Laboration modul 1: Vatten i tre aggregationsformer

Frgor som ska besvaras i samband med frsket:

Vad hnder med vattenmolekylerna, d temperaturen kar?
The water molecule, is composed of three atoms covalently bonded together. These bonds
involve sharing of electrons between atoms. Two of the three atoms are small hydrogens,
each with a single negatively charged electron surrounding a positive charged proton. The
third atom in water is a relatively massive oxygen which has an atomic structure that easily
captures and holds two negatively charged electrons
As we add heat, we raise the temperature of the ice.The heat that we are adding increase
the Kinetic energy.` Temperature causes water molecules to move more quickly, if the
temperature increases the molecules moves so much that the hydrogen bonds that hold
them together start to break.
Vid vilken temperatur sker de olika fasvergngarna?
The readings of temeperature which i noticed with the help of a therometer are as below:
Phases of transtions:
( I took 7 ice cubes and place them inside a container, and afterwards i starting measuring
the temperature with the help of a thermometer)
Readings :
At -1 C Ice cubes temperature.
After 15 mins it was 3.3 C It was ice and water ( melting point)
After 30 min it was between 22.0 - 22.5 C : Water which is still cold but no ice in it.
After 50 mins it around 23.8 C : Water normal room temperature.
At 80.3 C : Steam and bubbles ( its on the stove, temperature raises)
: Water started boiling (with less bubbles and steam)

( no water was left inside the container)

(The whole process of heating, boiling and evapouration took appox 5 minutes to fully
complete.)
Vilka bindningar bryts d vatten byter aggregationstillstnd?

Mamoona Saqib

09/02/2014

When water is in its solid state (ice), the water molecules are packed close together
preventing it from changing shape. Ice has a very regular pattern with the molecules rigidly
apart from one another connected by the hydrogen bonds that form a crystalline lattice,
forms when the temperature is below freezing (0Celsius or 32Fahrenheit). In solids, the
molecule vibrate about fixed position.
When ice is warmed above freezing, it melts and becomes liquid water. As a liquid, the
attractive forces between molecules weaken and individual molecules can begin to move
around each other. Because the molecules can slip and slide around one another freely,
water takes the shape of any container it is in.
The third state of water is the gaseous state (water vapour). In this state, water molecules
move very rapidly and are not bound together. Although we cannot see water in its gaseous
state, we can feel it in the air on a hot, humid day. Commonly, water boils at a temperature
of 100C or 212F, forming water vapour. However, the steam that you see consists of very
small water droplets suspended in the air, while water vapour is the invisible gas that results
when water evaporates. Basically, in gaseous phase, molecules are in random and constant
motion, each molecule moves independently.
Vilka bindningar r kvar trots att vatten byter aggregationstillstnd?
H2O molecules attract each other through the special type of dipole-dipole interaction
known as hydrogen bonding .There is no effect on the chemical identity of a substance,
water remains water no matter if its solid, liquid or gas. The actual atoms involved remain,
they are simply rearranged into the new compounds.
H2O ---> H2 + O2
The Hydrogen bonds are breaking and regorning all the time, some water molecule will fly
off into the gas even at room temperature, so there is always water in the atmosphere.
Throughout liquid water, the average attractive forces between molecules is dependent
upon temperature. But each separate molecule can have a higher or lower energy level than
average. Water molecules with higher than average energy levels can overcome the shifting
hydrogen bonds and break away. Because the escaping molecule had a higher than average
energy level, it leaves the liquid cooler (lower in energy) upon evaporation. As liquid
temperature increases, evaporation becomes faster.

Mamoona Saqib

09/02/2014