PROJECT REPORT

On
Study of overall 3rd party logistics at
Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd.

FOR
THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION

From Pune University

BATCH: 2013-15

SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED

AJINKYA VILAS ADURKAR

ASMs Institute of Business Management & Research

Chinchwad, Pune- 411018

Self Declaration
I, Mr. Ajinkya V. Adurkar , Roll No.131401 of MBA 2013-15 batch of ASMs Institute of Business
Management & Research

has undergone a Summer Internship in Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd.

(organization) for a duration of Seven weeks on a project title Study of Overall 3 rd Party Logistics
Operations in the Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd., hereby declare that this project is my original piece
of work.

Signature of the student:

Ajinkya Vilas Adurkar
Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks and deep sense of gratitude for the inspiring guidance and support
rendered by my research guide, Mr. SAINATH PATIL, Mentor , Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd.
Bhiwandi, Mumbai.
I am thankful to Mr. Manoj More (Operational Head) & Mr. Raouf Anasari (Director) who
extended a helping hand during the course of the project, whenever needed, and to all the office
staff who have directly or indirectly contributed to the success in this project.
I thank my Internal Guide, Mr. S.G.Kulkarni Faculty at IBMR for imparting me the necessary
knowledge wherever needed and for guiding me as to how to go about with this project.
Finally, I am grateful so many ASM, SO, Retailers & Friends who shared valuable information that
helped in the successful completion of this project.

Ajinkya Vilas Adurkar

MBA 2013-15

Index
Sr. No.

CHAPTERS

PAGE No.

Executive Summery

Organization Profile

Outline of the Problem

Introduction

1. Introduction of Mustard oil

10

2. Market Potential of Mustard oil

10

3. Market Trends of Mustard oil

4. Process of Making Mustard oil
5. Nutritious Value of Mustard oil

11
11

6. Status Mustard oil Industry

12
14
5

Literature Review

16

Company Profile

18

1.

Profile

19

2.

Distribution Channel of PURI OIL MILLS Ltd

31

Project Profile

32

1. Purpose & Scope

33

2. Research Methodology
3.

Data Analysis

34
37

Project Finding & Recommendations

47

1. Conclusion

48

2.

Recommendation

49

APPENDIX

50

10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

51

List of Tables

Table No.

Title

Pg.No.

Comparative Analysis of 3PL in India and

13

the U.S.
2

Reasons for outsourcing logistics activities.

Impact of outsourcing logistics activities.

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Rotated Component Matrix (a)

Factor Matrix

Analysis of the gap between achievement

and expectation

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Growth

Strategies

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Direct

Investment

10

Normalized Matrix for Direct Investment

11

Weights in Direct Investment

12

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Service

Portfolio

13

Normalized Matrix for Service Portfolio

14

Waitage in Service Portfolio

15

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Merger &

Acquisition
Normalized Matrix for Merger & Acquisition

30

16

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Alliance

17

Normalized Matrix for Alliance

18

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Regional

Expansion

19

Normalized Matrix for Regional Expansion

20

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for RFID & IT

21

Normalized Matrix for RFID & IT

22

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Broadening

Service Lines

23

Normalized Matrix for Broadening Service Lines

24

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Industry

Specialization

25

Normalized Matrix for Industry Specialization

26

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Global

Services

27

Normalized Matrix for Global Services

28

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Integration

29

Normalized Matrix for Integration

30

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Supply

Chain Security

31

Normalized Matrix for Supply Chain

Security

32

Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Quality of

Services

33

Normalized Matrix for Quality of Services

34

Matrixes for Direct Investment

35

Ranking on the basis of Direct Investment

36

Matrixes for Service Portfolio

37

Ranking on the basis of Service Portfolio

38

Final Ranking

List of Graphs

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The third-party logistics industry has come a long way in its relatively short history, a maturity
curve that has been documented in the seventeen years of this study. Early on, shippers cautiously
entrusted 3PLs with a relatively limited number of core services, such as managing warehousing
and transportation, then steadily asked 3PLs to do more. 3PLs honed their craft in delivery of these
services, while gaining shippers trust and building toward more collaborative, integrated
relationships with their customers. Similar to other industries, shippers (customers) sometimes
revisit their decisions to use 3PLs, even over short periods of time. Overall, however,
results of this study suggest that far more companies increase their logistics outsourcing in any
given year than those that bring most logistics services back in-house which helps to explain
3PLs continue to rank their relationships with shippers a bit higher than shippers do, but the vast
majority (88% of shippers and 94% of 3PLs) view their relationships as successful. Openness,
transparency, and good communication as well as agility and flexibility contribute to this success.
Interestingly, figures from this years study suggest decreases in the use of gain sharing and
collaboration.
Later I went through the process of filling the questionnaires from 100 customers which using 3rd
party logistics both retailers and customers were taken into account to make this project more
effective. Secondary data from various sources like magazines, a journal etc has also been taken.

Chapter 1:
Introduction

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDEY

The study of this topic has been undertaken with a number of objectives. Following
are the objectives of this study:
a) To understand the concept of 3rd party logistics, various operations in 3rd party
logistics.
b) Cost and time savings for the client.
c) Ability of client to focus on core business
d) To study the warehousing, inventory management and damage control.

INTRODUCTION- ABOUT 3rd Party Logistics

Definition
Third-party Logistics is simply the use of an outside company to perform all or part of the
firms materials management and product distribution function.
THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS is an industry to which a shipper (owner of transported goods)
outsources various elements of the supply chain to perform some / all logistics management
functions including inbound freight, customs, warehousing, order fulfillment, distribution and
outbound freight.

Initiated in 1980s when companies began looking for opportunities to improver

logistics performance.

FedEx drew attention to 3PL service by offering JIT delivery

FedEx success in 3PL marketplace opened it up to competition

Initially primarily domestic coverage, 3PL industry is now global in character with a
revenues approaching $150 billion in NA.

Characteristics of 3PL

Types of 3PL
There are three types of third party logistics providers:
1. Asset Based 3PL companies that use their own trucks,
warehouses and personnel to operate the clients business
2. Management Based 3PL companies that provide the technological
and managerial functions to operate the logistics functions of their
clients, but do so using the assets of other companies and do not
necessarily own any assets

3. Integrated Providers 3PL companies that can either be asset

based or management based that supplement their services with
whatever services are needed by their clients

Types of 3PL Provider

Transportation-Based
Warehouse/Distribution-Based
Forwarder-Based
Financial-Based
Information-Based

As conditions for doing business in a global setting have changed significantly during
the last two decades the importance of logistics and supply chain management

(LSCM) has been recognized universally. As companies realized the need to adapt to
the ever changing conditions in an environment of globalization, technological
innovation, and more sophisticated consumer demand to survive and flourish they
began to incorporate into their systems of operations and focus on a strong LSCM
component (Rushton & Walker, 2007). Superior logistics and supply chain
performance is now a well-recognized strategic dimension for companies to gain
competitive advantage.
The growth of logistics outsourcing in the USA is attributable to better transportation
solutions; greater focus on core businesses; impact on cost reduction; improvements
in services; development of necessary technological expertise; availability of
computerized systems; and the need for more professional and better prepared
logistics services (Sheffi, 1990). The growth of business dynamics has caused
outsourcing of the logistics activities to gain increasingly greater importance.
Companies have been considering various options to manage their logistics activities
including, creating in house dedicated logistics function, setting up logistics
subsidiaries or acquiring a logistics firm. (Sahay & Mohan, 2006).
A 3PL provider is a company which supplies and/or co-ordinates logistics functions
across multiple links in the supply chain. The company acts as a third party
facilitator between seller/manufacturer (the first party) and buyer/user (the second
party),

Figure 1. Main components of 3PL.

A third-party logistics provider is (abbreviated 3PL, or sometimes TPL) is a firm that provides
service to its customers of outsourced (or "third party") logistics services for part, or all of
their supply chain management functions. Third party logistics providers typically specialize in
integrated operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled and customized to
customers' needs based on market conditions and the demands and delivery service requirements
for their products and materials. Often, these services go beyond logistics and include value-added
services related to the production or procurement of goods, i.e., services that integrate parts of the
supply chain. Then the provider is called third-party supply chain management provider (3PSCM)
or supply chain management service provider (SCMSP). Third Party Logistics System is a process
which targets a particular Function in the management. It may be like warehousing, transportation,
raw material provider, etc.

*Advantages and disadvantages of third party logistics

a) Advantages of 3PL
1. Cost and time savings for the client
As logistics is the core competence of third party logistics providers. They possess better know how
and a greater expertise as any producing or selling company could be able. This know how together
with the global networks of the often large company size enables a higher time and cost efficiency.
Another point is, that the equipment and the IT systems of 3PL providers are constantly updated
and adapted to new requirement of their customers, so that they are able to meet the requirements of
their customers suppliers. And that is more than essential to a companys survival. Producing or
selling companies often do not have the time, resources or expertise to adapt their equipment and
systems as quickly as necessary. So in conclusion a 3PL provider can meet the technical
requirements in a faster and more cost efficient way than a company could do itself.
2. Low capital commitment
Thus the fact that most or all operative functions are outsourced to a 3PL provider there is no need
for the client to hold own warehouses or transport assets. There is very less or no tied up logistics
capital. This is very beneficial if a company has high deviations in warehouse capacity utilization,
because a bad capacity utilization ratio at equal fix cost (for warehouse) is evil for a companys
efficiency and profits.
3. Ability of client to focus on core business
The outsourcing of logistics departments permits the company to focus even more on their real core
business. If logistics is one of the firms core businesses then outsourcing doesnt make sense. But
if logistics is no core competency but rather needed or annoying attachment it should be outsourced
to a logistics provider, because the continuous increasing of business complexity makes it
impossible to be an expert in every division or sector.[4] And if you are no expert in a division, there
is always the opportunity to improve. Often only the core competency is really adding value to your
product. So it is immense important to be best in class or one of the market leaders to generate
profits, because normally the quality of the core product is the main (not the only, but the main!)
reason for the consumer to buy it.
4. 3PLs provide flexibility
Third party logistics provider can provide a much higher flexibility in geographic aspects and can
offer a much larger variety of services than the clients could provider their selves. In addition to
that, the client gets flexibility in resources and workforce size and logistics fix costs turn into
variable costs.
*Possible disadvantage of 3PL
The only big disadvantage (if you see it as one) is the loss of control a client has by working with
third party logistics. Eminently in outbound logistics when the 3PL provider completely assumes
the communication and interacting with a firms customer or supplier. By having a good and
continuous communication with their clients most 3PLs counter and try to charm away such

doubts. Some 3PLs even paint the clients logos on their assets and vest their employees like the
clients ones.

1.3 Implementation issues and requirements of 3PL collaboration

Due to the fact that a 3PL to client collaboration is a typical strategic alliance, as the author
mentioned earlier in this thesis, there will be an introduction of problem areas in the practical
implementation of strategic alliances. This points are important for a successful strategic alliance. If
they arent fulfilled or only badly, this will lead to immense problems. And these problems will be
even more serious in the development of a strategic alliance than in a companys daily routine,
because damaged faith in respect to the benefits and success of such an alliance is deadly and
destructive for change motivation of all people involved.

Important issues to think about, before contracting with a 3PL provider

First you have to know about your own logistics costs. Because only if you know exactly your own
costs you can compare it to the costs of a logistics provider. Often it is useful to know the direct
costs of each product and service, because sometime it makes sense to outsource only some parts of
the logistics and leave some products or operating steps untouched because the in-house logistics is
able to do better or cheaper than an external provider.[8] Another important point is the customer
orientation of the 3PL provider. The provider has to fit to the structures and the requirements of the
company. This fit is more important than the pure cost savings, like a survey of 3Pl providers shows
clearly: The customer orientation in form of adaptability to changing customer needs, reliability and
the flexibility of third party logistics provider were mentioned as much more important than pure
cost savings.[9]
Closely entangled together with the point of customer orientation is the point of a 3PLs
specialization. The special requirements of the own company should be flow into the decision
which 3PL is the right one to choose. Experts often suggest firms to choose 3Pl providers with roots
in the same area of logistics as the department that shall be outsourced.
Furthermore it is worth to discuss if the company wants an asset-owning or a non-asset-owning 3PL
Provider. 3PL provider without own assets are called lead logistics providers. Lead logistics
provider have the advantage that they have specialized industry expertise combined with low
overhead costs, but lower negotiation power and less resources than a third party provider has,
based on a normally big company size, a good customer base and established network systems. But
3Pl providers tend to shed clients efficiency consciously by preferring their own assets in order to
maximize their own efficiency. In addition to that third party logistics provider often are
bureaucratic and have long decision making cycles caused by the size of the company.

*Implementation issues

If a company gets the result that it wants to implement a third party logistics provider into their
processes, it has to work on the following implementation issues. These are points a company that
is purchasing the third party logistics services, has to fulfill.
The startup phase of such a strategic alliance is the most difficult and most critical phase. For
implementation considerations there has to be planned a time frame of between six months and a
year! Otherwise you risk quality and reliability losses. The client company has to clearly identify
their needs and expectations to the 3PL exactly to avoid misunderstandings and disaffections due to
miscommunications. Performance measure has to be set. Concrete guidelines are necessary.
Necessary guidelines:

Aims and methods for target achievement have to be set

Milestones for important actions of the alliance project have to be set
Actions for encouragement of strengths on the one hand and methods for compensation of
weaknesses have to be planned
Concept for the integration of alliance partners have to be developed
Critical parts of the contract have to be discussed and a for both sides responsible agreement
have to be found
A time frame of the contract has to be given.

Both parties, provider and client, must concentrate on the aim of a good collaboration concept with
mutual beneficial. Otherwise if there is no win-win situation one party suffers and reduce its
efforts.[ Just as important as the good communication between client and provider is the
communication within the workforce and employees and not only within the managers level. In the
best case the communication is informative, motivating and anticipatory. The integration of
employees should have highest priority! To avoid incertitude of employees, customers and business
partners changes in respect to structures and reliabilities have to be communicated internal and
external as early as possible. Good communication is essential within such a project, employees
want to know why a company is outsourcing and what the expectations of this step are.[Upcoming
fear in respect to employee reduction have to be faced within the different departments in an early
stage, if there is none, because fear of losing ones livelihood is paralyzing the working morale. The
employees should be motivated and mobilized to an active cooperation by understanding the change
as a chance.

1.4 *Motivation and aims of 3PL collaborations

The first point reported about now, is instantly the most stimulating and propulsive reason for
shippers and companies to commit their selves into strategic alliance collaborations with third party
logistics providers.
Often companies, equal what size they have, arent able to improve their market position, as fast as
the hard concurrency and competition in the national and international business requires, alone. Or
if they are able this fast adaption to the market requirements would cause immense and
disproportional costs.[16] So the companies try to get their logistics more efficient and costs
economic by working together with third party logistics provider that have the size, the experience
and the know-how to make the clients supply chain more cost efficient, more flexible and more
profitable ( see also the advantages of 3PL in chapter .The 2014 annual Third Party Logistics Study
(subtitle: The State of Logistics Outsourcing) of Capgemini investigated, that third party logistics
clients have an average logistics cost reduction of 11%, an average inventory cost reduction of 6%,
and an average fixed logistics cost reduction of even 23% by outsourcing their logistics to 3PL
providers. Another important point for shipper is, that their fill rates and their order accuracy
increase what is really important within the hard competition to satisfy, in special the challenging,
but also the general customer.
*Types of 3PL providers
Third-party logistics providers include freight forwarders, courier companies, as well as other
companies integrating & offering subcontracted logistics and transportation services.
Hertz and Alfredsson (2003) describe four categories of 3PL providers.

Standard 3PL Provider: this is the most basic form of a 3PL provider. They would perform
activities such as, pick and pack, warehousing, and distribution (business) the most basic
functions of logistics. For a majority of these firms, the 3PL function is not their main activity.
Service Developer: this type of 3PL provider will offer their customers advanced value-added
services such as: tracking and tracing, cross-docking, specific packaging, or providing a unique
security system. A solid IT foundation and a focus on economies of scale and scope will enable
this type of 3PL provider to perform these types of tasks.
The Customer Adapter: this type of 3PL provider comes in at the request of the customer and
essentially takes over complete control of the company's logistics activities. The 3PL provider
improves the logistics dramatically, but does not develop a new service. The customer base for
this type of 3PL provider is typically quite small.

*On-demand transportation

On-demand transportation is a relatively new term coined by 3PL providers to describe their
brokerage, ad-hoc, and "flyer" service offerings. On-demand transportation has become a
mandatory capability for today's successful 3PL providers in offering client specific solutions to
supply chain needs.
These shipments do not usually move under the "lowest rate wins" scenario and can be very
profitable to the 3PL that wins the business. The cost quoted to customers for on-demand services
are based on specific circumstances and availability and can differ greatly from normal "published"
rates.
On-demand transportation is a niche that continues to grow and evolve within the 3PL industry.
Specific modes of transport that may be subject to the on-demand model include (but are not
limited to) the following:

FTL, or Full Truck Load

Hotshot (direct, exclusive courier)
Next Flight Out, sometimes also referred to as Best Flight Out (commercial airline shipping)

International Expedited

On-demand transportation is a term to reflect what have become known as "smile and dial"
brokerages that essentially work as telemarketing call centers. Brokers have no obligation to
successfully ship all loads (as opposed to contract logistics providers) and almost all sales
representatives are heavily (and 100%) commissioned, and much of the workers' day is spent coldcalling sales leads. Smile-and-dial brokerages typically require a 15% gross profit margin (the
difference between what the shipper pays the brokerage and what the brokerage pays the carrier),
and the commission compensation scheme means that the turnover of personnel in the call centers
approaches 100% per year.
For the occasional shipper, smile-and-dial brokerages can provide a convenient way to have goods
shipped. But the lack of deep expertise due to constant turnover, combined with the 15% pricing
margins, mean that a reasonably capable traffic professional can obtain transportation services
much more economically and reliably.

1.5 Market Potential of 3rd Party Logistics

Third-party logistics (3PL) or logistics outsourcing is gaining importance as more and more
corporations across the world, unable to manage their complex supply chains, are outsourcing
logistics activities to the 3PL or logistics service providers. The 3PL market in India is least
developed and highly fragmented. However, due to the increasing awareness of the Indian firms
towards the benefits of logistics outsourcing there is an immense potential for growth of 3PL in
India.
Indian logistics industry is likely to continue its growth momentum due to the reviving fortunes of
the sector with booming end-user industries. Thus, to facilitate a better analysis of the penetration
level of 3PL logistic services across different industries in India, we have studied the market
potential of the 3PL services in four major industries including: Automobile, IT Hardware, FMCG
and Consumer Electronics till 2015. Subsequently, it has been found that the automobile industry
dominates the 3PL market with majority share, and is forecasted to remain the fastest growing
segment in Indian 3PL market.
Further, it has been revealed that storage infrastructure is the most important aspect of the logistics
industry supply chain and forms the fundamental platform for the development of logistics industry
in any market across the globe. The report also covers analysis of Warehousing, Cold Storage and
CFS/ICD (Container Freight Stations/Inland Container Depot) industry in India. It was found that,
the CFS/ICD industry is expected to register a strong growth in future, followed by cold storage
industry.
As infrastructure is the most important part of logistics industry, thus our report discusses freight
movement by roads, railways, air and ocean. Continuous improvement in logistic infrastructure has
led 3PL services to be perceived as a far better mode of controlling both internal and external
logistic processes. The report also covers brief overview of logistics parks in India along with
emerging industry trends such as Green Logistics and 4PL industry.
The report also provides profiling of the major public and private players, which will help the
clients to gain insights on their overall business and industry activities. Overall, the report is likely
to prove as a proper source of knowledge for investors and clients interested for investment in the
Indian 3PL Market.
Indian Third party logistics market has been consistent over the past few years, but it is expected to
show a tremendous change in the next few years. Growth of the sector is backed by investment in
infrastructure, globalization of manufacturing systems.

Supply Chain Integration

1.6 Why Use 3PL?

*BECAUSE SOMEONE ELSE CAN DO IT BETTER
Even if you have resources available, another organization within the supply chain may be able to
do it better, simply because its relative position in the supply chain, supply chain expertise and
economies of scale.

*TO SHARE RESPONSIBILITY

3PL companies can share responsibility for managing global supply chains, keeping customers and
stores properly stocked, and delivering the perfect order every time.

*TO RE-ENGINEER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

Logistics outsourcing can be a quick way to re-engineer distribution networks to meet global
market demands and gain a competitive edge. Did you know that you can drill into the history of
each SKU number tracked by P3PL and view when and to where every piece was shipped, when
new stock arrive and how many?
*BENEFITS OF USING A 3PL

Reduced total delivered cost for your customer

Local expertise in new markets
Improved customer service through shorter shipment times
Reduced inventory costs through better management
Cost benefits through volume shipping discounts
Improved focus on core competency
Increased shipment visibility
More scalable logistics operation and cost model
Improved variety of technology and service
Risk reduction

1.7 WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT

Warehousing Management is one of the important aspects of 3rd party logistics companies; where
companies are store their stock in large warehouses in proper manner. A warehouse is
a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used
by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers,transport businesses, customs, etc. They are
usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns and villages. They usually
have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for
the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often
have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO
standard pallets loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing
materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing
and production.

Storage and shipping systems in Warehouses:

Some of the most common warehouse storage systems are:

Pallet racking including selective, drive-in, drive-thru, double-deep, pushback, and gravity
flow
Mezzanine including structural, roll formed, racks
Vertical Lift Modules
Horizontal Carousels
Vertical Carousels

A "piece pick" is a type of order selection process where product is picked and handled in
individual units and placed in an outer carton, tote or other container before shipping. Catalog
companies and internet retailers are examples of predominantly piece-pick operations. Their
customers rarely order in pallet or case quantities; instead, they typically order just one or two
pieces of one or two items. Several elements make up the piece-pick system. They include the
order, the picker, the pick module, the pick area, handling equipment, the container, the pick
method used and the information technology used.] Every movement inside a warehouse must be
accompanied by a work order. Warehouse operation can fail when workers move goods without
work orders, or when a storage position is left unregistered in the system.Material direction
and tracking in a warehouse can be coordinated by a Warehouse Management System (WMS),
a database driven computer program. Logistics personnel use the WMS to improve warehouse
efficiency by directing pathways and to maintain accurate inventory by recording warehouse
transactions.

Automation and optimization in Warehouses

Some warehouses are completely automated, and require only operators to work and handle all the
task. Pallets and product move on a system of automated conveyors, cranes and automated storage
and
retrieval
systems coordinated
by programmable
logic
controllers and
computers running logistics automation software. These systems are often installed
in refrigerated warehouses where temperatures are kept very cold to keep product from spoiling,
especially in electronics warehouse where they require specific temperature to avoid damaging the
parts, and also where land is expensive, as automated storage systems can use vertical space
efficiently. These high-bay storage areas are often more than 10 meters (33 feet) high, with some
over 20 meters (65 feet) high. Automated storage systems can be built up to 40m high.
For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly slotted. Slotting addresses
which storage medium a product is picked from (pallet rack or carton flow), and how they are
picked (pick-to-light, pick-to-voice, or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can
improve its inventory rotation requirementssuch as first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out
(LIFO)control labor costs and increase productivity.
Benefits of Warehousing

Warehouses enable storage of goods when their supply exceeds demand and by releasing
them when the demand is more than immediate productions. This on one hand ensures a

regular supply of goods in the market and on the other hand it helps to stabilize prices by
matching supply with demand.

Warehouses provide for safe custody of goods. Businessmen can thus minimize the risks to
goods from loss, damage, fire, theft etc. Perishable products can be preserved in cold
storage. Also, the goods kept in a warehouse are generally insured.

A warehouse provides facilities for processing, packing, blending, grading etc, of the goods
for the purpose of sale. The prospective buyers can inspect the goods kept in a warehouse.

Warehouses provide a receipt to the owner of goods for the goods kept in the warehouse.
The owner can borrow money against the security of goods by making an endorsement on
the warehouse receipt. By keeping the imported goods in a bonded warehouse, a
businessman can pay customs duty in installments.

1.8 Warehouse Management System

A warehouse management system (WMS) is a software application that supports the day-today operations in a warehouse. WMS programs enable centralized management of tasks
such as tracking inventory levels and stock locations. WMS systems may be standalone
applications or part of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.
A warehouse management system (WMS) is a key part of the supply chain and primarily
aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the
associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, put away and picking. The systems
also direct and optimize stock put away based on real-time information about the status of
bin utilization. A WMS monitors the progress of products through the warehouse. It
involves the physical warehouse infrastructure, tracking systems, and communication
between product stations.
Early warehouse management systems could only provide simple storage location
functionality. Current WMS applications can be so complex and data intensive that they
require a dedicated staff to run them. High-end systems may include tracking and routing
technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and voice recognition.
No matter how simple or complex the application is, the goal of a warehouse management
system remains the same -- to provide management with the information it needs to
efficiently control the movement of materials within a warehouse.
More precisely, warehouse management involves the receipt, storage and movement of
goods, (normally finished goods), to intermediate storage locations or to a final customer. In
the multi-echelon model for distribution, there may be multiple levels of warehouses. This
includes a central warehouse, a regional warehouses (serviced by the central warehouse) and
potentially retail warehouses (serviced by the regional warehouses).

Types:
Warehouse management systems can be standalone systems, or supply chain execution
suite, modules of an ERP system such as Odoo. Depending on the size and sophistication of
the organization, the system can be as simple as a handwritten list that are updated when
required, spreadsheets using software such as Microsoft Excel or Access or purpose-built
software programs.
In its simplest form, the WMS can track product's data during the production process and act
as an interpreter and message buffer between existing ERP and WMS systems.

Chapter 2:
Company Profile

Company Profile

About Us:
Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd. caters to the 3PL requirements, local distribution and express between
Mumbai-Pune of the Customers across industries. Origin today has a strong customer base of
Multinationals, Domestic Giants and New entrants.
Origin has grown from a team of few to now over 40 employees, over 60 vendors spread at multiple
locations i.e. Mumbai, Pune and Gurgaon.

Director Profile Raouf Ansari

Over 23 years of cross functional experience in Sales Operations (Air Express, Road Express, Bulk
Transportation, Rail transportation, Refrigerated transportation, Hard Freight), Supply Chain
Management (Warehousing, Local Distribution, Logistics, Stores Management, Contract
Administration). Currently an entrepreneur / Director of Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd. providing
Warehousing and distribution services, with a customer base of over 160+ with major customer like
Lifestyle, Hypercity, Godrej, Redington, Odyssey, Max and Brandhouse, expected to cross the turnover
of over 7 cores in the 3rd financial year of operation. Worked for companies like Schenker Logistics,
TNT, Gati, Patel Roadways and Panchmahal Cement at various locations and various levels.
Director Profile Sudhir Sikka
Over 14 years of cross functional experience in Operations (Road Express, Bulk Transportation,
Rail transportation), Supply Chain Management (Warehousing, Local Distribution, Logistics,
Stores Management, Contract Administration).
Currently an entrepreneur / Director of Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd. providing Warehousing and
distribution services, with a customer base of over 160+ with major customer like Lifestyle,
Hypercity, Godrej, Redington, Odyssey, Max and Brandhouse, expected to cross the turnover of
over 7 cores in the 3rd financial year of operation.
Worked for companies like Schenker Logistics, Pyramid Retail, Gati, Elbee .

Some of the Customers who using 3rd Party Logistics Services at Origin Logistics Pvt. Ltd.
1. Keeda Sunglasses :

About The Organization:

Brand Keeda is the fashion accessory brand of Chrysal Fashions Pvt. Ltd. a Chrysal
Group company.
Chrysal Group operates with the attitude and motto Open Minds, Open Doors.
The corporate motto embodies the Groups passion for investing in new ideas.
Whether it be Realty, Hospitality, Media or Fashion what sets Chrysal Groups ventures
apart is the fresh outlook with which each business is approached.
Our first launch under the brand Keeda is in the eyewear category.

WHAT IS BRAND KEEDA?

That fire in the belly that motivates you to be someone, pushes you to do something be seen
and heard.
Literally the worm.
Metaphorically, the persona of an individual.
In a manner the brand seeks to be more than just a fashion accessory, and be that allimportant statement one would want to be seen in.
Eyewear by KEEDA
By design, by color, by shape, by material KEEDA sunglasses will be an eye-opener for
those who want to see the world differently.
Sturdy, snazzy & trendy. Keeda launches its eyewear in the market by combining the latest
from optical technology and style. Made from high performance lenses and lightweight
frames, every Keeda eyewear ensures a snug and a comfort fit.

2.R Chrysal Fashions India Pvt. Ltd.

Vision:
To be an enterprise that pursues ides that have the potential to be rewarding business and
social ventures that offers value to the society.

Mission:
To be progressive company that is open to ideas, innovation, and unlocking potential.
To promote free-thinking corporate culture that recognizes individual and collective
Potential , nurtures talent and rewards contributions.
Values:
Open Minded, Transparent, Ethical & People Centric.
*Organization involves in the sector like Realty, Hospitality, Fashion, Media, and Ventures.

Chapter 3:
Industry
Profile

Figure 2. Outsourcing Development of Logistics Services and Network

Since the 1980s, along with the trend to outsource non-core activates (Sink and
Langley, 1997), companies have increasingly turned to third-party logistics
providers (3PL) both in the USA (Lieb and Randall, 1996; Rabinovich et al.,
1999; Knemayer and Murphy, 2004) and in Europe (Van Laarhoven et al.,
2000). 3PL services help to achieve the strategic objectives by concentrating
more on core competency of the main business. The study by Sahay and
Mohan, 2006, has cited substantial growth in various financial indicators using
services of 3PL, for instance, various improvements in sales revenue by 13.5%,
working capital by 12.3%, returns on assets by 10%, capital assets reduction by
10%, production cost reduction by 10.5%, labor cost reduction by 10.0%,
and logistics cost reduction by 15%. 3PL users depend on 3PL service
providers to secure capacity and gain agility (Hannon, 2005) who not only
provide core services like supplying right quality product,

in the right amount, at the right price and place, and at the right time but also provide
value added services such as tracking and tracing, sending information prior to the
arrival of products, flexibility in delivery, which are valued by customers. The role
3PL service providers play in enhancing services and thereby satisfying customers
has been universally recognized.

The growth in 3PL service providers is seen across the world. As the logistics service
demand increases, the challenges and opportunities will continue to increase. With
the wide availability of modern decision making tools and information technology a
paradigm shift in logistics is witnessed. Figure 2 depicts the evaluation and the state
of the art witnessed in logistics outsourcing.
Companies across industries and around the world regard logistics and supply chain
management as key components of their overall business success. Many users feel
that their relationships with 3PLs have helped them achieve critical goals related to
service, cost, and customer satisfaction.

Third Party Logistics in India:

Ever since the liberalization of its economy India has been on a path to become one
of the top economic powers in the world. New avenues for progress and development
have opened up; manufacturing and retail sectors gained popularity because of the
changes in Chinas export policy of not exporting manufactured items, from which
Indian manufacturing firms have benefitted. Hence this sector will contribute to GDP
significantly in the long run. The growth and competitiveness in these two sectors
largely depend on the efficiency of the logistics operations that facilitate the
companies ability to reach out to their customers quickly and at the desired location.
Realizing this many manufacturers and retailers are now restructuring their supply
chain processes in a manner to incorporate partnerships with expert supply chain
service providers and outsourcing such activities as domestic transportation,
international transportation, customs brokerage, warehousing, forwarding, crossdocking, product labeling, packing, assembly, kitting, reverse logistics, freight bill
auditing and payment, IT services, fleet management, supply chain consultancy
services provided by 3PLs, order entry, processing and fulfillment and limited
liability partnership (LLP)/4PL Service.
Currently 3PL services are in their nascent stage in India. Third party logistics will
gain considerable share of the logistics sector because of the following compelling
facts.
Globally, the logistics industry is valued at US$3.5 trillion and the Indian
logistics industry is currently estimated at US$90 billion (CII)1.
The industry has generated employment for 45 million people in the
country in comparison with the IT and ITES sector, which employs
approximately 4.3 million people1.
As per the World Bank Survey, India ranks 39th in terms of the logistics
performance index and indicators, with Singapore on top, the UK, USA and
China in 9th, 14th and 30th positions, respectively. India spends US$1,148
in handling costs to import one cargo container and US$820 to export it. In
comparison, Singapore spends US$367 per imported container and China
US$390, according to a World Bank study1.
India spends 13% of its GDP on logistics compared to an average of 10% in
developed countries, while the U.S. spends just 8%. Better supply chain
management has reduced logistics costs by nearly 1% in 10 years1.

 The Indian government plans to spend US$24 billion over the next eight
years on supply chain infrastructure1.
3PL solutions are on course to grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of over 16% from 2007-2010. Consequently, 3PL service
providers are expected to corner an increased share of the Indian logistics
pie, from 6% in FY2006 to 13% in FY2011, at a CAGR of 25% (CII)1.
According to the ASSOCHAM2, outsourcing of 3PL businesses in India
should reach the value range above US$ 90 million by 2012 as the concept
first introduced in US and Europe is being adopted at a pace that will lead
to increases in the efficiency of domestic operations through better
managed logistics functions.
Companies in textile, automotive, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, retail and
FMCG sectors are increasingly opting to outsource their logistics
requirements to specialized service providers.
According to a recent survey of 3PL service providers engineering,
automotive and retail sectors were top revenue earners.
3PL Market Structure in India
The 3PL market in India is comprised of two segments: the first one is asset based in
which assets like trucks, distribution centers and warehouses are utilized in supply
chain management, and the second one is non-asset based. There is a significant
difference between the nature of Indian 3PL and its counterpart elsewhere, especially
in the U.S., Table 1.

Table 1: Comparative Analysis of 3PL in India and the U.S.

Parameter

USA

India

Usage of 3PL

71%

55%

Common activities
outsourced

Warehousing (73.7%)

Outbound Transportation (55%)

Outbound Transportation (68.4%)

Inbound Transportation (52%)

Freight bill payment (61.4%)

Custom clearing and forwarding (51%)

Inbound warehousing (56.1%)

Reasons for not
outsourcing

Control would diminish (63%)

Poor infrastructure of provider (81%)

Costs would not be reduced (63%)

Inability to respond to changing needs

(81%)

Service commitment would not be

met (48%)

Unreliable promised from providers (80%)

Logistics is a core competency (44%)

Concerns about capability of providers

(77%)

Necessity of ecommerce

72%

67%

Collaborative
relationship

82%

14%

Gain sharing is
important for
relationship

80%

6.6%

Considerable amount of research on the topic of the implementation of 3PL in

different countries has been published in academic and trade journals. Viewpoints of
both users and service providers have been considered to identify the major issues,
industry dynamics, current status and future prospects of the 3PL industry. However
most of the research is descriptive in nature and does not go into in-depth statistical
analysis of survey data. In the present study Indian 3PL providers service
dimensions are analyzed in terms of the key success factors and growth strategies
using various statistical tools.

Chapter 4:
Literature Review

Literature Review
In this section a review of the literature is presented, which examines the perspectives
of the 3PL users and service providers to understand the variation in the services
offered and services expected.
Table 2 provides a list of recent contributions that address the reasons for outsourcing
logistics activities.
Table 2. Reasons for outsourcing logistics activities.
Author, (Year)
Sheffi, (1990)

Maltz, (1994)

Author, (Year)
Rao & Young,
(1994)

Objective
Conclusion
Understand the
The main motives are to focus on
motives for the growth Core businesses
Better transportation solutions
of logistics
Cost savings and improved
outsourcing in USA
services
Development of necessary
expertise
Establish relative
The technological
study determined
that and
computerized
systems; to
and
impact of cost and
organizations
are reluctant
useneed
for more professional and
services on the
thirdbetter-equipped
party warehousing
due to
logistics
Objective
Conclusion
decision to outsource
customer
service considerations.
services
Identify
the factors
The study identified factors such as
warehousing
influencing
Centrality of the logistics
function
outsourcing of
Risk and control
logistics functions
Cost/service trade-offs
Information technologies and
relationships with logistics
service providers
Product-related (e.g. special
handling needs), process-related
(e.g. cycle times) and networkrelated (e.g. countries served)
drivers are believed to have an
indirect influence in the
outsourcing decision

Daugherty et al.,
(1996)
van Damme et al.,
(1996)

Sink & Langley,

(1997)
Bhatnagar et al.,
(1999)
Bhatnagar and
Viswanathan, (2000)
Bask, (2001)
Persson and Virum,
(2001)
Sohail & Sohal,
(2003)

Study the perception

of the third party
logistics service users
Examine outsourcing
logistics management
activities

Develop a managerial
framework for the
acquisition of third
party
logistics
Find out
factorsservices
for
decision-making
process for choosing
Ascertain
benefits of
contract logistics
alliance
between
service providers.
manufacturing and
Study
global benefits
logisticsof
service
outsourcing
providers. the
logistics
activities.
Study growth
strategies for logistics
service providers
Examine the reasons
for outsourcing
logistics activities in
Malaysia

The service users believe that they

are getting benefits like reduction in
inventory levels, order cycle times,
The
orand
buyimprovement
decision is also
lead do
times
in
affected
evaluation of
customerby
service.
cost/service trade-offs. One
important determinant of the
decision is cost comparison between
alternative options. Costs associated
with performing logistics activities
in-house
and investment
incore
capital
Concentration
towards the
assets
are traded-off
competencies
was theagainst
most service
provider
The
cost
importantfees.
factor
forlowest
the acquisition
solution
should
thentobe
selected. of
of
party
logistics
services.
Thethird
major
reasons
outsourcing
logistics activities were cost saving
(86.8%), customer satisfaction
The
manufacturing
firms
got the
(76.3%)
and flexibility
(75%).
advantage of reduction in inventory
levels, order cycle times, lead times
The
customer satisfaction
increases
and improvement
in customer
significantly
and provides access to
service.
international
distribution
networks.
Forming relationships
with
3PL
providers is an efficient and
effective means of achieving the
The
major
reasonswithout
reported
are
required
services
investing
Costinsavings
heavily
assets and new
Improved services
capabilities.
Better transportation solutions
Better professionalism

Author, (Year)

Objective

Conclusion

Wilding & Juriado,

(2004)

Determine customer
The main reasons for outsourcing
perceptions on
the logistics activities are
logistics outsourcing in Competencies of 3PLs
Operating flexibility
the European
Cost reduction
consumer goods
Focus on core businesses
industry

Aktas & Ulengin,

(2005)

Review the reasons for Turkish firms basically outsource

outsourcing logistics
the transportation activities to
activities in Turkey
reduce the operating costs.

Simchi-Levi et al.,
(2008)

Determine the effect of

outsourcing of
logistics on the
management of the
supply chain.

The most important reason for

outsourcing is that it allows a
company to focus on its core
competencies and hence on
customer requirements.

Studies based on user firms appear to indicate that outsourcing logistics activities is
appropriate if it has an impact on one or more factors depicted in Table 3.

Table 3. Impact of outsourcing logistics activities.

Factor

Indentified by

Impact on customer satisfaction

Gooley (1992); and Lieb et al. (1993)

Impact on logistics system performance

Lieb et al. (1993) and Dapiran et al. (1996) and Bhatnagar

et al. (1999)

Reduction in capital investment in facilities

Foster and Muller (1990) and Richardson (1992, 1995)

Reduction in capital investment in

equipment

Fantasia (1993), Foster and Muller (1990) and Richardson

(1992)

Reduction in investment in information

technology

Goldberg (1990), Sheffi (1990), Trunick (1990) and

Fantasia (1993)

Impact on employee morale

Bowersox (1990) and Dapiran et al. (1996)

Reduction in manpower cost

Foster and Muller (1990) and Richardson (1992, 1995)

Improvement on specific logistics function

parameters

Minaham (1997) and McMullan (1996)

Improvement in inventory turnover rates

Richardson (1990, 1995)

In UK there is several research studies are made on 3rd party logistics, below are the some of the
authors research in brief format:
Title: Third Party Logistics: a literature review & research agenda
Authors : Konstatinios Selviaridis, (Department of Management Science, Lancashire
University Management School, Lancashire(UK)
Publisher: Emerald Group of Publishers Limited
Abstract:
Purpose To provide taxonomy of third party logistics (3PL) research and, based on that, to

develop a research agenda for this field of study.

Design/methodology/approach The proposed 3PL research classification framework is
based on a comprehensive literature review, which concentrates on peer-reviewed journal
papers published within the period 1990-2005. A total of 114 academic sources have been
retrieved and analyzed in terms of research purpose and nature, method employed,
theoretical approach and level of analysis.
Findings The review reveals that 3PL research is empirical-descriptive in nature and that
it generally lacks a theoretical foundation. Survey research is the dominant method
employed, reflecting the positivist research tradition within logistics. It identifies certain
knowledge gaps and develops five propositions for future research. It suggests that focus
should be directed towards more normative, theory-driven and qualitative method-based
studies. It also argues that further empirical research in relation to 3PL
design/implementation and fourth party logistics services is needed.
Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need for a comprehensive classification
framework of 3PL studies.

Research Methodology
The research objectives of this paper are as threefold:
1. To identify the success factors of Indian 3PL firms and their relative importance.
2. To analyze the gap between achievement and expectation as defined by the success factors
identified.
3. To prioritize the growth strategies and their relative importance.
3.1 Type of Research Employed
In this paper we used an exploratory research to help formulate relevant questions and
hypotheses that can be the basis of subsequent inquiries into the issues faced by 3PL
providers and users. This type of research is particularly useful when the researcher is
uncertain of the theories that are relevant, and would like to seek insights and ask questions
to assess the phenomena he has observed in a new light. The tools one may employ to
conduct exploratory research include review of the literature, and surveys of the opinions of
experts and focus groups.
3.2 Sampling Procedure
I employed a non-probability sampling technique, Quota Sampling. Quota sampling is used
to ensure that a set of specific characteristics that are of interest to the investigator is present
in the sample.
3.3 Sample Size
To collect data we sent out a structured questionnaire to 220 third party logistics providers
employees. 124 of the replies could be used for the analysis.

3.4 Tools of Analysis

In study I used factor analysis, SERVQUAL and AHP. The stages of the research process
are shown in Figure 3.

Industry Review

Literature Review

Research Issue

Research Questions
First Version
Development of
Questionnaire

Final Version

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Conclusion

5 . Data Analysis
5.1 To identify the success factors of Indian 3PL firms and its relative importance.
Table 4. KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

0.769

Bartlett's Test of
Sphericity

3167.333

Approx. Chi-Square
Df
Sig.

325
.000

Table 5: Rotated Component Matrix (a)

Component

Q1

.431

Q3

.760

Q4

.417

Q5

.639

Q6

.502

.488

Q7

-.407

.646

Q8

.505

Q9

.813
.739

Q11

.555

Q12

.419
.699

Q13

.647

Q14

.639

Q15

.823

Q16

.815

Q17

.772

Q18

.457

Q19

.514

.491

Q20

.658

Q21

.731

Q22

.643

Q23

.742

Q24

.676

Q25
Q26

.504

Q2

Q10

.688
.635

We note that about 65% (.64958) of the total variation in the 26 variables is attributable to the first
eight components, Table 10. We also observe that Component 1 explains a variance of 3.064, which
is 11.786% of total variance of 26; Component 2 explains a variance of 2.964, which is 11.398% of
total variance and so on. The rotated component matrix contains the same information as the
component matrix, except that it is calculated after rotation, Table 11. From this table we construct
the following factor matrix, Table 12, where the key elements of importance in relation to the eight
factors are shown.

Table 6 : Factor Matrix

Factor
No.

Factor Name

Eigen Value
% of
Total
Variance

Reduced Cost

5.997

23.065

Operational
Performance

3.356

12.909

Information
Technology System

1.625

6.250

Versatility

1.379

5.305

Quality Management

1.249

4.802

Compatibility with the

Users

1.161

4.467

Fixed Assets

1.098

4.225

Performance
Measurement

1.023

3.935

Items
Realized Cost Reduction
Geographical Coverage
Experience as a 3PL Provider
Continuous Improvement
Knowledge Based Skills
Project Management Skills
Global Capabilities
Skilled Logistics Professionals
Real Time Access to Information
Route & Load Optimization
Enterprise Resource Planning
Online Tracking System and
Transaction System
Transportation Management System
Warehouse Management System
Use of RFID Technology
Breadth of Service Offered
Integration among Internal 3PL
System
Flexibility & Adaptability
Focus on specific Industry
Speed of the Delivery
Availability of Data on Time
Product Returns & Repair

Items
Loading
0.823
0.814
0.739
0.635
0.742
0.676
0.646
0.643
0.555
0.514
0.699
0.688
0.639
0.488
0.431
0.647
0.639
0.505
0.504
0.731
0.658
0.457

Good Relationship with Service user

0.813

Investment in IT Systems
Investment in Quality Assets
Management of Key Performance
Indicators

0.760
0.502
0.772

5.2 Analysis of the gap between achievement and expectation

In order to analyze the gap between achievement (factor importance) and expectation (company
importance) of identified success factor SERVQUAL analysis was applied on the success variables.
In gap analysis, a positive difference between expectation and perception points out the strengths,
whereas a negative difference shows the weaknesses of the service quality. In this context, the data
collected from 124 3PL service providers was analyzed. From the Table 13 and Table 14, we can

say that reduced cost, information technology system, versatility, quality management,
compatibility with user and fixed asset factor, there is scope of improvement.

Table 7:
Sr.
No.

Success Variable

Factor
Importance

Company
Importance

Gap

Service
Quality

Realized Cost Reduction

4.40

4.20

-0.20

Weak

Geographical Coverage

4.50

3.90

-0.60

Weak

Experience as a 3PL Provider

4.30

4.20

-0.10

Weak

Continuous Improvement

4.50

4.60

0.10

Strong

5
6

Knowledge Based Skills

Project Management Skills

4.10
3.80

4.50
4.00

0.40
0.20

Strong
Strong

Global Capabilities

4.20

4.20

0.00

Neutral

Skilled Logistics Professionals

4.30

4.00

-0.30

Weak

Real Time Access to Information

4.10

4.00

-0.10

Weak

10
11

Route & Load Optimization

Enterprise Resource Planning
Online Tracking System and
Transaction System
Transportation Management System
Warehouse Management System
Use of RFID Technology
Breadth of Service Offered
Integration among Internal 3PL System
Flexibility & Adaptability
Focus on specific Industry
Speed of the Delivery
Availability of Data on Time
Product Returns & Repair
Good Relationship with Service user
Investment in IT Systems

4.10
3.80

3.90
3.40

-0.20
-0.40

Weak
Weak

4.20

3.90

-0.30

Weak

3.60
3.90
2.90
4.30
4.10
4.40
4.30
4.00
4.10
3.80
4.60
3.70
Factor
Importance
4.425
4.100
3.680
4.275
3.967
4.600
3.700
4.20

3.20
3.60
2.40
4.10
3.90
3.90
4.30
3.90
4.20
3.00
4.40
3.50
Company
Importance
4.225
4.100
3.300
4.050
3.700
4.400
3.450
4.40

-0.40
-0.30
-0.50
-0.20
-0.20
-0.60
0.00
-0.10
0.10
-0.80
-0.20
-0.20

Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Neutral
Weak
Strong
Weak
Weak
Weak
Service
Quality
Weak
Neutral
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Strong

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Success Factor
Reduced Cost
Operational Performance
Information Technology System
Versatility
Quality Management
Compatibility with the Users
Fixed Assets
Performance Measurement

Gap
-0.200
0.000
-0.380
-0.225
-0.267
-0.200
-0.250
0.20

5.3 Prioritizing the growth strategies and their relative importance

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a rational framework for structuring a decision problem.
It has been used in a wide range of decision-making situations to evaluate alternative courses of
action and identify the one that is most desirable in view of the decision makers preferences (Roger
1987). The stages of the process require the decomposition of the decision problem into
a hierarchy of easier sub-problems that can be considered independently. The hierarchical elements
can relate to any aspect of the decision problem. After building the hierarchy the elements of the
decision situation are compared to one another in a pair wise manner using judgments about their
relative importance. These evaluations are converted to numerical values that represent the weight
or priority of each element of the hierarchy. Finally numerical priorities are calculated for each of
the decision alternatives.

We applied AHP to prioritize growth strategies for Indian 3PL providers. The chart of the model for
growth strategies used by the companies is shown in Figure 4. The growth strategies have been
identified through extensive literature review.
In this section the most important growth strategies are identified and then after the ranking is given
to selected companies like RAS India, Unique Air Express, AFL Pvt. Ltd and FEDX.

Description of the Model:

Growth strategies have been determined through literature review and the relevant attributes have been
selected for the AHP model for the selection of growth strategies. The attributes are:
1. Direct Investment

[DI]

Merger & Acquisitions

Alliance

[AL]

RFID & IT

[RI]

Regional Expansions

[MA]

[RE]

2. Service Portfolio

[SP]

Broadening Service Lines

Industry Specialization

[IS]

Global Service

[GS]

Integration

Supply Chain Security

Quality of Services

[BS]

[IN]
[SS]
[QS]

3. Green Supply Chain

[GS]

4. 3PL User/Provider Relationship

[UP]

Growth Strategy

GOAL

CRITERIA

UP

DI

GS

SP

SUB
CRITERIA
MA

AL

RI

RE

BS

IS

GS

IN

SS

QS

ALTERNATIVES

RAS, India

Unique Air
Express

The AHP Model

AFL Pvt. Ltd

FEDX

Growth strategies are selected on the basis of judgment based on observation are fed into AHP for
each criterion and sub criterion of all levels of the hierarchy. Pair-wise comparisons of the criteria at
each level are performed on a relative importance scale where 1 reflects equal weight and 9 reflects
absolute importance (See Annex - III).
The steps described below follow Roger (1987):
1. Define the problem and determine the objective.
2. Structure the hierarchy from the top through the intermediate levels to the lowest level. See
Figure 4.
3. Construct a set of pair-wise comparison matrices for each of the lower levels. As element in
the higher level is said to be a governing element for those in the lower level, since it
contributes to it or affects it. The elements in the lower level are then compared to each
other based on their effect on the governing element above. This yields a square matrix of
judgments. The pair-wise comparisons are performed to determine which element dominates
the others. These judgments are then expressed as integers. If element A dominates element
B, then an integer number is entered in row A, column B and reciprocal is entered in row B,
column A. If the elements being compared are equal, a one is assigned to both positions.
Table 1 shows the pair-wise comparison matrix for level II criteria.
4. There are
judgments required to develop the set of matrices in step 3 (reciprocals are
automatically assigned in each pair-wise comparisons).
5. Having done all the pair-wise comparisons and entered the data, the consistency is
determined using the Eigen value. To do so, normalize the column of numbers by dividing
each entry by the sum of all entries. Then sum each row of the normalized values and take
the average. This provides Principal Vector [PV]. Table 2 illustrates the normalized
comparison matrix. The check of the consistency of judgments is as follows:
Let the pair-wise comparison matrix be denoted M1 and principal vector be denoted M2.
Then define M3=M1*M2; and M4=M3/M2. max = average of the elements of M4.
Consistency Index (CI) = (max N) = N - 1
Consistency Ratio (CR) = CI/RCI corresponding to N
Where RCI: Random Consistency Index and

N: Number of elements

Random Index Table

N

RCI

0.58

0.9

1.12

1.24

If CR is less than 10%, judgments are considered consistent. And if CR is greater than 10%, the
quality of judgments should be improved to have CR less than or equal to 10%.
6. Steps 35 are performed to have relative importance of each attribute for all levels and clusters in the
hierarchy.
First the pair wise comparison matrix for growth strategies was formed and then after normalizing the same
matrix the weight of particular strategies was find out. The same procedure was followed for all the level of
the hierarchy.

Table 8. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Growth Strategies

DI
SP
GS
UP

DI
1.00
1.33
1.17
1.33

SP
0.75
1.00
0.88
1.00

GS
0.86
1.14
1.00
1.14

UP
0.75
1.00
0.88
1.00

Table 16. Normalized Matrix for Growth Strategies

DI
SP
GS
UP

DI
4.00
5.33
4.67
5.33

SP
3.00
4.00
3.50
4.00

GS
3.43
4.57
4.00
4.57

UP
3.00
4.00
3.50
4.00
SUM

SUM
13.43
17.90
15.67
17.90
64.90

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Eigen Vector
0.207
0.276
0.241
0.276

RANK
3
1
2
1

The Indian 3PL provider largely uses Service Portfolio and 3PL User/Provider Relationship for the growth
of the business.

Table 9. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Direct Investment

MA
AL
RI
RE

MA
1.00
1.40
1.20
1.60

AL
0.71
1.00
0.86
1.14

RI
0.83
1.17
1.00
1.33

RE
0.63
0.88
0.75
1.00

Table 10. Normalized Matrix for Direct Investment

MA
AL
RI
RE

MA
4.00
5.60
4.80
6.40

AL
2.86
4.00
3.43
4.57

RI
3.33
4.67
4.00
5.33

RE
2.50
3.50
3.00
4.00
SUM

SUM
10.19
14.27
12.23
16.30
52.99

Eigen Vector
0.192
0.269
0.231
0.308

RANK
4
2
3
1

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

From the table18 one can say that Indian 3PL providers uses Regional Expansion and Alliance as Direct
Invest for the growth of the business.
So, waitage of MA, AL, RI & RE in Direct Investment can be found out by,
MA = 0.207*0.192 + 0.207*0.269 + 0.207*0.231 + 0.207*0.308 = 0.040
Table 11. Weights in Direct Investment

MA
AL
RI
RE

Weight in DI
0.040
0.056
0.048
0.064

Table 12. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Service Portfolio

BS
IS
GS
IN
SS
QS

BS
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.88
1.00
1.00

IS
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.88
1.00
1.00

GS
1.14
1.14
1.00
1.00
1.14
1.14

IN
1.14
1.14
1.00
1.00
1.14
1.14

SS
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.88
1.00
1.00

QS
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.88
1.00
1.00

Table 13. Normalized Matrix for Service Portfolio

BS
IS
GS
IN
SS
QS

BS
6.00
6.00
5.25
5.25
6.00
6.00

IS
6.00
6.00
5.25
5.25
6.00
6.00

GS
6.86
6.86
6.00
6.00
6.86
6.86

IN
6.86
6.86
6.00
6.00
6.86
6.86

SS
6.00
6.00
5.25
5.25
6.00
6.00

QS
6.00
6.00
5.25
5.25
6.00
6.00
SUM

SUM
37.71
37.71
33.00
33.00
37.71
37.71
216.86

Eigen Vector
0.174
0.174
0.152
0.152
0.174
0.174

RANK
1
1
2
2
1
1

max = 6, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 14. Waitage in Service Portfolio

BS
IS
GS
IN
SS
QS

Weight in Service Portfolio

0.048
0.048
0.042
0.042
0.048
0.048

Now the ranking of the company can be obtained by constructing comparison matrices with respect to
various growth strategies used by the company.
Table 15. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Merger & Acquisition

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
0.20
1.00
1.20

Unique Air Express

5.00
1.00
5.00
6.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.00
0.20
1.00
1.20

FEDX
0.83
0.17
0.83
1.00

Table 16. Normalized Matrix for Merger & Acquisition

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
0.80
4.00
4.80

Unique Air Express

20.00
4.00
20.00
24.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

4.00
0.80
4.00
4.80

FEDX
3.33
0.67
3.33
4.00
SUM

SUM
31.33
6.27
31.33
37.60
106.53

Eigen Vector
0.29
0.06
0.29
0.35

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 17. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Alliance

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
0.63
0.88
0.88

Unique Air Express

1.60
1.00
1.40
1.40

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.14
0.71
1.00
1.00

FEDX
1.14
0.71
1.00
1.00

Table 18. Normalized Matrix for Alliance

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
2.50
3.50
3.50

Unique Air Express

6.40
4.00
5.60
5.60

AFL Pvt Ltd

4.57
2.86
4.00
4.00

FEDX
4.57
2.86
4.00
4.00
SUM

SUM
19.54
12.21
17.10
17.10
65.96

Eigen Vector
0.18
0.11
0.16
0.16

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 19. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Regional Expansion

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
1.13
0.63
1.13

Unique Air Express

0.89
1.00
0.56
1.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.60
1.80
1.00
1.80

FEDX
0.89
1.00
0.56
1.00

Table 20. Normalized Matrix for Regional Expansion

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
4.50
2.50
4.50

Unique Air Express

3.56
4.00
2.22
4.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

6.40
7.20
4.00
7.20

FEDX
3.56
4.00
2.22
4.00
SUM

SUM
17.51
19.70
10.94
19.70
67.86

Eigen Vector
0.16
0.18
0.10
0.18

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 21. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for RFID & IT

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
0.43
1.14
1.29

Table 22. Normalized Matrix for RFID & IT

Unique Air Express

2.33
1.00
2.67
3.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

0.88
0.38
1.00
1.13

FEDX
0.78
0.33
0.89
1.00

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
1.71
4.57
5.14

Unique Air Express

9.33
4.00
10.67
12.00

AFL Pvt Ltd

3.50
1.50
4.00
4.50

FEDX
3.11
1.33
3.56
4.00
SUM

SUM
19.94
8.55
22.79
25.64
76.93

Eigen Vector
0.19
0.08
0.21
0.24

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 23. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Broadening Service Lines

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
1.00
0.78
0.78

Unique Air Express

1.00
1.00
0.78
0.78

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.29
1.29
1.00
1.00

FEDX
1.29
1.29
1.00
1.00

Table 24. Normalized Matrix for Broadening Service Lines

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
4.00
3.11
3.11

Unique Air Express

4.00
4.00
3.11
3.11

AFL Pvt Ltd

5.14
5.14
4.00
4.00

FEDX
5.14
5.14
4.00
4.00
SUM

SUM
18.29
18.29
14.22
14.22
65.02

Eigen Vector
0.17
0.17
0.13
0.13

SUM
18.97
11.86
18.97
16.60
66.40

Eigen Vector
0.18
0.11
0.18
0.16

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 25. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Industry Specialization

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
0.63
1.00
0.88

Unique Air Express

1.60
1.00
1.60
1.40

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.00
0.63
1.00
0.88

FEDX
1.14
0.71
1.14
1.00

Table 26. Normalized Matrix for Industry Specialization

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
2.50
4.00
3.50

Unique Air Express

6.40
4.00
6.40
5.60

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

AFL Pvt Ltd

4.00
2.50
4.00
3.50

FEDX
4.57
2.86
4.57
4.00
SUM

Table 27. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Global Services

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
1.13
0.50
0.88

Unique Air Express

0.89
1.00
0.44
0.78

AFL Pvt Ltd

2.00
2.25
1.00
1.75

FEDX
1.14
1.29
0.57
1.00

Table 28. Normalized Matrix for Global Services

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
4.00
4.50
2.00
3.50

Unique Air Express

3.56
4.00
1.78
3.11

AFL Pvt Ltd

8.00
9.00
4.00
7.00

FEDX
4.57
5.14
2.29
4.00
SUM

SUM
20.13
22.64
10.06
17.61
70.44

Eigen Vector
0.19
0.21
0.09
0.17

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 29. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Integration

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India
1.00
0.71
1.00
1.00

Unique Air Express

1.40
1.00
1.40
1.40

AFL Pvt Ltd

1.00
0.71
1.00
1.00

FEDX
1.00
0.71
1.00
1.00

Table 30. Normalized Matrix for Integration

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India

Unique Air
Express

AFL Pvt Ltd

FEDX

SUM

Eigen Vector

4.00
2.86
4.00
4.00

5.60
4.00
5.60
5.60

4.00
2.86
4.00
4.00

4.00
2.86
4.00
4.00
SUM

17.60
12.57
17.60
17.60
65.37

0.17
0.12
0.17
0.17

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 31. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Supply Chain Security

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India

Unique Air Express

AFL Pvt Ltd

FEDX

1.00
0.88
1.00
0.88

1.14
1.00
1.14
1.00

1.00
0.88
1.00
0.88

1.14
1.00
1.14
1.00

Table 32. Normalized Matrix for Supply Chain Security

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India

Unique Air
Express

AFL Pvt
Ltd

4.00
3.50
4.00
3.50

4.57
4.00
4.57
4.00

4.00
3.50
4.00
3.50

FEDX

SUM

Eigen Vector

4.57
4.00
4.57
4.00
SUM

17.14
15.00
17.14
15.00
64.29

0.16
0.14
0.16
0.14

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 33. Pair Wise Comparison Matrix for Quality of Services
RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt. Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India

Unique Air Express

AFL Pvt. Ltd

FEDX

1.00
0.78
0.78
1.00

1.29
1.00
1.00
1.29

1.29
1.00
1.00
1.29

1.00
0.78
0.78
1.00

Table 34. Normalized Matrix for Quality of Services

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt. Ltd
FEDX

RAS, India

Unique Air Express

AFL Pvt. Ltd

FEDX

SUM

Eigen Vector

4.00
3.11
3.11
4.00

5.14
4.00
4.00
5.14

5.14
4.00
4.00
5.14

4.00
3.11
3.11
4.00
SUM

18.29
14.22
14.22
18.29
65.02

0.17
0.13
0.13
0.17

max = 4, CI = 0 and CR = 0 (Perfect Consistency)

Table 35. Matrixes for Direct Investment

Merger &
Acquisitions
Alliance
RFID & IT
Regional Expansions

RAS, India

Unique Air
Express

AFL Pvt
Ltd

FEDX

0.29

0.06

0.29

0.35

0.18
0.19
0.16

0.11
0.08
0.18

0.16
0.21
0.10

0.16
0.24
0.18

Table 36. Ranking on the basis of Direct Investment

RAS, India
Unique Air Express

Ranking Weight

Rank

0.200
0.118

2
4

AFL Pvt Ltd

FEDX

0.181
0.224

3
1

Ranking waitage for RAS, India = 0.29*0.192 + 0.18*0.269 + 0.19*0.231 + 0.18*0.308 = 0.200
Table 37. Matrixes for Service Portfolio

Broadening Service Lines

Industry Specialization
Global Services
Integration
Supply Chain Security
Quality of Services

RAS, India

Unique Air Express

AFL Pvt Ltd

FEDX

0.17
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.17

0.17
0.11
0.21
0.12
0.14
0.13

0.13
0.18
0.09
0.17
0.16
0.13

0.13
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.17

Table 38. Ranking on the basis of Service Portfolio

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt. Ltd
FEDX

Ranking Weight

Rank

0.173
0.147
0.145
0.155

1
3
4
2

Table 39. Final Ranking

RAS, India
Unique Air Express
AFL Pvt. Ltd
FEDX

Ranking Weight

Rank

0.372
0.265
0.326
0.378

2
4
3
1

Figure 5 shows the relative weights of all elements in AHP model. Service portfolio (0.276) and
3PL User/Provider Relationship (0.276) is very important and common criterion followed by the
Indian 3PL Service provider when it comes for selecting the growth strategy. It is followed by
Green Supply Chain (0.241) and Direct Investment (0.207). Green Supply Chain is getting
importance due to the ever-changing environment of the world. This is very important to control
the green house effect and hence to control the temperature of the world. On the basis of the sub
criterion FEDX secure the first rank in terms of using proper strategy as per change of the business
condition in India. While RAS, India secure second rank.

GOAL

CRITERIA

SUB
CRITERIA

ALTERNATIVES
RAS, India

0.372

Unique Air
Express

0.265

AFL Pvt.
Ltd.

0.326

FEDX

0.378

Merger &
Acquisitions
0.040

Direct
Investment
0.207

Alliance
0.056
RFID & IT
0.048
Regional
Expansions

Growth Strategies

3PL
User/Provider
Relationship
0.276

0.064
Broadening
Service Lines
0.048

Green Supply
Chain
0.241

Service Portfolio
0.276

Industry
Specialization
0.048
Global
Service
0.042
Integration
0.042
Supply Chain
Security
0.048
Quality of
Services
0.048

*Conclusion*

3rd Party logistics having good scope in India as well as in foreign Market.
It manage, support and fulfill customer demand in all serviced regions.
It resulted in increasing the customer by fulfilling their demand in short
period of time.
Attain a continuous and unrivalled 100 % customer satisfaction.
Faster turnaround time to deliver goods to customer.
Optimize price setting, increase sales, and reduce shipping cost to maximize
customer satisfactions.

Logistics and supply chain management plays very important role in manufacturing organization.
Most of the companies are outsourcing these activities to concentrate on their core business. So
the outsourcing companies are giving importance to the reduction in the cost to gain the
advantage of the lower cost in the competitive business. So most of the Indian 3PL service
provider gives importance to Reduced Cost for most important success factor. This can be
achieved by giving more emphasis on variables like geographical coverage, experience as a 3PL
provider and continuous improvement. The cost can be reduced by vast geographical coverage;
higher experience for giving particular types of the service and emphasis on continuous
improvement. The second most important factor for success is Operational Performance.
Knowledge based skills and project management skills can help the growth of the organization
and can become the important success factor for the service provider. Information technology
system is also important for success of the business. By concentrating more on this factor the
company can easily and effectively share and convey the information with the end user. This can
also improve the speed and accuracy of the work and hence better satisfaction to the customer.
This would increase the profit and improves the brand image of the company.
The gap analysis was done to identify the gap between achievement and expectation of identified
success factors. There is a weak service quality in most of the success factors like reduced cost,
information technology system, versatility, quality management, compatibility with users and
fixed assets. This can be improved by giving special attention to product return & repair,
geographical coverage, flexibility and adaptability, use of RFID technology, enterprise resource
planning, transportation management system, skilled logistic professionals, online tracking
system & transaction system, ware house management system, investment in quality of assets,
route and load optimization, breadth of service offered, integration among internal 3PL system,
good relationship with service user, investment in IT system, experience as a 3PL provider, real
time access to information and speed of delivery to get the competitive advantage and market
share. Most of the 3PL service provider has to improve the Information Technology System
because there is a large gap.

Service Portfolio and 3PL User/Provider Relationship is the most important and common growth
strategy used by the Indian 3PL service provider. One of the interesting result found that now
most of the 3PL service provider emphasis on Green Supply Chain for growth. The world is
facing the problem of global warming and the meeting on Kyoto Protocol between developing
and developed countries was failed, if one can implement the green supply chain then the
organization will be able to get advantage of good brand image. By doing this organization will
be able to get advantage of carbon trading also and hence improve the profit of the organization.
Also most of the companys focus on Regional Expansion so as to give better services to the
customer and to reduce the cost. The companies are focusing on Alliance for risk sharing and
reduce the fixed asset cost.

7. Limitations of the Study

The study focuses only on the third party logistics service providers. This study has not taken
into consideration towards the perspective of 3PL service users. The view of the 3PL service user
could affect the result of the success factor for the 3PL service provider.
This study is limited to only organize 3PL service provider. The research can be improved by
taking consideration of the unorganized 3PL service provider.

7. Managerial Implications
This study presents important findings for logistics managers. Realized cost reduction,
geographical coverage, continuous improvement, knowledge based skills, project
management skills, global capabilities, skilled logistics professionals, real time access to
information and route & load optimization are the most important factors for success as a
third party logistics provider. Also expertise in information technology system is gaining
importance to provide faster and better service-to-service user. This will not only give
competitive advantage but also help to gain market share. As the organization increase its
market share it has to give more importance to breadth of service offered, integration
among internal 3PL system, flexibility & adaptability and focus on specific industry for
continuous growth of the business. This study also throws some light to improve in
particular segment for better growth of the organization. For this the gap between
achievement and expectation of identified success factor was measured. Success factors
like reduced cost, information technology system, versatility, quality management,
compatibility with the users and fixed assets indicate weak service quality. This can be
improved by giving special attention to product return & repair, geographical coverage,
flexibility and adaptability, use of RFID technology, enterprise resource planning,
transportation management system, skilled logistic professionals, online tracking system
& transaction system, ware house management system, investment in quality of assets,
route and load optimization, breadth of service offered, integration among internal 3PL
system, good relationship with service user, investment in IT system, experience as a 3PL
provider, real time access to information and speed of delivery. The strategies are playing
very important role for the growth of the business and to gain competitive advantage over
others. In the service industry service portfolio plays major role. One can improve the
service to the user by concentrating on broadening of service line and industry
specialization this not only increase the customer base but also increase the market share.
Today the business is became globalized so the company should also give more
importance to global service for growth of the business. The relationship between third
party user and provider plays very important role for the business of the both. If there is a
good relationship between the user and provider then both can understand the need of
their business. Both parties can share the risk and augment the profit of the organization.
Direct investment is also one of the important growth strategies for the logistics service
provider. Regional expansion and alliance can be used for growth of the business.

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