Yashadamritamalaharavicharchikars009gdg 121228220313 Phpapp02

THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND

COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA)
By
DR.SOBAGIN.M.V
B.A.M.S
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MEDICINE
(AYURVEDA)
In
RASASHASTRA
GUIDE
DR.M.C.PATIL
M.D.(R.S)
Prof. Head of the Department
of Rasashastra.
CO-GUIDE
DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR
M.D(R.S)
Lecturer. Department
of Rasashastra.
DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH

CENTER,
D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. GADAG 582103
FEBRUARY- 2006
Post Graduate cum Research Center,

D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103
Department of Post Graduate

Studies in RASASHASTRA
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
DECLARATION
I here by declare that this dissertation entitled THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA
is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in
Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical
College, Gadag 582103
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Dr. Sobagin.M.V
P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate
cum Research Center, D.G.M
Ayurvedic Medical College
Gadag 582103
Department of Post graduate

Post Graduate cum Research Center,

Gadag 582103
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
CERTIFICATE
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin .M.V in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in
Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Guide
Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS)
Head of the department
Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum
Research Center D.G.M.
Gadag 582103
Department of Post graduate

D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College &

Post Graduate cum Research Center
Gadag 582103
Dist: Gadag
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
CERTIFICATE
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in
Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore,
Karnataka.
Date:
Place: Gadag.
Co-Guide
Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar
M.D.(RS). Lecturer
Rasashastra Post Graduate cum

Research Center D.G.M.
Gadag 582103
ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE

INSTITUTATION
J.S.V.V. SAMITES
ENDORSEMENT
TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA)
is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V under the
guidence of Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies
& Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post
Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag.
Seal & Signature of the HOD.
Seal & Signature of the
Date:
Principal:
Place: Gadag.
Date:
Place:
COPYRIGHT
I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in
print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.
Date:
Place: Gadag
Dr.Sobagin . M.V
P.G.Schalor,
Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate
cum Research Center,
Gadag 582103
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My father & mother is the only Inspiration. This work carries some sweat
memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had
been inspired during the course of this thesis.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr.M.C.Patil.
MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. of RS, DGMAMC & PGSRC, Gadag. He has been very kind to
guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts, tremendous
encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical suggestions, made me to
complete this work.
I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr.Girish .N
Danappagoudar.MD(Ayu). Lecturer in Rasashastra, PG studies & Research center
DGMAMC, Gadag, for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with
precious remarks which have been very useful.
I am thankful to Dr.G.B.Patil principal, DGMAMC, PGSRC,Gadag,
for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.
I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof.Dr.R.K.Gachchinamath
HOD,Rasashastra dept,(UG) DGMAMC, Gadag, for being kind & affectionate through
his valuable suggestions & advises.
It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr. Dilipkumar
B. MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study.
I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani

MD (Ayu). Asst. Prof. PGSRC. DGMAMC, Gadag, during my clinical trail and
encouraged me all the time during this work.
I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by Dr.Jagadish Mitti MD
(Ayu).Lecturer, Dr.Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer, Dr.Mulkipatil M.D(Ayu)
for their support during my PG study.
I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC, Gadag,
for their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work.
I sincerely thank my beloved friend Dr. K.S.Santoji, and seniors Dr. P.
Koteshwar Rao, Dr. V.S.Hiremath, Dr. R.B.Paattanashetti, Dr.Jaggal for their deep cooperation and involvement in the study.
I sincerely thank my beloved classments Dr. Ghanti, Dr.Pradeep,Dr.
Saswihalli.Dr.Hiremath, for their deep co-operation and involvement in the study.
I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. of Rasashastra & other P.G
Dept who have directly or indirectly helps my thesis work. & Expected their co-operation
& support during my PG work.
I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. Chandur,.Dr.Suresh,
Dr.D.N.Patil Medical pharma. J.T.College Gadag, having helped me in carrying out
analytical works, and for giving kind suggestions.
I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian, Sri. V.M.Mundinamani,
Asst. S.B.Sureban for providing many valuable references in the study. I am thankful to
Sri. B.S.Tippanagouda, Lab technician, who extended this co-operation in investigations.
I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in

statistical evaluation & results.
I wish to thank the physicians , House surgeons, Hospital staff, nurses &
non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.
Let me express my thanks to all patients, those were on trial for their
consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises.
I am highly indebted to my beloved parents, sisters & other family
members for their love & affection rendered through out my career.
I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly &
indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually.
Lastly I prey my deep homage & tribute to my grand parents for the
love & affection rendered through out my career.
Gadag
February 2006
Dr: Sobagin.M.V
ABBREVIATION
1.
R.T
Rasa Tarangini
2.
R.R.S -
Rasa ratna Samuchchaya
3.
R.P.S -
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.
A.P
Ayurveda Prakash
5.
R.M
Rasamritam
6.
R.J
Rasa Jala Nidhi
9.
R.Chu -
Rasendra Chudamani
10.
K.N
Kaideva Nighantu
11.
M.N
Madanapala Nighantu
12.
R.N
Raja Nighantu
13.
B.P
Bhava Prakasha Nighantu
14.
D.N
Dhanvantari Nighantu
15.
Ch.S
Charaka Samhita
16.
S.S
Sushruta Samhita
17.
A.S
Ashtanga Sangraha
18.
A.H
Ashtanga Hridaya
19.
B.S
Bela Samhita
20.
H.S
Harita Samhita
21.
K.S
Kashapa Samhita
22.
Y.R
Yogaratnakar
23.
B.T
Before treatment
24.
A.T
After treatment
25.
Not mentioned.
26.
Mentioned
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.N0.
Topic
Page. No.
1.
Synonyms of Yashada
27
2.
Shodhana media according to various authorities.
30
3.
Pharmacological properties
32
4.
Indication of Yashada bhasma
33
5.
Synonyms of Girirsindhoora
38
6.
Guna of Girirsindhoora
39
7.
Indications of Sindhuura
40
8.
Synonyms of Sasyaka
42
9.
Shodhana dravya according to different authorities
43
10.
Guna Karma and Rogaghnata
44
11.
Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to different authorities
57
12.
Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to different authorities
58
13.
Showing Daiva Apacharaja According to different authorities
58
14.
Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasoushadhi leading to

Kushta utpatti
58
15. Showing Poorva Roopas common in Kushta According to

Various authors
63
16. Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika according to various authors
65
17. Showing Sapeksha Nidana
66
18. Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma
87
19. Observation of patient based on Age
97
20. Observation of patient based on Sex
98
21. Observation of patient based on Education
99
22. Observation of patient based on Marital rates
99
23. Observation of patient based on Religion
100
24. Observation of patient based on Occupation
101
25. Observation of patient based on Economical Status
102
26. Observation of patient based on Vicharchika lakshanas
103
27. Showing grades of Varna before treatment in Group A & B
104
28. Showing grades of Varna after treatment in Group A & B
104
29. Showing grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & B
104
30. Showing grades of Pidika after treatment in Group A & B
104
31. Showing grades of Srava before treatment in Group A & B
105
32. Showing grades of Srava after treatment in Group A & B
105
33. Showing grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & B
105
34. Showing grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & B
105
35. Showing grades of Vedana before treatment in Group A & B
106
36. Showing grades of Vedana after treatment in Group A & B
106
37. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-A
107
38. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-B
108
39. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-A
109
40. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-B
110
41. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A)
111
42. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A)
111
43. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B)
112
44. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B)
112
45. Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group A & B

(After Treatment)
113
46. Showing the Result of the study in Group-A
115
47. Showing the Result of the study in Group-B
116
48. Showing overall Result of the study
117
LIST OF GRAPHS
Sl.N0.
Topic
Page. No.
1.Observation of patient based on Age
97
2.Observation of patient based on Sex
98
3.Observation of patient based on Religion
100
4.Observation of patient based on Occupation
101
5.Showing the Result of the study in Group-A
115
6.Showing the Result of the study in Group-B
116
7. Showing overall Result of the study
117
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Raw drugs of the Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
2. Patients photos with Trail drug.
ABSTRACT
Back ground:
Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,
Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as
explained in classics.
In modern science there are number of drugs for Vicharchika (Eczema), but a
successful remedy is yet to come out. Here Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila
are utilized to find out their comparative efficacy in the management of Vicharchika.
Objectives:
a. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
b. Physico-chemical analysis of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
c. Comparative clinical of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila on
Vicharchika (Eczema)
METHODS:
Pharmaceutical study:
a. Yashada shodhana and marana according to Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no
b. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila according to
Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no 146-147 and 21 chapter shloka no 162-163
Analytical study:
Yashadamrita malahara is subjected to physico chemical analysis i.e. , Fineness of
particle test, Flow rate, Ash value, Acid insoluble ash and for Sindhooradi taila Loss
on drying at 1100c, Boiling point, Specific gravity, Refractive index, Acid value,
Saponification value and including organoleptic character .
Clinical study:
30 patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD section
of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag.
Results:
Individually both groups showed highly significant in subjective as well as
objective parameters. Comparatively group B shows more significant than the group A.
Interpretation & Conclusion:

1. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of shodhana definitely
induces the disease curing property
2. Modern physico-chemical analyses are proved that both yogas are slandered.
3. By clinical study and statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is
choice remedy in sravi Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in rooksha Vicharchika.
Key words:
Vicharchika, Eczema, Yashada, Sasyaka, Girisindhoora, Shodhana, Marana, Malahara
kalpana, Taila kalpana, Physico-chemical analysis, Subjective & Objective criteria, Study
duration.
CONTENTS
Page Number.
I.
INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECTIVES
1-2
3
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. PROCEDURE REVIEW
5-25
2. DRUG REVIEW
26-52
3. DISEASE REVIEW
53-73
IV. METHODOLOGY
1.
V.
VI.
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
74-86
2. ANALYTICAL STUDY
87-92
3. CLINICAL STUDY
93-95
OBSERVATION & RESULTS
96-117
DISCUSSION
118-127
VII. CONCLUSION
128-129
VIII. SUMMARY
130-133
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE 1 MASTER CHART
ANNEXURE 2 CASE SHEET
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. Which is based on its
own fundamental principles theories or concepts. Which are deeply rooted into the oldest
scriptures of Hindu veda i.e. Atharvanaveda. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal
medical wisdom in spite of its antiquity. (3,000 years old) it is being practicing today all
over the world.
Rasashastra, one of the branch of Ayurveda, which is well, developed by
Nagarjuna the pioneer of Rasashastra. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravyas i.e
metals, minerals, gems etc, to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. i.e. Lohasiddhi and
Dehasiddhi. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique
preparations Rasabhasmas, Kharaliya rasayana, Pottali rasayana, Parpati rasayana,
Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility.
Metal and minerals are also used in Bhaishajya Kalpana such as Malahara and
Taila Kalpana, which are used for externally. Eg: Yashadamrita Malahara containing
metal like Yashada and Sindhooradi Taila containing minerals like Sindhoora and
Sasyaka. Both yogas are indicated in Kushta rogas.
Skin has been defined as the mirror of the body. It reflects the Physical, mental
and psychological state of the individual. Skin is not only covering of the body tissues
and organs, but being composed of epithelial, mesenchymal, glandular and
neuromuscular elements is part of the Curparate system. In addition to it being the largest
organ of the body. It is barrier protecting the underlying tissues from physical, chemical
and biological toxic agents. It also excretes some of the wastes of the body metabolism.
In present day the life style of the human being become change. So sometime he
knowingly or unknowingly expose to the certain influences, which causes the skin
disorders.
Kushta, skin disease is very common pathological condition. Among this,
Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema, which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as
explained in classics.
Introduction
It is difficult to determine the true incidence of a disease like eczema. In USA in a

sample population survey of persons aged 1 to 74 years conducted from 1971-74, the
prevalence of eczema was 18.4 /1000 persons. A British study on Hospital attendance
from 1977-1981 showed that 27.5% of patients had atopic dermatitis, 8.2% nummular,
37% gravitational, 11.9% seborrhea and 9.2% exogenous eczemas. In oxford and
Glasgow it is revealed the fact that 26-9% and 33.5% cases respectively were suffering
from eczemas, 63% of them exogenous.
School surveys in India for skin disease in 1986-1990 demonstrated that 2.07%
had lichen simplex chronicus, 0.2% had seborrhea dermatitis and 3% had seborrhea
capotes and 2% dermatitis.
Vicharchika is skin disease which posses a great problem in the skin. This
dermatological problem is difficult to manage along with medicaments of various
prescriptions and methodologies have been tried out but a successful remedy is yet to
come out. Cases when treated by number of medicine have a high rate of relapse and
hypersensitivity in due course. Hence we find no satisfactory remedies for Vicharchika in
cotemporary medical service.
It is causing a peculiar dermatological manifestation, where the skin becomes
discolored causing Shyava varna, surface being exudates and Pidikayukta, these
prominent signs are associated with Kandu.
Eczema is non-contiguous inflammatory disease of the skin responses to
endogenous or exogenous stimuli characterized by erythema, edema, vascularisation,
oozing and crusting.
Ayurveda claims number of therapy for Vicharchika has been explained. But local
applications are more beneficial than the other process. Because they are quick
absorbable, they protect the skin from external irritants and from sunlight, promotes
percutaneous absorption of the incorporated drug, thus allowing an active
pharmacological effect on the skin.
2
Introduction
According to Rasatarangini as indicated the Yashadamrita Malahara and

Sindhoora taila especially in Vicharchika.
The present yogas are acts as a Kaphapittashamaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna,
Vrunashodhaka and rapaka action. Keeping in the view of the above facts it was felt to
conduct a study to analysis the efficacy of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila
in the management of Vicharchika with a view to find out therapeutically efficacious,
safer and cost effective.
The present work
PREPARATOION,
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
STUDY
OF
YASHADAMRITA
MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE STUDY ON

VICHARCHIKA
OBJECTIVES
1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila.
2. Physico-Chemical study of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
3. Comparative clinical evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
on Vicharchika
Review of Literature. Malahara Kalpana
PROCEDURE REVIEW
I. MALAHARA KALPANA
Malahara Kalpana is not explained in Samhita Period. Yogaratnakara adopted
the term Malahara from word Malaharam a unani preparation.
As it mentioned in Ayurveda, the treatment is of two types.
1. Antaparimarjan
2. Bahiparimarjan
The later one called Bahiparimarjana means, the medicine intended for external
use only. Different forms of external applications are described for the convenience
of treatment of different diseases like Lepa Kalpana, Upanaha, Malaharakalpana etc.
In between Lepa Kalpana and Malaharakalpana there is no much difference
regarding usage. But preparation of method is different.
Differences.
Lepa
Malahara
1. Herbal & mineral drugs are used
1. Metal and Minerals
2. Without Agni samskara
2. With Agni samskara
3. Should be prepared fleshy and used
3. Used up to 2 year
4. Its reference in Samhita kala
4. After 14th A.D
Similarities:
1. Both are used externally
2. Indications are also same.
Preparation of malahara: Dividing into 3 processes.

1. Poorvakarma
2. Pradhana karma
3. Paschat karma
1. Poorva karma:
a. Collection of equipments
b. Collection of Raw drugs.
c. Shodhana of main drugs.
d. Marana of main drugs.
2. Pradhana karma:
a. Preparation of Sikta taila
b. Mixing of churna / bhasma into sikta taila
3. Paschat karma: a. Storage
c. Uses
1. Poorva karma: 1. Collection of equipments like
a. Chullika
b. Vessel
c. Cloth
d. Spoon
2. Collection of raw drugs like
1. Sikta
2. Tila taila
3. Main drugs
3. Shodhana: Shodhana of main drug, which is taken for Malahara preparation.
In Yashadamrita Malahara Yashada shodhana in Nirvapa in Taila, Takra,
Gomutra, Kanjike, Kulattha kwatha for 7 times.
4. Marana: If necessary. Eg: Yashada Marana as per classics.
2. Pradhana Karma:
1. Preparation of Sikta taila.
Sikta Taila is a mixture of bees wax and oil. It is soft, smooth ointment like
substance, used as an emollient or as a base in the preparation of different
ointments. Rasatarangini has described 2 methods of preparation of Sikta taila.
Method 11
One part of pure bees wax and 6 parts of Tila taila are mixed and melted over
mild fore. When the wax melts and becomes a homogenous liquid mix well and
stop heating. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste.
Method 22
Here, instead of 6 parts of oil, 5 parts of oil is said to be added to 1 part of bees
wax, rest of the procedure is similar to that of first method. If any physical
impurities are seen in the wax (after melting) it should be filtered through a cloth.
The first method is said to be followed during winter season and the second one
during summer season.
2. Mixing of fine powder into Sikta taila:
The base of the Malahara kalpana i.e. Sikta taila, to this, as per the formulation,
add the fine powder of various ingredients and mix well. The fine powder may be
of Tankana, Gandhaka, Kajjali, Mriddara shringa, Gairika, Girisindhoora,
Manashila, Haratala etc.
3. Paschat Karma:
1. Storage: Prepared malahara must be preserved in wide mouthed plastic or
glass container having tight fitting.
2. Uses: Vruna Shodhaka and Ropaka
Kushtaghna
Varnya etc.
Qualities of Sikta:3
Rasa
Madhura
Guna
Snigdha, Picchila
Karma
Sandhankar, Vrunaropaka
Indications Bhagna, Visarpa, kandu, Kushta etc.

Self life
1 year.
Tila taila:4
Nomenclature:Latin
Sesamum indicum.
Family
Pedaliaceae
English
Gingelly oil, Sesamum oil.
Sanskrit
Snehapala, Pavitra, Jahla etc.
Kannada
Yellu enni
Tamil
Nallannai
Hindi
Til Ka tail
Properties:
Rasa
Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Guna
Sukshma, Vyavayi, Vishada, Guru, Sara, Vikasi,

Teekshna Himasparsha.
Actions:Vataghna, aggravates pitta, does not aggravate kapha, deepana,

pachana, balya, brimhana, balya, preenana, vrushya, lekhana, twachya, netrya,
krimighna. In combination with different drugs, it is said to cure all diseases.
Combination:
Saturated fatty acids.
Palmitic acid 9.1%
Stearic acid 4.3%
Aracidic acid 0.8%
Unsaturated fatty acids.
Oleic acid
45.4%
Linoleic acid 40.4%
OINTMENTS IN MODERN VIEW 5

Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application to the
skin or mucous membrane. They usually contain medicament or medicaments
dissolved, subended or emulsified in an ointment base. They may contain a suitable
antimicrobial preservative. The ointments are mainly used as protective or emollient for
the skin.
The absorption of medicaments by the tissues from the ointments, applied to
the skin depends upon different factors as follows.
1.
Properties of the drugs incorporated.
2.
Properties of the base, used in the formulation.
3.
Condition of the patient skin
4.
Site of application
5.
Duration of application
6.
Degree of friction, exerted while applying the ointment.
Classification of Ointments:
I. According to their therapeutic properties based on penetration
1.Epidermic Ointments
These ointments are meant for action on epidermis and produce local
effect. They are not absorbed. These types of ointments are mainly used as
protective, antiseptics, local anti-infectices and parasiticides.
2. Endodermic ointments:
These ointments are meant for action on deeper layers of coetaneous tissues.
They are partially absorbed and act as emollients, stimulants and local irritants.
3. Daidermic ointments:
These ointments are meant for deep penetration and release the
medicaments that pass through the skin and produce systemic effects.
10
II. According to their therapeutic uses:

1. Antibiotic ointments
2. Antifungal
3. Anti-inflammatory etc.
Characteristics of an ideal ointment: 1. It should be chemically and physically stable.
2. It should be smooth and free form grittiness.
3. It should melt or soften at body temperature and be easily applied.
4. The base should be non-irritating and should have no therapeutic action.
5. The medicament must be finely divided and uniform the distributed through the
base.
6. It should not retard healing of the wound.
Ointment bases:The ointment base is that substance or part of an ointment, which serves
as carries or vehicle for the medicament while selecting a suitable ointment base.
The factors such as the action desire nature of the medicament to be incorporated
and the stability of an ointment are to be considered.
There are no single ointment bases, which possess all the qualities of an
ideal ointment base. So it becomes necessary to use more than one ointment base in
the preparation of ointments.
Classification of ointment bases: 1. Oleaginous bases
2. Absorption bases
3. Emulsion bases
4. Water soluble bases
11
1. Oleaginous bases:Their bases consist of water insoluble, hydrocarbons, vegetable oils,

animal fats and waxes. The constituents of hydrocarbon basis are, Soft paraffin
(petrolatum), Hard paraffin, and Liquid paraffin
2. Absorption bases: These bases are generally a hydrous substance, which have the property
of absorbing (emulsifying) considerable quantities of water but still retaining their
ointment like consistency.
The Absorption bases are two types:1. Non-emulsified bases
2. Water in oil emulsions
The non-emulsified bases absorb water and aqueous solutions producing
w/o emulsions.Eg:- Wool fat, Wool alcohol, Bees wax, Cholesterol
The water in oil emulsions is capable of absorbing more water and has
the property of non-emulsified bases. Eg: Hydrous wool fat (Canolin)
3. Emulsion bases:
These bases are semisolid or have a cream like consistency both o/w and
w/o emulsions are used as ointments base. The oil in water type of emulsions bases
is more popular because there can be easily remove form the skin or cloths by
washing with water. The w/o type of bases are greasy and sticky. The emulsifying
ointment is prepared from emulsifying wax, white soft paraffin and liquid
parathion.
4. Water soluble bases:These are commonly known as Greaseless ointment bases. The watersoluble bases consist of water-soluble ingredients. Such as polyethylene glycol
polymers, which are popularly known, as Carbo-waxes. The carbo-waxes are
water soluble, non-volatile and inert substances.
12
Selection of Dermatological Vehicles:There are large numbers of ointment bases, which are available in the
market. These have already been discussed. But none of the above discuss ointment
base, fulfills all the requirements of an ideal ointment base, following one the
factors, which govern the selection of an ideal base for ointments
A. Dermatological factors
B. Pharmaceutical factors
A. Dermatological factors:1. Absorption and Penetration:
Absorption means actually entry into blood stream. i.e. Systemic absorption
where as Penetration indicates passage through the skin i.e. cuetaneous absorption.
It is proved scientifically that animal fats and fixed oils penetrate more readily
through the skin in comparison to mineral oils (paraffin). The substances, which are
soluble both in oil and water, are most readily absorbed. The o/w emulsion bases
release the medicament more readily than oleaginous bases or w/o emulsion bases.
2. Effect on skin function:
Greasy bases may interfere with the skin function like heat radiation and sweet
excretion. More ever they are irritant to the skin. The water-soluble bases and o/w
emulsion bases provides a cooling effect rather than the heating effect. These bases
mix readily with skin secretions.
3. Miscibility with skin secretions and Serum.
Skin secretions are more rapidly miscible drug in more rapidly and completely
released to the skin. Due to this reason lesser proportions of the medicament is
needed when emulsion bases are used.
13
4. Compatibility with skin secretion:

Generally neutral ointment bases are preferable because they do not cause
discomfort in use and are compatible with majority of medicaments.
5. Freedom from irritant effect:
The ointment bases used should be non-irritant Greasy bases cause irritation and
may cause Edema. All bases used should be of high standard of purity.
6. Emollient properties:
Under normal conditions, continuous hydration occurs which keeps the skin
sufficiently moist. Dryness and brittleness of the skin cause discomfort to the skin.
Therefore the ointment bases used should possess emollient properties that should be
able to keep the skin moist.
Eg: Glycerin, propylene glycol.
Wool fat, lard and paraffin.
7. Ease of application and removal:
The ointment bases used should be easily applicable and at the same time they
should be easily removable. Stiff and sticky ointment bases are not suitable. Because
they may cause damage to the newly formed tissues of the skin. Due to this the
emulsion bases are preferable as they are softer and spread more readily over the area
to which they are applied. The emulsions particularly o/w type are easily removable
with water.
B. Pharmaceutical factors.
a. Stability:
Fats and oils of animal and vegetable sources are more liable to undergo
oxidation provided. They are preserved properly soft paraffin, liquid paraffin are
comparatively more.
14
b. Solvent properties: Suitable solvents should be selected for the proper dispersement of the
medicaments of an ointment.
c. Emulsifying properties:
Hydrocarbon bases can absorb only a small amount of aqueous
substances where as some animal fats like wool fat can take up about 50% of the
water. Therefore animal fats are used in the preparation of creams.
d. Consistency:
The ointments produced should be of suitable consistency. They should
neither be too hard nor too soft. They should withstand the climatic condition.
Preparation of Ointments:
Ointments are prepared by following methods:
1.
Triturating method
2.
Fusion
3.
Chemical reaction
4.
Emulsification
Triturating method:It is the most commonly used method for the preparation of ointments.
The method is used when the base is soft and the medicament is insoluble in the
base. The following procedure is used to get a uniform ointment.
a. Finally powder the solid medicaments
b. Weigh the required quality of an ointment base. Triturate the solid
medicaments with a small amount of the base on an ointment slab with
the help of stainless steel ointment spatula until a homogenous product is
formed.
c. Add remaining quantities of the base until the medicament is uniformly
mixed with it.
15
II. SNEHA KALPANA

Sneha Kalpana is well known since Samhita period. In Charaka Samhita
Kalpasthana 12th chapter, extraction of taila and taila paka including tests and standard
of taila paka are mentioned in detail. Sushruta and Ashtanga hridaya have explained
same as Charaka.
In Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda the definition of preparation,
method of preparation, dose and various formulations have been described in detail.
The nomenclature of Sneha Kalpana is sum of words Sneha and Kalpana, where
Sneha means fat or fatty material and Kalpana stands for pharmaceutical process of
medicaments.
The substance, which is called Sneha Dravya, will have Guru, Sheeta, Sara,
Snigdha, Manda, Sukshma, Mrudhu, Drava gunas.
In Ayurveda Ghrita and Taila Kalpana are included is Sneha Kalpana.
Advantages of Sneha Kalpana:
1. To extract the fat Soluble active principles of plants and minerals.
2. To obtain extra benefits of specific Taila or Ghrita used.
3. To preserve the drug or drugs for longer time.
4. To enhance the absorption of drugs, when used topically in fatty medias.
16

Definition6:The medicaments prepared by using 1 part of Kalka dravya, 4 parts of
taila/ghrita and 16 parts of drava dravy as Snehakalpana.
According to Charaka:While preparing Sneha Kalpana, quantity of the water, sneha, aoushada dravya
and Kalka is not mentioned, in such conditions one part of the aoushada, 4 parts of
Sneha, 16 parts of water is advised.
According to Sushruta:
When there is no specifications of drava dravyas then water is advised, same
way if there is no specifications of Kalka and Kwatha in such conditions mentioned
dravadravya, Kalka, Kwatha can be prepared.
According to Vagbhata:
In Snehapaka preparation the quantity of water, Sneha, is not mentioned in
such condition 1 part of dravadravya, part of Sneha, 1/16 part of kalka is advised.
According to Navaparibhasha:Murchit Sneha 1 prasta or prasta, 4 parts of water and part of Sneha Kalka
is added. Give mandagni and do stirring continuously with dravi upto Siddi lakshanas
are attained.
According to Vaidaka paribhasha pradeep.
reduced Kwatha, of Kwatha Sneha, of Sneha Kwatha is advised for
Snehapaka.
According to Bhashajya ratnavali:
Before doing Snehapaka, Sneha murchana should be done. Mentioned
quantity of Kwatha and Swarasaare added, Paka should be done in Mandagni up to
Snehasiddhi lakshanas are seen.
17
Murchana7:Sneha Kalpanas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and
externally. Such SnehaKalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as
Murchana. It is a refining process of both Sneha (Oil and Ghee), before subjecting the
drug to Snehapaka. Better colour, odour, taste, results and efficacy of drug are expected
from Murchana. It increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get
maximum property.
There is no reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in brihatraya.
Acharya Govinda das the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first personto mention
about this.
The main aim of Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha, amadosha and
ugrata etc bad characters of crude form of Sneha, by doing Murchana Samskara Sneha
dravya will appreciated with good smell and colour, apart from these becauses of
Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles while the
preparation
of Snehapaka and also veerya of the Sneha is enhanced, because of Murchana
Samskara, Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too.
General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka:
In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages.
1. Poorva karma
2. Pradhana karma
3. Paschat karma.
1. Poorva karma:a. Collection of equipments:
Sneha patra, Darvi(stirrer), Sieve, Khalvayantra, Tula yantra, Koshti.
b. Collection of drugs:
18

Classically mentioned drugs, including mentioned Sneha and jala.
19
c. Preparation of Kalka:
The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be
washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. If it is dry, do Yavakuta
choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water.
2. Pradhana Karma:
a.
Systematic mixing of the ingredients:

It is ghritapaka, first Murchita ghrita has to be collected and melted
in a Snehapatra with gentle heat, then the pieces of kalka bolus are added little
by little into the Sneha, stirred continuously with dravi, this is followed because
to avoid over burning of the kalka and over the whole contents is maintained
over Mandagni.
In case of Taila, the kalka and drava dravya are mixed together the
Sneha is then added, boiled and stirred continuously. So that the kalka is not
allowed to adhere the vessel.
b. Heating pattern8:Always Taila paka should be prepared mrudu and madhyamagni only.
The preparation like taila, Ghrita and Guda should be completed
within a day to gain more potency by being prepared in more than a day. Time
taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies according to nature of dravyas.
Duration
Dravadravya
1. 1 day
Vrihi and Mamsa rasa
2. 2 days
Dugdha
3. 3 days
Swarasa
4. 5 days
Takra and Aranal
20
c. Factors to be known while preparing Sneha Kashaya.

1. If decoction is drava dravya, then padavashta Kashaya should be prepared from
mrudu, madhyama and kathina dravyas by adding 4,8 and 16 parts of water
respectively. Regarding the proportion of Kalka, Sneha and dravadravyas there
is an identical opinion in Brihatrayas9-11.
2. When dravadravyas more than 5, then each drava dravya should be taken in the
same quantity as that of Sneha. If drava dravyas are less than 5 then the total
quantity of all the liquids should be 4 times to that of Sneha dravya12.
3. If dravadravyas are not mentioned in any of the Sneha preparations, then water
to be used to replace the drava. It should be 4 times the quantity of oil used13.
4. If Kalka dravya is not mentioned in any Sneha preparations, then it must be
prepared by using the dravya itself 14.
5. When flower is used as Kalka dravya, in any of the Sneha preparation then its
quantity should be 1/8th of that of oil 15.
d. Sneha Siddhi Lakshana16:When Snehapaka Completes, the following confirmation tests can be
observed.
a. Snehakalpa becomes wick like (Varti) when rolled between two fingers.
b. There should not be any sound when Sneha kalka is sprinkled over fire.
c. Foam is observed when taila paka completes. On the contrary it subsides in
ghee.
d. Specific colour, odour and taste of the ingredients become marked when
Snehapaka is over.
21

e. Types of Snehapaka17:Through Snehapakas are five in number; the most important once are
only three.
1. Mrudu
2. Madhyama
3. Khara
Remaining two are Ama and Dagdha paka
Mrudu paka Sneha will have Kalka with little quantity of moisture
Kalka of Madhyama paka Sneha will be soft, but avoid of moisture content.
Kharapaka Sneha will have slightly hard. Dagdhapaka Sneha will have hard and
brittle kalka. It causes burning sensation and is unfit for therapeutic use. Sneha with
Amapaka will not have any potency and heavy for digestion.
Paschat Karma:a. Collection:
In order to obtain optimum quantity of Sneha, the Kalka should be squeezed
(after the paka) at hot stage only Gandha paka dravyas should be added gently with
stirring, when the Sneha is in luke warm state.
b. Preservation:Ghrita can be preserved in glass or polythene containers and usually tailas are
preserved in glass or plastic bottles. Usually glass jars (wide mouth) are used for
packing purpose of Ghrita. Where as taila preservation narrow mouthed glass or
plastic bottles are used.
c. Expiry date18:
a. According to Sharangadara expiry date of Snehakalpana is mentioned as 4
months.
b. According to pharmacopia in Ayu, part-I
Ghrita and taila preparations, maintains the potency for about 16 months.
22

Precautions should be taken for the preparation of Snehakalpa19:
1. Sneha should be pure, clear and without sturry.
2. Taila patra should be wide mouthed, because during the process, taila may come
out if it is having narrow mouth. Depending upon the quantity of Sneha, the size
of the Sneha patra should be selected.
3. During Snehapaka maintain the intensity of fire through the operation in order
to get desirable grade of temperature.
4. Gentle boiling of Sneha is to be maintained continuously. Always Snehapaka
should be prepared in mridu and madhyamagni only.
5. If taila is hot suddenly kwatha should not be poured, if it is poured taila may
come out from the vessel. Hence while stirring only kwatha has to be added
slowly.
6. The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not
stick to the bottom of the vessel resulting into a carbonization.
7. When all drava dravya have evaporated, the moisture in the kalka also becomes
to evaporate, at this stage; it has to be stirred more often and carefully to ensure
that the kalka does not stick to the bottom of the vessel. The kalka is taken out
from the ladle and tested from time to time to know the condition and stage of
the paka.
8. Sneha required preparing with Gomutra like kshara dravya combination Sneha
may produce excessive phena. Thus Sneha may come out of the Snehapatra
during pakavasta.
9. In particular Snehakalpana whatever the quantity of Sneha is prescribed that
much quantity of Sneha only is supposed to be taken. Increasing or decreasing
order should not alter the quantity.
10. If in particular formulation Sneha quantity is not mentioned then one seru
Sneha has to be taken and on the bases of Sneha quantity, the kalka, drava
dravya quantity also to estimated.
23

Liquid dosage form20:Liquid dosage forms commonly used in pharmacy are either monophasic or
biphasic.
Monophasic liquid dosage form refers to liquid preparation in which there is
only one phase. It is represented by true solution. A true solution is a clear
homogenous mixture. That is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in a liquid.
Classification:Classification into 2 groups.
1. Liquids meant for internal administration, for eg, mixtures, syrups and elixirs.
2. Liquids meant for external administrations.
Eg: Gargles, mouth wastes, throat pains, douches, nasal drops, eye drops,
eardrops, liniments and lotions.
Monophasic Liquid dosage form
Internal
1.Mixture
1.1.
2. Syrup
External
Application on skin
used in Mouth Instilled into body
3. Elixir
1. Liniment
1. Gargles
1. Douche
4. Linctus
2. Lotion
2. Mouth wash
2. Ear drop
3. Throat paint
3. Nasal drop
4. Nasal spray
24
Liquid to be applied to the skin:1.
Liniments:
The liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for
application to the skin. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction
and rubbing of the skin. The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or
emulsions. In alcoholic liniment, alcohol helps in the penetration of medicament
into the skin and also increases its counter irritant and rubefacient action.
In oily liniments arachis oil is commonly used which spreads more
easily on the skin. Soap is also included as on the ingredient in some of the
liniments, which help, in easy application of liniment on the skin.
Generally, liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic,
rubefacient, soothing and counter irritant or stimulating properties.
A liniment should not be applied to the broken skin because it may
cause excessive irritation.
Container: -The liniment should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to

distinguish it from preparations meant for internal use.
Labeling: - The label must state for external use only and shake the bottle well
before use. The label should carry the warning. Not to be applied to open
wound or broken skin.
Storage: - Liniment should be stored in tightly closed air tight containers in a cool
place.
25
2. Lotions:Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application without

friction. They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some absorbent
material, such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local
action as cooling, soothing or protective purposes. They are generally applied for
antiseptic action. (Eg- Calamine lotion)
Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and
soothing effect Eg. -Salicylic acid lotion.
Where as the addition of glycerin in a lotion keeps the skin moist for
sufficient long time and does not allow the preparation to dry.
Bacterial and molds grow in certain lotions is no preservative is added
care must be taken to avoid contamination during preparation of the lotion.
Containers:- Lotion should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to
distinguish them from preparations meant for internal use.
Labeling:- The containers should be labeled For external use only. Some times on
long standing lotion have a tendency to separate out. Therefore the
container must be labeled Shake well before use
Storage: -
Lotion should be stored in well filled, well closed in an air tight container
in a cool place.
26
Review of Literature. Drug
DRUG REVIEW
YASHADA:
Historical background:
Yashada as ancient Indian chemists knew a metal from the 15th A.D as
Madanapala the author of Madanapala Nighantu is the first scholar to mention it, as the
7th dhatu or metal in his text. Bhavamishra and others followed him in a later period.
Through it was used for making an alloy known as Pittala (Brass) for long as a separate
metallic element it was known much later. Before the 15th A.D it was used and known
by the name of Rasaka or Kharpara satwa that is quite evident from the synonyms
(Ritikrit, Ritihetu, Tamra, Ranjaka) attributed to Rasaka and Kharpara. As regards
Rasaka and Kharapara, the minerals of Yashada they were known even in the Samhita
period.
In Rasashastra period following Rasa-texts are explained Yashada,
1. Ayurveda prakasha
2. Rasajalanidhi
3. Rasatarangini
4. Rasamrita
5. Rasadarpana
Vernacular names:
Latin
Zincum
Sanskrit
Yashada
Hindi
Jasta
English
Zinc
Bengal
Dasta
Gujarat
Jasad
Tamil
Tulanagam
Malayalam
Nagam
Chinese
Tutenague
26

Synonyms of Yashada 21-26
Sl.No
Name
M.N
A.P
R.T
R.M
R.D
B.P.N
Yashada
Yasada
Jashada
Jasada
Ritihetu
Kharparaja
Rangasankamsh
Yashaka
Rangasadrasha
10
Ditihetu
11
Yashaja
12
Kharapara Satva
Table No-1
Prapti Sthana:
Usually Yashada is not available in muktavasta (native form) but in the
form of mineral like Zinc blende (ZnS), Oxide (Zno), Carbonate (ZnCO3)
It is found in Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, U.S.A, Mexico, China, Japan, Spain,
and Sweden. In India Bihar, Rajasthan, Madras, Punjab, Kashmir.
Description:
dgdPdaTdzSd ddTdada ddQdfdIa |

ddUadzdy ddZ ddQddddyedeTdaddZ || Ad.d
3/2
According to ancient classics Yashada is one among the sapta dhatus and
belongs to pootiloha group. It melts quickly on heating and produces bad smell
(Loathsome) while being melted.
27
Bhoutika gunas of Yashada: Varna (colour)
Shweta
Sparsha (Touch)
Mrudu, snigdha
Apekshita gurutwa
7.1
Melting point
4290C
Boiling point
9800C
Grahya Yashada Lakshana:According to Rasatarangini the Yashada, which is having following

characters, is best one. i.e. Yashada must be bright and shining on cutting, snigdha,
mrudu, nirmala, dhrutadrava (easily melting) and guru in nature.
CONCEPT OF SHODHANA AND MARANA

Invention of metal brought a great change in the life style of early man. As he
went on investing various metals, he understood their uses and utilized them for various
purposes. When observed medicinal values in metals he started using them as medicine.
During Samhita period metals were used only in the form of raja (churna) but
after the 8th century a scientific study of metals was carried out for their therapeutic
values. Till last century even in western medical sciences, metals were used for
therapeutic purposes but after observing some of their toxic effects, the usage of some
metals was ceased.
Rasavaidyas too had the knowledge of toxic effects of metals and minerals but
were using Rasoushadhies, which are free from adverse effects by virtue of unique
procedures (Shodhana and Marana) adopted by them in detoxifying the metals, these
procedures not only make a mineral or metal free from the toxic effects but also make
them to absorbable and therapeutically effective with a minimum dose for a maximum
and quick result. Hence Rasoushadhies are widely used by Ayurvedic physicians without
the fear of adverse effects.
Ad dddddSddyedddd AdyTddadddZ |
eddddTdySdQdSdddd AdzdddyedITdyTdZ || T.dd.da
28
While preparing medicine, Ayurvedic acharyas were of opinion that when a

medicine is administered in a particular disease it should only cure that disease but should
not cause any other diseases or adverse effect.
Keeping the above in consideration various Shodhana and Marana procedure are
explained in Rasashastra classics.
Merits: 1. These procedures involve physico-chemical action in order to activate the
inorganic substances (may be from nireendriya state to sendriya state).
2. These procedures not only remove the toxic effects of a drug but also the various
herbs used to act on metals, so as to enhance the pharmacological action of a
drug.
Shodhana28: -
DezTdzddzZ dda eSddy dydddeQIa |

ddedeJddy Sdddg ddydda deQUdySddy || T.d-2/52
Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by

implementing prescribed methods like Mardana etc. This indicates by shodhana,
impurities and toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain
qualities, which are essential for further procedures.
Classification: - Shodhana has been divided into two.
1. Samanya shodhana
2. Vishesha shodhana.
Yashada has an explosive tendency, while pouring in shodhana dravya it may
cause injury, to avoid this, one special apparatus is designed and this is known as
Pithara yantra.
Pithara yantra: - It contains mainly one metal (loha) bhanda and is covered with iron or
mud lid having 2 cms hole at its center.
29

1.Samanya shodhana of Yashada29: The common procedure for group of dravya or metal is called Samany shodhana.
dzdy dy ddddgdy UTdddy Igdddy |

ddeddySddda Qddy Qddy dg dddd ||
dPddeQddyUdddPdda dgeTydda ddSddy || T.T.d 5/13
In this Yashada is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil), Takra
(Butter milk), Gomootra (Cows urine), Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid),
Kulaththa (Horse gram decoction), 7 times in each media.
2. Vishesha shodhana30-34: Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain impurities but Vishesha
shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in particular drug.
In rasagranthas explained vishesha shodhana by nirvapana in different shodhana
media mentioned below, each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken.
Shodhana media according to different authorities.

Sl.No
Drug
RT AP RJ
RD RM Duration
Godugdha
21 times
Kadalimula swarasa
7 times
Sudhajala
7 times
Nirgundi swarasa
7 times
Snuhi dugdha
7 times
Arka dugdha
7 times
Table No-2
30
Marana:
Marana means Killing and converting a metal into non-reversible and final
form i.e. bhasma.
Definition:
The process by which metals, minerals or any hard substance is subjected to
soaking, drying and ignition to convert bhasma is known as Marana. This Marana
process converts into fine state of smaller molecules and makes the light as to be
highly absorbable and assimilated after administration.
1. Marana is process by which metal looses its original state still retains its
originality.
2. Marana converts process drug into a biological acceptable form.
Marana of Yashada:
As the melting point of Yashada is low, it melts easily when subjected to puta
after shodhana. So does not reduce to bhasma. This is convenience can be rectified
adopt another procedure known as Jarana. By this molten metal is converted into a
powder form.
Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps.
1. Jarana
2. Bhavana
3. Formation of Chakrika
4. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava.
5. Sealing of Sharava
6. Puta (heatings)
But Rasatarangini has explained a different method for the Yashada marana in
4th method 35 .
In this method shodhita Yashada put into loha patra and subjected to Agni.
After melting the Yashada, stirred it carefully with loha shalaka till Yashada
completely converts into powder form. Then filtered through the cloth when cooling
31
and again remaining part of Yashada is subjected to Agni, repeat the process till
whole Yashada is converted completely into bhasma form.
In Rasamrita also explained, research work has been done on this metal and on
that basis this metal needs 7000C temperature maintained for 1 hour for its marana
and to make its bhasma completely free from the presence of free metal content.
Further 7 to 10 heating at the above-mentioned temperature range was found
necessary for its complete marana.
Pharmacological Properties36-41
Sl.No Name of classics
Kashaya Tikta
Katu
Sheeta
Sheeta veerya
KP hara
R.T
A.P
R.J
R.M
B.N
M.N
Table No. 3
By observing the above table Yashada bhasma is having the following properties.
Rasa
Kashayatikta
Guna
Sheeta
Veerya
Sheeta
Doshaghnata Kaphapittashamaka
32
Therapeutic Uses:
Yashada bhasma was chiefly used for external application in some disease. In
Rasagranthas and Nighantu Yashada bhasma is used in various disease listed as
below.
Indication of Yashada bhasma40-47.
Sl.No
Disease
RT
AP RJ
RM B.N
M.N
Prameha
Pandu
Shwasa
Vruna and Vrunasrava
Rajasrara
Netraroga
Table No-4
Indication of yashadamrita Malahara48:
1. Vruna
2. Vicharchika
3. Agnidagda Vruna
33

MODERN DESCRIPTION OF ZINC 49:
Zinc is a metal, which resembles tin in many respects and is used for making
alloys. Now a day it is used mostly for coating for coating iron vessels to prevent them
from roasting. In addition it is also one of the constituents of dry cell batteries. Zinc
minerals are generally found associated with lead and Copper-minerals.
Occurrence:
Zinc is not found in native forms rather it is obtained almost from minerals. It is
usually found in native in the form of
1. Sulphide
ZnS (Zinc blends)
2. Oxide
ZnO (Zinc cite)
3. Carbonate
ZnCO 3 (Calamine)
4. Zinc Silicate
ZnSiO4
The major producers of Zinc are Canada, Russia, Australia, Peru, USA, Mexico,
China, Japan, China, Spain, and Sweden.
In India found in Rajasthan. A belt of Zinc covers an area of about 30 square
meters in the Zawar and Udaipur region of Rajasthan. It has also been located in certain
parts of Kashmir.
Extraction:
An extensive community followed by floatation is directed at separating Zinc
from lead, copper and as far as possible from Iron. The process involves the following
operations.
1. Concentration.
2. Roasting
3. Smelting and Distillation
4. Refining
34
Roasting to ZnO is essential for all-purpose. Further, the heating at high

temperature with Coal converts them into Zinc. The chemical reactions in the process are
as under.
2 ZnS+3O2
2 ZnO+2SO2
ZnCO3
ZnO+CO2
ZnO+C
Zn+CO
Outline of extraction of Zinc metal.

Ore Zinc blende
Concentrated Ore
Pure Zinc
Roasting
Refining
Zinc Oxide
Crude Zinc
Distillation
Properties:
1. Zinc is shiny, bluish, white brittle metal.
2. Zinc possesses a crystalline structure.
3. Zinc melts at 419.58 0C
4. It has specific gravity at about 7.15 gm/ cubic centimeter at 200C
5. Zinc may be rolled out into sheets or drawn into wire between 1000C and
1500C, but it reverts to a brittle condition and may be readily powdered under
the hammer.
6. It is unaffected by dry air, but becomes superficially tarnished in moist air.
7. It is highly acted upon by acids and alkalis.
8. It is soluble in dilute acids.
9. At high temperature it burns in air producing a greenish white flame.
35
ZINC OXIDE (Yashada bhasma)

It is prepared by burning Zinc in air or by igniting Zinc carbonate. The white
fumes of Zinc oxide are condensed and collected.
2 Zn+O2
ZnCO3
2ZnO
ZnO+CO2
Properties:
1. It is a white powder it is known as Philosophers wool.
It is attached by acids to form corresponding salts ZnO+H2SO4
It is attached by acids to form soluble alkali Zincates
ZnSO4+H2O
ZnO+2NaOH Na2
ZnO2+H2O
Therapeutic properties:
Absorption: Zinc salts are absorbed from GI tract and stored in liver, spleen and
kidney.
Elimination: Through stool, small amount by bile and urine.
Uses50:
1. Good antiseptic, Astringent, Mild soothing local sedative.
2. Emetic like copper.
3. Relieves chronic inflammation like gonorrhea, leucorrhoea, otitis and even
eye disorders.
4. It checks the bleeding and secretion from the broken skin by precipitating the
secretion and providing soothing and protective effects. So it is used in most
of the skin disease and varicose ulcer
5. Even zinc enhances the insulin binding capacity so used in Diabetic mellitus.
6. It acts as nervine tonic, sedative, antispasmodic and astringent.
36

GIRISINDHOORA51:
Girisindhoora is well known in ancient days, most of Rasagranthas mentioned as
a Sadharana rasa. But Bhavaprakasha, Rasataranginikara included in Upadhatu. Some
authors are called it is a red oxide of mercury. But Rasataranginikara clearly mentioned
that it is lead oxide and addition to it by seeing the synonyms it is originated from Naga.
And also it is prepared from the Mriddarshringa (PbO) by heating 400 to 450C it
becomes red colour called Sindhoora. Now a day what type of Sindhoora available in
market is chemically lead proxide.
Vernacular name:
Sans
Raktanga, Sindhoora, Nagasambhava etc.
Eng
Read lead, Red oxide of lead.
Arab
Isrenj
Bengali
Gujarat
Sindhoora
Kannada
Marathi
Tamilu
Sagappusindhooram
Telagu
Yerrasindhooram
Malayalam
Chinturam
Persi
Suraj-Sang
Hindi
Inglur
37

Synonyms of Girisindhoora51-58:
Sl.No
Synonyms
RT
RRS
RM
RJ
Sindhoora
Nagaja
Nagagarbhaja
Nagarenuka
Mangalya
Bhalasoubhagya
Ganeshabhoosham
Shringarabhooshana
Rakarenu
10
Sisaka
11
Sisaja
12
Rasagarbha
13
Rasasindhoora
14
Nagaja
15
Nagarakta
16
Sriman
17
Vasantamangal
18
Raktaraja
19
Vanapishta
BP
KN
MN
RD
+
+
Table No-5
Occurrence:
It is found in the form of mineral. In India found in Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan.
This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. It is dry red. This is
compound of lead and other things.
Grahya lakshana59:
Sukshma kanayukta, Snigdha, Guru, Bright in colour, Mrudu, Clear.
38
Shodhana and Marana:

Most of Authorities are not mentioned Shodhana and Marana because it is in
oxide form. Few authors are mentioned about Shodhana, subjected to bhavana with
Godugdha60 and Amladravya61.
Guna62-66:
No were mentioned internal administration, but can be used external only.
Rasa
Katu, Tikta
Veerya
Ushna
Guna
Ushna
Doshaghnata Tridosha shamaka
Guna of Girisindhoora
Sl.No
Text
Katu
Tikta Ushna Ushna
Dosha
rasa
rasa
Guna
Veerya
Shamaka
RRS
Tridosha
DN
BP
RN
RC
Table No-6
39

Rogaghnata67-74
Indications of Sindhoora.
Sl.No
Disease
RRS
RT
RC BP MN MN KN DN
Netra
Kushta
Kandu
Vruna shodana, ropana
Bhagna sandhana
Visha
Kshudra kushta
Pama,Sidma Vicharchika
Visarpa
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table No-7
Description75 :
Sindhoora is prepared from lead. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan and
heated in an open atmosphere, to get it reached with oxygen and form a red colour
covering on the external surface of lead. This is known as Sindhoora. While collecting
the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining portion is then
washed with water and dried. The Sindhoora, which is red, heavy, fine and smooth, is
considered best.
40

MODERN DESCRIPTION OF RED LEAD 76: (PB 3O4 )
It is prepared by heating lead monoxide in a reverberate furnace to a temperature
0
of 450 C
2 Pb O+O2
2Pb 3O4
Properties:
1. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead
dioxide -2 PbO.PbO2
2. It is bright, orange, red, granular, crystalline powder.
3. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on cooling.
4. It is insoluble in water.
5. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.
2 Pb 3O4+O2
6Pb O+O2
6. It is reduced to metallic lead on heating to carbon, carbon monoxide or hydrogen.

Pb 3O4+4C
3Pb+4CO
Pb 3O4+4CO
3Pb+4CO.
Therapeutic properties77:
Absorption:
Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract, skin and stored in central
nervous system, kidneys, liver and bone. In the blood 90% is present in RBCs.
Elimination: Slowly by the urine, sweat and stool.
Uses:
1. Have feeble action on the broken skin.
2. Good astringent, antiphlogistic, local sedative and stimulant, Allays itching
and control excessive discharge.
3. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema, pustular
eruption etc, to promote maturities of boils and abscesses and the healing
processes in all kinds of ulcers and wounds.
4.
An ointment made of Sindhoora and Pippali powder with Navaneeta is

applied in chronic eczema.
41
SASYAKA:
Sasyaka is well known drug from ancient time. In Charaka and Sushruta in the
name of Tuttha and Amrutasanga used in various places. By the evidence of Charaka
Samhita from 3200 years used as medicine and most of Rasagranthas are explained
Sasyaka as a Maharasa.
Vernacular names: Hindi
Nilottha, Tuttiya
Marati
Moracute
Gujarathi
Morathuthu
Telagu
Mailututham
Eng
Copper Sulphate, Blue vitriol
Latin
Cupri Sulphus.
Synonyms of Sasyaka 78-84:

Sl.No
Paryaya
RM
RT
RD
Tuttha
RN BN DN
MN
Tutthaka
Tuttyanjana
Mayuraka
Mayurtutthka
Shitthagriva
Tamragarbha
Amritasanga
Vitunnaka
10
Amritodbhava
11
Neelashmaja
12
Shilakantha
13
Haritashma
Table No-8
42
Origin85: The Garuda consumed Harital visha after drinking the Amrita. Hence he
vomited the poison mixed with the Amrita on Niligiri Mountain. Later it solidified and
turned into Sasyaka.
Praptisthana:It is occurs in the form of native & artificial. Germany, Sweden, Spain,
France, England. In India Bihar and Rajasthan.
Grahyalakshanas86:That which looks like the colour of Mayurakantha , snigdha and guru..
That which occurs in nature is called Swabhavaja and that which is made
artificially is called Tuttha. Both yield copper as their Satwa.
Shodhana87-91:Shodhana dravya according to different authorities
Sl.No
Dravya/Method
RRS
RT
Raktavargadravya bhavana
Snehadravya sinchana
Nimbuswarasa bhavana
Gomutra swedhana
RJ
RM
+
+
RSS
Table No-9
43
RM
RD
RJ
R.Cu
RN
DN
10
BN
11
MN
Rasayana
chakshusy
Bhedana
Lekhana
AP
Vamaka
Kapha
pitta
RRS
Sheeta
veerya
Ushana
veerya
Laghu
RT
Kshara
Stula
Madhura
Kashaya
Grantha
Sl.No
Katu rasa
Guna Karma of Sasyaka 92-102
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table No-10
Rogaghnata 103-113:Indications of Sasyaka

Sl.No
Disease
RT
RRS
Krimi
Shula
Kushta
Switra
Amlapitta
Ashmari
Kandu
Arsha
Vruna
10
Visha
RM
RJ
RD
RC
AP
RN
DM
BN
MN
+
+
+
+
Table No-11
44

MODERN DESCRIPTION OF COPPER SULPHATE 114(CUSO4. 5H2O)
It is a blue coloured crystalline copper mineral, which is available
occasionally in nature form also. Now a day it is prepared artificially by combining
Copper with Sulphuric acid.
Laboratory preparation:
It is prepared by the action of cupric oxide, Carbonate or hydroxide in dilute
Sulphuric acid followed by evaporation & crystallization.
CuO+H2SO4
CuSo4+H2O
CuCO3+ H2SO4
CuSo4+H2O+CO2
Cu (OH) 2+ H2SO4
CuSo4+2.H2O
Manufacture:
On a large scale Copper Sulphate is obtained by boiling copper tailings with
Conc. H2SO4. Blue solution of Copper Sulphate is formed.
Cu+ 2H2SO4
CuSo4+SO4+2H2O.
Treating copper scrapping in hot dilute. Sulphuric acid in presence of air also obtains it.
2Cu+2H2SO4+O2
2CuSo4+2H2O.
In another process, the mineral Copper Pyrites (Cu2S, Fe2 S3) is roasted in
air, Iron oxide and Copper Sulphate is formed. The roasted mass is treated with water,
copper sulphate dissolves and is separated by filtration. On crystals of CuSO4.5H2O. is
formed.
45
Properties:
1. Specific gravity 2.1 to 2.3
Hardness 2.5
2. It is bluish green in colour.
3. Synthetic form is only bluish in colour and opaque.
4. It is easily soluble in water.
5. It looses all the water of crystallization when heated up to 250 C & forms white
amorphous powder.
CuSO4. 5H2O
CuSO4 +5H2O
It becomes blue when few drops of water added to it.

6. On electrophoresis, Copper gets separated from its solution.
7. Its solution is acidic; hence blue litmus turns red, when dipped in its solution.
Chemical Composition:Mineral form of Blue vitriol has chemical composition Cu2 FeSO4. It
contains 50-70% Copper, 15-16% iron and sulphur.
Synthetic form isCuSO4. 5H2O CuO 31.8%
SO3 32.1%
H2O 36.1%
Therapeutic properties:
Absorption: Copper Sulphate absorbed with difficulty in minute quantities either when
given by mouth or from wounds and other mucous surfaces. And stored in
liver, spleen and kidneys.
Elimination: Through stool, urine, bile, saliva and sweat.
Uses115:
1. It is powerful astringent, antiseptic, stimulant, styptic and mild caustic.
2. It is applied indolent ulcers, exuberant granulations, sinuses and fistula in ano,
eczema, impetigo and eye disorders.
3. As emetic.
46

ARKA116:
Gana
Bhedaneeya, Swedopaga
Family
Asclepiaceac
Kula
Arka Kula
Latin
Calotropis
English Madar
Sanskrit Red calotropis - Toolaphala, Ksheeraparna, Shwetarka, Mandur, Vasuka,
Alarka, Raktarka, Arkaparna, Arkanama
White calotropis - Shuklarka, Japan, Supushpa, Vrittamallika
Varities:- There are two varieties depending on the colour of the flowers.
1. White
2. Bluish red.
According to Rajanighantu- 1. Arka
2. Rajarka
3. Shuklarka 4. Shweta mandar
Habitat: - All over India in dry & pungent soil, Srilanka, Iron, Africa.
Chemical composition:
Small amount of yeast, madar alban, madar fluabil, resin & rubber. Some
plants have sugarika gum, Trypsin, Catorropin.
Properties:
Guna - Laghu, Rooksha, Teekshna
Vipaka Katu
Rasa Katu, Tikta
Veerya Ushna
Dosha Kaphapitta shamaka.

Uses:Externaly Vedana sthapana, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana, Kushtaghna, Jantughna
Internally Deepaka, Pachaka, Raktashodhaka etc.
Modern:117
1. It is laxative and is beneficial in skin diseases and ulcers.
2. Research works reported the presence of a powerful bacteriocytic and
vermicidal action.
3. Anti-Inflammatory, antihelmentic and Procoagulant activity.
4. It is showing healing potential on dermal wound.
47

HARIDRA118:
Gana
Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vishaghna
Kula
Haridra Kula
Family Scitaminae
Latin
Curcuma longa
English Turmeric
Sanskrit Haridra, Harita, Jayanti, Kanchani, Nisha, Krumighna
Habitat All over India, In Maharashtra, Sangli is an important marketing center.
Chemical Composition:- 1% Volatile oil, Curcumin is responsible for its colour.
Turmeric oil has a peculiar odour & taste.
Properties:Guna Ruksha, Laghu
Veerya Ushna
Rasa Tikta, Katu
Vipaka Katu
Dosha Kaphavatashamaka
Uses:External use Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana
and Ropana, Krimighna.
Internal
Raktaprasadana, Raktashodhaka, Deepana, Jantughna.
Modern:119
1. It is used in disorders of blood, liver and certain skin disorders.
2. It is applied in pains and as an antiparacytic for many skin affections.
3. Showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both exudative and proliferative
inflammation.
4. Another work reported that the alcohol extract and essential oil from curcuma
longa showed bactericidal activity.
48

SARSHAPA TAILA 120:Kula Rajika
Family Crucifereae
Latin Brassica alba
Sanskrit Sarshapa, Katuka, Sneha, Tantubha, Kadambak, Siddhartha.
Verities:1. Shweta - Superior
2. Rakta
Habitat:- All over India.
Chemical Composition:Glycocides of arachidic (0.5%), behenic(2-3%), eicosenoic (7-8%), erusic(4060%), legnoceric(1-2%), linoleic(14-18%), oleic (20-22%), myristic(0.5-10%)acids.
Properties:
Guna
Snigdha, Laghu
Rasa
Katu, Tikta
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Katu
Dosha
Vatakaphashamaka
Uses:Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.

Modern:121 Research works shows
1. Highly successful in promoting the absorption of scar tissue.
2. Powerful disinfect or antiseptic.
3. Improved epidermal barrier function.
4. Vasodilatation by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers.
5. Antihistamine and anti pruratic.
49
Description of drugs used for Shodhana:1. Tila taila 122

Rasa
Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya
Guna
Ushna, Teekshna, Sukshma, Vishada, Vyavayi
Vipaka
Madhura
Veerya
Ushna
Doshakarma
Kaphavata Shamaka
Karma
Vrishya, Amapachaka
2. Takra 123
Rasa
Madhura, Amla, Kashaya
Guna
Laghu, Ushna
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Karma
Deepana, Shotha, Udara, Grahini, Arsha, Mootraroga,

Aruchi, Gulma, Pleeha, Panduroga nashaka
3. Gomutra124 :Guna
Laghu, Teekshna, Ushna, Kshariya
Karma
Deepana, Medhya.
According to Indian matria medica, Gomutra contains ammonia in

concentrated form it is used in both internal and external medication. It also has a
laxative & purgative nature. So it is used in various medicinal preparations like
Punarnava mandoor, Marichadi taila. It is good bioavailability enhancing drug.
4. Kanji 125 :Kanji prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is khanji.
Guna
Teekshna, Laghu
Rasa
Amla
Dosha
Kaphavatashamaka
Karma
Rechana, Pachana
When applied externally it cures Daha and Jwara.
50

5. Kulattha 126 :Guna
Ushna
Rasa
Kashaya
Vipaka
Katu
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Karma
Gulma, Grahim, penasa, Kasahara
6. Nirgundi 127 :Latin name
Vites nigundo
Family
Verbinaceae
Sanskrit
English
Five leaved chaste French tree
Kan
Bili yakki
Useful part
Root, fruit, flower & leaves
Sephalika
Properties:Rasa
Tikta, Kashaya and Katu
Guna
Rooksha
Dosha
Kaphavata shamaka
Veerya
Ushna
Vipaka
Katu
Chemical composition: - Leaves contain a colourless essential oil of the odour of

drug and a resin, fruit contain an acid, traces of alkaloid & a colouring matter.
Action:- Leaves are externally used as a ant parasitic and powerful discutient,
Internally expectorant, nerving.
51

7. Nimbuka128
Kula
Jambur
Family
Rutaceae
English
Lime
Latin name
Citrus acid
Sanskrit
Nimbuka,
Shodhana,
Amlajambeera,
Vahnibeja,
Vahni,
Deepana,
Amlasara,
Rochana,
Jantunmari, Rajnimbuka
Habitat - All over India, specially in Himalaya pradesh, Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra.
Chemical composition:7-10% Citric acid, phosphoric acid, malic acid, citrate, sugar, mucin and
alkaloids.
Properties:Guna
Laghu
Rasa
Amla
Veerya
Anushna
Vipaka
Madhura
Dosha
Kaphavatashamaka
Karma
Deepaka,
Virechaka,
Raktastambhaka,
Kasa
Chardihara.
52
Review of Literature. Disease
VICHARCHIKA
Vicharchika is one of the most commonly encountered skin diseases, which
comes under Kshudra Kushta. The affected individual undergoes severe discomfort and
disfigurement.
Historical Review
The historical aspects of the disease Vicharchika in terms of Kushta can be traced
from Vedic period itself.
Vedic Period (2500BC-100BC)

The earliest knowledge of Ayurveda is derived from the Vedas, especially from
Athrvaveda. In Athrvaveda the disease Kushta is explained and mentioned that Pama is a
variety of Kushta. In Amarakosha129 Pama, Kacchu, Vicharchika are quoted as
synonyms. In Vishnupurana, Vayupurana, Markandeya Purana the description of Kushta
and its Chikitsa are available.
In Panineeyakala, while naming the Rogas the particular style was adopted, by
adding NUL Pratyaya and making the names to be similar as Prachardika, Pravahika and
Vicharchika. In Brihat Samhita. Vicharchika is explained as variety of Kushta.
Samhita Kala (1000BC-100AD)
Maximum contribution towards Ayurveda was given during this period. The
explanation and treatment of Vicharchika is available in Nidana Sthana 5th chapter and in
Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter of Charaka Samhita.
Sushrutha Samhita deals with Vicharchika, its Symptomatology and its Chikitsa
in Nindana Sthana 5th chapter and Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter.
Astanga Hrudaya also deals Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta and few
Yogas have been indicated for the treatment of Vicharchika in Nidana Sthana 14th and
Chikitsa Sthana 19th chapter.
53
Bhela Samhita, Hareetha Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita all has dealt Vicharchika as
a variety of Kshudra Kushta and separate Yogas have been explained under its context.
Nighantu Kala (800AD 1700AD)
In Madhava Nidana, description on Vicharchika, its Symptomatology is available.
Sharagadhara deals only the varieties of Kushta under which Vicharachika are also
mentioned.
Bhavaprakasha, Yogaratnakara, Vangasena, Gadanigraha, Basavarajeeyam,
Kalyanakaraka, Vrindavaidyaka, and Chakradatta in all these books the description of
Vicharchika and its treatment is available.
Adhunika Kala (1700 AD onwards)
Books like Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Vaidya Vinoda, Ayurveda Prakasha,
Siddhaprayoga Latika, Sidda Bheshaja Manimala, Rasayoga Sagara, Brihat Yoga
Tarangini etc., were written in this period. These books include chiefly the Chikitsa
aspect where the particular Chikitsa for Vicharchika is also available.
Nirukti
According to Monier Williams Sanskrit English dictionary, the word
Vicharchika comprises of root word "Charcha" with "Vi" Upasarga, which means that
cutaneous eruption with, itch and scab.
Paribhasha
The term Vicharchika is defined as one of the variety of Ekadasha Kushta, in
which the main clinical manifestations are Kandu, Pidaka, Shyava Varna and Srava.
' d
INg dfdNI, Sddd, dUgdd, edddedId 130.
Acharya Charaka, Vagbhata, Bhavamishra, Yogaratnakara, Kashyapa, and

Madhavakara give same opinion.
54
Where as Acharya Sushruta defines Vicharchika as

"TSddyed
INgded ddZ d d: dded ddyddgg edddedIdSdd "131
i.e. a skin disorder associated with Atikandu, Atiruja and Rookshata of the Twacha.
Bhedas
The Bhedas of Vicharchika can be made on the basis of guna and doshic
predominance.
On the basis of Guna
Rooksha Vicharchika
Sravi Vicharchika
On the basis of Doshic predominance
Pitta Pradhana
Kapha Pradhana
Nidana
Specific Nidanas for each variety of Kushta are not described in Ayurvedic
classic. As Vicharchika is one among the different types of Kushta, the Samanya Nidanas
described in the context of Kushta holds good for Vicharchika also.
The various causative factors responsible for Kushta can be categorized as follows
Aharaja.
Viharaja.
Daiva Apacharaja.
Oushadhi Kritha.
Panchakarma Apacharaja.
Aharaja, Viharaja and Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas according to different authors
shown in table No 11,12 and 13 respectively.
55
Oushadhikritha
Some of the Rasadravyas when used in impure state though being Kushtaghna
Dravyas, may result in Kushta. In table No.14 different Oushadhikrita Nidanas are
shown.
Panchakarma Apacharaja
The Panchakarma procedures are adopted to eliminate the Aggravated Doshas,
but by improper application of Panchakarma measures, there will be residual Doshas in
the body, which again aggravates and accumulated in the Shakadi Marga. Such
accumulation results in Shithilata of Dhatus leading to manifestation of Kushta.
56

Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.
SL
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Type of Ahara
Ch.S
Su.S
B.S.
A.H.
H.S.
Viruddahara
Ajeerna, Adhyashana
Matsya
Dugdati Sevana
Amlati Sevana
Guru Ahara
Gramya Udaka with Anupamamsa
Sevana
Sneha
Dadhi Sevana
Lakucha & Kakamachi
Matsya and Payasa
Ahitashana
Drava Snigdha Ahara
Navanna, Kulattha, Yavaka
Lavana, Atasi
Moolaka, Satata Madhu Sevana
Tila, Pista, Guda
Chilichima with Milk
Madya Amla Dravya with Milk
Guda with Milk
Matsya Nimba with Milk
Mamsa with Madhu
Papodaka
Vidagdha Ahara Sevana
Guda with Mulaka
Havi Prashana
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
Table No-11
57

Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.
Sl.No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Type of Ahara
Ch.Su
Su.Su
B.S.
A.H.
H.S.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
Chardi Nigraha,
Vegavarodha
Sheetambu Snana after Atapa Sevana
Diva Swapna
Mithya Vihara
Vyavaya, Atisantapa
Shrama. Bhaya. Sheetambu Sevana
Ratri Jagarana
Ajeernepi Vyayamam
Vyavaya after Vidahi Ahara Sevana
Gramya Dharma Sevana
Table No-12
+
+
+
+
-
Showing Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.

Sl.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Types of Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas Ch.S Su.S

Papakarma
+
+
Vipran Gurun Garshayatan
+
+
Poorvakruta Karma
+
+
Gohatya
Use of money acquired by theft.
+
Sadhu Ninda and Vadha
+
+
Table No-13
AH
+
+
+
+
+
B.S
-
H.S.
+
-
Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasaushadhi Leading to Kushta Utpatti.

Sl. No.
1.
Rasa Oushdhi Nidanas

Parada
Kushta Utpatti
Kushta Utpatti
Reference
AP.19, RT5/8
2.
Abhraka
Kushta Utpatti
AP. 2/103
3.
Roupya Makshika
Mandala Utpatti
AP 4/11
4.
Gandhaka
Kushta Utpadaka
AP. 2/18
5.
Haratala
Sphota Utpadaka
R.R S 3/69
6.
Vanga
Kilasa Kushta
R.T. 28/7
7.
Vaikranta
Kilasa Kushta
A.P 5/160
8.
Loha
Kushta Utpadaka
A.P 3/224
Table No-14
58
Twacha Shareera Vivechana

Twacha is considered one among the sapta dravya responsible for the
manifestation of Kushta. So the knowledge of twacha and kriya is important. According
to charaka and Vagbhata Twacha is divided into six layers, whereas Sushrutha describes
7 layers.
Twak is considered as Upadhatu of Mamsa Dhatu and one among the Pancha
Jnanendriya, Vayu and Akasha are the Indriya Dravyas present in Twacha, Sparsha is
Indriyartha, and Sparshagnana is Indriya buddhi. It is the seat of Bhrajaka Pitta. During
the process of Parinama of Shukra and Shonita and after the formation of Garbha Twak
and all other Dhatus begin to form just as the cream of milk being formed during boiling
of milk.
Vagbhatacharya mentioned that all types Kushta occurs in fourth layer.
As the adhisthana of Vicharchika is not mentioned by any Acharyas and
considering Vagbhatas opinion that fourth layer of Twacha is the Adhishtana of various
types of Kushta. The Adhishtana of Vicharchika can be inferred as the fourth layer.
Rakta Vivechana
Rakta is one among the Kushtakaraka sapta drayas. While describing Rakta
Pradoshaja Vyadhis, Charaka mentions Kushta one among them. He also mentions some
specific varieties of Kushta like Dadru, Charmadala, Switra etc., but has not included
Vicharchika. Vicharchika being a variety of Kushta can be considered as Rakta
Pradoshaja Vyadhi.
Mamsa Vivechana
Mamsa, one among the Sapta Dravyas causing Kushta. Twacha is the Sarabhaga
of Mamsa Dhatu. The maintenance of healthy skin depends on the state of Mamsa Dhatu.
Meda Pusti and Mala Pusti are the functions of Mamsa Dhatu. When Mamsa Dhatu is
involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders it may manifest as Vicharchika.
59
Laseeka
It is a kind of Udakamsha and is included among the Dravyas resulting in Kushta.
It is a Mala of Rasadhatu and stays in Twak.
Samprapti
All the classical textbooks of Ayurveda have explained common Samprapti of
Kushta. Even though Kushta is classified into Maha Kushta and Kshudra Kushta. There
is no separate Samprapti emphasized by any author. So that the Kushta Samanya
Samprapti should be considered for Vicharchika also.
Kushta Samprapti According to Different Acharyas
According to Charakacharya
The vitiated Sapta Dravyas are considered as Sannikrusta Hetus for Kushta. The
vitiated Doshas vitiate Twacha, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu and combination of these Sapta
Dravyas will be localized in between Twak and Mamsa and produce different varieties of
lesion at different sites over the skin. They are named differently based on the site and
nature of skin.
d|ddQSddSddy
Qgddd ddaddadg d QdydSded dd Igdddaa ddIdy QSd dadU 132.
According to Sushruta
The deranged Vata along with Pitta and Kapha enters into the Siras, which are
transversely spread over the surface of the body. Thus the vitiated Vata deposits Pitta and
Kapha on the skin through the medium of their channels and spread them over the surface
of the body. The areas of the skin in which the morbid Doshas are deposited become
marked with Mandalas or skin patches. If these vitiated Doshas are not brought into
normalcy, they enter into deeper and deeper Dhatus.133
60
According to Vagbhatacharya
Due to Nidana Sevana the Doshas gets vitiated and spread to Tiryakgata Siras and
vitiates Twacha, Laseeka and Asruk. This produces Shithilikarana and Vaivarnya. The
disease Kushta manifests wherever the morbid Doshas get lodged.134
Madhavakara , Bhavapraksha and Yogaratnakara explains Samprapti similar to
that of Charaka .
After going through the Samanya Samprapti of Kushta Vicharchika Samprapti
can explained as follows.
"By Nidana Sevana Agnimandya takes place leading to vitiation of three Doshas
with the predominance of Pitta and Kapha. Mainly Pitta and Kaphakara Nidanas result in
the vitiation of Kleda initiating the process of Pathogenesis. These vitiated Doshas with
Dhatus, i.e., Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu enter the Tiryakgata Siras and lodges in the
Twacha".
Kleda plays an important role in the pathogenesis because both Pitta and Kapha
being Drava Dhatus are considered as Kleda karaka Sannikrishta Nidanas. Kapha Dosha
due to Sneha, Sheeta and Pichchila Guna and Pitta by Sneha, Drava and Ushna Guna
leads to accumulation of Kleda. Along with Kleda vitiated doshas takes Ashraya in
Twacha leading to the clinical manifestation of Vicharchika.
61

Schematic Presentation of Samprapti
Nidana Sevana
Dosha Prakopa
Doshas moves in Tiryakgata Siras
Srotodusti (Sanga and Atipravrutti)
Doshas lodges in Twacha
Vitiation of Twacha, Rakta ,Mamsa and Ambu
Vicharchika
( Kandu, Pidaka, Shyavata, Sravata, / Rookshta)
Samprapti Ghatakas Of Vicharchika
Dosha
Pitta pradhana Tridosha/ Kapha pradhana Tridosha
Dooshya
Twak, Rakta, Mamsa and Ambu
Agni
Jataragni, Dhatwagni
Ama
Jataragni mandyajanya, Dhatwagni mandyajanya.
Srotas
Rasavaha, Raktavaha, Swedovaha
Srotodusti
Sanga and Atipravrutti
Udbhava sthana
Amashaya and Pakwashaya
Sanchara Sthana
Tiryakgata sira
Adishtana
4th layers of Twacha
Vyakta sthana
Twacha
Rogamarga
Bahya
Swabhava
Chirakari
Purva Roopa
The common purvaroopas are mentioned in the context of Kushta. Which are
applicable to all eighteen varieties of Kushta. The same also applies to Vicharchika.
Different Purva Roopas common in Kushta according to different authors is
shown in table No.15.
62
Showing Purva Roopas Common in Kushta According to Various Authors.

Sl.
No.
1.
Purvaroopas
Ch.S
Su.S
AH
KaS
Asweda
2.
Atisweda
3.
Parushya
4.
Atislakshnata
5.
Vaivarnya
6.
Kandu
7.
Nistoda
8.
Suptata
9.
Paridaha
10.
Ushmayana
11.
Gourava
12.
Shwayathu
13.
Visarpagamana
14.
Shrama
15.
Kota
16.
Rookshatwa
17.
Pipasa
18.
Raga
19.
Dourbalya
20.
Pariharsha
21.
Pidaka
22.
Ativedana
Table No. 15
63
Roopa
In our classics the specific lakshanas of Vicharchika are mentioned.
Acharya Charaka, Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara describes Vicharchika as
' d
INg dfdNI, Sddd, dUgdd, edddedId 135.
According to Charaka it is a kapha pradhana vyadhi ( Kapha praya Vicharchika).

According to Sushruta, Vicharchika is pitta pradhana vyadhi
"TSddyed
INgded ddZ d d: dded ddyddgg edddedIdSdd " 136
According to Vagbhata
"d
INg dfdNI, Sddd, dedIdQSd edddedId "137
Acharya Vagbhata instead of Srava, he used the word Laseeka.

So each lakshanas can be analyzed as follows:
Kandu
Kandu is one among the Kapha Vruddhi Lakshana, here Karmataha Vruddhi of
Kapha. Acharya Kashyapa mentions that Kandu is due to Ambu. Kandu is also Vruddhi
Lakshana of Sweda.
Shyavata
Shayava Varna could be due to the vitiation of Rakta by Dosha. Acharya
Vagbhata has mentioned that Rakta becomes blackish colour in Purvaroopavastha as Pitta
Pradhana Tridosha vitiates it. Pitta Dushti leads to Krishna Varna.
Pidakas
Pidakas are the characteristic feature of Vicharchika, when the vitiated Pitta,
localise in twacha and Rakta, the Pidakas manifest.
Srava
It occurs because of Dravyataha Vruddhi of Pitta.
64
Raji
The fissure formed at the affected part of Twacha is called Raji. It is due to
Gunataha Vruddhi of Vata.
Atiruja
Acharya Sushruta tells Ruja attributed to Vedana. This symptom is due to Vikruta
Vata Dosha. When the lesion of Vicharchika are extensive , Vedana may be felt.
Rookshata
As Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that the Vicharchika is a Rooksha variety,
the aggravated Vata Dosha may play a predominant role.
Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika According to Various Authors.
Sl.
No.
1.
Lakshanas
Cha.S
Su.S
AH
B.S
K.S
B.P
Y.R
Kandu
2.
Pidaka
3.
Shyava varna
4.
Srava
5.
Atiruja
6.
Rookshata
7.
Raji
8.
Praklinnata
9.
Paka
10.
Rakta Varna
Table No. 16
Upashaya Anupashaya
After investigating a disease with the help of Nidana, Samprapti, Purvaroopa and
Roopa, one may be still doubt in diagnosing the disease and also to adopt the proper line
of treatment. In such case Upashaya and Anupashaya will help us to some extent.
65
The Oushadhas, Ahar, Viharas which is comfortable or gives relief either by

acting directly the cause of the disease or the disease itself or to both, are called
Anupashaya138.
The opposite of Upashaya i.e., if the patient feels discomfort by the use of
Oushadha, Ahara and Vihara is called Anupashaya.
In our classics, the Pratyatma Lakshanas can make the Upashaya Anupashaya of
Vicharchika and which relieves such Symptom are considered as Upashaya.
However, the causative factors themselves may be taken as Anupashaya, as these
may also act as the aggravating factors of the presenting symptoms.
Sapeksha Nidana
Certain diseases though they are different from Vicharchika but exhibits some
similar signs and symptoms. So it is necessary to rule out such possible disease to obtain
right diagnosis.
Showing the Sapeksha Nidana
Sl.
No.
Name
Dosha
Vedana
Varna
Pidaka
Sthanas
1.
Dadru
Pitta ,
Kapha
Kandu
Tamra
Ustanna,
Mandalavata
Pama
Pitta,
Kapha
Kandu,
Ruja,
Daha
Shweta,
Aruna
Sravayukta
Bahu
3.
Shataru
Pitta,
Kapha
Daha,
Arati
Neela,
Lohita,
Peeta,
Asita
Sthoolamoola
Bahu Srava
Bahupidaka
4.
Kachchu
Pitta
Teevra
Daha
2.
Sphik,
Pani,
Koorpara
Parva
Sphik,
Pani, Pada
Table No.17
66
Sadhyasadhyata
Various authors mentioned, on the basis of involvement of Doshas, Dooshya and
signs and symptoms have explained Sadhyasadhyata of Kushta. According to Charaka
Ekadoshaja and Vata Kaphaja Kushta are Sadhya, Kapha Pittaja and Vata Pittaja Kashta
are Kashta Sadhya. Kushta having all signs and symptoms with Bala Kshaya, Trishna,
Daha, Agnimandya and Krimi is Asadhya.139
According to Sushruta, the patient who has got full control over his sense organs
and the disease pathogenesis is affecting only twak. Rakta and Mamsa are Sadhya. If the
disease pathogenesis reaches to the Medodhatu it is Yapya. If it proceeds to further
Dhatus it becomes Asadhya.
Madhavakara has accepted the Sushrutas explanation but he has considered those
varieties of Kushta in which Meda, Asthi and Majja Dhatu are involved as Yapya.
Acharya Vagbhata gives the same opinion like that of Charaka and Sushruta.
Along with this he adds, Raktaja and Mamasagata Kushta is Kashta Sadhya and
Twakstha Kushta is Sadhya.
By looking at the above explanations Vicharchika that is Pitta and Kapha
Pradhana Vyadhi with the involvement of Twak, Rakta Mamsa can be considered as
Kashta Sadhya Vyadhi.
Chikitsa
The general line of treatment explained for Kushta is applicable to Vicharchika
also. As per Charka, according to the Doshic predominance Shodhana has to be adopted.
In Vata Pradhana Kushta Sarpi Pana should be done, in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Vamana
should be done and in Pitta Pradhana Kushta Virechana and Raktamokshana should be
done140.
67
A specific periodicity for conducting Shodhana karma is mentioned by Sushruta

which is supported by most of the scholars of Ayurveda. Vamana karma has to be carried
out once in a fort night, Virechana once in a month, Nasyakarma has to be carried out on
every third day and Raktamokshana is advocated biannually141.
Sushruta further explains Chikitsa of Kushta based on the involvement of Dhatus.
If Kushta lodges in
Twak
Samshodhana.
Rakta
Samshodhana, Lepana, Kashayapana and Shonita

Avasechana.
Mamsa
along with Raktagata line of treatment Arishta,

Mantha should be administered.
When it involves Medo Dhatu the disease is considered as Yapya. But depending
on the patients condition Samshodhana and Raktavasechana should be done and the
Dravyas like Bhallataka, Shilajatu, etc., must be administered142
Acharya Vagbhata opines that, the Kushta must be treated with Snehapana
primarily. In Vata Pradhana Kushta the Taila or Ghrita prepared by Dashamoola,
Erandadi Dravyas must be administered. In Pitta Pradhana Kushta Ghrita prepared out of
Patola, Nimbadi Dravyas must be administered and in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Saptahva,
Chitraka Siddha Ghrita must be administered143.
So after attaining Koshta Shuddi by repeated Vamana and Virechana and
undergoing Raktamokshana, the usage of Lepa and other Shamanoushadhi will definitely
relieve Vicharchika.
68
The most commonly used palliative medicines and external applications are as
follows 144 :
Madhusnuhi Rasayana
Patola Muladi Kwatha Churna
Nimbadi Churna
Kushtarakshasa taila
Swarna Makshika Bhasma
Arogya Vardhini Gutika
Manjishtadi Taila
Siva Gutika
Brhat Manjishtadi Kwatha Churna
Nalapamaradi taila
Tamra Bhasma
Haratala Bhasma
Gandhaka Rasayana
Chitrakadi Taila etc.
Pathyapathya
Our Acharyas have not dealt with precise Pathya Apathya of Vicharchika
Separately. So the Pathya Apathya explained under Kushta can be considered here.
Pathya.
Ahara
Shookadhanya Varga : Purana Shali, Shastika Shali, Godhuma, Shyamaka
Shamidhanya Varga : Mudga, Masoora, Adaka and Bakuchi.
Mamsa Varga
: Jangala Pashu Pakshi
Shaka Varga
: Patola, Nimba, Chitraka, Hingu, Punarnava, Kakamachi

and Brihati, Lashuna, Khadira and Chakramarda.
Phala Varga
: Triphala, Sarshapa and Agaru
Mootra varga
: Gomutra, Ustra and Ashwa.
Apathya
Rasa
Amla, Lavana
Shamidhanya Varga :
Masha, Tila and Kulattha
Shookadhanya Varga :
Navanna
Mamsa Varga
Mamsa, Matsya and Anoopamamsa
Ahara Yoni Varga
Tila taila
Ikshu Varga
Guda, Ikshurasotpanna Varga
Gorasa Varga
Dugdha, Dadhi
Madya Varga
Madyas
Vihara: Divaswapna, Vyavaya, Vyayama, Soorya Tapa, Swedana, Papakarma,

Guruninda and Guru Gharshana.
69
ECZEEMA (ALLERGIC DERMATITIS)

With a background of comprehensive descriptions on Vicharchika by Ayurvedic
Classics, let us now Review the explanations on Allergic Dermatitis.
The term Allergy was introduced in 1906 by von parquet to designate
uncommitted biologic response, which may lead either to immunity or allergic diseases,
but over a period of time the term allergy is taken to mean IgE Mediated allergic
disease145.
Allergic Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin due to hypersensitivity.
Dermatitis 146-148
The term Eczema and Dermatitis are being used Synonymously and referred to
distinctive patterns of the skin which can be either acute or chronic due to number of
causes including Allergy. It is thus synonymous with dermatitis. However, according to
some only those dermatitis, which have allergy at the background should be called
eczema and others should be termed dermatitis.
Both these terms applied to variety of skin diseases with the specific
histopathological changes though originally applied to large number of skin diseases of
unknown origin now a day the term is more restrictive since many diseases have been
identified and classified. It has been seen almost all the cases of dermatitis are due to
hypersensitivity to various allergens that are, absorbed or in close proximity with the skin
or other wise due to peculiar Idiosyncrasies.
Allergy or hypersensitivity 149,150.
Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of
hypersensitiveness in man, which include asthma, hay fever, eczema, urticaria and
migraine.
A person who is overly reactive to a substance that is tolerated by other people is
said to be hypersensitive.
70
A hyper sensitive person starts secreting IgE antibodies those bind to allergens
forming IgEallergen complex. In response the mast cells and basophiles secrete
histamines, which initiate allergic inflammatory manifestations like skin or lungs. Once
sensitized the individual remains hyper sensitive to that particular antigen. Whenever the
allergen gets into the system the body reacts immediately through inflammation these
reactions can be systemic or local.
Common allergens include
i) Food
: Milk, Peanuts, Egg, Fish, Corn, Soya, Wheat etc.
ii) Drugs
: Almost all drugs are capable of inducing allergy. Popular drugs

include penicillin, anti hypertensives, and other antibiotic.
iii) Vaccines
: Pertusis, Typhoid.
iv) Venoms
: Honybee, Wasp, Snake
v) Cosmetics
: Hairdye, Nail polish, Perfumes, Deodorant.
vi) Chemical in plants : Poison ivy, Pollen, Dust.

vii) Microbes
: Salmonella typhi.
viii) Substances
: Leather, Clothing, Plants, Vegetables, Detergents, Chemicals,etc
Cardinal clinical features 151 of Allergic Dermatitis

The vesicle is a constant primary lesion. In some instances a vesicle is so minute
has not to be obvious. The first sign is the patch of erythema, accompanied by itching and
burning; this is soon covered with numerous tiny vesicles. These enlarge and often
coalesce. Later a rupture either spontaneously or by scratching and a clear serous fluid
exudes. Exudation continues once the surface of the skin has been broken and the exuded
serum then dries to form crusts, the more acute dermatitis, the greater degree of
enythema, pruritis or itching and vesiculation. As the disease subsides there is less
erythema and vesicle formation later papules and scales begin to form. In mild cases the
inflammation subsides rapidly, at much more frequently fresh crop of vesicles start up
around the edge of earlier patches while new lesions formed in other parts, some times
nearly whole skin is involved.
71
If the disease becomes chronic patches of Lichenification due to long scratching

are formed. Thus the cardinal features of Allergic dermatitis what ever the type or
whatever the cause are erythema, pruritis, vesicle formation, rupture of vesicles, crusting,
scale formation, healing and Lichenification. Itching is a constant symptom and varies
more with the temperament of individual than the stage of disease.
Classification 142,153.
I. Histological
i) Acute - Characterized by considerable spongiosis (intercellular oedema) leading to
formation of intraepidermal vesicles or bullas, these are permeated by acute inflammatory
cells. The upper dermis shows congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory
cell infiltrates or eosinophil especially or around small capillaries.
ii) Subacute Many follow acute stage, here spongiosis and vesicles are smaller and
epidermis shows moderate acanthuses, varying degree of paracaratosis in the horny layer
and formation of surface crusts containing degenerated leucocytes, bacteria and fibrin.
Here dermis contains perivascular nuclear infiltrate or eosinophil.
iii) Chronic Shows hyper caratosis, acanthuses, paracaratosis, elongation of Retie
ridges and broadened dermal papillae, vesicles are absent but slight spongiosus may be
present. The upper dermis shows perivascular chronic infiltrate fibrosis.
II. Based on Etiology.
i) Endogenous Here the dermatitis is as a result of endogenous cause where the
pathology is dominated by hypersensitivity reactions or atopy without an external cause.
Ex : Atopic dermatitis, Seborrhoeic eczema, Infectious eczematous dermatitis, Nummular
dermatitis.
72
ii) Exogenous As the name implies is inflammation of the skin from an external source
it may either be localized to a small area of skin or general in its distribution. Depending
on the intensity of the irritating factor it can be acute, sub-acute or chronic. There are
literally hundreds of Substances that can be produce dermatitis and they may act by direct
irritation or by effected individual having become sensitized to them or due to a personal
idiosyncrasy. Ex : Allergic contact dermatitis, Irritant Contact dermatitis, phyto and photo
dermatitis, drug allergy.
iii) Occupation Usually is a result of continuous exposure to skin irritants in many
occupations.
Ex : Strong cleaning agents or soaps, in laundry work, wet works, solvents, detergents,
vegetable juices, plants, weeds insecticides different dyes, chemicals etc.
Investigations 154
Patch testing to allergies
This is used in suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing to
irritants (Which cause reactions in everybody) is not advised.
Prick testing
This is used for few patients with stubborn atopic dermatitis if found or inhalant
allergens are suspected an exacerbating factor. Radio allergosorbent Test (RAST) is done
for the levels of allergen specific IgE.
Routine blood test
A specific type of blood cell called an eosinophil is elevated in allergic
conditions.
Management 155, It includes
Explanation, reassurance and encouragement.
Avoidance of contact with allergens / irritants.
Anti inflammatory like cortisone, Antihistamines and Antibiotics.
73
Methodology Pharmaceutical study
METHODOLOGY
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
Collection of drugs used in the preparation of Yashada bhasma:

All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are collected
from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well as
pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to
Ayurvedic standards.
Practical study:
The things, which are mentioned in Ayurveda, are better understood by getting
the knowledge in two ways i.e. Theoretical study and Practical. Because as saying, as
doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to Rasashastra,
because the drugs, which are mentioned in Rasashastra, are considered as visha or
they have visha guna, but after processing some processes those drugs become
Amruta. So this denotes the importance of practical knowledge. The processes,
which are mentioned in the Rasagranthas, seem to be very easy, but they will prove
difficult during the practical.
A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial formulations
includes different processes like Shodhana, Jarana and Marana, Malahara and Taila
kalpana.
74

Practical no.1:
1. Name of the preparation: Yashada samanya shodhana in Tila taila for 7 times.
Date of commencement
: 10 03 -- 2005
Date of completion
: 10 03 - 2005
Reference
: R.R.S
- 5/ 13
2. Equipments: Small iron pan with long handle, cloth.

Iron vessel with lid having hole about 2-cm.at center (pithara yantra), Burner.
3. Drugs:
1. Raw Yashada
2. Tila taila
- 500 gms
- 2.5 lt
3. Water
- Q.S
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of taila to immerse the metal was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Raw Yashada about kg was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was immediately poured into Pitharayantra and allowed for selfcooling which took about 15 to 20 minutes.
d. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot water to remove the oiliness and
wiped with cotton and cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times,
each time fresh taila was taken for the procedure.
f. Second process onwards during melting, scum with oil was observed on the
surface of molten Yashada, which has been removed by iron spoon.
5. Observations:
1. Time taken for melting was 13 15 minutes on medium flame.
2. When molten Yashada was poured in Tila taila it produced crackling sound.
3. Second process onwards scum with oil was observed on the surface of molten
metal.
4. Colour of the oil becomes slightly blackish.
5. After the above procedure the metal was golden colour coating, but the shining is
decreased slightly.
75

6. Precaution:
1. Melting should be done on medium flame.
7. Result:
Initial weight of the metal
500 gms
Final weight of the metal
490 gms
Weight loss
10 gms
Practical no. 2
1. Name of the preparation: Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Takra for 7 times.
: - 11 3 05
Date of completion
: - 11 3 05
Reference
: R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipmnts: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center ( Pithara yantra ), Burner
3. Drugs: a.Taila shodita Yashada - 490 gms
b.Takra
- 5 ltr
c. Water
- q.s
4.Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Takra was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Taila shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and
allowed for self-cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton
cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.
5. Observation:
a. Time taken for melting was 13 - 15 minutes on medium flame.
b. When molten Yashada was poured in Takra crackling sound was heard.
76
c. Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to
presence of water molecules and scum was observed on the surface of
molten Yashada
d. The colour of Takra turned to yellowish and maximum quantity of Takra
reduced due to evaporation.
e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle rough disintegrated
surfaced, the shining of metal was increased.
6. Precaution:
a. Medium flame should be maintained.
b. Care should be taken while pouring into Takra to avoid explosion.
7. Result:
Initial weight of metal
490 gms
Final weight of the metal 480 gms

Weight Loss 010 gms
Practical no. 3
1. Name of the preparation: - Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Gomutra for 7 times.
Date of commencement : - 12 3 05
Date of completion
: - 12 3 05
Reference
: R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipments: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having holed about 2cm.at center (Pithara yantra), Burner
3. Drugs: - a. Takra shodhita Yashada - 480 gms
b. Gomutra
- 6 ltr
c. Water
- q.s
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Gomutra was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Takra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed
for self-cooling.
77

cloth.
e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times each time fresh Gomutra was taken for the procedure.
f. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron
spoon.
5. Observation:
a. Yashada melts within 13-15 minutes producing crackling sound.
b. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.
c. Scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada
d. The colour of Gomutra turned in to blackish and quantity was reduced.
e. After the above procedure the metal became brittle, the shining of metal
was reduced.
6. Precaution:
a. Medium flame should be maintained.
b. To avoid explosion the lid of the Pithara yantra should be sealed properly
7. Result
480 gms

Weight loss 10 gms
Practical no.4
1. Name of the preparation :- Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kanji for 7 times.
: - 13 3 05
Date of completion
:- 13 3 05
Reference
R.R.S 5/ I3
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm.diameter at the center (pithara yantra),
Burner
78

3. Drugs :- a.Gomootra shodita Yashada 470 gms
b.Kanji
- 3 ltr
c.Water
- q.s
4. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Gomutra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts.
c.
Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and

allowed for
self-cooling.
cloth.
g. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times each time fresh Kanji was taken for the procedure.
f.
Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron
spoon.
6. Observation:
a. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.
b. Second time onwards scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada
and was removed by iron spoon.
c. The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated.
e. After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule.
7. Precaution: a. Medium flame should be maintained.
8. Result:
470 gms

Weight loss 15 gms
Practical no.5
1. Name of the preparation :-Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kulattha kwatha for 7
times.
:-
14 3 05
Date of completion
:- 14 3 05
79

Reference
R.R.S 5 / I3
2. Equipments :- Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner and Pithara yantra
3. Drugs :- a. Kanji shodhita Yashada - 455 gms
b. Kulattha kwatha
- 8 ltr
c. Water
- Q.S
4. Preparatory procedure: 1part of yavakuta churna of Kulattha was boiled with 16

parts of water in earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced to of the
original quantity.
5. Procedure:
a. Sufficient quantity of Kulaththa kwatha was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Kanji shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed
for
self-cooling.
cloth.
f. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more
times, each time fresh Kulaththa kwatha was taken for the procedure.
6. Observation:
a. Yashada melts within 13 - 15 minutes producing crackling sound.
b. When molten Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra explosive sound was
heard.
c. The colour of Kwatha turned in to dark & much quantity was evaporated.
d. After the above procedure some part of the Yashada became powder form.
7. Precaution: Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of Pithara yantra.
8. Result
455 gms
435 gms
Weight Loss 20 gms

Practical No. 6
1. Name of the preparation :- Vishesha shodhana of Yashada in Haridrayukta Nirgundi
swarasa for 3 times.
80

Date of completion
:- 15 3 05
Reference
: .R.R.S 5/156
2. Equipments: - Small iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner

Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm diameter at the center (Pithara yantra),
Burner
3. Drugs :- a. Samanya shodhita Yashada
435 gms
b. Nirgundi swarasa
- 1.5liters
c. Haridra churna
- 30 grams
d. Water
- Q.S
4. Preparatory procedure: Nirgundi swarasa preparation.

Fresh Nirgundi leaves were taken and subjected to mardana till it became
fine kalka, later putapakwa vidhi was followed to obtain swarasa.
5. Procedure:
a. Half liter of Nirgundi swarasa was mixed with 10 gms of Haridra churna
and was taken in Pithara yantra.
b. Samanya shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame.
c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed
for self-cooling.
d. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water up to removal of
yellowish tinge of metal and wiped with cotton cloth.
e. Dried Yashada was once again subjected to above said procedure for two
more times. Each time fresh Nirgundi swarasa with Haridra churna was
taken.
6. Observation:
a. Yashada melts within 13 - 15 minutes producing crackling sound.
b. When molted Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra more explosive sound
was heard.
c. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron
spoon.
81

d. The colour of swarasa turned in to dark green and much quantity was
reduced.
e. After this procedure the Yashada became thorny, brittle and most of it
became powder.
7. Precautions: Because of throny surface proper care should be taken while removing
the metal from shodhana media.
8. Result: Initial weight of metal
- 435 gms
- 415 gms
Weight Loss
- 20 gms
Practical No.7
1.Name of the preparation :- Marana of Yashada
Date of completion
:-
23 3 05
Reference
RT 19/116-119
2. Equipments :- Big iron pan with long handle, Cloth, Burner, Chalani.
3. Drug :a..Shodhita Yashada - 415gms
4. Procedure:
a. Vishesha shodhita Yashada about 415gms was taken in big iron pan and
melted on medium flame.
b. After complete melting of Yashada, the process is continued with stirred
through chalani until complete Yashada is converted into powder. (At 7500 c)
c. Then the heat was stopped and allowed to self-cooling, and then collecting the
fine powder by sieving through the cloth.
d. Remaining part of course powder of Yashada was once again subjected to
above said procedure continued until complete Yashada was converted into
fine powder.
5. Observations:
a. Yashada starts became into powder form within 1hour (7500c). It is
completely converted into bhasma form at the end of 8th hour.
b. The colour of Yashada turned into Grayish.
82

6. Precautions:
a. Care should be taken while stirring with chalani for avoided hot Yashada
course
powder damaged to skin or cloth.
b. Medium flame should be maintained.

7. Result
Initial weight of Yashada
415 gms
320 gms
Weight loss
95gms
Practical No.8
1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3 times.
: - 25 -3 -05
Date of completion
:- 26-3 -05
Reference
: RJ -3
2. Equipments :-Khalvayantra, spoon

3. Drugs :- a. Girisindhoora
b. Nimbu swarasa
200 gms
100ml
4. Procedure:
a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra.
b. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra.
c. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.
d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out continuously
until it becomes powder form.
e. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.
5. Observations:a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency.
b. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.
c. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red.
6. Precaution:a. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage.
83

7. Result:
Initial weight of Girisindhoora
200 gms.
Final weight
- 230 gms
Weight gained
- 30 gms.
Practical No.9
1.Name of the preparation :- Shodhana of Sasyaka in Nimbu swarasa
: - 27-3-05
Date of completion
:- 27-3-05
Reference
: RT 21/112
2. Equipments :- Khalva yantra

3. Drugs
:- a. Sasyaka
b. Nimbusarasa
20gms
10 ml
4. Procedure:
a. Sasyaka was taken in the Khalva yantra.
b. Nimbu swarasa added into the Sasyaka.
c. Initially mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material.
d. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out
continuously until it became powder form.
e. Sasyaka was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.
5. Observation:
a. After 20 minutes was became semisolid consistency.
b. Sasyaka completely turned into powder form after 1 hour.
c. The colour of Sasyaka turned into green colour.
6. Precaution:
a. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage.
7. Result:
Initial weight of Sasyaka
20 gms.
Final weight
- 25 gms
Weight gained
- 5 gms.
84

Practical No.10
1. Name of the preparation
:- Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara
: - 28-3-05
Date of completion
:- 28-3-05
Reference
: RT 19/146-147
2. Equipments :- Khalva yantra,Vessel, Cloth, Spoon, Burner

3. Drugs
:a. Sikta
150gms
b. Tila taila
750 gms
c. Yashada bhasma.- 300 gms

4. Procedure:
a. Above-mentioned quantity of Sikta and Tila taila was taken into vessel.
b. This vessel was subjected over mild fire.
c. Yashada bhasma was added into Sikta taila after melting and stirred well.
d. Then vessel was removed from the agni and allowed for self cooling.
5. Observation:
d. Sikta was melts in Tila taila within few seconds.
e. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste.
6. Precaution:
a. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage of
the material.
7. Result:
Final product 1180 gms.
85

Practical No.11
1.Name of the preparation :- Preparation of Sindhooradi Taila
: - 29 -3 -05
Date of completion
:- 30 3 -05
Reference
RT 21/162-163
2. Equipments :- Ulukula yantra, Vessel, Cloth, Spoon, Burner

3. Drugs
:- a. Shodhita Sindhoora
200 gms
b. Shodhita Sasyaka
- 2 gms
c. Sarshapa taila
- 2 lts
d. Arka
- 480gms
e. Haridra
- 480gms
f. Jala
- 16 lts
4. Procedure:
a. Arka patra and Haridra was taken in Khalva yantra and prepared kalka.
b. Shodhita Sindhoora and Sasyaka were added into kalka.
c. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together.
d. Sarshapa taila was then added, boiled and stirred continuosly.
e. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana, Sneha was filtered at hot stage
through the cloth.
5. Observation:
a. Foam was observed when taila paka completed.
b. The colour of taila was become into green colour.
c. Taila paka was completed in two days.
6. Precaution:
a. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is
adhere the vessel.
b. Taila paka should be prepared madhyamagni only.
c. Kalka should be squeezed at hot stage.
7. Result: Final weight of product 1900 ml
86
Methodology Analytical Study
ANALYTICAL STUDY
The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be
analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety before
administration to the patients.
Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical
methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico - chemical changes

occurred during the process.
Organoleptic characters and Physico chemical analysis done J.T Pharmacy college
Gadag, like Finess of particle test, Flow rate, Ash value, Acid insoluble ash of Yashada
bhasma and Boiling point, Specific gravity, Refractive index, Loss on drying at 1100c
Acid value and Saponification value of Sindhooradi Taila.
Yashada bhasma also assessed according to the Ayurvedic parameters also.
Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma
Name of the sample
Varitaratwa
Rekhapurnatwa
Shlakshnatwa
Nischandra
Yashada bhasma
Table No-18
1. The Finess of particle test:
It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring
in the range of 0.2 micrometer to about 100 micrometer. According to microscope
method the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip &
placed on a mechanical stage. In initially standardization of minometer was carried
out by coinciding the lines of both oculo minometer style minometer and standardized
by using the formula
SM
-------- X 10 = m
OM
In the next step, the style minometer was removed & the mounted slide
was placed on a mechanical stage & focused. The particles are measured alops an
orbitarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the oculominometers. The
size of the particle was calculated using the standard value.
87
2. Flow property:
Yashada bhasma is very fine powder so to maintain the actual dose and for
better dispensing, bhasma is subjected to flow property test i.e. Angle of repose by
which we can analyze either the powder having very good flow property, good
property or a bad flow property.
Angle of repose (): - It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the free
standing surface of a powder heap & the horizontal plane i.e. tan = 2h / D
Where D is the diameter of the circle & h is the height of the powder heap
This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled with Yashada bhasma
with one end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal
axis until the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined with sand paper to
prevent preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between 200 400 indicates
reasonable flow potential.
3. Flow rates:
A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow
is given by application of a compressibility index I
I=
[1 V ]
x 100
Vo
Where v is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being
subjected to a standardized tapping procedure.
Vo = volume before tapping procedure
In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with Yashada
bhasma. The level of the Yashada bhasma should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm
continuous 10 tapping should be done, after that the level of the Yashada bhasma in
the cylinder is once again noted & the value I is calculated with respect to the Vo &
V value. If the value
I is below 15% usually having good flow rates.
88
4. Determination of Ash:
Method:
Incinerate about 2 to 3 g, accurately weighed, of the prepared sample in a tarred
platinum or silica dish at low temperature until free from carbon, cool and weigh. If a
carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, extract the charred mass with hot
water, collect the residue on an ashless filter paper, incinerate the residue and filter
paper add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant weight at a low
temperature. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
5. Acid insoluble ash:
Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid, collect the
insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible, or on an ashless filter paper, wash with hot
water and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature. Calculate the percentage of
acid insoluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug.
6. Boiling point:
An organic liquid boils at a fixed temperature, which is characteristic of that
substance. The presence of impurities raises its boiling point.
Method: Capillary tube method.
A few drops of the liquid are placed in a thin walled small test tube. A capillary
tube sealed at about 1 cm from one end, is dropped into it. The glass tube containing
the liquid and capillary is then tied along side a thermometer so the liquid stands just
near the bulb. The thermometer is then lowered in a beaker containing water or
Sulphuric acid.
The beaker is heated and the bath liquid stirred continuously with a ring stirrer.
When the boiling point is reached, bubbles issue in a rapid stream from the lower end
of the capillary. The thermometer is read when the evaluation of bubbles just stops.
The experiment is repeated with a fresh liquid in a new capillary and the boiling point
recorded as before. The mean of the two readings is taken to be correct boiling point
of the liquid under examination.
89
7. Specific gravity:
The specific gravity of a liquid is the weight of a given volume of the
liquid at the specific temperature compared with the weight of an equal volume of
water at the same temperature, all weighing being taken in air.
Procedure:
A pycnometer of 25 ml. Capacity is cleaned, dried and weighed. It is
filled up to the mark of water at the required temperature and weighed.
The
pycnometer is next filled up to the mark with the sample, filtered with necessary, at
the same temperature and weighed. The specific gravity is determined by dividing the
weight of the sample expressed in grams.
8. Refractive Index:
The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of light
in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. It varies with the wavelength of the light
used in the measurement.
It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to
the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of sodium light
of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise specified.
Refractometers:
Commercial instruments are normally constructed for use with white light but are
calibrated to give the refractive index in terms of the sodium D wavelength. The
makers instructions relating to a suitable light source should be followed.
Temperature control: A suitable device should be used for circulating water at the
required temperature through the Refractometer. The sample is filtered through a dry
filter.
Procedure:Circulate water through the instrument at the required temperature. Place a drop
of the liquid between the prisms, and take the reading after half a minute.
90
9. Loss on drying at1100:

One gram of Yashada bhasma accurately weighed, heated on electric oven up to
1100 c and again weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the result is
attached.
10. Acid Value:

The Acid value of an oil or fat is defined, as the number of milligrams of
Potassium hydroxide required neutralizing the free acid in one gram of the sample.
Method :
Mix 25ml Ether with 25ml alcohol (95%) and 1ml of 1% phenolphthalein
solution and neutralize with N/10 alkali (few drops). Dissolve about 5gm of the fat
or oil. Accurately weighed, in the mixed neutral solvent, and titrate with N/10
Potassium hydroxide, and shaking constantly until a pink colour which persists for
15seconds is obtained.
The titration should preferably not exceed about 10ml.
No. of ml of N/10 alkali used X 5.61

Acid value =
Weight of sample in gm.
The free fatty acid content is also express as FFA, calculated as oleic acid%
(1ml. N/10) alkali = 0.028 gm oleic acid.
91
11. Saponification value:

The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of
milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty resulting acids
from the complete hydrolysis of 1 gram of the sample.
Alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide:
Dissolve 35-40 g. potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of water and dilute to one
liter with alcohol (95%) Allow standing overnight and decanting off the pure liquid.
Method:
Weight 2g. of the oil or fat into a conical flask and add exactly 25ml of the
alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Attack a reflux condenser and heat the flask
in boiling water for one hour, shaking frequently. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein (1%)
solution and titration the excess alkali with N/2 hydrochloric acid (titration=a ml)
carry out a blank at the same time (titration=b ml).
(b-a) x 56.1
Saponification value =
Wt. In g. of sample
92
Methodology Clinical Study
CLINICAL STUDY
This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical
explanations, observations and management of Vicharchika. For this clinical study
clinical symptoms and the management of Vicharchika are taken into consideration.
Objectives of the study:
1. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
2. Physico- chemical analysis of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila
3. Clinical- evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila on

Vicharchika.
The materials are studied as under:
1. Literary aspect of the study regarding the drug was collected from the
Rasatarangini, Rasamrita, Rasaratna samuchchaya etc Rasagranthas and modern
inorganic chemistry and processed in pharmacy section of P.G.R.C.DGM
Ayurvedic medical collage according to the classical methods.
2. Literary aspect of disease was collected from the various Ayurvedic classics,
magazines and journals. The information regarding the disease is updated from
Internet search.
3. Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of Vicharchika (Eczema) were
selected from the O.P.D. Section of P.G.R.C.D.G.M. Ayurvedic medical college
hospital Gadag.
Methods of collection of data:
a. Inclusive criteria:
1. The patients of Vicharchika will be diagnosed according classical features and
dermatological studies.
2. Irrespective of sex, patients will be selected between the age of 16 years to 60 years.
93
b. Exclusive criteria:
The patients who are suffering from any other systematic disorder will be excluded.
c. Study design:
Patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnosis selected as for simple
random sampling method with pretest and post test design all patients will be
assigned to a two group.
d. Sample size:
A minimum of 30 patients are selected and 15 in each group randomly selected.
The grouping is as follows:
Group A Yashadamrita malahara
Group B Sindhooradi taila
e. Posology: For external application, as required.
f. Duration of treatment: 21days.
g. Follow up: 15 days.
h. Assessment of result:
Results of the treatment were assessed on the basis of difference between the
baseline data and assessment data of the subjective and objective parameters. These
differences are subjected for the statistical analysis by applying paired and unpaired
ttest and nonparametric test (if necessary) if p value is less than 0.05 the test is
highly significant.
Subjective parameters: As designated in texts
1. Varna
2. Pidaka
3. Srava
4. Kandu
5. Vedana vishesha
94
Objective parameters:
1. Hemoglobin
2. Total count
3. Differential count
4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
5. Absolute eosinophile count
Grades of subjective Parameters:
1. Varna:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
2. Kandu:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
3. Pidika:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
4. Srava:
0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
5. Vedana vishesha: 0 - Normal
1- Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
As the objective parameters are not suggesting any role in the assessment
of results in this study, so here assessment of results is made only with subjective
parameters.
Over all Assessment of results:
The overall assessments of results in the present study were grouped into
the following categories.
Cured
: Complete subsidence of all the subjective symptoms.
Much responded
: Complete subsidence of 3 or 4 subjective symptoms.
Moderately responded : Reduction of 2 subjective symptoms.

Responded
: Reduction of only one subjective symptom.
Not responded
: No reduction of subjective symptoms.
95
Discussion
DISCUSSION
The study entitled The Preparation, physico chemical study of Yashadamrita
malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on Vicharchika is
presented in 4 parts for both preparations.
1. Literary study
2. Pharmaceutical study
3. Analytical study
4. Clinical study
YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA
1. Literary study:
Literary study explained under two headings.i.e Drug review and Disease
review. In drug review Yashada is discussed according to ayurvedic as well as modern
concept.
a. Yashada might knew to the ancient Ayurvedic scholars, because its alloys are
already mentioned before 15 AD and only its medicine value may be detected
later. So in 15th AD it is mentioned by Madanapala and next by Bhavamisra.
b. When Arabians comes to India for business, then this metal became popular by
name the Jashada due to its multidimensional pharmacological property and
they used it for preparing ornaments.
c. Even modern science believed that zinc is a one of the trace elements of the body.
Many times they used it as a nutritive, antioxidant etc.
d. Yogaratnakara was the first person who mentioned Malahara kalpana and
Rasataranginikara was the only one person who mentioned Yashadamrita
malahara.
Under disease review Ayurvedic concept of Vicharchika and modern concept of
Eczema (allergic dermatitis) is discussed.
118
Discussion
Vicharchika is said to be exist since Vedic period. Our Acharyas like Charaka,
Sushruta and Vagbhata described Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta. For the
present study Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila are selected due to their
Vicharchikahara property.
Although Vicharchika is Tridoshaja Vyadhi it is Pitta and Kapha pradhana
Vyadhi. The lakshana of Vicharchika are Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana
vishesha
According to modern science the Eczema and dermatitis are being used
synonymously and referred to distinctive pattern of the skin which can be either acute
or chronic due to number of causes including allergy.
Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of
hypersensitiveness in man, which includes Asthma, Hay fever and Eczema, Urticaria
and Migraine.
The clinical features of allergy are erythema, itching, burning, oozing etc.
2.Pharmaceutical study.
Shodhana:
Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic material, but also
makes the metal suitable for further procedure & enhances its potency.
In present study samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapana in Tila
taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times in each. and Vishesha
shodhana with nirvapana in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times.
In the above said medias Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain
several acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing
with these drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal and help in attainment of
brittleness.
119
Discussion
Scum was observed in molten surface, this is because of high temperature molten Zinc
reacts with external air (steam) and liberates hydrogen forming Zinc oxide (scum).
Explosive sound is produced because
Melting & pouring
Zn
ZnO2 + H2
In shodhana media
(Aqueous in nature)
When molten metal was poured in shodhana media, it breaks the water
molecules & releases hydrogen gas immediately this produces explosive sounds. The
intensity of sound depends upon the concentration of hydrogen gas released at that
time. At the same time oxygen is reacts with the metal forms Zinc oxide i.e. ZnO.
Weight loss after shodhana might be due to scum formation on molten surface
that is removed.
Vishesha shodhana is intended to bring diseases specification to drug. In
Yashada vishesha shodhana, Nirgundi & Haridra are used where Nirgundi is best
Kapha vata shamaka & Raktashodhaka. Haridra used for shodhana not only converts
Yashada into shodhita form but also helpful in Vicharchika, as it has a kapha shamaka,
Raktashodhaka, kushtaghna, krimighna, varnya etc. properties. Hence Nirgundi and
Haridra are selected for this procedure.
Marana:
For pootilohas one intermediate procedure is mentioned prior to prepare the
bhasma. Several jarana methods mentioned for Yashada, but in this study I have taken
agnijarita yashada bhasma preparation. In this procedure Yashada is heated in an iron
pan for a long duration i.e. more than 7500c. Due to continuous heat specific gravity of
a metal may decrease, and mass volume increases. Hence metal looses its metallic
bonds. Rubbing with iron ladle vigorously create a pressure on brittle elements
converting into powder form i.e.bhasma form. This is irreversible phenomenon.
120
Discussion
Weight loss of bhasma after marana due to oxidation process, the elements are
definitely looses their atomic weight.
Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara.

Here sikta taila is used as a base and the main ingredient is Yashada bhasma. Tila
taila is best kapha shamaka, lekhana, krimighna, and twachya, where as sikta is
sandhanakara, vrunaropaka, kandughna and kushtanashaka. Thats why sikta taila is
taken as base for the Yashadamrita Malahara. So it not only acts as a base it also helps
in the curing disease.
3. Analytical study:
1. The end product is subjected for organoleptic characters it is inert, smooth, free
from greasy. So it is easily applicable and does not produce irritation or
sensitization of the skin.
2. This malahara contain Yashada bhasma so to confirm the standared and completion
of oxidation of Yashada. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma is subjected to Total ash and
Acid insoluble ash test, the values are Total ash 100% and Acid insoluble ash 29%
so it is proved that bhasma prepared by Agnijarita method is genuine one and it is
completely converted into Vijatiya to Sajatiya i.e. completely oxide form.
3. This compound is only indicated externally so to know either the bhasma is
absorbable through normal skin orifices or not. To confirm the particle size of the
Yashada bhasma, sample is subjected for Fineness of particle test. This test was
done in microscope it is evident that the particle sizes of Yashada bhasma
Arithmetic mean is 5.4 micrometer. Mean volume surface diameter is 1.57
micrometer. So by this it is know that Yashada bhasma particles are very fine in
nature, which definitely absorbs through normal skin orifices.
121
Discussion
4. Clinical study:
In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the
treatment of Yashadamrita Malahara in the management of Vicharchika.
The demographic data shows that most of the patients comes under middle
age group (73.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more
in middle age and males.
All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu
and Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 6 patients have srava and 7 patients have Vedana
vishesha of varying degree before and after the treatment.
Yashadamrita malahara was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna
with 33.33% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 40% were relieved from
Pidaka and 40% were relieved from Kandu and 93.33% in Srava(P<0.02).
In this group out of 15 patients 5 patients (33.33%) have been cured, 5 patients
(33.33%) have been much responded, 3 patients (20%) have been moderately
responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have responded and no patients were found
unresponded.
In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range
comparing to before and after treatment.
Probable mode of action of Yashadamrita Malahara.

In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of
action of Yashadamrita malahara on Vicharchika.The pharmacodynamic properties of
Yashada bhasma is
Rasa Kashaya, Tikta
Guna Sheeta
Veerya Sheeta
Doshaghnata Kapha pitta shamaka
Karma Vrunaropaka, Vrunashamaka

Tila taila,
Rasa Madhura, Kashaya, Tikta
Veerya Ushna
Guna Sukshma, Vyavayi, Vikasi, Sara, Guru, Teekshna, Vishada.

Karma Lekhana, Twachchya, Krimighna
122
Discussion
Sikta,
Rasa - Madhura
Guna Snigdha, Pichchala
Karma Sandhanakara, Vrunaropaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna.

The drugs used in the shodhana also induce the kapha pitta property in the
Yashada bhasma.
Even in modern science also, it is expected to be zinc has a good
antiseptic, astringent, local sedative action, it reduces the chronic inflammation it
checks the bleeding and secretion from broken skin by precipitating the secretions, it
provides soothing and protective effect to skin.
So by this yoga main dominated doshas i.e. Kapha pitta in sravi Vicharchika.
So it is best in srava, kandu, pidikayukta Vicharchika.
SINDHOORADI TAILA
1. Literary study:
In drug review ingredients of Sindhooradi taila are discussed according to
Ayurvedic as well as modern concept.
a. Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in sadharanarasa,
where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a upadhatu. By this it
may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the metal and even
chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide.
b. Sindhoora found in mineral form, but most of the authorities not mentioned
shodhana and Marana. But some authorities mention bhavana with godugdha or
amlavarga dravya. It may be due to its external limitation.
c. Sasyaka is well known ancient Ayurvedic authorities and it is used in various
pathological conditions. Many times Sasyaka and Tutthya used synonymsly but
both are different. Because grahyalakshana of sasyaka do not correlate with the
tutthya, that means tutthya is artificial form of copper sulphate. Where as sasyaka is
natural, both are used internal as well as external followed by shodhana, marana,
amritikarana n various pathological condition.
123
Discussion
d. Arka, Haridra and Sarshapa are used as a traditional medicine in various

pathological conditions.
Disease review is done in last chapter.
2. Pharmaceutical study.
a. Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. In Sindhooradi taila
Rasataranginikara used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha, it is
best Raktashodhaka, Kandughna, Kushtaghna, Kothaghna and Krimighna.
b. Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Vrunaropana and
shodhana. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments,
which are indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc.
c. Sasyaka has Kaphapittashamaka, Krimihara, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, and
Vrunaropaka karma. Even modern science also used as local astringent on broken
Skin, antiseptic, it can kill the bacteria fungi and protozoa, it is used to destroy
excerbent granulations, ulcers, eczema, trachoma, as a lotion. Even it can be used
internally.
d. Arka and Haridra, these two drugs used as a kalka dravya along with Sindhoora
and Sasyaka in the preparation Sindhooradi taila. Arka has Kapha pitta shamaka,
Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhaka and Kushtaghna. Haridra has
Kaphavatashamaka, Vedanashamaka, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana and ropana,
Krimighna and Kushtaghna.
The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to
store the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application.
e. Girisindhoora is red in colour, but the colour of Sindhooradi taila was changed
might be due to chemical reaction with organic matter and also quantity of
Sindhoora is less than kalka dravya.
124
Discussion
3. Analytical study.
1. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, compound is
subjected to Acid value test and Saponification test, and then it is comes to
know that the compound has Acid value 5.865 i.e. unsaturated fatty acid
concentrations and Saponification value 200 that is saturated fatty acid. So this
taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces any free radicals by
the absorption. There by it is confirmed that classically prepared this taila is
samyak siddha taila, because by this procedure unsaturated taila is converted into
saturated fatty acid.
2. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution, compound is
subjected to Refractive index test, the value of this test is 1.608 and Specific
gravity test, value is 0.86. By this it is confirmed that taila is very clear and not
viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly.
3. When the compound is subject to the test Loss on 1100c, the value of this test is
0.86% w/ w and boiling point is 1200c to 1250c. So it is confirmed that taila is free
from water molecule and no chance of microorganism growth.
4. Clinical study.
In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the treatment
of Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika.
The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age
group (93.33%) and male patients (73.33%), which suggests that it was seen more in
middle age and males.
All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna, Kandu and
Pidika. Out of 15 patients, 3 patients have srava and 9 patients have vedana vishesha
of varying degree before and after the treatment.
Sindhooradi taila was found highly significant with P<0.001 in Varna with
46.66% of the patients completely relieved from Varna, 80% were relieved from
Pidaka and 80% were relieved from Kandu and not significant with P>0.05 in Srava.
125
Discussion
In this group out of 15 patients 7 patients (46.66%) have been cured, 6 patients
(40%) have been much responded, 2 patients (13.33%) have been moderately
responded, and no patients were found doesnt responded.
In objective parameters variations are not more, which are found in normal range
comparing to before and after treatment.
Probable mode of action of Sindhooradi taila.
In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of
action of Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika.The pharmacodynamic properties of
Girisindhoora is
Rasa Katu, Tikta
Guna Ushna
Veerya Ushna
Doshaghnata Tridosha shamaka
Karma Vrunaropaka & shodhaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna etc

It is a local stimulant and indicated in eczema, eruptive skin disease, ulcers etc
Sasyaka
Rasa
Kashaya, kshara
Veerya Sheeta
Guna Laghu, Sheeta

Doshaghnata Kaphapitta shamaka
Karma Vrunaropaka, Kushtaghna, Kandughna, Krimighna etc

Act as local astringent on broken skin, antiseptic, destroy excerbent
granulations, ulcers, eczema,
Arka
Guna: Laghu, ruksha, teekshan
Vipaka Katu
Rasa Katu, Tikta
Veerya Ushna
Doshaghnata Kaphapitta shamaka.

Karma - Vedana sthapana, Shothahara, Vrunashodhana, Kushtaghna, Jantughna
Haridra:
Guna Ruksha, Laghu
Vipaka Katu
Rasa Tikta, Katu
Veerya Ushna
Doshaghnata Kaphavatashamaka
Karma- Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Varnya, Kushtagna, Vrunashodhana &
Ropana.
126
Discussion
Sarshapa:
Guna Snigdha laghu(oil)
Veerya Ushna
Rasa- Katu, Tikta
Vipaka katu
Doshaghnata Vatakaphashamaka
Karma - Raktashodhaka, Kandu & Kothaghna, Krimighna, Kushtaghna.
By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and
Kushta, Kandu and shothahara etc properties. So this yoga is best in the Vicharchika,
which is Kapha pradhana Kushta vyadhi.
DISCUSSION ON COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY

This study is conducted as a comparative clinical study on Vicharchika by
observing above all data and by statistical result. It is proved that, both the formulations
are having similar significant value for Kandu. But group A (Yashadamrita malahara) is
highly significant for Sravi Vicharchika and group B (Sindhooradi taila) is significant for
Rooksha Vicharchika.
127
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
1. As Rasaushadies are mainly meant for asadhya vyadhis, and it is proved by these
two formulation containing Rasadravya on Vicharchika.
2. The drugs used in shodhana definitely modify the drug suitable for further
procedure and induce the disease curing property.
3. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. But by physico

chemical analysis it is proved that even agnijarita Yashada bhasma as it passes all
the bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following
Jarana as a intermediate procedure.
1. By physico chemical analysis it is proved that Sindhooradi taila is very clear and
not viscid, their by is absorbed very quickly without producing any free radical
and is free from water molecule, so no chance of microorganism growth.
2. These two formulations quoted by Rasataranginikara in Vicharchika, but by

statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is choice remedy in Sravi
Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in Rooksha Vicharchika
128
Conclusion
SCOPE OF THE FURTHER STUDY

1. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. As it passes all the
bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following Jarana
as a intermediate procedure. So it needs animal experiment for its toxicity study.
2. In Kushtaroga repeated shodhana followed by shamanoshadhi is mentioned. But

by rasadravyayukta yogas disease is subsided. So in this view a comparative
clinical study with big size sample with long duration can be carried out.
129
Observation and Results
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

The present comparative clinical study was meant for evaluation of efficacy of
Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika. Total
30 patients were taken randomly selected for the above mentioned study. The entire
patients were assessed before and after treatment. Both subjective and objective changes
were recorded according to the performa of case sheet. The collective data is grouped
into 8 categories.
1. Observation based on age.
2. Observation based on sex.
3. Observation based on education.
4. Observation based on marital status.
5. Observation based on religion.
6. Observation based on occupation.
7. Observation based on economical status.
8. Observation based on Vicharchika lakshanas
96
Observations of patients based on Age.

Age
No.of patients
No.of patients
in years
Group A
Group B
16-20
02
13.33
00
00.00
02
06.66
21-30
01
06.66
04
26.66
05
16.66
31-40
05
33.33
03
20.00
08
26.66
41-50
05
33.33
07
46.66
02
40.00
51-60
02
13.33
01
06.66
03
10.00
Total
15
99.98
15
99.98
30
99.98
Total
Table No.19
In the present observation from both groups maximum number of patients 8
(26.66 %) belongs to the age group 31- 40, 5 patients belongs to 21-30, 3 patients belongs
Percentage
to 51-60, and 2 patients comes under 16-20 and 41-50 age group
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
26.66
16.66
10
6.66
16-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60

Age
Graph-1
97
Observations of patients based on Sex

Sex
No.of patients
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Male
11
73.33
11
73.33
22
73.33
Female
04
26.66
04
26.66
08
26.66
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-20
From the both groups a total of 22 male (73.33%) and 8 females (26.66%) are
reported. This shows that the exposure for the disease Vicharchika is more in males
because they work outside exposing to different Nidana.
Percentage
80
73.33
70
60
50
40
26.66
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
Sex
Graph-2
98
Observations of patients based on Education

Education
No.of patients
Group A
No.of patients
Total
Group B
Educated
10
66.66
09
60
19
63.33
Un-Educated
05
33.33
06
40
11
36.66
Total
15
99.99
15
100
30
99.99
Table No.-21
Even though there is no specific relation to the disease, but awareness to the
Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study. It explains that educated 19
patients (63.33) and uneducated 11 patients (36.66) from both groups are reported.
Observations of patients based on marital rates:

Marriage
No.of patients
Group A
No.of patients
Total
Group B
Married
12
80
10
66.66
22
73.33
Un-Married
03
20
05
33.33
08
26.66
Total
15
100
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-22
In this study many are married i.e.22 patients (73.33) and unmarried are rest of 8
patients from both groups.
99
Observations of patients based on Religion

Religion
No.of patients
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Hindu
13
86.66
12
80
25
83.33
Muslim
02
13.33
03
20
05
16.66
Others
00
00.00
00
00
00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
100
30
99.99
Table No.-23
Present study explains Hindu, Muslim are reported with problem of Vicharchika.
It does not mean that others are not having this problem. The area in which study
undertook has 2 groups of populations. Out of 30 patients 25 patients (83.33%) belongs
Percentage
to Hindu religion and 5 patients (16.66 %) belong to Muslim religion.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
83.33
%
16.66
Hindu
Muslim
Religion
0
Others
Graph-3
100
Observations of patients based on Occupation

Occupation No.of patients
No.of patients
Group A
Total
Group B
Agriculture
04
26.66
03
20.00
07
23.33
Student
03
20.00
01
06.66
04
13.33
Housewife
04
26.66
04
26.66
08
26.66
Employee
03
20.00
02
13.33
05
16.66
Business
01
06.66
05
33.33
06
20.00
Total
15
99.98
15
99.98
30
99.98
Table No.-24
In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of
studies. Out of 30 patients 8 patients (26,66 %) belongs to the housewife, 7 patients
(23.33%) belongs to the agriculture, 6 patients (20%) belongs to business, 5 patients
belongs to the employee 4 patients (13.33) belongs to the student.
30
26.66
23.33
25
13.33
15
10
5
ss
Bu
si
ne
ye
e
pl
o
Em
ou
se
w
i fe
en
t
St
ud
ltu
re
Ag
ric
u
Percentage
20
16.66
20
Occupation
Graph - 4
101
Observations of patients based on Economical status

Status
No.of patients %
No.of patients %
Group A
Total %
Group B
Pour
50
33.33
20
13.33
07
23.33
Middle class
10
66.66
13
86.66
23
76.66
Higher class
00
00.00
00
00.00
00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.99
Table No.-25
It refers to the physical and psychological status of an individual patient. Out of

30 patients 23 patients (76.66%) belong to middle class, 7 Patients (23.33%) belong to
Percentage
poor class and no patients belong to higher class.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
76.66
%
23.33
0
Pour
Middle class
Higher class
Status
Graph - 5
102
Observations based on Vicharchika lakshanas

Symptoms
Group A
Group B
Varna
15
100
10
66.66
15
100
46.66
Pidika
15
100
09
60.00
15
100
20.00
Srava
06
040
01
06.66
03
020
06.66
Kandu
15
100
09
60.00
15
100
20.00
Vedana
07
46.66
01
06.66
06
040
00.00
Table No.-26
The above table shows the number percentage of the patients complaining the
Vicharchika lakshana before & after the treatment. Before the treatment 15 patients have
the complaint Varna, Pidika, Kandu in both groups. After the treatment 10 and 7 patients
have Varna, 9 and 3 patients have Pidika and Kandu in group A and group B
respectively.
Before the treatment 6 patients have the complaint Srava in-group A and 3
patients in group B. After treatment 1 patient in-group A and I patient in-group B has the
same complaint.
Before the treatment 7 patients have the complaint Vedana in group A and 6
patients in-group B. After the treatment 1 patient complaint in-group A and no patients
have same complaint in-group B.
103
Observation related to response to the treatment

Showing the grades of Varna Before treatment in group A & B
No.of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
20.00
40
06 40.00
15
13.33
20
10 66.66
Table No.-27
Showing the grades of Varna After treatment in group A & B
No.of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
33.33
46.66
20
15
46.66
46.66
6.66
Table No.-28
Showing the grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
26.66
53.22
20
15
13.33
46.66
40
Table No.-29
Showing the grades of Pidika After treatment in group A & B
No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
40
60
15
12
80
20
Table No.-30
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate 3 - Severe
104
Showing the grades of Srava before treatment in Group A & Group B.

No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
60
26.66
13.33
15
12
80
06.66
13.33
Table No.-31
Showing the grades of Srava after treatment in Group A & Group B.

No. of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
14
93.33
6.6
15
14
93.33
6.6
Table No.-32
Showing the grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
13.33
33.33
53.22
15
6.66
13.33
12
80
Table No.-33
Showing the grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
06
40
53.22
6.66
15
12
80
20.00
Table No.-34
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate 3 - Severe
105
Showing the grades of Vedana before treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
53.22
46.66
15
40.00
60.00
Table No.-35
Showing the grades of Vedana after treatment in Group A & Group B.
No. Of patients
Group
Grade
0
15
14
93.33
6.66
15
15
100.0
Table No.-36
0 Normal
1 Mild
2 Moderate
3 - Severe
106
RESULTS
30 patients were studied in two groups with 15 patients in each. Group A
patients treated with Yashadamrita Malahara and group B patients were treated with
Sindhooradi taila. The results obtained in the two groups were assessed on the basis of
Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana vishesha. and Hb%, TC, DC, ESR and AEC
Assessment Of Subjective Parameters Of Group A

(Yashadamrita Malahara)
Sl.No
OPD
Varna
BT AT
Pidika
Srava
Kandu
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
Vedana
Vishesha
BT
AT
1154
1198
2351
2490
2553
2600
2948
3153
3432
10
3908
11
3922
12
3985
13
4115
14
4051
15
4118
Table No.-37
BT-Before Treatment, AT-After Treatment
0 Normal, 1 Mild, 2 Moderate, 3 - Severe
107
Assessment of Subjective Parameters of Group B

(Sindhooradi taila)
Sl.No
OPD
Varna
Srava
Pidika
Kandu
Vedana
Vishesha
BT AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1102
1179
2320
2484
2545
2557
2837
3103
3430
10
3635
11
3436
12
3439
13
4043
14
4068
15
4132
Table No.-38

0 Normal,
1 Mild,
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
108
Assessment of Objective Parameters of Group A

(Yashadamrita Malahara)
Sl.No
OPD
AEC
Hb%
ESR
TC
DC (E)
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1154
580
560
12
11.8
12
11
5300
5100
22
1198
520
530
11.5
12
14
13
6200
6300
2351
480
460
10
10
13
14
4800
5000
2490
550
560
10.5
10
18
16
6200
6400
2553
600
580
11
10.8
20
18
5400
5200
2600
450
440
9.8
10
12
13
5200
5300
2948
500
490
10.2
10.4
10
11
6800
7000
3153
400
430
13
12.8
08
10
7200
7100
3432
450
460
12
13
09
10
9800
9600
10
3908
480
460
11.5
12
07
08
4500
4600
11
3922
540
520
12.4
12
06
06
5400
5500
12
3985
450
410
10.4
10
11
12
8800
9000
13
4115
240
250
12
11
15
14
8500
8200
14
4051
360
320
13
13.2
13
14
7900
8000
15
4118
390
410
12.5
13
12
12
6300
6400
Table No.-39

0 Normal,
1 Mild,
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
109
Assessment of objective parameters of Group B

(Sindhooradi taila)
Sl.No
OPD
AEC
Hb%
ESR
TC
DC (E)
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
BT
AT
1102
600
590
10
102
16
12
4000
4200
1179
602
600
12
12.4
20
18
6700
6500
2320
500
480
10.5
11
14
14
5000
5200
2484
525
510
11
11
12
12
5500
5300
2545
450
438
10.8
10.5
10
12
6400
6500
2557
475
468
10
10.2
14
12
6600
6400
2837
430
418
11.5
12
06
6800
6700
3103
498
470
12.4
12.5
10
08
6300
6400
3430
503
494
13
13
12
10
3500
4000
10
3635
550
536
12
12.4
14
12
3800
4000
11
3436
302
295
10
10.2
04
7000
6800
12
3439
465
460
10.5
10
14
12
8500
8200
13
4043
256
248
9.8
10
08
06
9200
9000
14
4068
230
225
10
10.5
12
12
7100
7200
15
4132
403
328
11
11.4
10
10
5400
5500
Table No.-40
BT-Before Treatment,
0 Normal,
1 Mild,
AT-After Treatment
2 Moderate,
3 - Severe
110
Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A)

Parameters
Mean
S.D
S.E
T.Value P.Value Remarks
Varna
1.333
0.723
0.186
7.166
< 0.001
H.S
Pidika
1.333
0.487
0.125
10.664
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
0.466
0.639
0.165
2.824
< 0.02
H.S
Kandu
1.733
0.593
0.153
11.32
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.4
0.507
0.130
3.076
< 0.01
H.S
Table No.-41
Subjective parameters in Group A statistical analysis showed highly significant
Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A)

Parameters
Mean
S.D
S.E
AEC
20.66
10.32
2.666
7.751
< 0.001
H.S
Hb%
0.4
0.287
0.074
5.45
< 0.001
H.S
ESR
1.113
0.639
0.165
6.866
< 0.02
H.S
TC
173.33
70.37
18.17
9.53
< 0.001
H.S
DC
0.733
0.457
0.118
6.211
< 0.001
H.S
Table No.-42
Objective parameters in Group A statistical analysis showed highly significant.
111
Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B)

Parameters
Mean
S.D
S.E
Varna
1.933
0.703
0.181
10.67
< 0.001
H.S
Pidika
2.06
0.593
0.153
13.46
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
0.266
0.593
0.153
1.738
> 0.05
H.S
Kandu
2.533
0.639
0.165
15.35
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.4
0.507
0.130
3.07
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-43
Subjective parameters in Group B statistical analysis showed highly significant
Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B)

Parameters
Mean
S.D
S.E
Varna
15.26
17.76
4.587
3.326
< 0.001
H.S
Pidica
0.293
0.179
0.046
6.36
< 0.001
H.S
Srava
1.6
1.121
0.289
5.536
> 0.05
H.S
Kandu
206.66
103.27
26.66
7.75
< 0.001
H.S
Vedana vishesha
0.933
0.703
0.181
5.154
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-44
Objective parameters in Group B statistical analysis showed highly significant
112

Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group-A & B (After Treatment)
Parameters
Group
Mean
S.D
S.E
0.866
0.743
0.191
Varna
B
0.6
0,632
0.163
0.6
0.507
0.130
Pidika
B
0.333
0.723
0.186
0.066
0.258
0.06
Srava
B
0.066
0.258
0.06
0.666
0.617
0.159
0.2
0.414
0.106
0.066
0.258
0.066
0.00
0.00
00.00
458.66
90.14
23.27
AEC
Hb%
t.value
p.value
Ramarks
0.251
1.05
>0.05
N.S
0.22
1.22
>0.05
N.S
0.084
Kandu
Vedana
Vishesha
P.S.E
437.33
115.21
29.74
11.466
12.20
0.315
11.15
1.048
0.27
12.133
3.020
0.779
10.133
3.518
0.908
10.666
1547.44
399.54
6580.0
1454.28
375.49
6126.66
1.06
0.273
2.866
1.264
0.326
ESR
TC
DC
0.191
2.439
< 0.05
H.S
0.066
1.00
> 0.05
N.S
37.76
0.564
> 0.05
N.S
0.414
0.763
> 0.05
N.S
1.196
1.231
> 0.05
N.S
548.29
0.826
> 0.05
N.S
0.425
2.197
< 0.05
H.S
Table No.-45
113
When compare the mean effects of two groups after the treatment, except the
parameter Kandu all other parameters shows not significant. The Kandu shows highly
significant (P < 0.05). The mean effect of the parameter Srava is same in both the groups.
Individually both groups show highly significant, but over all group B
performance is better than group A in all the parameters except Srava.
In subjective parameters (as P< 0.01 by comparing t - value), the parameter

Varna, Kandu, Pidika shows more highly significant in-group B than group A before and
after the treatment. The parameter Vedana vishesha shows same effect in both the groups.
(By comparing t value, p value, mean and SD)
In objective parameters in both groups show highly significant.
Comparative overall Assessment of therapeutic response of Group A & group B

Evaluation of efficacy of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the
management of Vicharchika has the following data of result assessed on the basis of
subjective and objective parameters. Statistical evaluation is done carefully. The final
result in the study is declared. For the declaration it is classified as
a. Cured
b. Much responded
c. Moderately responded
d. Responded
e. Not responded
114
Showing the result of the study in Group-A

Result
Patients
Cured
33.33
Much responded
33.33
Moderate
20.33
Responded
13.33
Not responded
00.00
Total
15
99.00
Table No.-46
In-group A there is no patient who doesnt not responded. 5 (33.33%) patients
have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 5 (33.33%) patients. Moderate
responded in the schedule are 3 (20%) patients and responded 2 (13.33%) patients
33.33
33.33
20.33
13.33
%
nd
ed
re
sp
o
N
ot
Re
sp
o
nd
e
er
at
on
d
sp
re
uc
h
M
od
ed
Cu
re
d
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Percentage
showed significant improvement.
Result
Graph-5
115
Showing the result of the study in Group-B.

Result
Patients
Cured
46.66
Much responded
40.00
Moderate responded
13.33
Responded
00.00
Not responded
00.00
Total
15
99.99
Table No.-47
In-group B there is no patient who doesnt respond. 7 (46.66%) patients have
cured. Much responded in the schedule are 6 (40%) patients. Moderate responded in the
schedule are 2 (13.33%) patients showed significant improvement.
Percentage
50
46.66
40
40
%
30
13.33
20
10
0
Cured
Much
responded
Moderate
responded
Responded
Not responded
Result
Graph-6
116
Showing overall result of the study

Result
Cured
Patients.
Group. A
5
Much responded
Total
33.33
Patients
Group. B
7
46.66
12
40.00
33.33
40.00
11
36.66
Moderate
13.33
13.33
05
16.66
Responded
00.00
00.00
02
06.66
Not responded
00.00
00.00
Total
15
99.99
15
99.99
30
99.98
Table No.-48
In this study there is no patient who comes under not responded. 12 (40%)
patients have cured. Much responded in the schedule are 11 (36.66%) patients and
Moderate responded in the schedule are 5 (16.66%) and 2 (6.66%) patients show
significant improvement and fall under responded.
50
Percentage
40
40
36.66
30
16.66
20
6.66
10
0
Cured
Much
responded
Moderate
Responded
Not
responded
Result
Graph-7
117
118
119
120
121
Summary
SUMMARY
The present study entitled The preparation of physico-chemical analysis of

Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on
Vicharchika.
In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine Yashadamrita malahara
and Sindhooradi taila by following the classical procedures, its genuinity was
confirmed by physico-chemical analysis, and its clinical efficacy was evaluated
checked by clinical study.
1. In the introduction Aims & objectives of the Rasashastra, importance of Malahara
and Taila kalpanas, description of Vicharchika & necessity for the assortment of
this research work is explained in brief.
2. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter.
3. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i.e. Drug review and Disease
review and Procedure review.
a) The chapter Drug review deals about the ingredients of the Malahara and
Tailakalpana both in ayurveda & modern view, i.e about the first reference, its
first material, occurrence, synonyms according to different authorities, grahya &
agrahy lakshana, classification, pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical
processes according to different acharyas i.e shodhana, and marana, including its
indication in different diseases explained in detail.
b)
Disease review deals about etomology, definition of Vicharchika, direct and

indirect references including its historical background, nidana, roopa, samprapti
and line of treatment according to various authorities.
c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vicharchika i.e.
Eczema starting from definition, causative factors, signs & symptoms and
treatment.
130
Summary
4. METHODOLOGY:- It deals about pharmaceutical, analytical & clinical study.

a. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about Yashada shodhana,
Agnijarita Marana, Girisindhoora and Sasyaka shodhana, preparation of
Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila is explained.
b. The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma,
Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila carried out in Sri JT
pharmacy collage Gadag
c. In clinical study, repeated special camps were conducted by postgraduate
department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C and Hospital Gadag. The
patients of Vicharchika after the complete diagnose were selected. The
clinical study was done application of the Yashadamrita malahara and
Sindhooradi taila in two groups for 21 days and the patients were accessed
for the same.
5. Results: Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i.e. demographic and
various disease relevant points. The patients were assessed according to the subjective
& objective criteria and results are given with the help of statistical values P & S.D
etc.
6. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.e
ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion,
rationalities behind shodhana, marana, malahara and taila kalpana were discussed
appropriately. In analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of Yashada
bhasma, malahara and taila kalpana is discussed and in clinical discussion, discussion
about the Vicharchika patients as well as probable mode of action of Yashadamrita
malahara and Sindhooradi taila in Vicharchika is explained.
7. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.
131
Bibilography
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112. Sri Bhavamishra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu 7th chapter shloka 67-68, Sri
Brahmashankar mishra 6th edition, Varanasi; chawkhambha Sanskrit samsthana;
1984 pp 611.
chapter 2nd edition, New delhi;S.Chand and company;1980 pp-326-327.
Bibilography
115. R.Ghoshs Pharmacology Materia medica and therapeutics 5th chapter,
S.S.Senagupta 23rd edition, Culcutta;Hilton and company;1976 pp-897-898.
plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana; 2000 pp296.
117. Internet PMID, 16192673, 16085379, 10624886 (indexed for medicine)
119. K Raghunath and Miss Rama mitra Pharmacognacy of indigenous drugs voll II, Ist
edition, New Delhi; central council for reference in Ayurveda and sidda; 1982 pp389.
121. Internet PMID,12113324, 11731065, 6526069 ( indexed for medicine)
122. Shri Sadhanandha sharma Rasatarangini 18th chapter shloka 47 to 67, Kashinath
shastri 11th edition, Varanasi; Motilal Bhanarasidas; 2000 pp- 446 to 449.
123. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 39 to 40, Abikadatta
shastri 12th edition, Varanasi; Chawkahmbha samskrita bhavana; 2001 pp-178.
124. Vagabhatacharya Astanga sangraha 6th chapter shloka 69 to 70, Dr Ravidatta tripati
3rd edition, New delhi; Chawkhambha samskrita pratisthana; 2001 pp- 101 to 102.
125. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 128, Abikadatta
126. Bhavamishra Bhavaprakash 21st chapter shloka 2 , Shri Bhramha shankara shastri
5th edition, Varanasi; Chawkhambha samskrit series; 1969 pp-783.
127. Sushruta Acharya Sushruta samhita suthra 46th chapter shloka 37, Abikadatta
plants, Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition, Mumbai;Bharatiya vaidya bhavana;2000
pp-412.
Bibilography
129. Amarasimha, Amarakosha, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, 1970, 2-6-53.

130. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita Part-II, Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter Sloka 13 &26,
Ganga Sahaya Pandya ed,Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana; 1994 pp250-252.
131. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Part-I, Nidana Sthana 5th chapter, Sloka13
Ambikadatta Sastry 11th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthan; 1997
pp- 247-248.
132. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda
Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter 9th Sloka,
Y.T. Acharya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana; 2000 pp-450.
133. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by
Dalhanacharya, Chikitsa Sthana, 5th chapter, 3rd Sloka, Y.T. Achary ed, Varanasi;
Krishnadas Academy; 1998 pp424.
134. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana
14th chapter 3rd Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati
Prakashana;2002 pp 524.
135. Agnivesha Charaka Samhita Part-II Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter 26th Sloka, Ganga
Sahaya Pandya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana; 1994 pp-252.
136. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Part-I Nidana Sthana 5th chapter 13th Sloka,
Ambikadatta Shastry 11th edition, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthan; 1997
pp-248.
137. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana
14th chapter 18th Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati
Prakashana;2002 pp 525.
138. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda
Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, Chikitsa Sthana 1st chapter 10th Sloka,
Y.T. Acharya ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana; 2000 pp-195.
139. Ibid 7th chapter, 37-38 Slokas, pp-452.
140. Ibid 7th chapter, 39th Sloka, pp-452.
141. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by
Dalhanacharya, Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter 43rd Sloka, Y.T. Achary ed, Varanasi;
Krishnadas Academy; 1998 pp-446.
142. Ibid 6th Sloka, pp-442p.
Bibilography
143. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana sthana

19th chapter 1-3 Sloka, Sadashiva Shastry ed, Varanasi; Chaukhamba Surabharati
Prakashana;2002 pp-711.
144. Department of Health, The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I, 1st edition, Delhi;
Controller of publications; 1978 pp-300.
145. API Text book of Medicine, Siddartha N. Shah, 7th edition, Published by physicians
of India, Mumbai; pp-187.
146. Practice of Dermatology by P.N. Behl, 7th edition, CBS Publishers and distributors,
New Delhi; pp-129.
147. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine, Christopher Haslett, Edvin R
Chilvers, John A.A. Hunter, Churchil living stone, 19th ed, Edinburgh; pp-1072.
148. Ibid
149. Recent Advances in Allergy, George W. Bray, 2nd ed, London; J and A Churchill
Ltd., 1934 pp-5.
150. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Gerard J. Tortora, Bonnie Roesch ed,
Johnwiley and sons Inc, New York; 2001 pp-798.
151. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis 11th edition, F.Dudley Heart ed, Great
Briton, Bristol, John right and Sons Ltd; 1979 pp-821.
152. Text book of Pathology, Harshmohan, Jaypee brothers Medical Publisher Pvt. Ltd,
5th ed, New Delhi; 2005 pp-796.
153. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis, F.Dudley Heart 11th edition, Great Briton,
Bristol, John right and Sons Ltd; 1979 pp-821-822.
154. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine, Christopher Haslett Edvin R
Chilvers, John A.A. Hunter,19th edition, Churchil living stone Edinburgh; pp-896,
1055,1056.
155. Ibid pp-1074.
Bibilography
Special clinical trial proforma for Vicharchika

Post graduate and research center (Rasashastra)
Shri D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College,Gadag.
Guide
: Dr.M.C.Patil
Dr. Sobagin.M.V
P.G.Scholar
M.D(Ayu)
Co guide: Dr.G.N.Danappagoudar
M.D.(Ayu)
Sl.No.
1.Name of the patient:
O.P.D. No.
2.Fathers Name/ Husbands Name:
D.O.I.
D.O.C
3.Age:
Male
4. Sex:
Female
5. Religion:
Hindu
Muslim
Christian
6. Occupation
Student
House wife
Others
Agriculture
Others
7.Educational status:
8.Economical status:
Poor
9.Marital status:
Married
Middle
Higher
Unmarried
10.Address:
Tel11. Result:
Well responded
Responded
Not responded
12.Concent: I -------- -------- Son / Daughter / Wife of----------- Exercise my free will in
the said study, I have been informed to my satisfaction by attending the purpose of
the clinical evaluation and nature of drug treatment. I am also aware of my right to
quit at any time during the schedule.
Investigators signature
Patients signature
A) Pradhana Vedana
Sl.No.
1
2
4
5
6
Complaints
Varna
Pidika
Srava
Kandu
Vedana vishesha
P/A
Duaration
B) Anubandhi Vedana (Savadhi).
C) Vedana Vrittanta.
Specific enquires in following headings:
Mode of onset:
Sudden
Course:
Episodic
Gradual
Continous
Insidious
Initially episodic
Duration:
Periodicity:
Seasonal
Aggravating
Factors:
Trauma
D) Poorva Vyadhi Vrittanta.
E) Chikitsa Vrittanta:
F) Koutumbika Vrittanta:
Irregular
Climate
Infections
Drugs
Others
G) Vayaktika vrittanta:
1) Ahara:
Vegetarian
Mixed diet
Dominant Rasa in food
2) Vihara:
3) Vyasana:
Tea
Smoking
4) Jataragni bala:
Coffee
Gutaka
Pravara
5)Rajaha:
Tobacco
Others
Madhyama
Regular
Irregular
Avara
Alcohol
Sama
Menopause
H) Rogi pareeksha:
Samanya pareeksha:
Pulse rate
bpm
Pulse rhythm
Blood Pressure
Heart rate
Respiration rate
/min
o
Temparature
Skin(hard/smooth)
Skin colour
Ashtasthana pareeksha:
Sl.No.
Sl.No.
Nadi
Shabdha
Mala
Sparsha
Mootra
Drika
Jivha
Akruti
mm of Hg
/min
Dashavidha Pareeksha:
1) Shareera prakriti:
2) Manasa prakriti:
3) Sara:
Pravara
4) Samhanana:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
5) Satmya:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
6) Satwa:
Pravara
Madhyma
Avara
7) Vyayama shakti:
Pravara
8) Vaya:
Bala
9) Desha:
Jangala
VP
KP
VP
KP
Madhyma
Madhyma
Youvana
Anupa
1) Nidana:
2) Poorva Roopam:
3) Roopa:
5) Upashaya & Anupashaya:

Upashaya
Anupashaya
VK
VPK
Avara
Avara
Sadharana
Vikrititaha pareeksha:
Dosha
Adhistana
Srotodusti
VPK
Vrudda
10) Akriti:
4) Samprapti:
VK
Dushya
Srotas
Rogamarga
6. Upadrava:
Jwara
Arochaka
Hrillasa
Swarabheda
Kshaya
7. Arista Lakshanas:
8. Sadhyasadhyata:
I) Special examination of Vicharchika

Treatment shedule
Before
th
7 day
VARNA
Shyava
Shyvalohita
Rakta
Tamra
PIDIKA
Swabhava
Sankhya
Sthana
Akara
Varna
SRAVA
Varna
Gandha
Pramana
Swaroopa
KANDU
Adhishtana
Avadhi
Prakopaka kala
VEDANA
VISHESHA
Adhishtana
Avadhi
Prakopaka kala
After
21 day
st
Fallow up
J) Lab Investigations:
Before
gm %
mm/h
mg/dl
%
Cells/Cumm
Hb %
ESR
RBS
TC
AEC
After
gm %
mm/h
mg/dl
%
Cells/Cumm
DC
N
E
B
M
L
Before
%
%
%
%
%
After
%
%
%
%
%
K) Chikithsa:
Yoga
: Yashdamrita Malahara & Sindhooradi taila
Posology : Required quantity

Duration of treatment: 21 days .
Follow Up -15 days
L) Pathya:
M) Apathya:
N) Investigators Note:
Signature of Guide
Signature of Scholar
MASTER CHART-I
Demographic Data of GROUP-A
Marital
OPD
Age
Sex
M
Education
F
Ed
UEd
status
M
Un M
Religion
Occupation
ST
HW
Economical Status
Bu
PC
MC
HC
1154
42
1198
35
2351
55
2490
45
2553
38
2600
37
2948
22
3153
44
3432
45
3908
60
3922
40
3985
17
4051
40
4115
18
4118
48
M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,
Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education
MASTER CHART-II
Demographic Data of GROUP-B.
Sex
Age
OPD
Education
F
Marital status
Religion
Occupation
Economical Status
Ed
UEd
Un M
ST
HW
Bu
PC
MC
HC
1102
27
1179
50
2320
60
2484
38
2545
25
2557
45
2837
32
3103
41
3430
22
3635
48
3436
50
3439
25
4043
50
4068
37
4132
44
M=Male, F=Female, Ed=Education, UEd=Uneducated, M=Muslim, H=Hindu, O=Others, HW=House Wife, E=Employee,
Bu=Business, PC=Poor Class, MC=Middle Class, HC=High Class, A=Agriculture, ST=Student, SE=Secondary Education
UnM= Un Married
SHLOKA
Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara:
edIda edddzddg djdddededddeddd |

ddydIzIedda Qdd SddQa dedddeTdd ||
ddyedddmPddy dgQy dQSdyQedSdddZ |
dddSddddy dddUTdy SddQddmd dadIZ ||
RT 19/146-147
Preparation of Sindhooradi taila
dzda ddddadjda dgda Qddddyeddd |

edddIddIIdg QSddeadedddydId ||
dddyeddad edaQjTa dgSda TedddgSdd |
dzdddIeddddyd dddSdydzdddIedd ||
edaQjTdSdedQa dzda eddedZ deTIfeddd |
ddddeddedI|RdyLddIPNjedIddUd ||
RT- 21/162-164

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THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF

YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND

DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH

Post Graduate cum Research Center,

Department of Post Graduate

Department of Post graduate

Post Graduate cum Research Center,

Department of Post graduate

D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College &

Rasashastra Post Graduate cum

ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE

Seal & Signature of the HOD.

Seal & Signature of the

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. S.H.Doddamani

I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar, statistician for his help in

Rasa ratna Samuchchaya

Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.

Rasa Jala Nidhi

Bhava Prakasha Nighantu

Shodhana media according to various authorities.

Indication of Yashada bhasma

Shodhana dravya according to different authorities

Guna Karma and Rogaghnata

Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to different authorities

Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to different authorities

Showing Daiva Apacharaja According to different authorities

Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasoushadhi leading to

15. Showing Poorva Roopas common in Kushta According to

16. Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika according to various authors

17. Showing Sapeksha Nidana

18. Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma

19. Observation of patient based on Age

20. Observation of patient based on Sex

21. Observation of patient based on Education

22. Observation of patient based on Marital rates

23. Observation of patient based on Religion

24. Observation of patient based on Occupation

25. Observation of patient based on Economical Status

26. Observation of patient based on Vicharchika lakshanas

27. Showing grades of Varna before treatment in Group A & B

28. Showing grades of Varna after treatment in Group A & B

29. Showing grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & B

30. Showing grades of Pidika after treatment in Group A & B

31. Showing grades of Srava before treatment in Group A & B

32. Showing grades of Srava after treatment in Group A & B

33. Showing grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & B

34. Showing grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & B

35. Showing grades of Vedana before treatment in Group A & B

36. Showing grades of Vedana after treatment in Group A & B

37. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-A

38. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-B

39. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-A

40. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-B

41. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A)

42. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A)

43. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B)

44. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B)

45. Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group A & B

46. Showing the Result of the study in Group-A

47. Showing the Result of the study in Group-B

48. Showing overall Result of the study