GATE Fluid Mechanics Book

FLUID MECHANICS
For
Mechanical Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Fluid Mechanics
Syllabus for
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis of mass,
momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum;
Bernoulli's equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary
turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Fluid Mechanics)
Year
Percentage of marks
2013
6.00
2012
6.00
2011
5.00
2010
8.00
2009
8.00
2008
4.67
2007
10.00
2006
11.33
2005
7.33
Overall Percentage
7.37%
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Contents
Fluid Mechanics
CONTENTS
#1.
#2.
#3.
#4.
Chapters
Page No.
Fluid Properties
1-16
1
1-4
5
56
7 10
11 12
12 13
14
14-16
Fluids
Properties of Fluids
Newtons Law of Viscosity
Types of fluids
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Fluid Statics
17-51
17 19
19 21
21 22
22 24
25 40
41 42
42 45
46
46 51
Fluid Pressure
Forces on Submerged Bodies
Buoyancy
Floating Bodies Stability
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Fluid Kinematics
52 67
52 55
55 57
58 61
62
63
64
64 67
Fluid Flow
Continuity Equation
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Fluid Dynamics
68 89
68
68 69
Equations of Motion
Eulers Equations of Motion
Page I
Contents
#5.
#6.
#7.
Bernoullis Equation
Practical applications of Bernoullis theorem
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Fluid Mechanics
69 70
70 74
75 81
82 83
83 85
86
86 89
Boundary Layer
90 112
90 94
94 98
98 99
100 106
107 108
108 109
110
110 112
Boundary Layer
Dimensional Analysis
Lift & Drag
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Flow through pipes
113 132
113 116
117 119
120 123
124 125
125 127
128
128 132
Losses in pipes
Viscous flow
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Hydraulic Machines
Dynamic Force on a Curve Blade

Moving In Translation
Theory of turbo machines
Pelton Wheel
Reaction Turbines
Specific Speed and Performance of Turbines
Cavitation in Turbines
Centrifugal Pumps
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
133 167
133 134
134 135
136 140
140 142
143 144
145
145 153
154 161
162 163
Page II
Contents
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Fluid Mechanics
163 164
165
165 167
Module Test
168 187
Test Questions
168 177
Answer Keys
178
Explanations
178 187
Reference Books
188
Page III
Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
CHAPTER 1
Fluid Properties
Fluids
It is defined as a substance which deforms continuously even with a small amount of shear force
exerted on it, whereas a solid offers resistance to the force because very strong intermolecular
attraction exists in it.
Both liquids and gases come under the fluids.
i)
ii)
iii)
Liquid
It has definite volume but no shape for all practical purposes considered incompressible
Gas
It has no shape and volume highly compressible
Vapour
A gas whose temperature and pressure are such that it is very near to the liquid phase e.g.
Steam
Properties of fluids
Mass Density
It is defined as mass per unit volume. Unit: kg / m3, Dimension: M / L3
Absolute quantity i.e., does not change with location.
As pressure increases mass density increases (as large number of molecules are forced into a
given volume)
Specific Weight
Weight of the substance per unit volume.
Also represents force exerted by gravity on a unit volume fluid.
Mass density and specific weight of a fluid are related as:
;
where g = acceleration due to gravity
Units: N/m3, Dimensions:
It is not an absolute quantity, varies from place to place, because g is changing from place to
place primarily latitude and elevation above M.S.L.
Specific weight of water
.
Specific Volume
Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid,
Units: m3/kg
(reciprocal of density)
Specific gravity (G)

Specific gravity,
For liquids, standard fluid is water at 40C

For gases, standard fluid is hydrogen or air.
Units: No units (as it is a ratio of two quantities having same unit)
Page 1
Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
Specific gravity of water = 1.0, Mercury = 13.6

Since the density of fluid varies with temperature, specific gravity must be determined and
specified at a particular temperature.
Viscosity
A measure of
resistance to shear. A property by virtue of which it offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of fluid over the adjacent layer. It is due to intermolecular cohesion and
transfer of molecular momentum between layers.
Dynamic Viscosity
Units
SI: Pa.sec or N.sec/m2 MKS: kg/(m.sec)
CGS: Poise = dyne.sec/cm2
Conversion
1 poise = 0.1 Pa.sec.
Dimensions
M
or F
It is dependent on pressure. For liquids dynamic viscosity decreases with gases increase in
temperature because density of liquid decreases with increase in temperature for it decreases
with increase in temperature because molecular momentum increases and cohesion is negligible
in gases.
Kinematic Viscosity
Units
S I: m2/sec CGS: cm2/sec or stokes
Dimensions
L2
Kinematic viscosity depends on both pressure and temperature
Vapour Pressure
In a closed vessel at a constant temperature, the liquid molecules break away from the liquid
surface and enter the air space in vapour state. When the air above the liquid surface is
saturated with liquid vapour molecules then the pressure exerted on liquid surface is called
vapour pressure. Vapour pressure increases with temperature. The low vapour pressure of
mercury (along with high density) makes it very suitable for use in barometers and other
pressure measuring devices.
Figure. 1.1
Page 2
Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
Cavitation
Occurs in a flow system, dissolved gases (vapour bubbles) carried into a region of high pressure
and their subsequent collapse gives rise to high pressure, which leads to noise, vibrations and
erosion. Cavitation occurs in
1.
2.
3.
4.
Turbine runner
Pump impellers
Hydraulic structures like spillways and sluice gates
Ship propellers.
Compressibility
Change in volume (or density) due to change in pressure. Compressibility is inversely
proportional to Bulk Modulus K.
(Negative sign indicates a decrease in volume with increase in pressure)

Coefficient of compressibility
Surface Tension
Cohesion: Force of attraction between the molecules of the same liquid.
Adhesion: Force of attraction between the molecules of different liquids (or) between the liquid
molecules and solid boundary containing the liquid. A liquid forms an interface with a second
liquid or gas. This liquid air interface behaves like a membrane under tension. The surface
energy per unit area of interface is called Surface Tension. It can also be expressed as a line
force: Force per unit length.
Units
N/m
Dimensions
FL-1 or MT-2.
Surface tension is due to cohesion between liqu
A
surface tension decreases (because cohesion decreases)
Due to cohesion, surface tension pressure changes occur across a curved surface of
(i) Liquid jet

(ii) Droplet
(iii) Soap bubble.
A) Liquid jet: Increase in pressure inside and outside of liquid jet
where d = dia of jet
B) Liquid drop:
where d = dia of drop let
C) Soap bubble:
where d = dia of bubble.
Page 3
Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
Capillarity
The phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface relative to the adjacent general level of liquid
in small diameter tubes. The rise of liquid surface is designated as capillary rise and lowering is
called capillary depression. Capillary rise happens when adhesive is stronger than cohesive for
example in water capillary depression happens when cohesive is stronger than adhesive for
example in mercury.
Water
Figure. 1.2
mercury
Figure. 1.3
for e.g., Mercury depressive with convex upwards capillary (rise or fall)
units: cm or mm of liquids
. . (1.1)
b
d = dia. of tube = 00 W
3 0M
For tube dia. > 12mm capillary effects are negligible. Hence the dia. of glass tubes used for
measuring pressure (manometers, piezometer etc.) should be large enough.
Page 4
Chapter 1
Fluid Mechanics
V
moving plate
U
F
Gap filled
with fluid
stationary
Figure. 1.4
shear deformation)
Where F is the Force required to move the surface a
Differential form:
( )
. . . (1.2)
;
V
; D
A
N
v
v
which fluid deforms(u / y)is inversely proportional to viscosity
v
, the rate at
.
Types of Fluids
Ideal Fluid or Perfect Fluid
Non viscous (frictionless) and incompressible

Used in the mathematical analysis of flow problems
Does not exist in reality
Does not offer shear resistance when fluid is in motion.
Real Fluid
Possess the properties such as viscosity, surface tension and compressibility.

Resistance is offered when they are set in motion.
Newtonian Fluid
Page 5

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FLUID MECHANICS

Analysis of GATE Papers

Flow through pipes

Dynamic Force on a Curve Blade

Specific gravity (G)

For liquids, standard fluid is water at 40C

Specific gravity of water = 1.0, Mercury = 13.6

(Negative sign indicates a decrease in volume with increase in pressure)

(i) Liquid jet

where d = dia of drop let

where d = dia of bubble.

Where F is the Force required to move the surface a

Non viscous (frictionless) and incompressible

Possess the properties such as viscosity, surface tension and compressibility.

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