund n th nmnatv, but nly
n tw passags (n f thm wth a val adng) appld t Mnva.
f elve me, ly he m ve.
Perh p he r ry lhe f h e f _me_ m y e
e fr, y ephy le, y he rm e h hee
r h r y l r e lm e.
The f h he phr e shoul have isappeae with
Home himself, while his heoes wee icessatly sug by late poets,
of itself aises a pesumptio that it beloge to a state of thigs
which, whe afte a wie iteval the ace of his successos bega, ha
wholly cease to exist.
That stage of society, i the closig stages of which Home live,
a which we ow though him aloe of classical authos, was the
patiachal stage i its last phasis. %y the patiachal stage of
society, I mea the stage i which ights o the oe ha, a powes
a uties o the othe, wee still ietemiate, a wee gaually
passig fom the state of _ebula_ ito that of boy. Now, if the
phase beloge to it, without oubt it must at the outset
have exhibite its uvayig chaacteistic, the uio of soveeig
political powe ot oly with heeitay escet, but with a efeece
to some oigial stoc as a object of eep veeatio, if ot to a
elatioship of bloo moe o less emote betwee the oyal family a
thei subjects, o to the omiat ace amog them.
_Its elatio to Patiachal Chieftaicy._
The chieftaicies of the Celtic tibes i ou ow isla, such as
they existe util withi oly oe cetuy bac , affo us a patial
aalogy. The pimay iea is that of the heaship of a extee
family, sometimes appoximatig to the chaacte of a atio;
sometimes moe limite, so that may of such families o tibes may be

egae as belogig to the same atio. Oe ma e chaacteistic
of these chieftaicies is that the peemiece a powe, which
they attache to bith, is sepaable fom, though capable of uio
with, soveeigty stictly so calle, that is, a absolute political
supemacy, a subsists i its mai paticulas eve afte the
ivisio; eithe oes it become ambiguous o iefiite, whee the
fiel fo its execise is a aow oe. The spleou of the ame
iceases with the age of omiio, but its itegity subsists eve
i the most cotacte sphee, so log as the ogaizatio o which it
is epeet emais.
It is at least coceivable, that the Gee a the Celtic chieftaicies
thus fa agee. They iffe i this, that the Hellees, wheeve we
hea of them, appea moe o less clealy as the subjugatos of some
ace i pio occupacy of the soil, a as the mastes of slaves: so
that, while the elatio of the Highla Chief to his cla was elevate
a softee by uio i bloo, a Gee chieftaicy athe affecte the
elatio betwee the hea of the tibe a, ot the whole, but oly a
pivilege pat, of the commuity.
The fuametal iea of this chieftaiship woul lie i the
possessio of the powes of govemet, patiachally ogaize, by
lieal escet, a tace up to the poit which was the ecogise
foutai-hea of the taitios of the ace.
Whee the iea of successio by pimogeitue was well efie, thee
pobably woul be but oe lie i existece at a time that coul hol
the title fo ay oe ace. %ut thee might be cases whee the ule of
pimogeitue was u ow, o ot cosistetly applie, o whee the
fact of ele escet was coteste, o whee commo escet fom some
oe ac owlege ace a peio might cofe the title o a vaiety of
families, situate at emote poits fom oe aothe, i each of which
it might aftewas be cofie to the lieal hei. I such cases thee
woul be a pluality of lies, all uig up ito the stem of a commo
acesto, a all beaig i thei ow sepaate successios the title
of chieftaiships.
Agai, amog these chieftais oe might be politically supeme ove the
est withi a give couty. Such wee the Macoals, Los of the
Isles, i Scotla, who claime to be igs as well as chieftais: a
such i Iela wee the Kevaaghs, ORuacs, a O%ies.
If theefoe I am ight i itepetig the phase to
mea popely (togethe with somethig moe) _Chieftai_, i a sese
icluig the mai elemets of Celtic chieftaicy, o _Patiach_, (but
the latte phase is less applicable fom its covetioal coectio
with avace age), the it ee excite o supise if we fi a
o each sie, a ot i the supeme comma. At the same time,
though thee ae vast iffeeces i powe betwee oe Homeic
a aothe, they ae all, so fa as we see, stictly i the
positio of pices oiaily iepeet withi thei omiios,
though owig, it might be, the peogatives of a qualifie political
supemacy loge i othe has.
_Case of Agamemo._
_Moe of its use fo Agamemo._
It is vey wothy of ema , that Home scacely eve escibes

Agamemo by pesoal epithets. I a few passages (I see seve otice)
he uses the wo n cnnctn wth th nam: but ths s n f
th last spcfc amng th Hmc pthts f ndvduals, and s
mplyd nt nly f Achlls, Hct, Ulysss, Nst, and ths,
but f a cwd f nf psnags, s that, as a wd f th mst
gnal pupt, t has lttl n dfnng ndvdualzng pw.
It mans pmnnc n sm patcula nd, amng a class, and t
s applcabl t any class; t Agammnn gatst amng svgns,
and t Eumus wthst amng swnhds. A fw tms Hm calls
hm , a wd whch h als appls t th nt G amy (Il.
. 110). In all th placs, (I mt, f cus, th nvctvs f
Achlls,) h s chaactsd nly by wds ta n fm hs pstn
dscnt. Th pncpal f ths a , whch h njys n cmmn
wth Mnlaus: , pple hm v r her hef:
, yet moe lagely a loosely use: , hh
exlvely h m me, hh he ephe e y Hmer
prperly erpve f h e-re h y. I l pple
Nepe m he mmr l, e e v e h Hmer
prp l fe re f he , m . y, A mm
, which, as I hol, escibes his positio by bith as the hea
o chieftai of the Achas popely so calle.
Thee ae two ema able passages, which ae evietly itee to
supply the ey-ote, as it wee, fo ou coceptio of the mateial
powe of Agamemo: the fist, Il. ii. 108, espectig the scepte:
the seco, i the Catalogue, Il. ii. 576-80: i both of these he is
calle , eher . This fact etiely accos with
the suppositio that eithe a etemiate fom of political powe, o
militay comma, is the vital iea of the phase.
O the othe ha, although the Poet oes ot seem to coect this
phase with impeial powe, yet that he itee to use it as oe
highly chaacteistic, we may at oce eem pobable fom his havig
employe it i that ema able passage[785] with which the poem begis,
a which so succictly, yet so boaly opes the subject of it.
Fo hee he has ta e the phase out of its usual, a
elsewhee its oly place i the vese, a has subjoie it, cotay
i this li ewise to his uifom pactice elsewhee, to the ame of the
peso escibe by it. The lie is
, , .
Evdntly ths s dn f gat mphass: as gat Alxand
s lss mphatc than Alxand th Gat, and ng Daus than
Daus th ng. It may b admttd that th ptht , usd n
ths plac f Achlls, s nt n f th mst chaactstc: but
Achlls had alady bn dscbd (n v. .) by that dstngushd
patnymc whch fmd hs chf gly[786], as t cnnctd hm,
thugh hs fath and hs gandfath, wth Jupt.
All ths psumptns dawn fm th cas f Agammnn cnvg upn
a pnt: thy tnd t shw, that meas peemiece iee,
but yet a paticula i of peemiece; a oe istict fom, a
moe specific tha, the geeal iea of soveeigty.
_Extactio a statio of Agamemo._
The so-calle geealogy of Agamemo iffes fom evey othe oe give
by Home i this, that it oes ot escibe the escet i a ight
lie. Fo as Thyestes, oe of his thee peecessos o the Pelopi

thoe was the fathe of gisthus, who was the cotempoay, but yet
ot the bothe of Agamemo, he must without oubt have bee bothe
to Ateus, Agamemos fathe. It is i fact ot a geealogy simply,
but athe a successio i igities. The igity of may
have combie with that of the political supemacy to lea Home ito
this uusual couse. If, as I suppose, equie the ouble
eivatio both of lieage a of soveeigty, this was the way, a
the oly way, i which Home coul attai his e. A his havig
pusue this metho seems to imply that such _was_ his e.
I caot theefoe ue the coitios of the efiitio give above,
explai the applicatio of the phase to Agamemo by mee efeece
to his political supemacy. It will be ecessay to pove, eithe by
iect o by pesumptive eviece, his lieal coectio with the
pimitive Gecia o Helleic stoc , the tu of the tee fom which
othe Acha families wee baches a offshoots oly.
I popose to o this by showig,
Fist, that o appeciable value is to be attache to the otios which
epeset him as the gaso of a Asiatic immigat; while eve if
this escet coul be mae goo, we shoul ot o that accout be
justifie i at oce poceeig to ey that the Pelopis wee of pue
Helleic bloo.
Secoly, that he was ot meely at the momet the political hea of
Geece, but that he was also the heeitay chief of the Achas, the
the ulig tibe of the couty.
Thily, that this Acha tibe was i all li elihoo eive fom
Thessaly, whee it was especially oote a istiguishe: as Thessaly
was itself fe fom the Helli of the moutais, a costitute
the secoay a immeiate souce fom whece the Helleic aces
successively issue, a spea themselves ove the peisula.
I o ot pete to cay the poof of a patiachal positio o lieal
chieftaicy i the case of Agamemo futhe. We o ot ow what was
the stictly oigial oyal stoc of the Helleic tibes. The cuet
taitio of Helle a his sos woul be vey coveiet, but it is
too obviously accommoate to afte-times, a too flatly at vaiace
with the ealiest, that is to say with the Homeic accouts, to be i
the slightest egee tustwothy as a histoic basis. We may ta e
the Hesioic taitio as affoig eviece of the belief that thee
was a pimitive oyal stoc , a that the ulig families ha bee
eive fom it, sice withi these limits it oes ot cotaict
Home; but we ca justly buil upo it othig futhe. Uoubtely
the vey employmet of the phase , if the popose
costuctio of it ca be mae goo, will geatly fotify this belief.
%ut this ca oly be mae goo i a pesumptive mae: as by showig
that the phase was oly give i ulig families: a oly i the
epesetative lies of ulig families: a oly i families which
ule ove tibes of the omiat ace; a which ha so ule fom
time immemoial--that is to say, they must be families of which it
caot be show that at ay time they ha acquie thei positio i
thei ow tibe. If a fist acesto, appaetly the chael of the
title, is iicate, he must be oe fom whom histoy begis: thee
must be othig befoe him, othig to show that he o his lie ha
eve bee less tha what he came to be. Lastly, the tibes, ove which
the ules, must be i visible o pesumable coectio
locally with the oigial seat o cale of the atio; a it will
be a futhe cofimatio of the agumet if, as we asce the
lieal lies, we fi i them a teecy to covege towas a uity
of oigi, which we shall fi poetically expesse as the ivie
paetage of Jupite, a thus covee with the gole clous of a
emote atiquity, that ot eve the su ca piece[787]. Pehaps we may
eve fi easo to suppose it li ely that escet fom Jupite was a
essetial qualificatio fo the title of .
_Agumets agaist his Helleic escet._
Fist, the, let us eal with the egative o avese pesumptios,
which woul go to pove that Agamemo was ot Helleic at all.
It may be uge,
1. That we see, eve fom Home, that Pelops was a ecet heo, oly
two geeatios befoe the _Toica_, so that Agamemo has o atiquity
to boast of.
2. That, accoig to extaeous taitio, thee is o coectio
betwee Agamemo a the Hellic stoc : as Pelops is epute to be the
so of Tatalus, a Tatalus the ig of Phygia.
To the fist I aswe, that the list of ames i Il. ii. 101-8, is ot
simply a geealogy, fo it iclues Thyestes, who is ot i the ight
lie; but it is a successio of igs o a commo thoe, a ca oly
theefoe begi with Pelops, as the fist who sat upo that thoe.
%ut, futhe, eve if it wee a geealogy, yet Home seems usually to

begi his geealogies ot with the fist ow acesto of a peso,
but with the fist acesto of his who settle i the place whee he
execises powe. Thus Nesto, though we acquie iiectly a owlege
of his ealie escet though the , y by
! f , b w m
p, , , f y , by
m p, p p [788]. Uy
by A; p , fm f
y y I , v b f
bf m. D , f , w
f f v. A , v
f : w v f pb b w
f f [789] w m y. m
, , w p.
!w w p bj.
W mmb Hm w
bw p , bw y .
B v , f fm, w
pv f A mm p y f
. Fo, as we have see, that title subsiste i the lie of
Daaus, a the causes which plate it thee might also have plate
it i Phygia; which is ot iatioally suppose to have bee the lie
of mach fo the Hellic ace i its oigial movemet westwas[790].
Moeove, Phygia is ot a ame cofie to Asia.
_Coectio of Tatalus with the Gee s._
Thee ae, howeve, may iiect Homeic iicatios, as well as

much exta-Homeic taitio, which te to coect Pelops both with
Tatalus a with Geece.
Fist, eve if Tatalus wee ow to Home as the fathe of Pelops, he
coul ot have bee ame i the taitio of Il. ii. 101-8, uless he
ha occupie, li e Pelops, the thoe to which Agamemo succeee.
Fom the appeaace of Tatalus i the , pb b
Hm m G , by b by w w m y
z . m b vw, f
m, w m G b v ,
m m f f w b m G v. If,
f , w m f ; f m f
m f m G , y Hm v m , xp
p ym, v m f by
y p f G. m y v b w y f f
G . w f G b ; b w z,
f pp j f w. A
p , w xp, w ,
pp y G : yp , H, y, , , fm
m f : v , m f
D[791], pp , w v , v b y
Hz by . ! y v m mp
w p .
A , w m y b , w p f
p. ! m v b by
xp f f f . w bj f
p f A (. v. 121). y w ff fy,
b m f vy f R m mf w
m[792]. yp w , w v f bv[793],
f m x .
p m f w pb by,

, f f pv p , y f
pv , p . f p m
pp mp , f b f, p pp
f , w f f w y
pp y . w ff m v b
m fm f , f , pmp, mb. I
f y by mp , m y
v v m, m .
!w pp v f w y
w f p . H p f v
v. H m y, w
f by f m f. H y
w (, Il. . 106): hs gat-gandsn Agammnn s dply
ma d by th avac vywh glancd at n th Ilad: and fnally
w hav th c lss and gulty cavngs f th ambtn f gsthus.
W a by n mans wthut asns fm th pms f placng Tantalus,
as th lat tadtn placs hm, amng th hs f th stc
f Jupt. On gund s affdd us by th txt f th Elvnth
Odyssy f suppsng that h was, I d nt say a sn, but at last a
dscndant f Jupt. It s ths; that appantly all th hs, t
whm w a thus ntducd, w at last f dvn xtactn. Thy
a, bsds Tantalus, as fllws:--
1. Mns, wh was a sn f Jupt. (Od. x. 568.)

2. On: h was f dvn xtactn accdng t th lat tadtn.
In Hm h has n pantag, but h had at last attand t dvn
hnus, nasmuch as h was tanslatd nt a sta. (Od. v. 274 t
alb.)
3. Ttyus, sn f . (. x. 596, v. 324.)
4. yp , f ; f fm Jp.
5. H, f Jp (b. 620.)
B I y p y p p w , w
, and wh Ulysss says h mght hav sn
ths, namly, , ,
f : f b f w
f pp , mf, mp y.
H , f , by [794]
v v w m
p f . B H w y b w
m, p y, v
p v f v f A v y.
v , I , f v. p
, vw v, y . I ,
m m, mm f w ,
b f y fm x, bv p
f ; my f w
v. v f pp by m f
p .
p-Hm m !b f ;

, f b , w m y v fm vy p
f pp pmp w f f
Jp, yp f p w
G. f !b G w , fm b
by A ; w v y mp
by mb ff f v m . f
b mp by A w m. , v
f f p w y v b by
v f . x y
f v: Ap y , D ;
Jp v pp ; Imm by
. f f m , whch mans planly th
subjcts f th ngdm wh Nb was qun.
W cannt nw cay fath th psumptns that Tantalus was
th dscndant f Jupt, and Agammnn f Tantalus: but f, n
cnsdng th cass f th th mmbs f hs class, w shall
suffcntly shw that thy w all dscndd n cmmn put fm
Jupt, w shall thn phaps b waantd n lyng m dcddly
upn th cnnctn, whch s suggstd by th txt n th cas f
Agammnn thugh hs psumd ancst Tantalus.
It s dffcult t fnd m than slght tacs f th sat f th
pw f Tantalus fm Hm.
H mntns a muntan calld Spylus[795], na th Achlus, and
thus na th pncpal passag fm Nthn and Mddl nt Suthn
Gc. H t s that h placs th munng Nb. But Pausanas

placs th tmb f Plps n th summt f Munt Spylus, manng,
appantly, th hll f that nam n Lyda[796]. Agan, th Phygs,
v whm th lat tadtn pts hm t hav gnd, a als
mad nwn t us as a Thacan ppl[797]: a dsgnatn qut capabl
f mbacng any f th hll tbs n th nghbuhd f Thssaly.
W hav anth sgn f th xtnsn f ths nam n th Phygans f
Attca, mntnd by Thucydds (. 22): and th Phygan alphabt s
clsly a n t that f Gc.
Stab, hwv, bsvs, that th stat f ths tadtns s
s gatly cnfusd, s as t ma thm scacly tactabl f th
pupss f hsty[798].
_Plac f Plps n G hsty._
Th cnnctn f Plps wth Suthn Gc s wll supptd by
th ancnt nam f Plpnnsus. N ntc f ths nam s fund n
Hm; but w nd nt b supsd, f Plps was th fst f hs
ac n that pat f th cunty, at fndng hm spaly cgnsd by
th Pt: t s th unfm mann f th pt wth stangs _nv
hmns_.
Th Hmc ntcs f Plps a nt m lbal than f Tantalus. 1.
W fnd hm calld [799] n such a way as shws that smthng
cnnctd wth th dvng f a chat must hav bn attachd th
t th nwn habts, t sm gat css f hs lf, t bth.
In th md, t ags wth th cmmn tadtn, accdng t
whch, by succss n th chat ac, h wn th hand f Hppdama,
daught f ng nmaus, and thwth th thn f Psa. W hav
anth fact fm Hm whch tnds t suppt ths tadtn, namly,
that n th alst yuth f Nst th w, as w hav sn,
publc gams, whch ncludd chat-acs, n Els.
2. Th cmmn tadtn s als futh supptd by th passag n th
Scnd Ilad, whch gvs us th ln f Plpd svgns. F w a
th tld that Vulcan wught th Plpd scpt f Jupt: that
Jupt gav t t Mcuy, and Mcuy t Plps th hs-dv, wh
handd t n t Atus and th st. Fm ths statmnt tw thngs
claly appa. Fst, that th thn f Plps was gand th by
caft, at last by ntps, f hs wn. Scndly, that t was a
nw pw whch h ctd, and that h was nt mly th tansf
f th pw f th Psd ln.
N s t dffcult t dscn whn th nvlty cnsstd. Ths
scpt cad th ght f paamunt ldshp v all Gc- [800]-w b v, pb by
f pw m mp f
G.
!w vy, x, w p y A vy.

w v , mp y w , Hm p
m xv f w f th nhabtants
f that quat, and calls thm by pfnc , the lder me
f llg t the sh de. Thus, the, the Ah s rse th the huse f
elps: d ths beg the se, e the better uderst d hy t
s th t th t huse rse t s gre t elev t. It s be use the
Ah r e h d ured etes the Nrth d the Suth

f Greee, E ster d Wester elpesus, d be use t usu lly
predm ted heresever t et. Thus the huse f elps h d
pprtuty f g g fluee d per, hh h d t bee ejyed
by the preedg dy stes, thugh they ruled frm the s me svereg
se t. They ere f mles ly: the elpds ere hefs f r e.
Wh t e h ve thus see frm Hmer, th respet t the hgh pst
tt ed by elps, s frmed by the l ter tr dt.
us s tes the l l tr es f T t lus, s ell s f elps,

Els. A h rbur there bre the me f T t lus[801]: d elps s
rshpped s tu ry h rd by the temple f Jupter Olympus. It
s the rght h d, frt f th t temple, very m r ed stu t
ll l elhd: d us s s ys, th t the El s revereed
elps mg heres, l e Jupter mg gds. It s prb bly ths
ut, d s memr l f the rshp frm hgh pl es, th t the
, sat f Plps, was, as h says, nt nly n Spylus, but n
th summt f th muntan.
Anth tadtn ma s Plps th gnal ng f Psa, th val
twn t Els, whch at lngth succumbd t t. And a futh tadtn
pts, that h bcam th sn-n-law f nmaus, ng f Psa, by
cnqung hm n th chat-ac: and tgth wth ths, that h
std th Olympan Gams. Anth tadtn pts hm t hav cm
fm Olns n Achaa: and as th Dans, wth th Haclds, cam
nt Plpnnsus by that ut, pbably as th asst, s, and f
th sam asn, may Plps pbably hav dn. Lastly, whl Hm
placs Achans n gna and n Mass, (f whch th st s un nwn,)
Pausanas (b. . c. 34) stats that nn slands () ff th
cast f Mthana, whch ls dctly ppst gna, w n hs tm
calld th Islands f Plps.
Bf quttng th subjct f Plps, I wuld bsv, that hs
wshp n Olympa wth such pcula hnus s cnnctd wth a
tadtn, that h asd th Olympan Gams t a dstnctn whch
thy had nv bf attand. Nw f w vw hm as th pncpal
chf wh bught th Achans nt Plpnnsus, ths tadtn tnds
t suppt th vw whch has bn ta n n a fm sctn f th
latn btwn th Hllc ac and th nsttutn f publc Gams.
N s th any thng m ntnscally pbabl, than that a chf
fm th gat bdng gn f Thssaly shuld hav th fundd
th chat hs-acs f Olympa, shuld hav asd thm t
an unpcdntd clbty, and scud f thm th tuly natnal
pstn that thy f s lng a tm mantand.
W hav sn thus fa,
1. That th ttl f is employe by Home as the chief
istictio of Agamemo.
2. That most pobably Agamemo was escee fom Tatalus, as well
as fom Pelops, that the lie was a lie of soveeigs all alog, a
Tatalus i all li elihoo a epute esceat of Jupite himself.
3. That the Achas emege i compay with the Pelopis, fom the
cave of pe-histoic ight, a that the Pelopis ae theefoe to
be ta e as i all li elihoo the chief a seio house of the Acha
tibe.
%ut we have still to as , whece came the Achas themselves? a how
ae we to pove thei coectio with the Helleic ame a stoc ?
A fist, as to Homeic eviece.
_Achas fom Thessaly._
We have aleay see, i cosieig Homes accout of the cotiget
of Achilles, a also fom Il. ix. 395, that the Acha ace appeas
to have bee the omiat oe i the pope a oigial Hellas of
Thessaly: which appeas to place it beyo oubt, that the Achas wee
they who fist caie with them extesively ito Geece the Helleic
ame, a ame always followig i the wa e of the Acha oe, a i
Home exteig to all Geece, uless we except that pat which was the
soveeig seat of Acha powe.
The fist fom of the ame is with the Helli of Nothe Thessaly:
the seco is evelope ito the Hellas pope of Southe Thessaly;
we fi the thi i the moe lage a less etemiate use of the
wo fo Geece to the othwa of the Isthmus. The ame gais this
extesio appaetly just uig the peio while the Achas ae
movig southwa, as the house of Ulysses to Ithaca, the house of
Neleus, pehaps with a Acha tai, to Pylos, the Pelopis to Myce
a Spata, Tyeus fom tolia to Agos.
A agai, we must obseve this istictio. We see the Achas come
ito the Pelopoesus, a we ca, fom the text of Home, poit out
the time whe they wee ot thee. %ut we o ot see them come ito
Thessaly fom amog the Helli of the moutais. We simply fi thei
ame pomiet thee; fom which we must coclue, that Home meat to
poit them out as the fist epesetatives o a aequate scale of
Hellas i that couty.
All this is stogly cofime by the late taitio as to the
coectio of Pelops with the Achas of Thessaly, a by the clea
histoical poofs i ou possessio of the pofou oot which the
Acha ame ha ta e thee.
Stabo, i a passage whee he chooses a paticula taitio fom amog
may, as peculialy wothy of eco, says[802],

, ,
, ,
.
Thus he t e sserts the et f elps th the Ah s, d
f the Ah s th Thess ly. He preeds t s y, th t L s
sdered t h ve peul r ttle t the me f Ah Args[803];
th t sme strued Od. . 251 s supprtg t, d th t the
Ah s, drve by the Dr s ut f L , ther tur dspl ed
I r e frm Ah , d t pssess f the dstrt.
Herdtus[804], tre tg f the elpesus, desrbes the
Ar d s d Cyur s s , wh had nv changd th
habtatn; fu th acs, ncludng th Dans, as , and
th Achans as havng mgatd abut th Plpnnsus, but nv lft
t. H ds nt xplctly plac th Achans n th class; and ths
tadtn ds nt thw much lght n th gn f th Achans, whch
wuld sm nt t hav bn wthn hs nwldg, but nly dals wth
matt subsqunt t th nty nt Plpnnsus.

Pausanas[805], agan, wuld sm ath t daw th Thssalan Achans
fm Plpnnsus than _vc vsa_. H tlls us that, aft th dath
f Xuthus, Achus wnt wth an amy fm galus, and stablshd
hmslf n Thssaly. But wth Hm bf us, w may bldly say,
that th was n such psn as th th Xuthus th Achus f
th lat tadtn, and that th w, n th th hand, Achans
n Thssaly lng bf th tm assgnd t ths Achus, namly, th
pch whn th ac t fug n galus. Ths tadtn, thn, s
lat and wthlss, and, vn f t dctly cntadctd that f
Stab, whch t ds nt, culd nt b put n cmpttn wth t.
Th tadtn whch mad Phthts n Suthn Thssaly th cadl f
th Achan ac, wh t fst gw nt cnscus lf, sms t hav
bn an undyng n.
_Duatn f th nam n Thssaly._
H agan hsty cms n t u ad. Thughut th hstc
tms f Gc, and dwn t th a f Plybus, th w Achans
f Phthts. Whn, 205 yas bf Chst, untus, th Rman
gnal, xamnd nt th gn f th G cts, and mad a
classfcatn f thm[806], th Achans f Phthts w dclad t
b Thssalans: and h appas t us th nam f all Phthans, snc
h calls Phaxdas[807] an Achan, smngly f n th asn than
that h was an nhabtant f Mlta, a cty f Phthts.
I ta t thn t b suffcntly pvd, that Agammnn and hs
hus w th pp hads f th Achan ac, whch s wth thm.
Th pf s dubld by th fact that thy fll wth t: f n th
pst-Hmc ltatu, all f whch fllws th Dan cnqust, th
Achan nam has casd t b a lvng nam f th natn f th G s.
And as th Plpds w th lads f th Achans, s I nw assum t
t b suffcntly shwn fm Hm, that th Achans w n hs tm
at th had f all th Hllnc famls and tbs; f th Dans,
th lds, th Cphallns, and whatv ths cam fm th sam
stc , and w n fact, f th ag, th pp typ f Hllnsm
tslf.
That mst ma abl supmacy f Agammnn v th G natn,
whch s s stngly ma d n th pag f Hm, and t th fc f
whch Thucydds ascbs th wndful mvmnt f th Tjan wa,
lft bhnd t a tadtn whch t was thught wth whl by th
ulng ac f Dans t apppat, vn aft th shpwc f th
ld pltcal systm.
Osts cam t th thn f Agammnn, and Tsamnus t that f
Osts. H was cast ut by th Haclds wth th Dans, and thy
mad Spata th chf sat f th pw. Thus stablshd n th
pmacy f Gc, thy hld t, und th nam f ,
mm, b y f p f v , by A :
v by w y, p , yb y,
xpy, f b , f y
bf .
m A w , v w

m. B mp p f f p
m A mm . , [808]
fm , v w y, mb f m w w

p , by y f f w p; w
f , m by , f
m f p v fm H A .
, A , w m f yb[809]
y p m f y A ,
w m m w by Rm , w
f my f m b ,
m m w m f y[810], w
w fm p b f m .
_D ppp p ._
!w m w m xp, A ,

p f, fy f
y, by pv mmy f f ,
w , b v, w f G
. B w y D x b xy f
p m b? f y v x,
b p p ,
p y f pm y, b f m p
by , w w w w f D v
y m, f by p. W f w
p m w A , y w y p
mv w mmy f D f
: y, Hm xpy y ,
by p w p, f by f
y fm Jp. I m fw,
p m w D p
bf m, w D ,
by : , my, f H b
, b f b by f my w p
pmv vy v H , fm,
A b.
m m b, b D v f p
m H,
m Jp, f p. B
p f y, m y w
v , p m f y, w
p p b m f pw fm m m
: H w m mp w
w m m f H f m w b ( w v )
y.
W w v mm p H
, I m w w ffy w y
f , w I pp .
Istea of seeig Agamemo iveste with it because he is hea of the
Achas, a highly favoue by a special, ay by a almost exclusive
appopiatio of it, because they ae the foemost Helleic tibe,
we shoul have to ow i them the yougest of all the baches fom
that stem, with Doias, olias, a Ioias too, ta ig peceece
of them: a we shoul have to loo , a loo i vai, fo ay tace
o pesumptio whateve of his escet fom that Achus, whom the
taitio feigs to have existe.
%ut with the ac owlegmet of Homes histoical authoity, the ceit

of that taitio falls; as iee it is etymologically self-covicte
by the fomatio of its caial ame Helle.
The Acha pomiece i Home ests o gous sufficietly clea:

ove the Ioias, who appea to be ot eve a Helleic ace; ove
the Doias, latet i the Pylia tow of Doio, o amog the siste
aces of Cete, whee they ae as yet wholly uistiguishe: ove the
olis, (fo thee ae o olias,) because these ae sigle shoots
oly, while the Achas ae a bach, a picipal sectio of the
Helleic ace; a also, as I thi may be show[811], because of all
Hellees they appea eally to have ha the most omal coectio with
the tue foutai-hea of thei ace.
Nowhee amog the Doias, a (of couse, if the Ioias ae
Pelasgia,) owhee amog the Ioias, have we ay tace of the ame
, o of the thig iicate by it. May ot this be the
easo that the Doia igs of Spata sought (so to spea ) to seve
themselves heis to the house of Agamemo?
I may obseve i passig, as to the Ioias, that it has ecetly bee
hel that they ae ot oly Helleic, but the olest Hellees: that
they pate fom the est of the ace i Asia, came ito Geece by
the islas, a wee its geat sea-faig ace. This theoy, ably as
it has bee suppote, is but oubtfully ageeable to the positive o
egative eviece of Home: still it is ot less fatal to the cuet
taitio of Helle a his family, tha that which views the Ioias
as moe ealy coecte with the Pelasgias[812].
Oly amog Achas, olis, a Daaias, o we fi the patiachal
title of . The Daa house fell with the Toja wa. The
thoe of Augeias ha give way eve befoe that geat cisis. It is
pobable that the lie of Euphetes was the o loge i existece;
else we must have hea of it i the Catalogue, o uig the actio.
The ealm of Eumelus was emote a small, a if it ha bee wec e
i the covulsios of the peio, it woul leave othig upo which the
Doias coul lay hol as a poit of juctio with the past. %ut they
ha come ito the vey omiios of the family of Pelops, though with
a tasfe of the metopolis fom Myce to Spata. Hee was the tue
Gee Patiachate, of which fo puposes of policy they might well
esie to become the ostesible epesetatives.
_Spuious Taitio of the Hellei._
The lege of the Hellei might pobably be meat to coopeate
towas the same e. Its etemiate fom I have vetue to isca:
but its spiit a itetio have thei impotace i coectio
with the subject of the extactio of the Gee s. It affos ealy
witess to the geeal belief i the eivatio of the Gee aces
fom Thessaly: a though it oes ot suffice of itself to pove that
a Dous o a Io came fom thece, yet it is of geat impotace as a
testimoy to thei geeal coectio with Thessaly, a it powefully
cooboates eviece such as Home affos to that effect i the
case of the Achas. No ae we etiely without Homeic eviece of
a coectio betwee the Doias a the Achas, a thus betwee
the Doias a Thessaly. Fo the Doias ae fou i Cete togethe
with the Achas (O. xix.), a i the omiios of Nesto people by
Achas we fi the tow calle , I. . 594. A, weve, t e
geat Da ma came t Peeu t ude a famy f Da
ue, but ude Heacd, t e cect wt t e d Hea wa
t mataed by ay ega tadt, ad ece e a t e eed f
t e eged f Hee t evve t e memy f t.
Let u w edeavu t gat e tget e t e t ead f t e agumet.
It a t at Agamem wa t caed o accout of

his geat moachy; because othe geat moachs wat the title, a,
agai, othe isigificat los hol it.
No i he possess it o the gou of autochthoism: fo the Achas
wee immigats ito the Pelopoesus, a ot autochthos, a they
ha bee pecee by othe aces.
Neithe was it boe by him o the gou of a ivie escet moe
iect o moe illustious tha that of othes: fo his ivie escet
woul i that case at least have bee specifically state, istea of
beig left to emote a hazaous ifeece. No is the title boe
by Achilles, who was the geat gaso of Jupite, o by Hecules o
Mios, who wee his sos.
If soveeigty a atiquity be coecte with the title, they ae
ot of themselves sufficiet to cofe it: a if ivie escet be a
coitio of it, this must be joie with othe coitios.
These egatives, establishe i the case of Agamemo, leave oom, I
believe, fo but oe suppositio; amely, that the must
iicate chieftaicy, o i othe wos, the lieal heaship, passig
by seioity, of oe amog the ulig o oyal houses, who epeset
the stem of a paticula ace, i his case the Acha bach of the
Helleic family; a who gove, a have cotiuously govee, those
of thei ow ame o bach. Of these oyal houses thee might be
may, allie togethe by commo eivatio, at the same o iffeet
epochs, fom a commo stem.
_Summay of the Eviece._
I sum, the Homeic pictue appeas to be as follows.
Fist we have the emote a wity Dooa of Thessaly, the most
aciet a most awful seat of the eligious woship of the Gee s; i
coectio with which Achilles ivo es Jupite fo the success a safe
etu of Patoclus.
Aou Dooa well the Selli o Helli. The special veeatio pai to
the place poits it out as the olest site of the atioal woship;
a the possessio of this olest site agai poits out the tibe as
the mothe-tibe of that woeful Gee ace, whose fame is gave
ieffaceably upo the oc with a pe of io.
Fom amog the Helli of the moutais, who owhee appea amog the
cotigets of the Gee amy, must have poceee the migatoy bas
who gave to the Thessalia plai the ame of Hellas. Thei esceats
fix themselves as settles thee. %eguile ito civilizatio, they
become Hellees; they spea, by thei ibo elastic eegies, towas
the south, a cay with them, oly a little i thei ea, the vey
title of thei Helleic oigi, as well as thei ow peculia ame.
The ulig families of thei septs o clas give each to its actual
hea, if ot to its hei, the igity of , a this title
they cay foth with them to the southe povices i which they
plat themselves.
Oe of these ulig families, the hea of the geat sept of the
Achas, caies the ight to this title i the case of Agamemo: a
iasmuch as it beto es what is both olest a highest i escet a
i civil authoity i the whole goup of the Helleic tibes, it foms
a appopiate a chaacteistic esigatio fo thei chief ule a
leae.
Havig thus cosiee the case of Agamemo, the geat Acha
chieftai, i this view, we may pocee to the othe cases of Achises
a eas, of Augeias, Euphetes, a Eumelus.
I oe of these cases, howeve, have we the same ight to assume
_i limie_ the chaacte of chieftaiship by ow lieage fom a
Helleic family, as i the case of the Achas. The cases of Achises
a eas may iee be teate o gous of thei ow. I the othe
istaces, we must iquie what gou Home fuishes fo especially
coectig these pesos with the heaship of ulig families, a with
Hellas o Thessaly.
This I shall o, subject to the geeal ule, that if i ay paticula
case thee ca be fou a special ma of coectio with Thessaly
o Hellas i o about a paticula spot, it is theeupo to be
ifee that i that paticula place the coectio was ow a
commemoate. If, fo example, we fi at a give poit a ,
easo bis us to pesume that, as the local ame might show the
eivatio fom the fist seat of the ace, so by this title the lieal
escet fom a ulig family thee was meat to be commemoate a
ma e.
_The Cases of Achises a eas._
%ut fist fo Achises a eas.

Home is the histoia as well as the poet of Geece: but he is eithe
the poet o the histoia of Toy, futhe tha as it was ecessay
fo him to escibe geeally to the Gee s the ace with whom they ha
bee egage i a eath-stuggle.
The stog esemblace betwee the two atios, a especially thei
pata ig, to a cetai extet, of a commo lieage, seems to have
costitute a ifficulty i his way. Aleay i his time the setimet
of Gee atioality was stog. Whethe he chiefly fou o mae it
so, is othig to the peset pupose. This setimet of atioality
equie to be cicumscibe by a clea lie, ma ig the extet of
the Gee political ogaisatio; a if it was ufavouable to the
ac owlegmet of elatioship to ay ace beyo that lie, especially
was it so i the case of a ace that the Gee s ha coquee. Pobably
theefoe the pupose of Home equie that he shoul istictively as
it wee eep i special obscuity the otes of ie betwee the two
couties.
I the case of the Gee s, Home has itelligibly poite out the
oigi of the ace amog the hills of Nothe Thessaly ou the
aciet Dooa, a ea Olympus, its poetical coutepat, a the
esiece of Jupite with his gogeous tai. Yet moe clealy has
he i the case of the Tojas eable us to tace them to thei
foutai-hea, agai i the moutais, a besie the oots, of Ia,
whee they woshippe the Ia Jove[813]. We have hee the ace
without peecessos, esiig i the vey spot whee they wee plate
by thei ivie pogeito, a comig ow by a clea lie of seve
geeatios to the cousis Hecto a eas.
%ut although the coitios of chieftaicy ae thus obviously fulfille

i the ace of Daaus, yet ifficulty pesets itself i a ew fom.
Why is the tem applie to Achises a to his so eas,
but eve to Piam, o to his so Hecto, o to ay of his family?
The aswe to this questio opes a cuious chapte of Homeic histoy
a speculatio. I goig though it I shall eeavou caefully to
sepaate betwee positive statemet, a itepetatio o cojectue.
These facts the ae o the face of the poem.
1. Achises owhee pesoally appeas i it. A yet thee was at
Toy a assembly of (Il. . 146-8). Of th psns
th mntnd, Lampus, Clytus, and H tan w bths f Pam;
ths, f xampl, Panthus and Antn, w n th xcs f at
th vy last a subaltn svgnty. Thy w psnt at Ty,
whl th sns fught n th Tjan an s. Th asn, thf, f
th absnc f Anchss s nt t b sught n hs bng psntd
by nas. N n th mmunty f hs dmnns, thugh th bng
placd amng th muntans, fm wa: f nas hmslf, bf h
cam t Ty, had nly bn scud by dvn ntpstn fm th
hands f Achlls[814]. Why thn ds Anchss nv appa? Eth
suly bcaus f th hgh an f hs svgnty, bcaus f sm
unxpland valy btwn th famls.
_Evdnc as t nas._
2. It ds nt appa that nas t any pat n th cuncls f
th Tjans. But stll h s always psntd as a psnag f
th gatst mptanc. It s sad f hm, as f Hct,
[815]. Y his ch c woul sm o b wholly um k
by y o siki u liy, such s w fi i po i
oly m s. omhi pculi h i his bih posiio mus h v
b h c us of h impo c ch o him, s i is o o b
fou i his pso l u liis.
3. ccoily, h cl iic ios of j lousy bw
s himslf h Toj oy l f mily. I h b l of B. x.
118, Diphobus, w i i, os o sk s (459-61).

, , .
!w v w y f f m, w

w y: b f by y
vy f . p f m ,
A v ff by v f
H. , wv, m (B. . 159) v b
w f , t whm t s xpssly ascbd; and t s
Antn, wh ppss t n th Assmbly; why thn shuld t nt, f
t xstd, b mntnd by Hm n th cas f nas and Anchss?
Yt th s nt th fantst fnc t t. It wuld stll,
hwv, appa nsuffcnt t accunt f th flng mputd t
Pam. Cuplng t wth th hgh pstn f nas, and th absnc f
Anchss, I cannt but thn th s mst pbably a fnc h
t th hadshp f th famly, whch s dsgnatd by th tm
. Nothig coul be moe atual tha this jealousy betwee the
ecet a wealthy city of the plai o the oe ha, a the aciet
but compaatively poo city of the hills o the othe, if the ulig
family of Daaia claime by seioity the chieftaicy of the ace.
4. Aothe ema able iicatio of the peculia positio of eas is
affoe by the taut of Achilles (Il. xx. 179-83),

B y w , p, f m f
w, f.
m py, xp by y,

f w A . I vy jfy
xp f ? w b p
bw f A , y v w
vy?
5. W I, y f m, w by v ,
pb by v b f f I, A
D , (I. xx. 216) f . f f
vy m b by f mm
f D , w w f A, w pb by v
(. 819-23): by w p
b bw A y, b (I. xx.
216) by D ; by v f y p
w I m f pp (I. xx. 231); by mb f
p w p my w ,
f D f.
6. f w w y v p j
my, xp H. y p D ,

,
Hs m s f m wh h f H, wh s m
fu s . Thus w h v (v. 75),
...
T hs suj, Hus, ws whh ss s
f mm wh H:
,
[816].
If b m w p
p w xx. 240, bf H, y
m v w p I bf A y.
I f m by p f A m , I. v. 467,
,
, .
y, w v pp y f !p p f D

f A (I. xx. 302-8).
A, pp f w ppy

b A , m f w p
f v f vy, p
, by m p . W m f x mp
f f m; f A ,
p y f Uy, p.
7. A f f j y f
w m, . H w w H by
pp, m by v . f
f p w v ; b y m .
If, , f ppy
xp , w m f m m w
m v f , y j y
w m.
8. A b m m w f j
f , by Hm. I I. xxv. 544
y x p f ,
(1) w , (2) mb, pby m y m
x f . y, bf, by m
w f pm, w m p j
, w w mp w f fm x, w m y
v w j , y
pp ; p y f w f, f
y f w m , G.
I y f w B , w f w
, xp p v m.
f fw :
1. I.
2. A .
3. G ym.
(1) f f G ym b;

(2) f I w m;
(3) f A A .
H f m p: b , y,
p w b fm A , bf f
H fm m,
, [817].
9. I f I w , Jp p m
f p b , mp f f
G ym. A b m m m f
m w v, p f b. A
p Hm m [818]. It may also
be obseve that this was the act of a youg ma; fo Laomeo, o
whom he playe this tic , was oe geeatio highe i the family
tee. It is hee show uoubtely that the hoses of Tos, the commo
acesto, escee to the lie of Piam; which was the moe wealthy
a poweful, a occupie the plai couty, whee the hoses fe i
geat umbes (xx. 221); but agai, oes it ot seem as if this vey
poceeig of Achises may have ha efeece to a ivaly betwee the
two houses, a a claim o his pat to the heaship of the family?
especially fom the use i this vey aative of the phase

fo Achises (v. 268), a shotly afte fo his hei eas (v.
311).
_Summay of the Eviece._
To sum up the eviece. We fi the phase applie to
two pesos oly amog the Tojas. Those two ae a fathe avace
i yeas, a his hei appaet. The fathe is plaily eough the
soveeig of Daaia, as well as escee fom Daaus; a
Daaia, though secoay i powe, was the oigial seat of the ace.
We caot say positively whethe Achises epesete the ele o the
youge bach of the family: fo peceece of ame is sometimes give
to oe, a sometimes to the othe lie. %ut as Toy was poweful, a
Daaia poo, we ca uesta the peceece of the Toja lie,
eve although it be suppose juio: wheeas it seems ifficult to
accout fo the fact that the peceece is sometimes give to eas,
o fo the jealousy felt both towas him, a by him, except o the
suppositio that his family i its humble cicumstaces eithe wee
the ightful epesetatives of Daaus, whose scepte, afte the
fall of Toy, eas a his sos wee uoubtely to tasmit[819]; o
at least wee i a coitio, whethe by pimogeitue i Assaacus,
o whethe by holig the oigial seat of the ace, to ma e fai a
plausible petesios to the istictio.
It is impotat to bea i mi, that we have ot the same clea
assetio of the ight of the ele bach to succee to powe i Asia,
which the cases of Agamemo, Potesilaus, Thasymees, a pehaps
othes, supply i Geece. O the cotay, we shall fi Sapeo
fist leae of the Lycias, though of a juio bach to Glaucus, a
li ewise epesetig oly the female lie. We shall also fi geat
easo to questio whethe Hecto, eve if he was the hei expectat
of the successio, was ot, evetheless, juio to Pais. This wat
of efiiteess i the ule of successio is exactly what woul big
it ito ispute, a pehaps ito pologe ispute. A if the ight
of seioity was ot fully ac owlege i Asia, this woul at oce
explai, why Home i ot obseve a uifom oe i the geealogy:
pehaps it might also explai his ot beig histoically awae what
that oe was.
If this be so, the appaet aomaly of the applicatio, o the Toja
sie, to secoay pesos oly of the title so costatly give to the
highest Gee , isappeas, a becomes the cosistet applicatio of a
ule. A Achises with eas may the offe the most pefect moel of
the , as uitig with cotiue soveeigty ot oly ow
lieal escet fom the fist acesto, a fom Jupite, but also the
cotiue possessio of the oigial seat.
It may howeve be as e, why, eve if we allow that
is amog the Gee s a title of patiachal chieftaicy, shoul we
theefoe assume that it ha the same efie meaig amog a people of
iffeet bloo a istitutios?
Let me biefly aswe this questio.
It is to the Helli that we have loo e bac as the most pobable
souce of those ieas a istitutios of claship, which gave ise
to the title of . %ut the Helli wee a moutai people,
(fo they wee aou the wity Dooa,) a so wee the Daaias:
a the istitutios of highlaes i iffeet pats, eve at wie
itevals of space a time, ofte peset stog mutual esemblaces.

The limite meas a pusuits of ma i such a physical positio chec
evelopmet, a te to maitai uifomity.
The Daa highlaes woshippe Jupite o Ia, as the Helli
woshippe him at Dooa. That it was the same Jupite, we may ife
with the geatest cofiece, fom the fact that Home ma es oe
fomula of ivocatio commo to his Tojas a his Gee s[820].

, , , , ...
b f w y m b , f

pp w .
_ f bw j G ._
A f m pf f ffy b, I b
vy v f , w v
w . W v Hm
f f p, v m p y by
G f . ! w, vy, f G f
w m y by f. W v
f f v by yp[821]; w v y
p by yp pp f -Uy
pp [822]; m m f Uy,
pp , . B f y f
f . A , Hm yp [823]:
h h s s usu wh hm, v s f m
. Bu h v s h Tj s , p f m
v ff m fm G .
w pp m [824]. But ths wd sms t man
smply fm anth plac, and ds nt cnvy th pp and full
da f a fgn. F nt nly th Lycan Sapdn s an
t th Tjans, but G pats a usually sad t attac ,
wh s h v w w u hs f h w ,
v w h m f Thus: v Eumus, sus
w u wh h f mss f h Sus, h s f
mv ff , tgth wth hs xn (
), by w v m m p
G [825]. w , I pm
pp j w m b ,
y w G pp.
B f , pm f f my ff bw
j G . I y b w
b ff: b b b
p y f v bf j W ; , w
w f , w , y m w
v v fm p m f .
A p, wv, w m m m m , w
b m y y.
v
Am mb f m y b bv,

vy b f .
f the Trj s re mg the (I. . 840):
f the Gree s ppe r s e f the Cret r es, dstt frm
the Dr s d Ah s, d prb bly s the frst fuders f thse
ll d settlemets Thess ly (. 681), ver hh the Helle d
Ah mes seem prp lly t h ve prev led. Thus the el sg
me frms deded bd f u betee the t r es: thugh, frm
the ets metg t the Trj , d suppressg t the Gree
sde, e t e fer th t the el sg elemet s strger d mre
p lp ble mg the Trj s.
_Sgs eted th the Hell._
Net, t m y be relleted th t, rdg bth t teedet
prb blty d t tr dt, thse Hell h lzed the tr t
but Dd must h ve me frm, th t s, me by y f, D rd .
There s thus every l elhd f sml rty, ether f r e r f
m ers, betee thse h p ssed rds, d thse h drpped ff
the mvemet, d rem ed behd.
Nr re there tg sme d ts, sm ll mut, but
trustrthy ther ture, f prmtve detty betee the D rd s,
r sme prt f them, d the Hell.
The Trj C t lgue dvdes tself t t prp l p rts. The
l tter f these (840-877) retes the mes f the lled ts.
The frmer (816-39) mets mes f r es but the Trj d
D rd ; hh ere re lly e, d ere eve me smetmes
tre ted s det l: fr e s s ddressed, thugh mm der f the
D rd s[826], s
, .
v f y by v w

,

wh h w vdntly ncluds th Dadanans.
And that vy thng s Tjan, Dadan, whch ls wthn th
dvsn, vv. 816-839, may futh b nfd fm Dlns dscptn
f th bvuac f th I. x. 428-31. H m
, m f w m pp m v b I.
. 840-77, b m p f f w
b 816-839. I f , vy p f
y j D . B w v
,
, .
Th mntn f ths v s patd n Il. x. 96, 7.
Nw th nam f a v Slls at nc suggsts a cnnctn wth th
tb f Sll Hll: and futh n w shall fnd, that Ephy s a
sgn f th Hll, as Lassa s f th Plasg, and that n at last
f th Ephys f Gc, pbably n stuatd n Thssaly, was by a
v Slls. In lat tms Scyn[827], and n Hm Els, f nt
Thssaly, shw ach th Ephy wth a v Slls.
It has bn alady ntcd, that n th Gams f th Twnty-thd
Ilad, Hm tlls us that th , ball f n gvn by Achlls
as a pz, had pvusly bn huld by th stng am f ng
Etn. And as all th tacs f gymnastc xcss n Hm lad us
t f thm t Hllc famls, w may phaps b justfd n ta ng
ths as an ndcatn that Etn, th fath f Andmach, blngd

t ths stc .
_Th Hllspnt f Hm._
Anth tac f th nam f th Hll s fund n th gammatcal
stuctu f th ancnt Hmc wd Hllspnt. Its cmpstn
dclas t t b th sa f Hll. Hll wuld b th dscptv
nam f a wman f th tb f Hll. N culd any thng b m
natual, than that th Stat and nghbung wat shuld ta ts
appllatn fm th tb f Hll, vn fm a psn f that
tb, whn w hav vy asn t blv thy mad th passag n
th cus f th mgatn wstwad.
In lat tms, th nam Hllspnt has bn stctd t th naw
stat btwn th Sa f Mama and th Achplag. In Hm t b
ths sns, at last ccasnally nclusvly, bcaus h calls t
[828]. At th tms h calls t , and th cmmntats
hav bn much puzzld t shw hw a naw stat culd b a bad
n, whl th ntptatn _salt_ has als bn suggstd f th
ptht. It s just pssbl, that ths adjctv mght apply t what
was aftwads nwn as th Hllspnt, and mght dscb t as bad,
n cmpasn wth th bay n whch lay th G shps: but t s much
m natual t cnstu t m fly, and t undstand by t th
bad Hllspnt, n ppstn t th naw Hllspnt; that s, th
pn sa, n ppstn t th , whch sgnfs th Stat.
Th xpssn s usd but thc; nc[829] f
th wat na th pat f th camp ccupd by Achlls, whch w
nw was by th pn sa[830], and twc[831] wth fnc t th
spulchal munds whch w t b ctd th, and f whch th
mst cnspcuus spt wuld f cus b chsn. What suggsts,
anth ptht, [832], rely reqre: fr rele
h h r hl e pple he mere Sr . A rh,
epeely f ephe, emr le h he r Hmer
meme me , he r , he Arhpel . Fr Ahlle,
h e l hme, y he ll e ee p
[833], _v_ Hp, w , v
v y m f , y f
m y. A, , ymy f w p
f f: G v w v v m at all
t a naw stp f wat. Th cnnctn, whch was thus stablshd
btwn ths quat and Gc thugh th mdum f th nam Hll,
was cgnsd by th lat G s: but thy natually altd ts
fm, by png t th wn cunty th hnus f th funtan-had,
whl thy mad th astwad tacs f th nam t b scnday and
dvatv. In Apllnus, Phyxus and Hll a th chldn f
Athamas, and gandchldn f lus: and thy a cad fm Thssaly
n th bac f a am t th Tc sa, wh sh s dppd, and
gvs h nam t t. Ths tadtn s summd up n th agumnt t
th Agnautca, and xhbts th blf f th G s n th aly
latnshp f th cunts.
All ths ma s th Hll nt nly as a ppl wh had cssd th
stats, but as n whch had lft ts nam asscatd wth th
nthn cast f th gan, and mv upn th cunty n th
nghbuhd f th stats, up t th v Slls; a stam whch
w s must hav bn at a cnsdabl dstanc bynd Ty, bcaus
all th vs that dscndd fm Munt Ida w mplyd n clang
away th G athw s, and ths n s nt amng thm[834].
_Th gft f Echplus._

W fnd an nsulatd yt ma abl nt f n btwn th Dadan
hus and th G s n th cas f Echplus. H was a sn f
Anchss, and h sdd n Scyn. H was pssssd f gat walth,
and appantly h had als th fn bd f hss whch was n hs
famly: f h psntd Agammnn wth th ma [835],
f b fw m y.
!w w vy m mm fm

G. p m f v f.
f w y mmb f D m G,
p fy m xp, m x m
p. I m ppy w pmp f H
f y f m f . m , f
f , m b fmy w -
-b p f j .
W v y y f ff bw
w p : b w w pp , w
ff H : f , f
f y, bv my p pm y,
by p , may pobably have subsiste amog Tojas as
well as Gee s.
The less wali e chaacte of the Tojas, thei moe oietal
maes, a thei less multifom a imagiative eligio, all poit
to cosieable iffeeces i the compositio of the people. The
Pelasgic igeiet was pobably stoge i Toy: it appeas to have
ha moe ifluece ove eligio, maes, a istitutios. %ut the
cicumstaces metioe above ae to es of a ifusio of Hellic
bloo i the populatios that ihabite Toas. Now this was owhee so
li ely to be fou as i the oyal family; fo we see the goveig
faculty eveywhee accompayig the Hellic tibes though Geece, a
assetig itself both by the acquisitio of political powe, a by the
eegetic use of it. Eveywhee it ises, by a atual buoyacy, to the
summit of society; a gives thei fist vet, i miiatue, to those
eegies, which wee aftewas to efy, o eve to subue the wol.
At the same time, though it is i coectio with the Hellic families
aloe that we fi the amog the Gee s, we ee ot
pocee so fa as to ey the possibility that it might also have bee
a Pelasgic istitutio, a that its o-appeaace, i coectio with
thei ame, might be sufficietly accoute fo simply by thei loss
of political powe. We have o easo to suppose the Pelasgi a Helli
to have bee families of ma i whose chaactes wee i aical a
absolute oppositio to oe aothe: the completeess of thei fusio
afte a shot peio seems to pove, that, though with a iffeet
istibutio of capacities a teecies, they must have ha may a
impotat poits of cotact.
IV. _Case of Augeias._
Let us ta e ext the case of Augeias.
He appeas i thee passages of the Ilia.
1. The Epeas, who ihabite Elis, with %oupasium a othe tows
eumeate i the Catalogue, a lyig i the oth-weste coe
of the Pelopoesus, set to the Toja wa foty ships, i fou

ivisios, ue fou sepaate leaes, a without ay hea ove
the whole cotiget. The fouth ame of these is Polyxeius, so of
Agasthees, himself a lo (), d the s f Auge s.
2. I the Eleveth B , Nestr gves the urus hstry f the r f
hs byhd r e rlest yuth, betee the El s (v. 671), lled ls
Epe s (688), d the yl s.
Neleus h d set t Els h rt th fur hrses t ted the
g mes, f hh trpd s the prze. The hrses ere det ed by
Auge s (v. 701).

.
! y v , b ff

mm by. m b y (
y), b y f y, f f
Ap . v b y. y f p
b y v y, m Ap ,
b w y p .
3. I m b w f : p w f ,
v w y Bp m , p
, w p f w w fw A .
m b . y , w m,
A [836].
! f f w m . H was th

sn-n-law f Augas, mad t hs ldst daught Agamd, wh was
pfundly s lld n dugs (v. 741);
, .
K. O. Me (Oc meu, . 355) fe fm t e Catague, t at
Augea wa d y f a fut at f E. But t aumt
eem qute gatutu cect wt t e aage t e Catague,
ad uttey ctadct t t e teu f t e ty f t e Pya
ad B. x. O t e ctay, I fe wt cdeabe cfdece,
fm t e ace au tate f t e Ea dv f t e amy, w c
t dffe fm t e t e dv, t at t ee ad bee a evut
t at tate ce t e tme f Augea; ad f , t e decty t e
Catague cfm t e Ea mac y decbed t e Eevet Bk.
T u t e we fd t , Augeias, lo of Elis two
geeatios befoe the Toja wa. He is eighbou to Achas, whom
we have aleay tace i Hellas: a he appeas to have beloge to
the same atioal oigi with them, because they set thei chaiots
to u aces at his games. Agai, the fact of his holig these games
at all, a at a place which subsequetly cotee fo a obtaie
the supeiteece of the geat atioal assemblages celebate at
Olympia, testifies to his ow coectio with the cale of the
ace whose custom it was to celebate them; because these festivities
ha a eligious a atioal chaacte, a as such coul ot but
have epee vey geatly upo taitioay title. This ace we have
peviously fou to be the Helleic ace.
_Notes of coectio betwee Elis a the Noth._
We may howeve fi othe iicatios of the escet of Augeias

fom a ulig Helleic family, i local a pesoal otices which
coect Elis, his ow teitoy, with the oth, a with Thessaly i
paticula.
Fo example: it was at the Alpheus i Elis that Thamyis suffee his
calamity: a he was comig at the time fom chalia[837], i the
valley of the Uppe Peeus, a pat of the Homeic Thessaly o Hellas
pope. (Il. ii. 730.)
The ame , t, hh s ppled t hm, ever seems t h ve spre d
f rther suth rds th the hlls but Thess ly.
urther, he s mg frm Eurytus f h l , h s g med s

the lrd, pp retly, f th t ty, . 730. But the me Eurytus
s e urret mg the desed ts f Atr[838], fr desed t
f Atr h bre t s med the C t lgue lttle bel: d ths
l tter Eurytus s Epe hef: d the desed ts f Atr re
fud the Epe r El rmy f the Eleveth B . (. 709, 739.)
Ag , they re fud Thess ly r hthts, fr he erury h d
deflered lymele, the d ughter f hyl s Thess l , Eheles,
desed t f Atr, m rred her; d yet g , they re fud
e r Aspled[839] d the ye Orhmes, betee Bt d
hs[840].
Ag , the yl rmy h lted, t d ys m rh frm the Alpheus,
the yeus, rver evdetly med frm the y f elpesus.
But there s y ls Thess ly[841], f hh the ste s t
presely hstr tmes: d the rther Orhmes s
lled yeus[842].
There s p rt f ddle r f Suther Greee hh s buds
the l l d pers l tes f et th Thess ly d the Nrth
s Els d ts eghburhd. Sme d ts f t h ve lre dy bee
gve, d m y mre mght be dded. As fr e mple, there s
Epeus[843], rver f Els, s there s f er d f hthts.
Drs, bee th t , s refleted r prefgured the Hmer Drum
f the yl terrtres: the Thess l L rss L rss , d
rver L rssus, f Els. The Thess l me h l s repe ted the
dstrt, ver hh Nestr ruled t the eph f the _Tr _; d
there s Ar d Orhmes s ell s rther e. Cyp rssus
Els rrespds, g , th Cyp rssus hs. Sme ther
mre dubtful d ts m y lse the lst. The rrh se f Ar d
m y be frm the s me rt th the [844] f th dmnns f
Ptslaus. Phaps th Thssalan Hls and Ptls may b a n t
Als n th cunty f Plus[845]. Th smblanc f nams s nt
cnfnd t th xtmts f th ln, but s scattd alng th
path f mgatn fm nth t suth. It xtnds als t Lacna.
Nst n hs yuth s summnd all th way fm Pyls (),
f w y; (fm w yp,
f , v f G my,)
.
Thus fa w fnd sm psumptns as t th dscnt f Augas, as t
hs cnnctn wth th Hllc nsttutn f th gams, and as t th
latn btwn Els, v whch h gnd, and th ln nthwads
nt Thssaly; all tndng, tgth wth th vdntly Hllc
chaact f th Epans, t shw that h was th psntatv f n
f th ulng tbs.

But h als bas a dstnct lcal ma , th natu f whch I shall
nw ndavu t nvstgat.
Th chftanshp f Agammnn has bn tacd and dntfd by
mans f hs Achan cnnctn, wthut any assstanc fm lcal
ttal nams cnnctd wth th abd f hs famly.
In such a cas as hs, w culd nt l f ad f that dscptn:
f hs hus had nly bn pssssd f tw gnatns f th
dmnns: w hav n pcs nwldg bf that tm f th plac
f th sjun: and whn thy s t pw, t was n a tty,
and n cts, whch appa t hav bn alady f hstc fam. It
was nt thf l ly that th abds shuld ba nams such as,
f thy had cm n th chaacts f funds and nt f nhts,
thy wuld pbably hav affxd t thm.
In th cas f th Dadan hus, w hav fund, amng th ndcatns
f th Hllc affnts, th tw vdntly Hllc nams f th
Hllspnt and th Rv Slls.
_Th nam f Ephy._
Th s anth lcal nam n Hm f paamunt mptanc as a y
t th qustn spctng th ulng Hllc tbs, th nam f Ephy
().
v w

ymy, f m Hm, m y ppy.
_I m._
A, f, w m y Hm f m w
f v G, w vy ym
w : I w b , bf
v m m p y.
1. , Il. . 582. In Lacdmn.
2. , Il. . 711. I Thess ly.
3. , I. v. 543. Bw y p .
4. , I. x. 151, 293. . . 488. m.
5. , Od. v. 296[846]. Otherse re d , d, rdg t the
Shl st, the s me th . , bw y
p .
6. , I. v. 135. I : pb by
A f w y: b, p f
[847], m w .
Bsds ths nams f placs, w hav als,
1. , Il. . 763. xx. 376, th nam f Eumlus; wh was
th sn f Admtus, th ld f Il. . 711.
2. , n f th sns f Cthus, a Thssalan ng, Od. x. 259.
3. Th , tmd I. . 268, n Il. .

743; th shaggy muntans, n whm Pthus mad wa, whn h was
attndd by Nst.
Wth spct t th sx lcal nams, and th tw fst f th th
psnal nams, th can b lttl dubt f th dntty n t.
It s dctly pbabl fm th txt, that ere the
s me pl e. The me f Eumelus, h lves t , d h s the
gr ds f , yt s calld , claly stablshs th
tymlgcal latnshp. Thus th s, agan, n dffculty whatv
n cgnsng btwn d , r g betee d ;
m f Hm v m f m y
b p , , I. v. 52,
, Il. . 569. , th nly manng nam, gvs us th
Dc lc f , fm f . wv
mp b w m f Hm, w y
ad , , (
), I. . 766, , . v. 50, b and
, and ; and f twns, th f I. .
591 pp I. x. 711.
I b mmb m f ,
m w Hm v w y y : w
w f ; y b,
m v fm w fm
. A f m p v
bw m , b bw
p .
vy m w m w f w v

f p ,
vy, fm mb v m p , y
vv . f f m w v
by p, py f x f v; w
pp v m , w ,
ffy.
B w y bf f
v f v y f m f w.
xp pb by vy mp ,
b b vy, jvy. A
w b m p f w m f w w
y b p v f , j w
p, y. _ _, _ushy_. Th
twn f f Ap , I.
x. 711 , , w c ex bt t u
t e adjectve ue a actua exame. S aga by aagy we mg t
ave fm , fm , fm .
W v x -Hm m f p v w
p . [848] , p
w w p v w m A,
w v b p m f ;
w m m p fm f
Hm m . Ths cnnctn f Phas wth Slls bcms
n ts tun an agumnt f latnshp btwn Phas and Ephy,
wth whch Slls s asscatd n th placs wh Hm mntns t
as th nam f a G v.
N a w wthut th tacs, n ths gn, f that nam whch s
ftn attnds upn Ephy: f Lacna had f ts y n th nth th
twn f Sllasa[849]. Th f Acada ud a ee be
be md.
T u t e we aea t fd t e ame f E ye accdg t e
t e f t fm Laca, Pyu, ad t at at f T eay
w c wa ued by Admetu. T e ug ace t e tw fme wa
Ac a, ad t eefe Hec. Admetu wa mef a , a
his Hellic oigi will be show pesetly. So fa, theefoe, we have a
pesumptio establishe that the ame of Ephye sigifies some peculia
coectio with the Helli.
Etymologically it is obvious to coect these wos with
, pp y pfx, w
mm G v bf y f Hm, mpy
w mm : w pfx w f p
_ _.
_ ._
Lt us nw pass n t th .
Th f Hm a, l th , m pp, I. . 268,
m (. 743), v p b f
p ; f w w ! w vy bv,
xp [850], _p m ff_;
w v f p f p y,
A. ! y v pmp fm f H
b (f y w) f m , m w b f
m p : y m w p w
bw y p , b pp y H,
pb by b A .
I m y b w mmb, D f Hm f
j ; w f p y :
p pp y m .
Nth f ths pas f nams a ttal: whl n ach pa n
pbably ndcats a subdvsn f th th.
Th thus smblng th , w by
bw m f w
H . I m f f ere the pprpr te me f
settlemet frmed by .
Havng pcdd thus fa, w may nw bsv th latn f th wd
,
1. To the Geek , w vy, fm p
_ _, m G pfx. W w m y pb by
G , _v_.
2. G , a ild beast.
3. To the Lati _
ea_, ith the same meaig.
4. To the Lati _tea_, meaig the eath.
5. To the Italia _tea_, the old classical ame, i that beauti
ul
togue, ot
o a distict, but
o a iclosed, alled, o
oti
ied
place. This od seems i Italia to be aely, i

at all, used
o a
distict, but so geeally
o a to, that it is di
icult to suppose
the sigi
icatio as deived i the same mae as Agos i Geek,
om the tact o

couty i hich it as situated. I Italia _tea_
seems o
te to mea _tellus_, o
te _humus_, vey aely _age_,
costatly _oppidum_ o _castum_. Thus i Date (I
eo, C., v. 97),
_Siede_ la tea, dove ata
ui.
This beig so, it is atual to suppose that, hile the coelative
o
the Geek b m _ _, y fy
__ _ m_, f G m I _ _,
s s sf w ; , h ws, h h
w, wh v w s, f h mm mh u , whh m
G , I m _ _ f hs us. Th xh
f f __ w s bcmng _vsts_: and f _t_ f _f_ (=
) i compaed ith _
uges_.
This sese o
_tea_ seems to have dopped altogethe out o
the
Lati, ad especially Pelasgia, bach o
the old Italia togue.
The elatio betee ad , the oe applicable to me, ad the
othe to ild beasts, appeas evidetly to tho us back upo that
hich the moutai tibes o
me had i commo ith aimals, amely, a
ild ad savage li
e, ad the
ee possessio o
the eath. Thus the
to stad i a commo ad ea elatio to the od , ,
y m v f mm .
Bf p , I w m
w m v fm Hm p p
f p . H appa t b n fact th ud and
uncmbd muntans, wh als hav th nam f m
b. a , shaggy. Thy cm dwn t
th plans, and acqu sttld and cvlsd habts: fm thy
a bcm , but ther lg h r h s t left them, d frm
thy a nw .
Nw w fnd th wd m y m Hm: w v
m , pp pp pp y , w m
[851], w , ma s wa fm ut f Thac.
_Etymlgy f ._
w pm ym bw w ,

p f w w w v b , w w
v f w m f w H?
f , w b pp by v , w ,
w f, w p y w H
vy m b m .
W w
v ,
1. pfx .
2. f f .
D. D [852] v f G w w
v,
pfx w , mm , mm
, mm .

-, hece oo
.
-, whnc lb.
-, whnc ub, ufus.
-, whnc mus.
Ths pnt bng dspsd f, hw a w t accunt f fndng ,
f ?
b b , f G y b m,

y v p , fr ? I
m ll prpr f he e ve Dr. D l le he
vel prefx he me h he vel fll.
C e frm h eey f h e ll mprehevely he
mm l pe he , hh Heye h erve[853]?
Or, h ll e f he prple l y Bpp[854], h
Cmp r ve Gr mm r, h he h eey e e elf ,
h lq h v preferee fr h l er vel, flee
he eer f ? he f erh e eee
re, he y, p he l f r vy r v l eqlrm.
I m e erve h he r l vel f he r m y, h
e, h ve ee he hh e f .
It s nt nly w m y f pp by . ff
m f I __, w pp p v
f G . Agan w hav, n th Latn, th ndd wds
_fu_ and _fa_. Phaps I am wng n dalng thus scupulusly
wth th vaatn fm t , f p b f ff v y
f y . x m (
f ), w v v v pp
w , y w f vw f p b.
_I pb b f ._
Up w pp f, w p y
v f f f p ,
m w m I p , pp
m y be dr etymlg lly frm the s me rt. If s, th t rt ll
be prb bly the s me th th t f , f f w w v
H : p
pp w m y y b pp , I y , b
p m y prperly dete, d m y be the
rg l d prper Hell me fr the _terre_ (It l.), r lled
pl es, fuded by the Hell r es; s sgnfs th pn
dstcts n whch th Plasgans w gvn t sttlng , fr
rlr l prpe.
I me y h h he Pel eleme e
re f he, r h he Hell ere ee h he
lv f he l. O he r ry, he Pel pp rely
l her L r fr efee, e eem h ve
e he me Ephyre h ferle l. Whe Hmer repree
he bj f v by fm , pb by
m by m b f y p ,
w m p y w m by .
f w w p bw
m p y
f ,
m H, w
m,
f.
H b, w m y, by f

v v w p y
m w w y, m
m f b f vz
! w w f Hm v

w v p y f, y
p v b , m
p w w b p
b.
ff ,
b f
w p m
f
x mp, p y: fm f w

f - , w m
w f m f , f , b
p , p y. W v Hm w f
p, w f p, w b
, [855], Thess ly, r Els.
r Hmer gves us, s t the l st, dret evdee f the f t, by
hs epthets , pn, and , hs-pastung[856].
Els, n fact, was mst pbably f Plpnnsus what Bta was f
Mddl Gc: th fst haltng plac, fm ts ftl sl, f ths
wh ntd th gn; th scn, accdngly, f apd succssns,
and thf fqunt vlutns, but als th plac bang th
stngst ma s, thugh nmnclatu, f th cunty fm whch th
nw-cms had pcdd.
Agan, th Ephy f th Odyssy s xpssly calld (Od. . 328),
. A w H Ay fm p y (I. .
659), f p w m y , w m y y
f, y w , p p w p,
f p y w , f , ,
y w , f , w G. A , p y
f yp (I. v. 152) b m , w v
Hm m . Ths ptht s fd by sm t ts
favuabl pstn f cmmc. But such an xplanatn s whlly
unsutd t th ag f Hm. F th cmmcal pmnnc f Cnth
blngs t a lat pd; and w hav nthng t suppt th da,
that cmmcal pulnc xstd n Gc at ths pd at all. Th
natual xplanatn sms t b, th ftlty f th sl f th plan
btwn th c f Cnth and Scyn. Ths sms t hav bcm, n
aft-tm, th subjct f a pvb. Hnc th n th Avs
f Astphans says (Av. 968),

.
In th sam sns as wh Sha spa says,
Whn Bnam wd shall mv t Dunsnan.
Th Schlast gvs tw xplanatns, f whch th bst s
.
A , y fm y f pp
w m f pmv H, was f th Plasgc
sttlmnt, whn w fnd that th fst, thugh claly manng
a sttld plac, has tymlgcally n fnc t agcultual
labu, whl th scnd s ntly basd upn that da; snc
ths sgnfcatns f th wd chsn t dnt sttlmnt, n th
tw cass ag, n th cpcal dffnc, wth th dffnt

spcfc chaact f th Hllc and Plasgc tbs, th fm
mgng fm th muntans, pdaty and p, adnt, bld, and
ntpsng; th latt pacful n th habts, and l ng t
nthng bynd th cultvatn f th sl.
S much f th t f Ephy and Ph, and f th latn btwn
th tw.
_Placs bang th nam n Hm._
Nw th Hmc tstmny t th pvalnc f ths nams s xactly
such as mst ffctually stablshs th cnnctn btwn thm n th
n hand, and Thssaly wth th Hllc acs n th th.
Fst as t Ephy.
1. Fv gnatns bf th Tjan wa, Ssyphus, a sn
dscndant f lus, was sttld, appantly as a subdnat pnc
ld, n an Ephy, whch was na th tty f Ptus, and
was stuatd . Bp , f
yp , w v by , f Av; w
f nus, th ancst f Dmd. Ths ccumstancs, cmbnd
wth th tadtn that attachd th nam f Ephy t th st f
Cnth, lav n dubt that Hm mans t plac Ssyphus n what was
aftwads Cnth[857]. Th was n th nwn Ephy n a n f
, what may b tmd wthn ach f Ptus and nus: whas
ths Ephy lay upn th pass that cmmuncatd wth th Nth fm
that pat f th Plpnnsus.
But th ln f Ssyphus had bn dsplacd n th psn f
Bllphn, tw gnatns bf th Tjan wa. Tgth wth ths
ln th ld nam f Ephy had dsappad: w ha f t n th Ilad
nly as Cnth, and as pat f th Mycnan dmnns. Nw tadtn
cnncts th ld ttl patculaly wth Thssaly, th lds always
havng bn cgnsd as n f th gat pmtv G acs. And
Hm gvs us lds n Thssaly, as wll as n Plpnnsus. In th
tm f Ssyphus thn w s ths ld nam, whch s Et-Hllnc,
cnjnd wth th lcal nam Ephy: at th pch f th Tjan wa,
bth hav dsappad fm th spt.
Th tadtnal nam Ephy mand, ndd, n many pats f Gc
dwn t lat tms. Stab (p. 338) c ns n n Els, n n
Thspta, and n n Thssaly, bsds Cnth: and als fv
f the me. But eve Hmers tme, ether these settlemets h d
de yed, r else, hh s mre l ely, the p rtul r frm
v p f f pp m, b m
y f pv w: f w y
v pp, b f p y m v b
m f Hm. If pv w, w
mpy pv f pmv m f H
. b by w m ; w, ppy
p , f fw b, y
fm.
2. p f I y b m,
w p m ! . y, p f
,
,
[858].
Tw ccumstancs waant u placng ths y:
f, m f x f w :
, y w f y.
3. I m y b v x p y, w
w yy.
m
I f f p , f ,

f p , mmb Uy y w
jy bf j : mmb m,
.

[859].
And agan, whn th Suts apphnd that Tlmachus mdtats
mschf, thy as whth h wll bng alls fm Pylus, vn
fm Spata (whch was m mt).

,
,
, [860].
F sval asns t appas pbabl that th Ephy h mant was
n Els, and was thf th Ephy f Augas.
1. Ggaphcally t wuld appa l ly t b n th Plpnnsus.
Tlmachus was lttl l ly t ma any m xtndd vyag. Th
ntcus f hs famly was gnally wth th Iasan Ags,
Wstn Plpnnsus. Hnc t s sad f Pnlp[861], Culd all
th Achans f Iasan Ags s th. And hnc, n th Twnty-futh
Odyssy[862], th nms f Ulysss antcpat that, unlss pvntd
by thm, h wll st th t Pylus t Els, wh a th
Epans, f assstanc. Hnc, agan, t s that, n th Scnd
Odyssy, w fnd Ephy jnd wth Pylus and Spata (whch last s
mntnd as an xtm pnt, ,)
m p f . m f p
w
pp : f f m y m
p y y y , b y f,
p .
W m y wv w y p.
2. w m f p y, y, w m
v w . B p y, f ,
y b p y.
3. -Hm p p y .
W v y A w f , v
H , : was this Ephye the seat
of his empie?
Eve fom the bae fact of beig i Elis, it stas i sigificat
coectio with Augeias: but moe especially, it seems impossible ot
to coect the peculia owlege of ugs, peseve at the Ephye to
which Ulysses epaie, with the fome fame of Agamee, the aughte
of Augeias (Il. xi. 740), fom whom it ha, i all pobability, bee
hae ow to the ext followig geeatio.
It may be as e, what place ha Ilus, the so of Memeus[863], i
a Ephye, whee Augeias ha bee ig o lo? We ca give at least
this egative aswe: the Catalogue shews that Elis, i the time of
the Toja wa, was o loge patiachally ule; fo the Epeas ha
fou cooiate leaes; of whom the gaso of Augeias was but oe.
Theefoe a Ilus may have bee i the time of Ulysses possesse of
the place, which beloge to Augeias i Nestos boyhoo: a we may
obseve, that o Epea o Elia chief, cotempoay with the _Toica_,
appeas i Home ue the title of .
Upo combiig all these cicumstaces, we appea to have the stogest
waat fo believig that Augeias was lo of Ephye; that he was the
hea of oe of the ulig families which eive themselves by a ow
a ecoe lieage fom Hellas a a Hellic tibe; a cosequetly
that the achaic title of was applie to him, ot casually,
but with a efiite meaig, a i cofomity to a establishe ule.
_Summay of the eviece fo Augeias._
The followig bief syopsis will, afte what has bee sai, seve to
iicate the chief pesumptive gous of the title of Augeias to
.
1. Augeias is coecte with the , I. x. 739-41.
2. w p y, . . 259.
3. p y w yp , I. v. 152, 3.
4. yp f , I. v. 154.
5. -H, mm f v f
G , f
[864].
6. olus is also of ivie escet, fo his esceat %elleopho is
, Il. v. 191.
7. That s t say, h s a sn f Jupt; f cmmnly mans
Jupt, whn th s n patcula fnc t any th dty n
th cntxt, and whn a psnal act attbut s dscbd.
Th xta-Hmc tadtn ntly suppts ths blf, f t ma s
Augas th sn f Salmnus, and Salmnus th sn f lus.
And nw, aft w hav cnsdd s fully th tm
w, w w m
f A mm v f m f my f m;
m , n th Catalgu, s n f th twns that pvd
hs fcs, and , ! I , f w f w
pm m A . f w v
y .
V. _ f p ._
I p f p .
H m y Hm m. I w ,

f I , Dp , f y, w v
by b p : by b p ,

, .
[865].
Ths cas, as t stands, s vy smpl. Euphts s manfstly th
ng f Ephy: th nam f th plac suppls th cnnctn wth th
cadl f th Hllns; th ln s dubld by th nam f th v
, and hs an psumably stamps hm as f a ulng ac n th
cunty; f h s a t a svgn, and th xnal latn
appas t hav bn always n btwn psns qual, naly s.
Th passag, hwv, affds us n ad twads dtmnng wh ths
Ephy lay; f t ds nt tll us wh t l f th sdnc f
Phylus.
Was t th Ephy f Els, was t anth Ephy, mntnd n a
passag that w hav nt yt xamnd? T ths passag lt us nw tun.
In th G Catalgu, Tlplmus, th sn f Hculs, cmmands nn
shps fm Rhds, whth h had mgatd, n accunt f havng slan
hs gand uncl Lcymnus. Hs bth s dscbd as fllws,-
, ,
[866].
Hecules the le off Astyocheia fom Ephye besie Selleeis, afte
havig evastate may cities. The opiio may pehaps be sustaie
fom this passage, that the Ephye metioe i it is ot the Ephye of
Elis, fo the followig easos.
1. Tlepolemus[867] emigates to Rhoes i cosequece of homicie. He
is moe li ely to have oe this fom Thessaly tha Elis, fo we see o
sigs of commuicatio betwee weste Pelopoesus a the islas of
Asia Mio ea the base of the gea.
2. If Astyocheia, the mothe of Tlepolemus, was also the Astyoche who
boe to Mas Ascalaphus a Ialmeus (Il. ii. 513), the he was moe
li ely to be Thessalia tha Elia; fo Mas, wellig i Thace,
boee upo Thessaly, but is ot hea of i Southe Geece; a
these pices ule ove the Miyeia Ochomeus, which is fa fom the
Pelopoesus, but ea Southe Thessaly.
3. Agai, Nesto, i the Eleveth %oo [868], whee he sets foth the
epessio ito which the Pylias ha falle, though the epeatios
of thei eighbous the Elias, states that they ha bee uable
to efe themselves agaist those avages, because Hecules ha
evastate thei couty a slai thei pices. Now he woul haly
have sai this, if the Elia Ephye a its eighbouhoo ha li ewise
bee evastate by Hecules, sice his accout woul the have faile
to explai the elative ifeioity of the Pylias. %ut if it was
ot the Elia Ephye, a sice the situatio of the Isthmus a its
state ma e the passage iapplicable to the Coithia Ephye, the,
still loo ig fo some couty ow i coectio with the exploits
of Hecules, we must atually ta e it to be the Ephye of Thessaly,
whee the ame Selleeis, as that of a eighbouig steam, woul most

atually of all be loo e fo.
It is tue that the geogaphes give us o eco of a ive Selleeis
ea the Thessalia Ephye. %ut the fugitive chaacte of the ame
Ephye is maifest fom the fact that, though thee wee seveal
Ephyes i Homes time, oe of them was of sufficiet impotace to
fuish a militay cotiget woth amig. If by Ephye was meat
the fist site of a ew coloy, that ame might atually isappea,
ot oly with a emoval to a moe secue o coveiet spot, but
eve pehaps o the gowth of a mee goup of iclose builigs
ito a walle tow. It is theefoe o woe if the site of may of
these tows has bee fogotte, o if the eighbouig steams i
cosequece caot be ietifie.
_The site of his Ephye._
Thee is a taitio, exteal to Home, but ot at vaiace with him,
that the Astyocheia whom Hecules caie off was the aughte of
Phylas; a if so, Phylas was of couse lo of the Ephye, fom which
she was caie off. If we assume the veacity of this taitio, we
ca etemie the seat of the Ephye of Astyocheia to have bee i
Thessaly. Fo the five commaes ue Achilles wee of couse all
aw fom that couty. %ut amog them is Euous, the so of Polymele
a gaso of Phylas[869].
It may hee be as e, by the way, why is ot this Euous a
? eve his ame is of the fom to which the phase is so well
suite. The aswe is that, though he was the so of Polymele, a the
gaso of Phylas o the female sie, his epute fathe was Mecuy,
a he was theefoe ot escee i the male lie fom, a coul ot
be calle, the chieftai of a tibe.
If the Phylas was lo of the Thessalia Ephye, a Euphetes was also
lo of the Thessalia Ephye, i what elatio to oe aothe ae we
to pesume them to have stoo as to time? Thee is hee o appeaace
of iscepacy. Phyleus, as the fathe of Meges, was the f
Euphts n gnatn bf th Tjan wa. Tlplmus, cntmpay
f Mgs, was by u suppstn th gandsn f Phylas. Phylas, ld
f Ephy, was thf pbably n gnatn al than Euphts,
and may hav bn hs fath.
N s t an bjctn t ths asnng, that Mgs, sn f Phylus,
was ld f Dulchum, and that w cannt supps Phylus t hav bn
th f n dwllng s fa ff as th Thssalan Ephy. F
fst, Nst th Pylan had fught n Thssaly. And nxt, Mgs had
bn a fugtv fm hs faths dwllng n accunt f a fud wth
hm: whch ma s t vn pbabl that h wuld mv t a dstanc,
as w s that Tlplmus wnt n a smla accunt fm Thssaly,
at last fm sm pat f Gc, t Rhds.
If thn Euphts, wh was an , govee a Ephye, a
paticulaly if it was i Thessaly, the special seat of the Helli, we
ca have little ifficulty i cocluig that he boe the title as a
patiachal oe, i ight of his escet.
O the othe ha, the Ephye of Tlepolemus is cetaily i the
geeal opiio pesume to be the Ephye of Elis. If this opiio be
coect, it is still moe easy to coect him with the title of
. Augeias lives two geeatios befoe the Toja wa, ules i
Ephye, a is . Euphetes is cotempoay with the fathe of

Meges, who fights i the wa; a he is theefoe oe geeatio afte
Augeias, while he ules i the same place, a beas the same title. If
the the Ephye of Euphetes was Elia, it seems impossible to escape
the pesumptio that Euphetes was the so of Augeias.
This view as to the Ephye of Euphetes o the whole will moe
completely satisfy the Homeic text. Fo we fi Meges i the
Thiteeth %oo fightig at the hea of Epea toops[870]. %ut the
toops he le to Toy wee fom Dulichium a the Echiaes[871]. So we
ca oly coclue oe of two thigs. Eithe Meges commae the Epeas
of Elis i vitue of the coectio of his family with that couty;
o he commae Epeas, whom his fathe Phyleus ha ta e with him fom
Elis acoss the Coithia gulf. Eithe way a elatio betwee Elis a
the family of Meges is mae goo, which tes to place Euphetes, as the
fie of that family, i the Ephye of Elis.
Thee is yet aothe suppositio ope. Home has tol us that Phyleus
was ,--a dstnctn h vy aly cnfs,--and that h
mgatd, as h mpls ath than assts, fm Els, n accunt f a
qual wth hs fath:
.
H ds nt mntn th caus; but ths abupt allusn t th fath
f Phylus mpls that h was a psn f nt. Stab[872] may
thf nly b fllng up a vd n Hm, whn h tlls us, f
cus fm sm tadtn, that Augas was th fath f Phylus.
If ths w s, w hav t as , why s nt Phylus an ? a
who, upo this suppositio, coul Euphetes be?
As we must ife fom the Catalogue that the Elia igom of Augeias
was bo e up at the epoch of the _Toica_, a as i cosequece we o
ot fi Polyxeius, his gaso, calle by the title i questio, so
eithe ee we expect it of Phyleus.
If Phyleus was the so of Augeias, Euphetes caot have bee soveeig
of the Elia Ephye, fo they woul i this case ot have bee ,
b b .
B m v b v f p y m
by Hm, , whch appas as Cnth n th Catalgu:
pssbly f th Thsptan Ephy wth whch w bcm acquantd n
Stab.
If Euphts psntd, wth th ttl f , oe of the ol
Hellic chieftaicies at eithe of those places, othig coul be moe
atual tha that the tie of hostship shoul subsist betwee him a
Phyleus, the so of aothe Hellic chieftai of the same class.
I ay case, though the Homeic eviece is palpably icomplete, yet
by coectig the title of with the highly chaacteistic
local title of Ephye, a the ame of the ive Selleeis, it
uequivocally suppots the itepetatio of that title as oe
iicatig a oigial a puely Hellic chieftaicy.
VI. _Case of Eumelus._
It ow oly emais to cosie the case of Eumelus, the last of the
six pesos to whom Home gives the peculia title of .
He is itouce to us i the Catalogue as the [873] (
manng pbably th th ldst nly sn) f Admtus, wh s
nv mntnd xcpt n th blqu cass, and t whm thf,
cnsstntly wth hs usag, Hm nv appls th ttl .
He is i comma of his fathes foces; a, as Phe is the city
fist ame i this list, we may ife that this was his picipal city.
I the fist place I woul ema , that we have fo this Phe a sig
of wealth, which has bee aleay otice, the excellece, amely, of
its bee of hoses. Thee is also abuat eviece of the wealth a
impotace of Phe i the histoic times[874]. This ma the accos
with the hypothesis, that it was pobably oe of the pimitive lowla
settlemets mae by the Hellic ace i Thessaly. I fact, Phe stas
elatively to Ametus, as Ephye oes elatively to Augeias, Euphetes,
a the ole oli, Sisyphus.
Though the meium of the ame Phe we coect this family with ,
m, m w w v f,
f p A , b my f m
.
Next it appeas, that the fathe o acesto of Ametus too his ame
fom the place which he ihabite, a was calle Phees, fo says the
poet,
,
[875].
bw m f p p ff

f pmv m. w pb by f f
w .
Nxt, a passag n th Odyssy gvs us an accunt f ths Phs[876].
H was th sn f Cthus, by Ty:
,
.
!w w f :

[877].
A w v y f Hm y w
m f p y p f yp (I. v.
152, 211). Hm x, b
, A , -H . A , w
m y bv, m G f Hm,
f . m G II, x I ,
x : m fm m
f, w mb w b fv x,
w b f , m
f m. A Hm f f p ym,
m y b . m, wv, mf w , w v ,
pm by y m f _ _; w w
Ip m, f p, w m b , w
b Uy (I. xx. 791), bv v f
my.
m p; f pp ,

1. m w Am, p f y
H .
2. p f p b my by m
pmv -H .
3. m w m fm , f
w v , Hm, m v p
b f .
4. I vitue of his escet fom olus, he is spug fom Jupite.
To estimate fully the foce of the eviece, it may be well to obseve,
that a geat may Thessalia pices a leaes ae otice i the
Catalogue besies Eumelus; to the last aloe, howeve, the title of
is applie. %ut o oe of the othes beas ay ma ,
pesoal o local, of the peculia escet a social positio to which
this title appeas to belog: although amog them ae fou Poaleiius
a Machao, the sos of Asclepius; Polyptes, the so of Piithous,
a gaso of Jupite; Euypylus, the istiguishe waio;
Potesilaus a Philoctetes, each the subject of istict histoical
otices.
Agai, I woul, fom the case of Eumelus, illustate the phase
i aothe poit of view.
He was escee by his mothe Alcestis fom Neptue. She was the
aughte of Pelias, the so whom Tyo boe to the fable ule of the
seas. This escet o the mothes sie is metioe i the Catalogue,
whee a total silece is obseve as to his pateal lieage fom olus
a Cetheus.
, ,
, .
B p fm Jp by f w
m w y f fm !p b
. Y Hm w f fm Jp,
f m, mp m f m
, though we ow the escet as a fact: suely a stog
poof that it is pat of the meaig of the phase , a is
a thig ot oly isepaable fom it, but coveye by it.
_The escee fom Jupite._
With ega to the ivie escet of the Homeic chieftais beaig
this title, ou iect eviece fom the Poet stas as follows:
1. That the Daa lie spigs oigially fom Jupite.
2. That Tyo, beig calle mm w H y,
vy m b b p fm y.
3. Bp , , , thf
hmslf a dscndant f Jupt.
4. And f s, thn Eumlus, wh was ld t, falls wthn th sam
dscptn.
5. Augas n l mann attans t th sam hnu by th Hmc
psumptns whch ma hm an ld, as wll as by all xta-Hmc
tadtn.
6. Wth gad t Euphts and Agammnn, w hav n dct vdnc.
But w hav sn stng asn t supps, that Euphts was hmslf an
ld: and n ncnsdabl psumptn that Tantalus was accdng t
Hm what th lat tadtn ma s hm, a sn f Jupt, and that
Agammnn was dscndd fm Tantalus.
Phaps als, wthut vntung t attach any cnclusv wght t
such a sgn, w may ntpt th annxatn f and
t Hllc ngshp, as a sgn that th alst Hllc ngshp,
bng als that whch cnvyd th ttl f , was always
associate with ivie escet.
Amog those who bea the title of , we fi o case of a
escet fom Jupite epute to be ecet. The two lies i which the
title is most clealy tasmitte, those of olus a of Daaus, ae
amog the olest geealogies i Home. That of Agamemo, appaetly
the shotest, iteposes at the least fou geeatios betwee Jupite
a him.
The lie of Daaus is appaetly by oe geeatio loge tha ay
of the othes belogig to a . %ut othig ca be moe
atual: fo ay settlemet, mae by the Helli o the Hellespot uig
thei eastwa movemet, woul atually pecee by some time thei
escet fom Olympus a the Thacia hills ito Thessaly; so that the
ealie ate of the pimay acesto is a witess fo, athe tha
agaist the elatioship.
It caot, howeve, be too caefully boe i mi, that the ivie
escet of the fom Jupite is wiely iffeet fom that
of the moe ecet heoes, li e Sapeo o Hecules. We may suppose
that i such cases as these the ivie paet eithe scees the
esult of ulawful love, o pehaps iicates the sue ise ito
emiece of a family peviously obscue: with the the case
is quite istict. The poetical meaig hee is, that bac wa thee
lay othig of family histoy beyo the acesto fom whom he claime
escet, whethe it wee Daaus, o olus, o Tatalus: as if aimig
at the effect legitimately pouce by those wos i the Gospel of
St. Lu e, with which the upwa lie of the geealogy give by him
closes; which was the so of Aam, which was the so of Go[878].
A the histoic basis of the allegoy may pobably be this, that the
peso iicate was oe of some ulig house, who, with his followes
o ie, sepaate fom the migatoy ace of Helli as it swept
westwa alog the hills, a foue a stable settlemet, a a
society moe o less ogaize i oes a employmets, i which his
ame became the symbol at oce of soveeig a , of the atioal poit
of oigi, a of affiity i bloo with a ulig ace.
_Fou otes of the ._
To coclue the: the otes of the i Home, pobable o
emostative, ae these:
1. He must be bo of Jupite _ab atiquo_.
2. He must hol a soveeigty, eithe paamout o secoay, a

eithe i whole, o, li e eas, by evolutio i pat, ove some give
place o tibe.
3. His family must have hel this soveeigty cotiuously fom the
time of the pimay acesto.
4. He must be the hea of a ulig tibe o house of the oigial
Helleic stoc : a must be coecte with ma s of the pesece of
Helleic settlemet. These ma s may, as i the case of Agamemo, be
supplie by a ace o tibe: o they may be teitoial, such as those
affoe by the ame of the ive Selleeis, a moe especially by the
ame Ephye, a the family of cogate wos.
Now each of the six pesos, to whom aloe Home gives the title
, pata es, by eviece eithe emostative o pobable, of
evey oe of these otes.
_Negative poofs._
Amog egative evieces that the title coveys a peculia
sese, we may place the followig:
1. The positio of Piam i Toas, whee he was the geatest ma of
Noth-weste Asia, Il. xxiv. 543-6, a of Hecto, o else Pais, as
his hei, wee such as calle fo the highest epithets of igity. He
ha eve a egula cout of , f whm t sms plan, that sm
at last, such as Antn, w nvstd wth sm nd f svgnty.
Yt nn f th Ilan famly a calld by th nam f .
2. Alcious i the Oyssey affos aothe example of a lo ove
los, who oes ot belog to the histoical Gee stem, a who
theefoe is ot calle . The example may appea wea ,
because of the ivie escet of the Phacias. %ut if this phase
ha, li e , ee e f merely eer l r me, hy hl
h ve ee pple hm , r h rher Rhexer,
r h f her N h? If he ve ee f he Ph frm
Nepe reer he phr e ppl le hem, h f elf
prf f very pef re.
3. A ; m y e e hy Gl , as he
was escee fom a oli soveeig. The aswe is, he was o loge
the chieftai of ay Helleic cla. His gafathe %elleopho ha
migate simply as a iiviual fugitive ito a South-Asia couty,
of which the people ha o immeiate ties of ace with him; a, while
apat fom his oigial tibe, he coul ot iheit a title as its hea.
4. Sapeo was ue the same isqualificatio as Glaucus his bothe
ig. %esies this, he was ot escee i the male lie fom olus,
but oly though his mothe Hippoamia.
5. Agai, amog the Gee s. Why, it may be as e, was ot Peleus, o
why was ot Achilles a ? Hee was a thoe above thoes:
fo Patoclus was ot oly a , but s lled , whch
mpls svgnty; thf Mntus hs fath was th sam: but
Mntus was n attndanc at th cut f Plus. Phnx agan was
tut t that chf, thugh h uld v th Dlpans by th gft f
Plus, as h tlls us,
, ,
, [879].
Bee h he pe re p, f he hhe
ee, I h le r frm he C le h he Myrm,
ver hm Pele ree, ere Ah , herefre rly Hell
r e.
A , he h r er f Ahlle m e qe le r h h
f mly ere frm he Hell . Fr hm h Hmer h
he exh he prme frem p er f he hle Gree
: he l rely ever h ve he fr h prpe y
f mly f fre, r f fl l.
I hever every Hell r e r f mly, ly m he
repree ve y ee f he prp l r er r he,
h e re jfe expe f he p r rh l le. A
ll le e heher he Myrm, eve hh Hell
Ah , ere prp l re f h .
The evee he ee f Ahlle m y hr frher lh p
h p r f he je.
I he e here l le f ery prpre e h
Jper, , fr e, he Trj ee ly, le
r l re h r f ee ry r per,
ey hh he memry f m , e , r.
B he e f he p ery f per empr ry h he Trj
r, r f me e r er f h, referre Jper, he m
prper erpre f h lee ry eme eem e, h
hey ere, pe , _v hme_, h h v me ely
he l ze f elery, lv m me
f every p r er h ere h p re, ye h v p re
qe, r e rh q, le her r y l m me
re ey fr her f her. I pe f he
ye e e, here ml r preex e hel
llem y: fr ex mple, r vel frm he le efre ,
he e f he f Plyr [880], er Ahlle hmelf.
B he me prple pple h: ve prerhp e
eep frm ve meh h er le he, heher h
ere he h me f le m e, r he he ery f
re he r her. Sh her perh p, r h rle,
Herle: h he mre le rly h f he ; fr ,
r f her f Ahlle, f Jper[881]. He herefre
repree p r rh l f mly, l e r he le.
Ar exr -Hmer r , he Myrm fle frm
The ly er Pele[882].
6. Frher ex mple m y e e frm he Pelp f mly. The Meel
f he Il el he hhe rer: he mre ly h he
her [883]. I he Oyey he ere r pl Ulye
pr f h m (O. v. 174). A h lly pe
fr ye r, r he exle f Oree, he Pelp hre: he me f
eher Meel r h f he mer l v le m vee
fr h he : but eithe the oe o the othe was
the epesetative of the geat Acha house of Pelops, a accoigly
eithe the oe o the othe eceives the title.
7. Diome is a Gee of the vey highest escet: of him aloe, amog
the igs befoe Toy, we may cofietly say, that he was himself a
heo, ha a heo fo his fathe, a heo fo his ucle, a a heo fo
his gafathe. eus, Tyeus, Meleage, ae thee ames ot easily
to be matche i ealy Gee stoy. They wee li ewise ea the stoc ,
as we may pobably ife fom the ame of the foue of the ace,
Potheus, the Destoye. He was fathe of eus a also of th
Rud, and th Swathy, all nams ndcatng that th fst stag
f aval wthn th pcnct f cvlzatn had nt yt bn passd.
H cmmandd, t, n f th lagst cntngnts: yt nth h n
hs uncl Mlag, th Achlls f hs day, s v calld .
The easo oubtless is that, i the case of the ei family, thee is
o coectio with a leaig Gee acesty. They ae eithe oli o
Pelopi; a they sta i o elatio to the chaacteistic ames of
Ephye a the Selleeis.
8. Let me otice, lastly, the case of Nesto. He ha bee a waio
of the fist class. His ich omiios supplie a cotiget of iety
ships to the wa; lage eve tha that of Diome, o of ay chief
whateve, except Agamemo, who ha oe hue. His fathe, Neleus,
was of geat fame. He ha actually moe ifluece i coucil tha ay
othe chief, a always too the lea thee. He was escee fom
Neptue, who iee was but his gafathe: while his gamothe,
Tyo, was pobably, as we have fou, a gaaughte of olus.
%ut he coul ot be , because ot i lieal male escet

fom the pimay acesto olus: o was he the tibal hea of the
Helleic ace amog which he ule, which was a Acha oe (Il. xi.
759), sice the Achas owe the Pelopis fo thei chiefs. Also his
fathe Neleus, appaetly the youge twi, ha migate fom the
Noth, leavig Pelias the ele, as is pobable, i possessio. Thus
Nesto pesets oe of the fou otes of the . Yet this
title attache to a isigificat elative, Eumelus, his fist cousi
oce emove, oubtless because he possesse them.
_Pesos with the otes yet without the title._
It is cetaily tue that thee ae a few cases whee Home has _ot_
applie the title of to paticula pesos, to whom he
might have give it cosistetly with the suppositios, as to its
meaig, of which I have attempte to show the tuth. They ae, i oe
wo, the acestos of the pesos to whom he has actually give the
title. %ut all of these, such as Pelops a his lie, Daaus with his
lie as fa as Tos, a the ealie esceats of olus, ae pesos
metioe i the poems fo the most pat but oce, a aely moe tha
twice o thice. Now, as Home metios fequetly without the pefix,
, those to whom o othe occasios he gives it, we ae ot
etitle to equie its applicatio to all pesos capable of beaig
it, whom he metios but oce.
A agai, if I am ight i holig that this was stictly a title
attachig to lieage, the it was wholly eeless, whe he ha
esigate a paticula peso, as a , to gace his
peecessos also with the title, because, as a matte of couse,
iasmuch as they wee his peecessos, it attache to them. No
histoic aim the was ivolve, a o pupose woul have bee gaie
if Ametus, fo example, ha bee metioe with this title as well as
his so Eumelus.
%ut, I cofess, it appeas to me to affo o small cofimatio to the
agumets a the coclusios of these pages, whe we emembe that

ot oly o the fou ules fo the sese of the phase suit, as fa as
we ca tell, all the six pesos to whom it is applie, but that thee
is absolutely o othe livig peso ame i the poems, whom they
woul ot effectually exclue, with the isigificat exceptios, fist
of Ametus, who has just bee metioe, a ext of Oestes. I the
Ilia, Oestes is oly ame i oe sigle passage (twice epeate), of
the Nith %oo [884]. I the Oyssey he is ame seveal times, but the
title of is less suitable to the political state of Geece
as it appeas i this poem, a also to the subject. It eve appeas,
except etospectively.
A few wos may pehaps be ue to the case of Polyxeius, gaso of
Augeias, who, it is just possible, though uli ely, may have etaie
the positio of his gafathe. It is just possible, because we ae
ot assue of the cotay; but most uli ely, because Augeias appeas
as lo of the Epeas, Polyxeius oly as commaig a ivisio of
them. Agai, Polyxeius is oly oce metioe. It is also eviet that
the loss of his gafathes thoe, by a evolutio i Elis, might
atually put a e to the applicatio of the title i his paticula
case, by a pocess exactly the same with that to which its geeal a
fial extictio, ow so speeily to aive, was ue.
It might iee be of some iteest to iquie why it is that, whe
Home ma es o pactical o effective use of the phase fo ay oe
except Agamemo, he has otwithstaig bee caeful to egiste,
as it wee, a title to it o behalf of five othe pesos? No ca I
oubt that the just aswe woul be, that he i this because, with his
histoic aims, he may have eeme it a matte of atioal iteest to
eco a title of such peculia a pimitive sigificace.
_Its isappeaace with Home._
%ut of all the egative agumets that te to show ot to

have bee a meely vague title, thee is oe o which I well with
moe cofiece tha its total isappeaace with the Homeic age.
Fo it was ot so with the othe less peculia foms, , ,
d . Alhh hey ere ppl e l e y he erm
, whch bcam f th G s th typ f supm pw n
th hands f a sngl psn, yt th da f thm was tadtnally
tand. Accdngly, vn th nam was appld by G
wts t cntmpay ngs ut f Gc, and t th ld bygn
G mnachs: and Thucydds has gvn t t thm as a class, wh
h dscbs th [885]. B p ,
the most specific of them all, isappeas eve fom etospective
use: a the ifeece is, that its pope meaig ha cease to be
epesete i the istitutios eithe of Geece o of the ow wol
beyo the Gee boes; that it ha passe away with the achaic
system, of which it was the peculia to e.
Eve iepeetly of iect testimoy, we might be assue that
the patiachal a highla costitutio of society coul ot vey
log suvive the multiplicatio of settlemets i the plais. Fo
the wealth, which these settlemets ceate though the icease
efficiecy of labou, the geate bouty of the eath, a the
augmete meas of commuicatio a exchage, coul ot but big with
it at oce ew temptatios, a ew souces of istubace; wheeas the
at of cotollig these evils was but paifully a slowly, a most
icompletely leae. Amog highla tibes, thee might be wa a
pillage with a view to immeiate wats: but stoe wealth coul ot be
stole, whee, except i its simplest foms, it i ot exist: a me
o ot ovetu heeitay powe, o ag society ito evolutios,
without a object.
%ut the Catalogue, as well as othe pats of the Homeic poems, show
us how the causes thus iicate ha aleay wo e. Of the Gee
States compise i that ivaluable eumeatio, some wee, as is
plaily assete o implie, moachically govee: fo example, the
Myceias, the Spatas, the Pylias, the Mymios, the Acaias,
the Eubas[886], a the tolias. We may easoably ife the same
with ega to the followes of those geat chiefs, who ae teate as
n th bdy f th pms: th Salamnans and Lcans, ach
und th Ajax, th Cphallnans und Ulysss, th Ctans, ls
a ptn f thm, und Idmnus, th Agvs und Dmd. In ach
f ths cass, th th s but a sngl lad, , as n th tw
last, th txt ma s t bvus that th chf fst namd s supm
n an . W may pbably nf that mnachy pvald n all th
nstancs, ncludng th Athnans, whn nly a sngl gnal appas.
Th xpssn , appld t Athns, s pfctly cmpatbl wth
ngshp n Hm. But th man sx cass, wh th a a
plualty f lads, appantly n an qual ftng. Ths a th
cass f
1. Th Btans.
2. Th ppl f Aspldn and th Mnyan Ochmnus; wh a n fact
a scnd Btan cntngnt.
3. Th Phcans.
4. Th Elans Epans: wh dff fm th ths n bng fmally
dstbutd nt fu dvsns, und fu lads, and wh a
thf stctly acphalus.
5. Th Nsuans, &c.
6. Th ppl f Tcc, Ithm, and chala, und th sns f
Asclpus.
It s bsvabl wth spct t th fu fst f ths, that
thy w all n th cmpaatvly pn, and ch cunty; labl,
thf, t th nfluncs whch, as Thucydds bsvs[887],
mad Bta, Thssaly, and mst f Plpnnsus pculaly labl t
vlutns; and whnc dubtlss t s, that Hm has bn ld t
tll us that Amphn and Zthus bult walls f Thbs, bcaus thy
culd nt hld t wthut thm.
Wth spct t th Nsuans, n statng that thy w und
Phdppus and Antphus, Hm adds that ths w (Il. . 679)
.
On whch w may bsv
1. That th pw dvdd btwn thm had appantly bn mnachcal
n th pcdng gnatn.
2. That th nam f th fath pnts t hs havng bn bn
n Thssaly[888], whch fm ts chnss was pculaly pn t
vlutns.
3. That h was th sn f Hculs, wth whs nam dstubanc and
cnvulsn a s much asscatd.
In th cas f th sns f Asclpus, th s th sam psumptn
that thy dvdd a pw whch had bn mnachcal: and althugh th
ptht v I m, f w w[889],
m y b , y y w
m f y[890], v . w w
m; m Hm w p
, ndcatng ftlty.
_Sgns f pltcal dsgansatn._
H, thn, and patculaly n th Btan and Elan cass, w hav
cnsdabl sgns f th wa nng and gadual ba ng up f th
ld hghland nsttutns: I dstngush btwn ths tw and th
st, bcaus wh th dvsn s nly btwn tw bths, t may
hav mpld lttl dvatn fm th mnachcal fm. Stll that
lttl mght b th fst stag f a dvatn whch was sn t gw
ndfntly lag.
Th a th sgns t th sam ffct, bth n th Ilad, and t a
gat xtnt n th Odyssy.
F xampl: th dynasty f th nds had dsappad amng th
tlans[891]: th dynasty f th lds, and th nam Ephy, fm
Cnth[892]: Plyxnus, th gandsn f Augas, an , is
ot escibe as a , r lrd, t ll: Herules h d l d ste the
tes but Ephyre, d the tes but yls[893]: Tleplemus, t
r th hs Her ld rel ts, h d bee drve t emgr te t Rhdes:
d ll ths se the f mly f the erseds h d ds ppe red befre
the elpds.
The h ges bserv ble the Odyssey re suh s et themselves
th spees f deluge, hh h d pp retly verspre d the f e f
the plt l sety f Greee. They uld mert full e m t,
et th ve f the rel t f th t pem t the Il d.
Here t eed ly be bserved, th t the appeas owhee
i the actio of the Oyssey: the phase is use but twice, a the
oly with efeece to the ea Agamemo: a that the patial
isappeaace of the wo fom the late wo of Home evietly
accompaies a geat appoach towas isogaisatio of the ol oe
of thigs a ieas i the political state of Geece.
_Summay of the whole._
I may ow collect the esults, as fa as they ae elate to the
peset subject, of ou whole ethological iquiy.
1. Fom the Homeic text, the phase appeas ot to have
beloge to political peemiece o powe, o to pesoal heoism,
o to the istictio of wealth, o to ivie escet as such; but to
the achaic fom of soveeigty which uite it cotiuously with the
heaship i bloo of a ulig family o cla, ihabitig the couty
which was the epute cale of the atio, o able to tace lieally
its eivatio fom that couty. A taitio of oigial escet fom
Jupite attache i all cases essetially to the possessio of the
title.
2. I each of the six istaces whee Home employs it, he appeas to

o so i stict cofomity with the ules thus iicate.
3. The immeiate cale of those Gee aces, which possesse this
pimitive title a escet, was Thessaly; a of Thessaly Hellas was
eithe a syoym, o a pat.
4. The oigi of the aces thus ulig Hellas is to be sought amog the
Helli, who welt i the moutais aou Dooa, appaetly with those
istitutios which have eve bee chaacteistic of moutaiees; a
who epeset, moe faithfully tha the ihabitats of lowlas, the
ealiest type of huma society, cast at a time whe its elatioship to
the family was still palpable a ea.
5. The esemblaces of the Helli a the Daas affo, togethe with
the pobabilities of the case, stog eviece of thei havig some
commo affiity to the same bach of the geat stem, fom which a
lage pat of Euope was people with its ulig ace.
6. Fially, we may with easoable gous cojectue, that the
patiachal system eote by the patiachal chieftaicies, which ha
bee sha e befoe the Toja wa, was futhe a violetly istube
by it, a by its iect a iiect political cosequeces; a that
this system ha vaishe befoe the lie of the post-Homeic Gee
poets, to be ec oe fom Hesio, ha begu. Thus, the basis of the
title beig emove, the title itself atually isappeae fom
liteatue as well as histoy; a if we fi, that i late times
the ey to its meaig ha bee lost, it is but a ew ma of the
abuptess a with of the beach that lies betwee Home a his
successos, of the paucity of cotiuous taitios, a of the limite
meas possesse by the Gee s of the histoic ages fo eseach ito
the ealie peios of thei atioal existece.
FOOTNOTES:
[764] O. iv. 697.
[765] This cautio is ot eeless, as the eo is a commo oe.
Damm, iee, most stagely says, _e mult ugustus me
u m_ (n vc. ). The Eglsh tr sl trs, Ch pm , pe,
Cper, d thers, reder , ig of me. Voss, with his
usual pecisio, though pobably without a vey specific meaig,
taslates it, _e hesche es vol s_.
[766] Il. xxiii. 417.
[767] O. xiii. 223.
[768] Il. xx. 17.
[769] V. 121.
[770] Il. ii. 196.
[771] O. i. 394.
[772] O. xv. 533.
[773] O. xvii. 416.
[774] O. i. 386; cf. 401.

[775] I voc. .
[776] Lt. Greee, vl. . p. 78.
[777] Il. v. 322.
[778] Il. v. 31. Od. . 45.
[779] Il. . 85.
[780] Il. v. 296.
[781] Il. . 92. v. 144. . 578. . 411.
[782] Il. . 81. . 600.
[783] Od. v. 528.
[784] r ds, . 71. v. 104. . 104. . 11.
[785] Il. . 1-7.
[786] See Il. . 106.
[787] Il. v. 343.
[788] Od. . 281.
[789] Sup. p. 398.
[790] See E. Curtus, Ier vr der Ishe W derug, p. 9.
[791] Od. v. 121. ls see Il. v. 436.
[792] Od. v. 323.
[793] Sup. set. v. pp. 427, 8.
[794] Thes. 20.
[795] Il. v. 615.
[796] us . . 23. 4.
[797] Str b, . p. 579. v. p. 680.
[798] Str b . 572, 3.
[799] Il. . 104.
[800] Il. . 108.
[801] us. v. . 1-4.
[802] B v. 5, 5. p. 365.
[803] See sup. p. 381.
[804] Herd. v. 7, 73.

[805] us . v. 1.
[806] lyb. v. . 30.
[807] v. 65. 3 d 11.
[808] us. v. 1. 3.
[809] lyb. l. 8. 10.
[810] lyb. . 41. 4. v. . 5.
[811] See set. .
[812] De Ier vr der Ishe W derug: v E. Curtus, Berl,
1855.
[813] Il. . 276. v. 202. . 47, 8. v. 605. v. 290, 308.
[814] Il. . 90-3, 128-31.
[815] Il. . 58.
[816] Il. v. 77.
[817] Il. . 240.
[818] Il. v. 268.
[819] Il. . 303.
[820] Il. . 297, 320.
[821] Od. v. 125-35.
[822] Od. v. 276-86.
[823] Od. . 302.
[824] Il. . 48. . 324.
[825] Od. . 48. . 219. Il. v. 550.
[826] See ls Dls desrpt, Il. . 418-21.
[827] Str b, p. 338.
[828] Il. . 30.
[829] Il. v. 432.
[830] Il. . 350.
[831] Il. v. 86. Od. v. 82.
[832] Il. v. 545.
[833] Il. . 360.
[834] Il. . 19-23.

[835] Il. . 293-9.
[836] Il. . 759.
[837] Il. . 592 et se.
[838] Il. . 596, 621.
[839] Il. v. 189.
[840] Il. . 513.
[841] Cr mers Greee, . 449.
[842] Il. . 511.
[843] Thu. v. 76. Str b, 356, 432. Cr mers Greee, . 207, 399.
[844] Il. . 608, 695.
[845] Il. . 682.
[846] Str b, b. v. p. 351.
[847] Shl. Il. v. 135. Od. v. 297. Cr mer, Gegr. Gr. . 87.
[848] us. L . b. III. . . 5, 3.
[849] Cr mer . 221.
[850] Il. . 743.
[851] Il. . 301.
[852] Ne Cr tylus . 1. p. 282, 286.
[853] Heye E. . d Hm. Il. . vl. v. p. 770.
[854] Cmp. Gr m. set. 490.
[855] See Il. . 222. . 485, mp red th . 436, 545-7.
[856] Od. v. 635; d . 347.
[857] Cmp re rpertus, b. . El. v. 1.
_Ephyre L ds des_.
[858] Ver. 301.
[859] Od. . 259.
[860] Od. . 326.
[861] Od. v. 245.
[862] Od. v. 430.
[863] Od. . 251.

[864] Eumelus, sup. p. 428.
[865] Il. v. 530.
[866] Il. . 658.
[867] Il. . 667.
[868] Il. . 688-95.
[869] Il. v. 179.
[870] Il. . 692.
[871] Il. . 625-30.
[872] Str b p. 459.
[873] Il. . 711-15.
[874] Cr mers Greee, vl. . p. 392.
[875] Il. . 763.
[876] Od. . 258.
[877] Ibd. . 237.
[878] St. Lu e . 38.
[879] Il. . 483.
[880] Il. v. 175.
[881] Il. . 189.
[882] Str b . 5. p. 433.
[883] Il. . 239.
[884] Il. . 142, 284.
[885] Thu. . 13.
[886] Cmp re Il. . 540 th v. 363.
[887] Thu. . 2.
[888] The me f Thess ly s t fud Hmer; d t s m r ed
by Thuyddes s mder: . May t t be
eaaby cjectued, t at w e t e geat Da tbe ad evacuated
Hea t ecque t e Peeu, t T ead bac f t e
Heacd, w c ad mgated t t e ut -eat, wet back t t e, ad
mated t t t e ame f t e acet?
[889] Came . 360.
[890] I. v. 202.

[891] I. . 641.
[892] I. v. 152, cmaed wt . 570.
[893] I. . 659, 60, ad x. 689, 91.
SECT. X.
_O t e cect f t e Heee ad Ac a wt
t e Eat._
We ave eac ed t e ce f t quy, fa a t egad t e

g, c aacte, ad uut f t e Peaga; t e c aacte f
t e Heec tbe, ad t e eat t t e Peaga; ad t e
t f t e Ac a amg t e Heee, a t e ft ata
eeetatve f t e Heec tck. But w wee t ee Ac a, ad
w ece dd t ey cme? We ave at eet bee abe y t decbe
t em by egatve. T ey wee t t e decedat f a egeday Ac u:
t ey dd t take t e ame fm a Geek tety, fm ay
uut t at t ey fwed; ad t e wd a aaet t t e
etymgy f t e Geek tgue.
But we ave ee mafet dcat t at t e Hec ame dd t
ft cme t beg t e wete de f t e Dadaee: ad f
t e Ac wee t e ft eade f t e He, w y ud we t tace
t em t beyd t e Stat, ad t u fw e a t e He a, by
t e mea, ad a eeeted t em, u t a futa- ead?
At t e ame tme, f I eume t affate t e Hec at u ay
Eate aetage, ad, aga, t ugget eat betwee t at
at ad t e, w c ad a mgated fm t e ft uee
f ma twad t e Wet, t w, I e, be udetd, t at a
uc t ae aeted, t y a t demtabe, but a
kewe beg, eve wt t e w mt, t e f meey babe
tut , ubject, by a adm tacty caed a ag, t evey
kd f quafcat. T e ucce ad temxtue f ace, t e
cmbat f aguage, t e ymat etc ad mtatve cmmucat
f dea ad ttut, fm a ma f emea cmex eug , ad
dffcut t decbe, eve by ctemae; w muc me by t e
ad y f t e fat ad catteed ay t at we ca w fd cat
u t em.
Let u t e ceed t cde w at ad ca be ad fm t e uce
ut f t e eumt, ag ut f t e text f Hme,
w c ted t cect t e Heee f day, ad t e Ac a a t e
eadg tbe, wt t e Eat.
Ad ee we may k ft, a fa a egad t e geea ute f
ace ad aguage, t t e et gca evdece affded by t e cue
f mgat fm Ceta Aa ve Eue.
Next, t t e evdece f t e amg acet aut , w ave take
tce f t dffu uc a mae a ay degee t gude u
twad t e uce f t e geat fact f t e Geek at.
Afte t at, we w que w et e t e ame t emeve, w c ae

emyed Hme f t e ctemay Geek, ca, by cma wt
cgate ame eew ee, affd u ay g t.
Ad aty, w et e t e quate t w c t ee e f fmat
wud ead u, we ca dcve ay f t e eembace f mae
ad c aacte wt t e Geek w c , f fud, wud affd t e mt
atfacty cbat t t e agumet favu f t e devat
f e fm t e t e.
T e abu f et gt ave acated tget e e geat
famy, at ft caed Id-Gemac, ad t e Id-Euea, but
t eateg t exad eve beyd t e ce f t at cme eve ame,
a ma f eadg aguage fm t e Cetc eg t e wet t t e
a f Ida t e eat.
_Hg Gema ad Lw Gema ace._
T geat famy, ay D. Dad[894], dvde tef t tw
gu. T t ee tw gu eectvey beg t e Lw Gema ad t e
Hg Gema tgue: t e fme ke t e a cute t t e
t f Eue, t e atte t e me mutau cute t t e
ut . T e Lw Gema aguage cta evdece f geate atquty,
ad t e w eak t em aea t ave bee dve wad t e
mgat by t e Hg Gema fwg t em: t e atte eteg
Eue by Aa M, t e fme t t e t f t e Euxe.
T e dtct u back t t e eae eat f t e ace Aaa
Ia, a t f Aa w c may be ey defed a yg betwee
t e Caa ad t e Ida cea t t e t ad ut , t e Idu
ad t e Eu ate t t e eat ad wet. Wt t ee mt ae t be
fud tw fm f aguage, dg t e ame eat t e at e
a t at w c ubt betwee t e Hg Gema ad Lw Gema tgue;
t e ft, cedg wt t e Hg Gema, wa ke amg t e
cute f t e ut -wet, w ee e Pea e, ad t e t e
t me t e ad eate t, f w c Meda fmed a ceta
at. T e uat f t geat tact ued ft t e dect
f t e ut -eat, ve t e t e at f Ida; ad aga twad
Aa M ad Eue, t e dect f t e t -wet. T e w
came ft ceeded fm Meda, ad ued t e bae f w at ave
bee caed, t e Lw Gema at: Samata, Sax, Get (
Scyt a Gt ). T e aguage f t ee emgat wa t at w c ,
w e t aumed a gazed caca fm, ad wt due awace
f c age w c t e ae f tme mut ave tduced, became t e
tgue w bet eeeted, at eat a a teay aguage, by t e
Sact.
T e w e cue f ty eem t dcate a tugge f ace
t at quate f t e wd, w c may be ued t utate t e eet
quy. T a ceta extet t e cee f t at tugge may be ted
ut t e ma. Fm t e Caa twad t e ut , ad fm t e
ead f t e Pea Guf twad t e t , t e ad e t a
geat geea eevat, but wt maked ad a g y dvefed
equate. Meda wud aea t ave ccued t e ca at f
t e geat ceta ace, defed by t e muta w c fm t e ute
e f t eevat. It ced wt w at w t e Pvce
f Iak, ad Ia a t ca cty. Hee, ay Macm[895],
we fd t e aet cmate t at Pea ca bat. T t e ut ,
ea t e Guf, t e umme eat veweg: a t e cuty e
twad S az t e cmate becme temeate, ad fut e mve a
we advace t wad, ut we aac t e t at dvde Iak fm

Mazedea t e Caa, w ee t deteate.
_T e Pvce f Fa Pea e._
Immedatey t t e ut f Iak, ad tuc g t e Pea guf, a
tte t t e eat f t e Ka ad Jek , w c ae t e eate
tbutae f t e geat ceta ve, Tg ad Eu ate,
t e Pvce f Fa, w c aced t e t t cata tw
S az, ad t e exted a t -eatey dect twad t e
ady deet. T t e vce[896] w ee t e Pea ace
t t be fud t geatet uty; ad fm t tact t e ame
f Pea, attac ed by Euea t t e eme f Ia, ued
t be deved[897]. Fm Fa Pa, f bt fm ae udetd
t ext, daw t e ame Paee, be by t e fe-w e,
w mgated f afety t Ida: ad t e ame t aea t be
ceay taceabe t e geat Pea tbe f Paagad, amed by
Hedtu[898] a t e eadg tbe f t e cuty. But t ug t e
vce f Fa w embace a cdeabe age f cuty ad
dvety f cmate, a t at ecded f t e acet Pea
wud eem t cect t em atcuay wt t ude ad me
mutau at: f we ave evey ea t beeve t at Hedtu
ke tuy w e e decbed t e Pea, ey caed, a
, ad t e cuty a ad ad bae cma wt t e c
vaey f Meda, w c at a eay date attacted ad ead t e
abu f agcutue. It wa abted, a Hedtu[899] ay,
, that s, n th Plasgan fashn, at th tm whn Djcs
acqud th thn.
Th cnflct f ac btwn a bld hghland ppl f sup
ngs, and th m advancd, but als m laxd nhabtants
f th m favud dstct, s ndcatd vn amdst th
ndstnctnss f th alst ffts f hsty. Ethnlgcally th
gnal chaact f th mvmnt s that f a pssu, t adpt th
languag f D. Dnaldsn[900], f th Hgh upn th Lw Ianans; I
wuld b undstd, hwv, t sgnfy by th tms Hgh and Lw a
dstnctn n languag and nt n n alttud f st. Th vthw
f th Mdan mp by th Psans, latd n dffnt fms by
Ctsas and Hdtus, and agan n Hly Scptu, whatv b ts
chnlgcal pch, may b ta n as a gat css n th stuggl,
at whch th Hgh Ianans stablshd thmslvs n th cunty f
th Lw, and n pmannt pltcal ascndancy amng thm. Th Magan
vlutn, dubtlss a gat actn aganst ths ascndancy, was f
sht duatn. Th nvasn f Mda by th Scythans, whch Hdtus
has ptd as pcdng fm bynd th Euxn and th Palus
Mts, but whch was m pbably fm th ast f th Caspan[901],
ndcats, t s pbabl, anth fm f ths actn. Ths nvasn
t plac und Cyaxas, th gandsn f Djcs: and w may phaps
cnsd Mda as havng at ths tm cvd Psan nfluncs,
pssbly by th mmgatn f gups f Psan famls, bf th
gnal ascndancy f that ac, just as w s th ld huss, and
th famly f Psus, fndng th way nt Suthn Gc bf
th days f th Achan ac, and f th gnal Hllnc ascndancy n
th cunty.
Th smblanc f th mdn Psan t th mdn Hgh Gman
languag has bn bsvd[902]: and t has vn bn thught
pbabl, f asns whch wll psntly b cnsdd, that th
Gman nam may hav bn dvd fm that quat. Th Hllc
ngdnt f th G tngu s fd t a smla gn. On th
th hand, w a tld that a tavll[903], ta ng a ppula ath

than a scntfc vw f languag, has ntcd th stng smblanc
btwn th Latn and th mdn Sclavnan fms. Agan, th stuctu
f th Latn languag, fm ts pllng ctan m mdn
tndncs f th G , s ta n t ndcat an antquty bynd that
f th G : and th s als an pnn that th ld G fms,
l th Latn, ba ma s f cspndnc wth th Sclavnc. All
ths wuld tnd t sustan th blf that th Plasgans, wh fmd
th ld ptn, and th bass, f th ppulatn f Italy and
Gc, w ffshts fm th ld, Lw Ianan tbs: and that
th m cnt lmnt was Hgh Ianan Psan.
_Rlatn f Gmans t Clts._
Ethnlgcal affnts, llustatv f what has h bn advancd,
hav nt scapd th attntn f th G and Rman wts. What
Stab has sad n ths subjct s patculaly dsvng f ntc.
Hs dvatn f th Gman nam fm th Latn wd _Gmanus_ may
ndd b passd by as a ntn whch cannt b mantand, althugh t
s supptd by th pnn f Tactus[904], that th nam was cnt:
snc vn Rman nscptns shw, that t xstd th hundd yas
bf that hstan. It s hwv vy ma abl, that Stab
assts th Gmans and th Clts t hav bn naly asscatd:

, , ,
, , [905].
_And t Hllns._
Nw, th sult f all that w hav dawn fm Hm thus fa wuld
b t cnnct th Clts wth th Plasg, wth Mda, and wth th
Lw Ianan cunts: th Gmans wth th Hll and wth Psa.
Obsv, thn, hw th dffncs, ntd by Stab btwn Clts and
Gmans, cspnd wth th Hmc dffncs btwn Hll and
Plasg. Fst, as t : lt us call t mnd th hsty f th
nam ; th us f as an aly Hllc pp nam; th
absnc f nams f ths class amng th Plasgans; th ud manns
f th Hll and th Phs; th pacfc habts, walth, and advancd
agcultu f th Plasgan ppulatns. Thn as t statu: hw ths
gft has Dana f ts gddss, hw t s a standng and ssntal
lmnt f bauty f wmn as wll as mn, hw th G Chfs n th
Thd Ilad a dstngushd fm th cwd by sz,
,
[906],
w A , b v m f f my, w

f b y z; f Aj x w y x
m, m m bf [907]; xp !,
w w b f, b w w m .
A, y, b , w w w Hm
m. (_passm_); s s Mlag (Il. . 642);
s s Rhadamanthus (Od. v. 564); Agamd (Il. x. 739); Ulysss (Od.
x. 399, 431); lastly, Achlls (Il. . 197). But nv nc, I
thn , ds Hm bstw ths ptht upn a Plasgan nam. Nn f
th Tjan yal famly, s nwnd f bauty, a : nn f
th Chfs, nt vn Euphbus[908], f whs flwng ha th Pt has
gvn us s bautful and vn s mpassnd a dscptn. Nthng
Plasgan, but Cs[909] th , s admttd t th hnu
f th ptht. It culd hadly b dnd t th gddss f th uddy

havst:
Excutt t flavas aua ta cmas[910].
Nw Tactus, dscbng th Gman, gvs thm _tucs t cul
cul, utl cm, magna cpa_[911]. Hs tats suppls many
th pnts f cmpasn.
It s bvus, t cmpa th nams f Scyth, Gt, Gth, Massagt,
Ms, Mys, as cayng th ma s f th wn latnshp; and th
ad wll fnd n D. Dnaldsns Nw Catylus[912] th vaus
ndcatns cdd by ancnt wts f th xtnsn f th Mdans
v Nthn Egypt: namly, fm Hdtus (v. 9), Plny (Hst. Nat.
v. 7), and Ddus (. 43). Th last f ths auths cgnss
th smlaty f tngu btwn G s and Hypbans (. 47):
and Clmns Alxandnus, aft ctng a ss f nvntns whch
th G s wd t th babaans, cds amng thm th sayng f
Anachass, whm sm f th G s placd amng th svn ws
mn, and adds [913].
A , H (. 125) v f m b
ff b f : , y, f w y.
x f , f m . f x,
f. m . Th
m fw, f whm s m . p p
f m mm y m Gm v
pp fm b. B m y v
m fm _w _ _m _, fm _ _ _m _, v
m y : bv[914] , f b
m f H, w pb by v
p . B v ,
m p b m b pv m
f v m m mmy,
v, y , f . f ,
, p pm y: f y w b by
w m y ff . B f p
mpym, , m b v ,
f w . I m y v b
m m , sms t hav mant Had
Chf Hllns, and yt that, as th latt w nt th chfs f all
th Hllns, s th fm w nt th sldy f all Psa. Agan,
as th f Hm lay undstngushd n th Hllnc mass,
yt aftwads, and n th vy sam ana, attand t a lng-lvd
supmacy, s, and yt m natually, may t hav happnd that a
tb, scnday n Psa tslf, may hav ta n acqud th lad
n a nthwad and wstwad mgatn fm t, and may hav gvn ts
nam t th ppl, whch aftwads cagulatd (s t spa ) aund
that mgatn.
_Tacs n Hm f th Psan nam._
Th a nt wantng th Hmc pst-Hmc tacs f a
cnnctn btwn aly Gc and Psa. In Hm, Psus, fath
f a ln f Plpnnsan ngs, s th sn f Jupt and Dana[915].
A sn f Nst bas th sam nam[916]. W hav als th nam
, wf f A , , f ,
w b , th Sun[917].
Whn Hm ma s Psus th sn f Jupt, h ctanly mpls f
ths svgn, as f Mns, that h had n nwn patnal ancsty,

and phaps that h falsly clamd a matnal n, n th cunty
wh h attand t fam. But futh, t vy dcddly appas fm
th us f th wd f th subjcts f th Psds, and fm
th ntns attachmnt f th Hmc Jun t that famly, that thy
w an Hllnc hus, fllwng upn th pbably Egyptan dynasty f
th Danads. Wth thm appas t bgn what Hm stms t b th
ally natnal hsty. Psus thf pbably may hav bught
hs nam dct fm amng th Hllns f th nth. Why shuld t nt
hav cm t th Hll fm Psa? Lt t b cllctd that w hav
tw th ln s wth th ast suppld: n n Ps, daught f th
Eastn Ocanus, and bd f th Sun, th th n Psphna, whs
, I p w f G p y,
m .
I H w f v p [918],
, p w pp w by
G p ; m Am ,
, , w m b m, p ,
v m y. pp f
p p b f, v w m y v b f ;
--w Hm mf pp f mm
p--w , v m fm f
. !w w v m ;
w p , b f mv, b m H,
b b H.
H pp v w :
G H p [919], b bf
m y w yp . my w w b
fm , b v,
pp by Hm. A , w m f p
p m w
f , w I v ; w G
f H , w , w p A .
y; f m y m, w vy
x f y G--f w
--m y pb by b w m f ,
w fm f m .
_ A m ._
A , w f m s the gre t desrptve me f
the Hell r es the Hmer ge. Yet t s thut y te f
Hell r Eurpe rg. Let us therefre see, hether the
E st e fd ythg th t st ds, eve thugh t frst sght
dsgusedly, ffty th t. N Herdtus tells us, th t the
le dg trbe f s rg d there s f mly (), fm w
m ; f my f . v f
w y m f p, w m
v b bw m ,
whatv s th pp Psan t f ths G patnymc, and ths
hm e fd t the he d f the Gree r es. Ths et
reeves sgul r llustr t frm Str b, h desrbg the
As t utry lled Ar , hh gves me t the Ar r e,
st tes th t t h s three tes lled fter ther fuders, Art e ,
Ale dr , d Ah . Art es s dstgushed ers , f the
rmy f Xeres. The me f Ale der spe s fr tself. Wth respet
t ether f these, Str b m y be uderstd t spe f h t m y, frm
the respetve d tes, h ve bee geue hstr l tr dts. But he
e d uld thg f ers Ahus, s the fuder f the
thrd ty. Ad the Gree Ahus, f he ested t ll, belged t

ther utry, d t pre-hstr tuty. The re l fre f
the tr dt hh reprts th t these tes bre the mes f ther
fuders, seems, hever, t be pretty bvus. It must surely me
ths: th t they h d bre the s me mes t ll tmes th the memry
f m . Thus e h ve the Ah me thr b , by l l testmy
subsstg Str bs tme, t remte tuty: there t fds
hldg-grud the Ahmed f Herdtus: d bth these uthrs
beme tesses, I th , t the derv t f the f Hmer
frm ers [920]. I d t me th t the Ahmees, h, rdg t
the Behstu Isrpt, g ve hs me t the Ahmed, s the
f ther f the Ah s f the pems, fr he ppe rs t h ve lved ly
fve geer ts befre D rus. But the dee f me betee
the rulg f mly ers , d the dm t r e Greee, be rs
tess, h rmy th ther testmes, t presumptve detty
f rg.
It ppe rs, t, th t the me thus veed m y ell h ve h d ts rt
the et Ar l gu ge, f e judge frm ts et t frms.
The rd sgfyg freds, rdg t Sr H. R ls, s
S srt _s h_, d ers _h h_.
The me Ahmees sgfes fredly, r pssessg freds,
beg frmed f ers rd _h h_, rrespdg t the S srt
_s h_, d ttrbutve ff euv let t the S srt m t,
hh frms the m tve _m _. H. R.[921]
The rd, the, f e m y rely ths hgh uthrty, uderges
ther h ge, p ssg t the Gree tgue, th the lss f the
t l spr te, (hle the sed s ret ed ,) d the ddt
f the Gree term t . In ths dscptn f a ulng
ac by th cmmn bnd as asscats, th s smthng that
smbls th Eupan and fudal nam f ps.
Th s ndd anth nam stll xstng n Psa, that f th
Ellats tnant tbs, th fm f whch, and th ccumstancs
und whch t appas, wll shtly b ntcd[922].
W hav nw btand vaus lghts, whch pnt ut t us th Psans
as th pbabl ancsty f th G s. It stll mans t lan,
whth fm th hsty f ancnt Psa w can as a psumptn
that th w, thugh smblancs subsstng th, ma d sgns f
affnty btwn th tw.
_Th Psans accdng t Hdtus._
Hdtus has gvn us a ma abl, and appantly a caful, accunt
f th ancnt Psans, bth as t lgn and as t manns, whch
upn th whl bth xhbts st ng pnts f smblanc t Gc,
and l ws tnds t attach that smblanc t th Hllc ath than
th Plasgan ac.
In ma ng th cmpasn, w must allw spcally f tw sucs f
. Th Hllc tbs f Hms tm had bn pbably f nt
lss than ght tn gnatns (snc w tac th Dadanans n
th wn gund f svn gnatns, th Psds and lds f
sx) dtachd fm th pant stc , and mght wll hav mdfd th
chaact and custms, spcally snc thy had mngld wth th
Plasgans n th plans. And agan, th accunt f Hdtus s lat
pbably by 500 yas m, than th manns dscbd n Hm. Th
Psans f hs day had lng bn mxd wth th Mds: and had, as h
tlls us[923], adptd th cstum: pbably much ls alng wth t.
_Th cmpasn as t lgus blf._
Th Psans, says Hdtus[924], hav n tmpls, altas, n status
f th gds. Tactus[925] gvs a l accunt f th Gmans. Of ths
Hm nly nabls us t tac altas wth clanss as havng bn
adptd by th Hllnc acs at th pd f th _Tca_. But th
tndncy t sacdtal dvlpmnt amng th Plasg may hav had ts
cuntpat n th symblsm and cmplcatd cmnal f Mda[926].
Thy wshp Jupt fm hgh placs. S dd Hct. W hav n asn
t ma th sam asstn f th Tjans gnally: but th plac
gvn t Jupt n Ida, and th whl Olympan fabc, pbably als
th plan f scalng havn by hapng muntans n n anth, all
blng t th sam tan f thught.
Thy, f w a t adpt th statmnt, call th whl ccut f th
havn by th nam f Jupt. Ths sam s th sha f th unvs,
whch, n th Hmc mythlgy, falls t th lt f Jupt, and th
nam s sad t b dntcal wth th Sansct _Dyaus_, manng
th s y[927]: a sns whch w fnd n th _sub d_ and _sub Jv_
f th Latn wts, blngng t th Augustan ag. Ths lmntal
cncptn f hm, hwv, s pbably m Mdan than Psan.
Thy dd nt gnally wshp Vnus (); b y
w p f fm , pp y Ay .
m by w f H f Hm, w m
y v b w w , v p fy,
w p f V m[928].
y f b [929]: ff fm

yp , w b m .
w f w p f V pp b H m
, f b f y p w
w f Hm f [930].
y p p v v[931]. f w v
mp v Hm m G Ap , p ,
Rv f : v, , w by m
pf w b bj.
m , , m y . B xp
m f p : j Rv
vy pf[932]. m (I. xx. 308) by
m ; b mf m.
, wv, p p: m
w H v f
.
y , y, G w
() anthpphustc[933]. Thy calld th nt ccl
f havn by th nam f Jupt. Thy gnally wshppd n gds
xcpt th sun, th mn, th ath, f, wat, and th wnds.
Aftwads thy land fm th Assyans and Aabans t wshp
m f .
I mp p ff bj f
y mv; f

bv, y pp v b ff. H w v y
, f y, bw ym w
by H b, f G.
I pp f [934],
, p f f # , mb , (1)
bf pm p G, (2) w p f
f v.
f H pp b p f

: v f m, f-w p pp
y b . y w pp
f f p f
G my y, my, w v Jp, pm
y, p y w f y mp :
w y v Jp, pb by m
y pm B b mb, b
pv p . pw f w ! w b
w pp by m, f , f pm
B.
I m m f pmv ,
fm w w
vy: y f G, p y
m pxm fm f v . I w by D.
D m m w py m[935].
I Hm , m y
v f v v y b pf ,
I , w f m f Hm ym[936]. B w
m mmb j, by m y , ym f
Hm: v bm f p p b,
p w H v, mp y f G.
, w p m , vv,

py m, vy Hm ;
w ! vyw m pf, m
vy p w m xp f vy. G m
m m , (f vyw m ,)
m p m v, ; b v
pp m, my, mp ,
y b m , f pw
bv f w . w p m y w m
, b p, f v f A mm,
w f Jp m , v, :
f [937]. W f fm p
H, w bv f
y, w m y ff m f[938].
If w v mv ww , m
m v, w w p y,
w y, w y y m p
H by pp f pp, fw
m m v m p , w
y pp vy m w, w, f w y, w
y ymp f v, w v
f; , f !, ,
w, my w y f A p .
_A mb ._

H[939] v f ym
. p f f mf: w b , m,
, : y bm p, v
w y w my. W pfm p
f f, _ _ ;
pfm f xp p f _ _. I p w
, f , . B y [940], f, y
mb , f w .
p f w , pp w
mpy : y ff f. w p p
mpm bw ym f ,
p p pp f H, w x b
f , and , but w eem t kw
t g, a amg t emeve, f et.
Lke t e Hec ace, t e Pea f d wee emakabe f ea
mdety. T ey dd t actce ay uatua vce, ut t ey eaed
t fm Geece[941]. T ey aced a extemey g vaue t e w
ace, w c t ey eteemed fa befe a t e[942]. Dffeet ca
eat amg t e w wee tmate wee maked by dffeece
t e k[943]. Equa ked wt t e mut , uequa by t e mut
f e t e c eek f t e t e: w e e geaty fe fe
tate. I t e Odyey, Uye ke Teemac u (dubte
t e face) (Od. xv. 190), ad Peee ke Teemac u t e ead
ad eye (xv. 39); but Uye ke t e kg f Egyt, w e e
a uat (xv. 279) t e kee, ad t e ave Du t e ad
(xxv. 398): e ke Eumu ad P tu t e ead ad ad,
w e t ey embace, but d t k m (xx. 224, 5). Du ed t e
ad, ad me, f Uye. But t e c ef ked t e ead ad
eye by gadmt e (Od. xx. 417.)
Lke t e Geek, t e Pea e t e a mug. T ey ed
yg t be t e mt dgacefu f a t g. It wa a dgacefu
t be caed a wma[944]. Aga, t e Pea t e tme f Cu
wee g ade[945], dettute f a t e cmft f fe, jut
a Ac e decbe t e He ud Dda. Lke t e
, they re ther h r lg[946].
All these re pts f sml rty. Up the ther h d, there re
t pts f dsrep y, hh m y be ted. The ers s h d m y
ves d ubes: d they dd t bur ther de d. Up the frst
f these pts f dsrep y th the Gree s, the ers s ere
h rmy th, t le st, the rulg r e f Tr s; d plyg my must
l ys be ff r f rulg r es, r f selet fe.
A fr gmet f the ld hstr X thus[947] uld le d us t suppse
th t they derved ths h bt frm the edes, h, rdg t th t
uthr, h d l f est, d freely eh ged ther ves.
O the sed pt, they dffered frm Try: fr the Trj s, l e the
Gree s, bured ther de d.
It s ls the ers ustm t trdue me t ther
b uets[948]. There s, hever, tr e f ths l st- med pr te
t le st the Olymp b uets f Hmer. Ad t s pl th t Arete,
the uee f Alus, s t the h b uet (Od. v. 49, 50,
147, 8): but ths m y h ve bee due t the uusu l hur hh she
s held (Od. v. 67). re rd rly the Gree me d t ppe r
t me ls th me.
Thus f r e seem t be rred by the tet f Herdtus st dg le.
Ad t shuld be bre md, th t Ctes s, s he s reprted
htus[949], thugh he dems Herdtus s teller f utruth, d
tr dts hm hs rr tve, des t uest hs ut f
relg d m ers.
_Evdee f the Behstu Isrpt._
But the dsvery d depherg by R ls f the Behstu
Isrpt thrs ddt l lght up ths uest, d e
hghly frm try f the geer l luss t rds hh e h ve
teded. The g , lled Smerds[950] by Herdtus, ppe rs ths
Isrpt uder the me f Gm tes: d t s demstr ted,
th t the revlut hh he rught, r f hh he t dv t ge,
d hh s reversed by D rus, s relgus s ell s plt l.
r, s ys the Isrpt, he C mbyses h d preeded t Egypt, the
st te be me rrelgus. It s the rel ted th t Gm tes bt ed
the empre. But, s ys D rus, I dred Ormuzd. Ormuzd brught me
d. The dd I, th f thful me, sl y Gm tes the g .... By
the gr e f Ormuzd I be me g. Ormuzd g ve me the empre.... The
rtes hh Gm tes the g h d trdued I prhbted. I restred
the h ts, d the rshp, t the St te, d t thse f mles,
hh Gm tes the g h d deprved f them. Thus D rus represets
ths gre t tr s t the ers p rty d ts relg, s
g st the ed s d the g. Hee rses dret presumpt
th t the g ere prperly ed l ss, d ere dpted t the
ers system, ly seuee f the et d plt l
m lg m t f the ers s th the edes.
Ag , plt l pt f ve, e h ve the ers s le rly
ehbted s st dg the s me rel t t the edes, hh the
Hell held t the el sg. The eedy hghl ders[951] me d up
d verper the rher d mre dv ed h bt ts f the etr l
v lleys: uder the g upst rt, the l tter t e dv t ge f
the bsee f the svereg t rebel, but they re, fter shrt
terv l, f lly put d.
_The plt l system f D rus._
D rus, h vg bt ed the thre, d est blshed the ers
suprem y, preeded t rg ze the empre; d he ppe rs t h ve
dspl yed ths gre t sphere the s me thrughly plt l md
s the Helle r es ehbted ther dmutve, but stll
etr rd ry pltes. He dvded the empre by d str l system,
uder prv l gverrs; d he est blshed everyhere fed r tes
f trbute. These ere gre t dep rtures frm the ld Gree frm f
sveregty: but e re fve etures l ter th the her ge:
d, besdes, e must remember th t the p ter l d everyhere fed
frms f gvermet, hh ll suffe fr very sm ll st tes, re
t l ys ppl ble t l rge es. Yet, s e le r frm Herdtus,
the v ts f D rus ere muh reseted by the ers s, h
uder Cyrus, d eve uder C mbyses, e thg f fed r tes f
t t, but ffered beevlees () [952];
y m v, y w f , mby
(), and Daus a tadsman ().
Landld f England at thu nw, nt Kng[953].
W sm t hav h an mphatc tstmny t th gnal dntty f

th Psan and Hllc, Hllnc das f gvnmnt.
It s als wthy f ma , that n th cas f Mns, wh sms
t hav hld a lag and dsjntd mp, w hav tadtnal,
and vn Hmc ndcatns f sm pcdng nt whlly unl
ths f Daus. F ths pnc, accdng t Thucydds, gvnd
th slands thugh hs sns, that s, by a pvncal ganzatn
und lcal ffcs[954]; n Hm w fnd Rhadamanthus actng at a
dstanc, pbably n hs bhalf; and w may phaps hnc cncv,
that th was tuth n th tadtn, aftwads s dus, that h
mpsd tbut upn th thn Plasgan Attca. Mns ndd was a
putd Phncan: but n Hm th Phncan and Psan tadtns
a clsly cmbnd, and th pt appas t hav tatd Phnca as
th mdum, phaps vn th symbl, f much that was Psan. Evn
ggaphcally I blv that h placd th tw cunts n vy cls
pxmty.
It sms pbabl als, that w may cnsd th lng cntnud
applcatn f th tm by th G s t th Psan ngs, as
havng fnc t an gnal dntty f ac and manns. It had
bn th wn gnal nam f a mnach. Whn th ancnt mnachs
passd away, s dd th nam fm th usag; and th pssss f
snglhandd pw amng th G s, havng n all cass btand t by
th suppssn f lbty, cam t b calld ; but th wd
cntnud t b usd wth fnc t Psa, wh th chan
f tadtns had nt bn b n, and wh mnachy had nv casd
t pval; s that th had bn n asn f a chang f usag,
f a dvatn fm th ancnt spct and vnc twads th
pssss f a thn. Agan, th tadtnal thn f Lacdmn
cntnud t b hld by [955].
F th wd was n f n dnay fc; and dwn t a vy
lat dat t must hav bn suundd wth vnabl cllctns.
It was bn by th mps f Cnstantnpl, and vn at tms
stc ld f by thm, as a ttl dstngushng thm fm th mps
f th Wst. Thugh ssntally G , t was als wttn n th
Latn chaact. Unl th wd _Rx_, t appas nv t hav bn
appld t any ul wh xcsd a mly dvatv pw. It
tavlld s fa wstwad as t u wn sland: and Kng Edga, n a
chat, calls hmslf _Anglum Baslus, mnumqu Rgum, Insulaum,
Ocanqu Btannam ccumjacnts, cunctaumqu natnum, qu nfa
am ncluduntu, Impat t Dmnus_[956].
_Hllnc tats n mdn Psa._
Evn nw, aft s many cntus f vcsstud, th Psan psnts
numus pnts f smblanc, phaps m than w can fnd n
Mdn Gc tslf, t th pmtv and hc G f Hm.
Upn th whl, wthut dubt, h stands upn a lw lvl. Lyng,
dun nnss, unnatual vc[957], th dgadatn f wmn, a all
nw f n Psa. But such thngs w t b xpctd aft s many
ags f stangmnt fm th vald nwldg f Gd, f mal
cntamnatn, and f pltcal dpssn and msgvnmnt. But
wth allwanc n ths accunts, and n th sc f th changs t
Magansm and Mahmtansm, th ld fatus a stll tand, and
thy psnt t u vw abundant psumptns f dntty.
Th Psans[958] a stll ntd f hsptalty and lv f dsplay:
f hghly fnd manns and gat psnal bauty. Thy hav stll
an ntns lv f pty, f sng, and als f musc, whl th

pactc f ths at s ud and smpl: thy stll asscat pty
(smtms lcntus, as n th Eghth Odyssy) wth ctatn and
th banqut; and, whn Malclm wt, pntng was stll un nwn amng
th usful ats f th cunty. Thy a passnatly fnd f hss,
much gvn t th chas and t th pactc f hs-acng[959]. Mn
f ltts a stmd, and th scty valud, vn as n th
Odyssy th Bad s amng ths whm mn a accustmd t nvt t
dnn[960]. On th ccasn f a maag thy clbat plngd
fasts f th days f th p, and fm that up t thty fty
days f th hghst classs. Amdst gat dpavty, much f flal
pty and f matnal nflunc mans[961]. It s bsvd that thy
d nt usually allud t wmn by nam[962]. Th s an appach t
ths abstnnc n th Hmc pms; wh nams f mn, and l ws
f gddsss, n th vcatv a fqunt, but I am nt su that w
hav any nstancs f a wman addssd by h pp nam thughut
th Ilad Odyssy. But ctanly n f th mst cuus nts f
smlaty s that, tgth wth th hgh and fnd pltnss,
thy tan a lablty, whn und gat xctmnt, t a st f
cannbal fcty. A cnt wt stats[963] th fllwng ancdts.
A fw yas ag, th chftan f a tb slw n a fud th chftan
f anth. Shtly aftwads h was attac d whl n a juny,
ta n aft vgus sstanc, and put t dath. Hs hat, f w may
blv th ctal, was thn astd, and was atn by th mth f
hs fm vctm. And agan; th husband f a bautful yung wman
had bn slan by a val chf. Th wdw, wh had bn much attachd
t th dad wa, wuld mnutly dscb th ncdnts f th
catastph, and thn, lftng up h hands t havn, wuld pay t
Al t dlv th mud nt h hands, that havng cut ut hs
hat, I may ma t nt babs, and at t bf I d. Ths a
ctanly mst pntd pfs that Hm has pcdd wth hs usual
vacty, as an bsv and chncl f man, whn h shc s us by
ma ng Achlls wsh h culd at Hct, and Hcuba wsh sh culd
at Achlls; nay, vn whn h yt futh pvs that ths da was
famla t hs ac and ag, by ma ng Jupt tll Jun, sh wuld,
h blvs, b wll cntnt t at Pam and all hs sns.
_Th Ellats: Mda and th Plasg._
T appcat fully, hwv, th smblancs f G and Psan,
w must ta th latt as h s fund n th mltay tbs f th
pvnc f Pas Fas. Th mmbs f ths tbs a chfly
hsmn, all slds, and all bgands. But thy abh th nam and
chaact f thf; plund s dmd by vlnc n th ys,
and t s vdntly accmpand wth th pactc f a gnus and
dlcat hsptalty. Elswh n Psa many dgadng custms
pval, and wmn a gadd chfly wth a vw t snsual us;
but amng ths mltay tbs thy a m hghly valud, and a
f ma abl mdsty and chastty; yt thy hav an nncnt fdm
n th gd ffcs t stangs[964], whch at nc calls th
G madns f th Odyssy. Adulty s captally punshabl.
Alxand th Gat ndavud t bng ths tbs t sttl, and
t adpt agcultual habts; but thy hav dfd hs ffts, and
stll man l th ld Hll f th hlls, whn thy hung v
th Plasgans f th vallys. It s t b bsvd, that thy a
patculaly mntnd n th Et-Psan pvnc f Fas: and
futh, that thy ba th nam Ellat[965], whch at last psnts
a st ng smblanc t that f th Hll. Th aspat wuld pass
nt th dubld , l nt , .
H v f .
I m, , H, w f A ,

f b, b f y:
pp y f J p , y H,
p p by Umb.
w _vy_ m v f f,

w p f w , b w w f .
y pm by m y v b f f H m: v
pp yp, b , B ,
, pp, f m p.
pp f y, y b
mm f - f w-p .
W b w f . G: I f w
mp b f vy b w, D.
m[966]. H w v b p p f
f w p m ,
p b f ffv mb , w by .
G[967]. B pp y w , by w I w
b . H y, f i the _ictum_ of
this o that autho, but the sou ethologist o the last testifie
fact: he emas fo his basis the existig state of thigs as eithe
ow to ouselves, o ow to cotempoaies capable of leaig them
at the peio eaest the time ue cosieatio. It appeas to me
that the text of Home, so fa as it goes, aswes this ema: that
his accouts of Pelasgia, Hellee, a Acha, whe we ca get at
them, a whe we ta e ito view his epoch a meas of ifomatio,
come clealy withi the meaig of testifie facts i ega to that
paticula subject matte. I amit that, fom thei icietal a
ofte ucoscious atue, thee is a geat liability to eo i the
attempt to elicit them: but my assetio is, that the gou ue foot
is sou; a that, though we may go astay while tavellig it, yet we
ae ot attemptig to tea upo a quic sa. As to the success with
which this piciple has hee bee applie, I am ot too saguie; but
I cote eaestly fo the piciple itself, because I believe that it
will, whe amitte, legitimately wo out its ow esults, a that
they will ma e o uimpotat aitio to the pimay facts of that
geat bach of philosophy, the histoy, a most of all the ealy
histoy, of ma.
FOOTNOTES:
[894] New Catylus, ch. iv. p. 77.
[895] Hist. of Pesia, ii. 507.
[896] uat. Rev. vol. 101. p. 503.
[897] Malcolms Hist. chap. i. p. 1. .
[898] Heo. i. 125.
[899] Ibi. 96.
[900] New Catylus, p. 86.
[901] %la esley o Heo, i. 104.
[902] New Catylus, chap. iv. as above.

[904] Tac. Gem. c. 2. a %oties ote.
[905] Stabo vii. 2. p. 290.
[906] Il. iii. 166. cf. 226.
[907] O. xi. 469.
[908] Il. xvii. 51.
[909] Il. v. 500.
[910] Popetius.
[911] Tac. Gem. i. 4.
[913] Clem. Alex. Stom. i. 299 C, a 308 A (E. Coloi 1688).
[914] %la esley o Heo. i. 125.
[915] Il. xiv. 319.
[916] O. iii. 414, 444.
[917] O. ix. 139.
[918] Heo. vii. 61.
[919] Heo. vi. 53, 4.
[920] Stabo xi. 10. p. 516.
[921] Rev. G. Rawlisos Heootus, vol. i. p. 264. ote 5.
[922] If. p. 571.
[923] vi. 54.
[924] Heo. i. 113.
[925] Tac. Gem. c. 9.
[926] %la esleys Heootus, vol. i. 428. Exc. o iii. 74.
[927] Mlles Compaative Mythology, p. 45, i Oxfo Essays fo 1856.
[928] If. Religio a Moals, sect. 3.
[929] iii. 16.
[930] Il. xviii. 394, et seqq.
[931] i. 138.
[932] This subject will be esume i teatig of the Tojas.
[933] Heo. i. 131.

[934] Malcolms Pesia, vol. i. p. 185.
[935] Dlliges Heiethum u Juethum, vi. 2.
[936] See The Religio of the Homeic Age, sect. ii.
[937] Il. iii. 276.
[938] Heo. vii. 114.
[939] i. 132.
[940] I loc.
[941] Heo i. 133, 135.
[942] Ibi. 134.
[943] Ibi.
[944] Il. ii. 235.
[945] Heo. i. 71, a ix. 122.
[946] Heo. vii. 19.
[947] Rawlisos Heootus, Life, p. cxlviii. .
[948] Heo. i. 135. iii. 16. v. 18.
[949] Photii %iblioth. Co. lxxii.
[950] See %la esleys Excusus o Heo. iii. 74.
[951] Heo, ix. 122.
[952] Heo. iii. 89.
[953] Sha speaes Richa II.
[954] Thuc. i. 4.
[955] A. Pol. III. xiv. 3.
[956] Seles Titles of Hoou, chap. ii.
[957] Malcolms Pesia, ii. 585. 631, 6. uately Review, vol. 101. p.
510.
[958] The taits metioe i the text, whee thee is o special
efeece, ae aw fom the thee last chaptes of Malcolms Pesia.
[959] Malcolms Pesia, ii. 550, 558, 566, 611.
[960] Ibi. 576. Gotes Histoy of Geece, P. I. c. xxi. vol. ii. p.
196 .
[961] Ibi. 616, a uat. Rev. p. 509.

[962] uat. Rev. vol. 101. p. 509 .
[963] uat. Rev. vol. 101. p. 50.
[964] Malcolm, ii. 613.
[965] Malcolm, i. 369. ii. 597, 634, 638.
[966] Lathams Ma a his Migatios, pp. 33-6.
[967] Histoy of Geece, vol. ii. p. 352.
ADDENDA.
Page 106. O the possible migatio of the Dooa oacle, see below,
p. 238.
P. 126. O the theoy of Cutius espectig the Ioias, see p. 480.
P. 153. The wealth of Egyptia Thebes was ow to Achilles; see Il.
ix. 381.
P. 167. The %ith of Mios will be moe fully iscusse i coectio
with the Oute Geogaphy of the Oyssey. O the aciet a extesive
ifluece of Phicia upo Cete, see Hc s Ceta, vol. i. pp. 68 a
seqq.
P. 186. O the wo _lupus_, see Mlles Doias, II. vi. 8, 9, fo
its elatio to , , , lght-bn, and _lux_.
P. 306. In gnal cnfmatn f what has bn sad abv n th
subjct f languag, I may f t th _Rmsch Gschcht_[968] f
Mmmsn, whch had nt cm und my y whn th Svnth Sctn wnt
t pss.
Hs cnclusns a;
1. That th G and md-Italan languags cspnd, n what tuchs
th udmnts f th matal lf f man.
2. That n th hgh gn f th mnd, f lgn, and f advancd
plty, ths cspndnc whlly fals.
3. That th Gc-Italc ags wth th Sansct dwn t th pastal
stag f scty nly, and cass wth th cmmncmnt f th
agcultual and sttld stag.
4. That th abstact gnus f th Rman lgn bas a latn
t th G anthpphusm, l that f th full-fmd Indan
mythlgy t th mtaphyscal schm f th Zndavsta.
H appas t m t cast th balanc vmuch n th Rman sd: but
hs statmnt wll wll pay an attntv cnsdatn.
H suppls th fllwng wds, whch I wuld add t th lsts I hav
gvn abv. Thy gnally cbat th cnclusns at whch I hav
avd.
htus.
cc.
mm.
puls.
m .
s.
}
- }
p .
m.
talio.
.
A, el he hher m -scutum (wth an altatn,

pgssn f sns).
.
tmplum.
Amng ths, th latnshp f and tmplum sms t qu

futh pf.
I hav t add th wd , w m b
p s wth _tlum_. On th th sd, I may
nt , f _ w_, , , f _ _, m
w p.
. 311. A . Il. . 768.

P. 313. Th statmnt as t th psns slan by Hct and Mas s
naccuat. Th svn fst nams a, s fa as th txt nfms us,
undstngushd, xcpt Tuthas, wh s calld ; and amng
ths svn w hav n nam, whch s claly f Hllc tymlgy.
But th nn ths blng t a dffnt pat f th actn (Il. x.
301-4), and a xpssly calld ( ffcs, Il. . 365):
and amng ths, whl w hav fu nams f Hllc cmplxn, Dlps
and Ophltus a th nly tw whch can b pstvly assgnd t th
Plasgan class.
P. 380. Whl I hav statd th scnd sns f th wd
accdng t what appas t m t b th balanc f th vdnc, I
admt t t b a dubtful pnt whth w ught ath, wth Stab
(p. 365), t undstand t pfably as capabl f manng th nt
Plpnnsus.
FOOTNOTES:
[968] Lpsc, 1854, vl. , ch. .
Tanscb&s Nt
Pag hads n th pntd b hav bn cnvtd t hadngs.
Th fllwng appant s hav bn cctd:
p. x "Campad" changd t "Cmpad"
p. x "nas 864" changd t "nas 486"
p. 20 "Asts" changd t "Asts"
p. 42 "SECT. 4." changd t "SECT. 5."
p. 83 "xxv" changd t "xxv."
p. 86 "" ""
p. 92 "m " "m "
p. 95 "349-51." "349-51,"
p. 98 "603, 11" "603, 611"
p. 99 "267, 8." "267, 8,"
p. 107 "A G" "A G"
p. 114 "" changd t ""
p. 147 ". 3" changd t ". 3."
p. 164 "tslf[269]." changd t "tslf[269]."
p. 169 "p. 83.;" changd t "p. 83;"
p. 178 "by sa," changd t "by sa."
p. 178 "Lacdmnan" changd t "Lacdmnan"
p. 183 "wfnd" changd t "w fnd"
p. 195 "Paus. v. 1, 2." changd t "Paus. v. 1. 2."
p. 197 "Paus. v. 2, 2." changd t "Paus. v. 2. 2."
p. 199 "" ""
p. 200 "y. f" "y-f"
p. 203 "" " "
p. 214 "" changd t ""
p. 215 "841." changd t "841,"
p. 230 "" ""
p. 259 "w " " w "

p. 259 " .... Im m, w ."
" .... Im m, w ."
p. 265 "" ""
p. 266 "" ""
p. 275 "704." "704,"
p. 286 "1. m " "m "
p. 287 "" changd t ""
p. 300 "" changd t ""
p. 300 "" ""
p. 300 "" changd t ""
p. 300 "" changd t ""
p. 300 "Od xx." changd t "Od. xx."
p. 301 "" changd t ""
p. 301 "" changd t ""
p. 313 "Aglaus," changd t "Aglaus."
p. 328 "" ""
p. 343 "pv" "pv"
p. 345 "" ""
p. 350 "" ""
p. 351 "" ""
p. 359 "gan" changd t "gan"
p. 368 "" changd t ""
p. 369 "" chaged to ""
p. 371 "" h ""
. 372 "," "."

p. 374 "" ""
p. 374 "" changd t ""
p. 383 ", xv." ". xv."
p. 383 " ()." changd t " (),"
p. 409 "fld[705]." changd t "fld[705]."

p. 409 "apppat." changd t "apppat."
p. 410 "" h ged t ""
p. 461 "" ""
p. 462 "disguished" chaged to "distiguished"
p. 466 (ote) "Od. xi. 281.":
ootote acho added
p. 486 (ote) "Il. ii. 58." chaged to "Il. xi. 58." ad
ootote
acho added to the text
p. 487 "" h ""
p. 506 " " " "
p. 514 () "485." "485,"
p. 554 "" changd t ""
Th fllwng pssbl s hav bn lft as pntd:
(mp )
p. v
End f th Pjct Gutnbg EB f Studs n Hm and th Hmc Ag,
Vl. 1 f 3, by W. E. Gladstn
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cvd th w n a physcal mdum, yu must tun th mdum wth
yu wttn xplanatn. Th psn ntty that pvdd yu wth
th dfctv w may lct t pvd a placmnt cpy n lu f a
fund. If yu cvd th w lctncally, th psn ntty
pvdng t t yu may chs t gv yu a scnd pptunty t
cv th w lctncally n lu f a fund. If th scnd cpy
s als dfctv, yu may dmand a fund n wtng wthut futh
pptunts t fx th pblm.
1.F.4. Excpt f th lmtd ght f placmnt fund st fth
n paagaph 1.F.3, ths w s pvdd t yu &AS-IS&, WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Sm stats d nt allw dsclams f ctan mpld
waants th xclusn lmtatn f ctan typs f damags.
If any dsclam lmtatn st fth n ths agmnt vlats th
law f th stat applcabl t ths agmnt, th agmnt shall b
ntptd t ma th maxmum dsclam lmtatn pmttd by
th applcabl stat law. Th nvaldty unnfcablty f any
pvsn f ths agmnt shall nt vd th manng pvsns.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - Yu ag t ndmnfy and hld th Fundatn, th
tadma wn, any agnt mply f th Fundatn, anyn
pvdng cps f Pjct Gutnbg-tm lctnc w s n accdanc
wth ths agmnt, and any vlunts asscatd wth th pductn,
pmtn and dstbutn f Pjct Gutnbg-tm lctnc w s,
hamlss fm all lablty, csts and xpnss, ncludng lgal fs,
that as dctly ndctly fm any f th fllwng whch yu d
caus t ccu: (a) dstbutn f ths any Pjct Gutnbg-tm
w , (b) altatn, mdfcatn, addtns dltns t any
Pjct Gutnbg-tm w , and (c) any Dfct yu caus.
Sctn 2. Infmatn abut th Mssn f Pjct Gutnbg-tm
Pjct Gutnbg-tm s synnymus wth th f dstbutn f

lctnc w s n fmats adabl by th wdst vaty f cmputs
ncludng bslt, ld, mddl-agd and nw cmputs. It xsts
bcaus f th ffts f hundds f vlunts and dnatns fm
ppl n all wal s f lf.
Vlunts and fnancal suppt t pvd vlunts wth th
assstanc thy nd a ctcal t achng Pjct Gutnbg-tm&s
gals and nsung that th Pjct Gutnbg-tm cllctn wll
man fly avalabl f gnatns t cm. In 2001, th Pjct
Gutnbg Ltay Achv Fundatn was catd t pvd a scu
and pmannt futu f Pjct Gutnbg-tm and futu gnatns.
T lan m abut th Pjct Gutnbg Ltay Achv Fundatn
and hw yu ffts and dnatns can hlp, s Sctns 3 and 4
and th Fundatn nfmatn pag at www.gutnbg.g
Sctn 3. Infmatn abut th Pjct Gutnbg Ltay Achv
Fundatn
Th Pjct Gutnbg Ltay Achv Fundatn s a nn pft
501(c)(3) ducatnal cpatn ganzd und th laws f th
stat f Msssspp and gantd tax xmpt status by th Intnal
Rvnu Svc. Th Fundatn&s EIN fdal tax dntfcatn
numb s 64-6221541. Cntbutns t th Pjct Gutnbg
Ltay Achv Fundatn a tax dductbl t th full xtnt
pmttd by U.S. fdal laws and yu stat&s laws.
Th Fundatn&s pncpal ffc s lcatd at 4557 Mlan D. S.
Faban s, AK, 99712., but ts vlunts and mplys a scattd
thughut numus lcatns. Its busnss ffc s lcatd at 809
Nth 1500 Wst, Salt La Cty, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Emal
cntact ln s and up t dat cntact nfmatn can b fund at th
Fundatn&s wb st and ffcal pag at www.gutnbg.g/cntact
F addtnal cntact nfmatn:
D. Ggy B. Nwby
Chf Excutv and Dct
gbnwby@pglaf.g
Sctn 4. Infmatn abut Dnatns t th Pjct Gutnbg
Ltay Achv Fundatn
Pjct Gutnbg-tm dpnds upn and cannt suvv wthut wd
spad publc suppt and dnatns t cay ut ts mssn f
ncasng th numb f publc dman and lcnsd w s that can b
fly dstbutd n machn adabl fm accssbl by th wdst
aay f qupmnt ncludng utdatd qupmnt. Many small dnatns
($1 t $5,000) a patculaly mptant t mantanng tax xmpt
status wth th IRS.
Th Fundatn s cmmttd t cmplyng wth th laws gulatng
chats and chatabl dnatns n all 50 stats f th Untd
Stats. Cmplanc qumnts a nt unfm and t ta s a
cnsdabl fft, much papw and many fs t mt and p up
wth ths qumnts. W d nt slct dnatns n lcatns
wh w hav nt cvd wttn cnfmatn f cmplanc. T
SEND DONATIONS dtmn th status f cmplanc f any
patcula stat vst www.gutnbg.g/dnat
Whl w cannt and d nt slct cntbutns fm stats wh w

hav nt mt th slctatn qumnts, w nw f n phbtn
aganst accptng unslctd dnatns fm dns n such stats wh
appach us wth ffs t dnat.
Intnatnal dnatns a gatfully accptd, but w cannt ma
any statmnts cncnng tax tatmnt f dnatns cvd fm
utsd th Untd Stats. U.S. laws aln swamp u small staff.
Plas chc th Pjct Gutnbg Wb pags f cunt dnatn
mthds and addsss. Dnatns a accptd n a numb f th
ways ncludng chc s, nln paymnts and cdt cad dnatns.
T dnat, plas vst: www.gutnbg.g/dnat
Sctn 5. Gnal Infmatn Abut Pjct Gutnbg-tm lctnc
w s.
Pfss Mchal S. Hat was th gnat f th Pjct Gutnbg-tm
cncpt f a lbay f lctnc w s that culd b fly shad
wth anyn. F fty yas, h pducd and dstbutd Pjct
Gutnbg-tm B s wth nly a ls ntw f vlunt suppt.
Pjct Gutnbg-tm B s a ftn catd fm sval pntd
dtns, all f whch a cnfmd as Publc Dman n th U.S.
unlss a cpyght ntc s ncludd. Thus, w d nt ncssaly
p B s n cmplanc wth any patcula pap dtn.
Mst ppl stat at u Wb st whch has th man PG sach faclty:
www.gutnbg.g
Ths Wb st ncluds nfmatn abut Pjct Gutnbg-tm,
ncludng hw t ma dnatns t th Pjct Gutnbg Ltay
Achv Fundatn, hw t hlp pduc u nw B s, and hw t
subscb t u mal nwsltt t ha abut nw B s.

Studies On Homer and The Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 by W. E. Gladstone

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Studies On Homer and The Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3 by W. E. Gladstone

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol.

Title: Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, Vol. 1 of 3

Produced by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed

Plenius ac melius Chrysippo et Crantore.--HORACE.

Study of Homer in the Public Schools

ETHNOLOGY OF THE GREEK RACES.

The etyml y tested by kidred wrds

Fom the hoses of Tos

STUDIES ON HOMER AND THE HOMERIC AGE.

SECT. 1.--_On th Stat f th Hmc qustn._

[5] 4t d. p. 622, n.

SECT. 2.--_Th Plac f Hm n Classcal Educatn._

hav attactd a gat sha f attntn.

I d nt dsput th mts f th tagdans as masts n th nbl

sumuntabl; but t s asd naly t ts maxmum n th nstanc

SECT. 3.--_On th Hstc Ams f Hm._

t b suscptbl! Hw dffcult t s t fnd ths, xcpt n m

pptns has h mxd hsty wth magnatv mbllshmnt? And

u-h  Ns, h vh B , , hu h h h s 

f   s h sm  f u f h h , 

N must w fgt th mptanc, wth fnc t ths dscussn,

manns and chaacts, flngs and tasts, acs and cunts,

SECT. 4.--_Th pbabl Dat f Hm._

In mplyng such a phas as th dat f Hm, I man n fnc t

e h; h he hle expl f Ulye Ph  , 

e e he relle f hem he very ry, hh ey ll

SECT. 5.--_The Pr le Tr rhe f he Tex f Hmer._

f Hmer h , hle, ee erly v e y erpl 

It s nt t b dnd that th cndtn f th Hmc pms,

Hedtu eectg Ct ee, t e ue f Scy, w , w e e

 m  m w h ms f A mm, wh A s

Thus h Ph Hm,  As h M s. Bu, f hs

o believig i the geeal soudess o

expessig suspicio by _obeli_ as a good oe--it aised the questio

om doubt, but that it has bee

iculty i udestadig such accouts as

txt pvalng n th Stat  natnal, and anth n th pvat

  he her h - , xx. 103.

s w s h  s, (e. g. xxiv. 30), a

ect, ad by the state o

couptio, by caelessess, might opeate most po e

the othe geat

ice ad positio

Hm  wh  s . I w  s  h  w I  vu 

[66] Cnta Ap. . 2.

CT. 6.--_Th l c  uhoiy of Hom i Hisoic l Iuiy._

Th picip l  fi l pupos, which I wish o ps i h mos

 umous o sois of h p-hisoic ims  o, s such,

ltay tadtns n any f th fms, ught nv t b tatd

ls (at last, I can dscn n btt asn), m mptanc

equa aut ty wt egad t t e ty f t at age; ad

attmpt t dtmn hw much  hw lttl f hsty ths lgnds

hand, w shuld tad wth cmpaatv cnfdnc; whn w qut hs

dt betwee abu ad t am mew at tatg; yet t

Fay, t ug ag t e datfact f t e at t e

ay M. Gte, we ae cmeed t accet t e Heec aggegate

rst, there re fud Hmer t  ther desg ts, hh purprt

What thn ds Hm man us t undstand by th phas

 w A  , v. 603,  I  , v. 631.

s f ,  I  ,  , s s  m  us.

There l meh he v re he C  l e,

hh  e,  ere, mpleely e  r p. There

B   m f    b    f   v   fx  

The etymly tested by kidred wrds

SECT. 1.--_On th Stat f th Hmc qustn._

[5] 4t d. p. 622, n.

SECT. 2.--_Th Plac f Hm n Classcal Educatn._

hav attactd a gat sha f attntn.

I d nt dsput th mts f th tagdans as masts n th nbl

sumuntabl; but t s asd naly t ts maxmum n th nstanc

SECT. 3.--_On th Hstc Ams f Hm._

t b suscptbl! Hw dffcult t s t fnd ths, xcpt n m

pptns has h mxd hsty wth magnatv mbllshmnt? And

u-h Ns, h vh B , , huh h h s

f s h sm f u f h h ,

N must w fgt th mptanc, wth fnc t ths dscussn,

manns and chaacts, flngs and tasts, acs and cunts,

SECT. 4.--_Th pbabl Dat f Hm._

In mplyng such a phas as th dat f Hm, I man n fnc t

eh; h he hle expl f Ulye Ph ,

e e he relle f hem he very ry, hh ey ll

SECT. 5.--_The Pr le Trrhe f he Tex f Hmer._

f Hmer h , hle, ee erly v e y erpl

It s nt t b dnd that th cndtn f th Hmc pms,

Hedtu eectg Ct ee, t e ue f Scy, w , w e e

m m w h ms f A mm, wh As

Thus h Ph Hm, As h M s. Bu, f hs

txt pvalng n th Stat natnal, and anth n th pvat

he her h - , xx. 103.

s w s h s, (e. g. xxiv. 30), a

couptio, by caelessess, might opeate most poe

Hm wh s . I w s h w I vu

[66] Cnta Ap. . 2.

CT. 6.--_Th l c uhoiy of Hom i Hisoic l Iuiy._

Th picip l fi l pupos, which I wish o ps i h mos

umous o sois of h p-hisoic ims o, s such,

ltay tadtns n any f th fms, ught nv t b tatd

ls (at last, I can dscn n btt asn), m mptanc

equa aut ty wt egad t t e ty f t at age; ad

attmpt t dtmn hw much hw lttl f hsty ths lgnds

hand, w shuld tad wth cmpaatv cnfdnc; whn w qut hs

dt betwee abu ad t am mew at tatg; yet t

Fay, t ug ag t e datfact f t e at t e

ay M. Gte, we ae cmeed t accet t e Heec aggegate

rst, there re fud Hmer t ther desg ts, hh purprt

What thn ds Hm man us t undstand by th phas

w A , v. 603, I , v. 631.

s f , I , , s s m us.

There l meh he v re he C le,

hh e, ere, mpleely e r p. There

B m f b f v fx

, bf w f w w m y Hm

y y my. H f w D . ! m

th nthn cast f th gan. Thus t s at bth ths gats f

x mp, Hm v G , n

th plac n th Tjan Catalgu, whth ths Plasgans w

b jy bv p f p p

Plasgus s calld[146]. Nw t may hav bn th gnal ul t

f b , my, , v pwf

b b w v G w p

m. I x b ! , y

m mpy pp m y fy: w

y, appld t Euthaln (Il. v. 319), accds wth th

w m , mv, m f .

w y m , w, y, b

! p w A dverse

v bov his, h m I sus os of islf o s blish

A dscptn thus cmmncs n th pats, f whch th fst s

thn w th , a c e bad

f f : p w

p p ffy pp by . x. 346, , Il.

bj fm v by y " [179].

m pp w b f , b vy

[182] m : w m w f

f m f A b f f.

bj f w : p

m v p : b v,

w m by #[193] p w

w, w f bj,

bj p f

, m y b bv w j mpm

Hm v p p fw w

3. Autchthnus, Il. . 547.