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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

College of Home Economics and Management Sciences


F-7/2, Islamabad
&
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
2013

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

By:

A research submitted to the


College of Home Economics & Management Sciences
F-7/2, Islamabad
&
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the


DEGREE of B.S. Home Economics

2014

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

By

Approved by

____________________
Supervisor

____________________
External Examiner

CERTIFICATE
Certified that Research Report on Relationship between body image and self esteem
presented by ---------------has been approved for submission.

Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Two major self-esteem drops : .................................................................................................... 8
Growing Concern ............................................................................................................................ 9
Introduction: .............................................................................................................................. 10
Body Image: .......................................................................................................................... 10
Self Esteem: .......................................................................................................................... 12
Definition: ............................................................................................................................. 12
Positive Self-esteem: ................................................................................................................. 12
Negative/low Self-esteem: ........................................................................................................ 13
Relationship between Body image and Self-esteem: .................................................................... 13
Factors affecting Body image and Self-esteem and results: ..................................................... 15
Parents and peers: ................................................................................................................. 16
Societal pressure: .................................................................................................................. 16
Teasing: ................................................................................................................................. 16
Mass Media and Culture: ...................................................................................................... 17
Individual psychological factors: .............................................................................................. 17
Socio-economic status: ......................................................................................................... 18
Genetic links: ........................................................................................................................ 18
Cosmetic surgery: ................................................................................................................. 18
Suicide: ................................................................................................................................. 19
Health behaviors: .................................................................................................................. 19
Eating Disorder: .................................................................................................................... 20
Cultural aspect of the relationship between self esteem and body image..................................... 21
Rationale: ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Objective. Hypothesis, Operational Definitions and Research design. ........................................ 24
Objective: .................................................................................................................................. 24
Hypothesis: ............................................................................................................................... 24
Operational Definitions:............................................................................................................ 24
Self esteem: ........................................................................................................................... 24
Body image: .......................................................................................................................... 24
5

Instruments:............................................................................................................................... 24
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale: .............................................................................................. 24
Figure Rating Scale: .............................................................................................................. 24
Research design: ....................................................................................................................... 25
Sample: ................................................................................................................................. 25
Procedure: ............................................................................................................................. 25
Results ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Table 1: ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Table 2: ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Table 3: ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Discussion: .................................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................... 28
Limitations: ........................................................................................................................... 28
Suggestion: ............................................................................................................................ 29
References ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Consent Form ................................................................................................................................ 32
Rosenbergs Self esteem scale ...................................................................................................... 33
Figure Rating Scale ....................................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER I
Introduction
Body image refers to a person's feelings of the aesthetics and sexual attractiveness of their own
body. The phrase body image was first coined by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst
Paul Schilder in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body (1935). Human society
has at all times placed great value on beauty of the human body, but a person's perception of
their own body may not correspond to society's standards.
The first pure psychological use of the term can be traced back to 1890 and the work of William
James who is generally seen as the father of modern psychology. James had a very simple
definition of self-esteem: success divided by pretension. According to James the more success
we have and the lower our expectations or pretensions then the higher our self-esteem. To raise
self-esteem, therefore, we have two options: lower our expectations of ourselves or increase our
achievements.
Throughout history it has been extremely difficult for people to live up to the standards of
society and what they believe the ideal body is. There are many factors that lead to a persons
body image, some of these include: family dynamics, biological predispositions (e.g., depression
and anxiety), and cultural expectations (e.g., media and politics). People are constantly told and
shown the cosmetic appeal of weight loss and are warned about the risks of obesity; this is
something that can lead to a change in a persons body image. (Nordqvist, 20)
Some people struggle with their self-esteem and body image when they begin puberty because
it's a time when the body goes through many changes. These changes, combined with wanting to
feel accepted by their friends, means it can be tempting to compare themselves with others. The
trouble with that is, not everyone grows or develops at the same time or in the same way. (New,
2012)
Teens and early teens are a time when both become more aware of celebrities and media images
as well as how other kids look and how to fit in. They might start to compare themselves with
other people or media images ("ideals" that are frequently airbrushed). All of this can affect how
they feel about themselves and their bodies even as they grow into their teens.
Family life can sometimes influence body image. Some parents or coaches might be too focused
on looking a certain way or "making weight" for a sports team. Family members might struggle
with their own body image or criticize their kids' looks ("why do you wear your hair so long?" or
"how come you can't wear pants that fit you?"). This can all influence a person's self-esteem,
especially if they're sensitive to others peoples' comments. (body image, 2013) not proper
reference

Self-esteem is all about how much you feel worth and how much you feel other people value
you. Self-esteem is important because feeling good about yourself can affect your mental health
and how you behave.
Body image is how you view your physical self including whether you feel you are attractive
and whether others like your looks. For many people, especially people in their early teens, body
image can be closely linked to self-esteem.
People also may experience negative comments and hurtful teasing about the way they look from
classmates and peers. Although these often come from ignorance, sometimes they can affect
body image and self-esteem.
If people have a positive body image, they probably like and accept themselves the way they are,
even if they don't fit some media "ideal." This healthy attitude allows them to explore other
aspects of growing up, such as developing good friendships, becoming more independent from
their parents, and challenging themselves physically and mentally. Developing these parts of
themselves can help boost their self-esteem.
Two major self-esteem drops :
The first drop occurs at the outset in early adolescence (ages 9-13) when the young person's
separation from childhood creates a loss of contentment with being defined and treated any
longer as just a child. In this process, many components of self-definition now considered
"childish" - beloved interests, activities, and relationships that supported self-esteem - may be
sacrificed for the sake of future growth and acting older. A lot of "kid stuff" of significant
psychological value can be thrown away. Old toys and hobbies can be abandoned, and even
cherished grandparents can be put at a distance.
The second drop in self-esteem occurs during the end of adolescence, trial independence (ages
18-23), when the young person is confronted with the daunting reality of independence and feels
overwhelmed and diminished by the future shock. Feeling not up to this challenge and
sometimes acting this way, it is easy to feel disappointed in themselves, to get down on
themselves, and even to punish themselves, esteem falling in the process. "Here I am 22 years
old, still messing up, and I can't get my life together!"
Just as solving a problem may be considered evidence of intelligence, or acting in accord with
one's ethical beliefs may be considered evidence of conscience, insisting on being dealt with
fairly or respectfully may be considered evidence of self-esteem, the young person acting as
though they are worth treating well.
More specifically, "self-esteem" is two words compounded into one. Separate them, and the
meaning of the larger term comes clear. "Self" is a descriptive concept: By what specific
characteristics do I identify who I am? "Esteem" is an evaluative concept: How do I judge the
value of who I am? Self-esteem has to do with how a person identifies and evaluates his or her
8

definition of self. (Pickhardt, 2010)


Self-esteem as evaluation: When the adolescent is routinely hard on him or herself - from
insisting on excellence, from criticizing failings, from punishing mistakes - then when
expectations are unmet, when imperfections become apparent, when human errors occur, esteem
comes crashing down. "I'm so stupid!" "What's wrong with me?" "I can't do anything right!" To
maintain constancy of wellbeing during the trials of adolescence, it really helps when life goes
badly to treat oneself with tolerance and understanding.
Particularly in the response to a bad experience where impulsive or unwise decision making led
to error, disappointment, or trouble, an adolescent can get into some pretty harsh self-evaluation,
descending common steps that systematically lower self-esteem. (Pickhardt, 2010)
Growing Concern
Statistics reveal an alarming preoccupation with body image in adolescents and children. Recent
studies have found that the number one wish of girls between the ages of eleven and seventeen is
to be thinner, and girls as young as five years old have voiced concerns about gaining weight.
(Daniel Clay1, 2005). According to the Council on Size and Weight Discrimination, young girls
are more afraid of becoming fat than they are of nuclear war, cancer, or losing their parents.
More than 90 percent of high school junior and senior women diet regularly, even though only
10 to 15 percent are considered overweight according to standard height-weight charts.
(Riccardelli, 2006)

This preoccupation with weight and body image puts many teens at risk for developing an eating
disorder. According to the Eating Disorders Association, "Eating disorders develop as outward
signs of inner emotional or psychological distress or problems. They become the way that people
cope with difficulties in their life. Eating, or not eating, is used to help block out painful feelings.
Without appropriate help and treatment, eating problems may persist throughout life." Eating
disorders include anorexia nervosa (self-induced starvation), bulimia nervosa (binge eating
followed by purging), and binge or compulsive eating (consuming large quantities of food in a
short period of time). People with borderline eating disorders exhibit risky eating habits and an
unhealthy preoccupation with food, but to a lesser extent than people with full-blown eating
disorders. Anorexics and bulimics adopt dangerous practices to control their weight, such as
smoking or taking drugs to control their appetites, vomiting or taking laxatives to purge their
bodies, and over-exercising. Over long periods of time, eating disorders can result in irregular or
loss of menstruation, skin problems, irregular heartbeats, kidney and liver damage, loss of bone
mass, hair loss, infertility, cardiac arrest, and death. (Feldman, 2007)
Teenage boys are also affected by body image concerns, although they primarily strive to build
muscle mass and gain weight. Some boys struggle with weight loss issues, especially if they are
teased for being overweight or if they participate in weight-restrictive sports, such as wrestling or
gymnastics. Experts estimate that more than 1 million boys and men struggle with eating
9

disorders and borderline conditions. Many boys try to sculpt their bodies to fit a "buff" ideal, and
some go to dangerous lengths to achieve this look. Some boys take anabolic steroidssynthetic
compounds that mimic the action of the male sex hormone testosteroneto increase their muscle
mass and improve their athletic performance. If taken in excess, anabolic steroids can cause
impotence; shrunken testicles; breast enlargement, halted bone growth, and damage to the heart,
kidneys, and liver. These practices are particularly risky during adolescence because of the
dramatic physical changes that take place during puberty. ("Body Image." Current Issues:
Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context., 2013.)
recheck reference reporting
Introduction:
Much has been written about body image over the past decades almost all of it suggesting that
both men and women are growing increasingly dissatisfied with their physical selves. The 1997
Psychology Today Body Image Survey of 4,000 men and women asked participants about weight
and attitudes towards their physiques and specific body parts. Fifty-six percent of women
revealed that they were dissatisfied with their overall appearance, and an astounding 89% of
women wanted to lose weight. Fifty-four percent of girls aged 13-19 were dissatisfied, and 41%
of boys in the same age bracket reported overall dissatisfaction. These figures were much higher
than those reported in previous surveys conducted by the same magazine in 1972 and 1985.
Body Image:
The body image literature generally incorporates two themes.

Body perception. This is an individuals assessment of the physical aspects of their body and the
extent to which this assessment is accurate. In extreme cases individuals suffer from body
dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a psychological disorder related to eating disorders whereby
individuals have very inaccurate perceptions of their body size.
Body satisfaction. This is the extent to which an individual is content with their body size and
shape. Incorporated into this theme are terms such as body confidence, body esteem, and body
dissatisfaction.

Body image is a person's inner conception of his or her own physical appearance. This
conception may or may not correlate with objective reality. Each person holds an image of the
physically perfect person in mind and evaluates his or her appearance against this ideal. A person
who is pleased with his or her body shape and appearance is said to have a positive self-image.
The psychological construct of body image includes cognitive and emotional aspects as well as
sensory input. For instance, we modify our ideas of our own bodies according to our emotional
state as well as the reactions of others in the environment.
Definition:
Body Image reflects how one feel ones body is aesthetically and how attractive one
perceives oneself. Throughout history, humans have regarded the beauty of the human body
as important. What we regard as society's standards may not always correspond to our

10

perception of our own body.

Body image, in medicine and psychology refers to a person's emotional attitudes, beliefs and
perceptions of their own body. The term is used when discussing various disorders and
illnesses, such as body dysmorphic disorder, body integrity identity disorder, eating
disorders, and somatoparaphrenia.
According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Body Image is:

The cerebral representation of all body sensation organized in the parietal cortex.
Personal conception of one's own body as distinct from one's actual anatomic body or the
conception other people have of it.

Body image is the dynamic perception of ones body how it looks, feels, and moves. It is
shaped by perception, emotions, physical sensations, and is not static, but can change in
relation to mood, physical experience, and environment. Because adolescents experience
significant physical changes in their bodies during puberty, they are likely to experience
highly dynamic perceptions of body image.
It is an evaluative element of how a person values, supports, approves or disapproves him or
herself (Frost & McKelvie, 2005). Also, body image refers to the picture that individuals
form of their bodies in their minds. A person's body image is influenced by their beliefs and
attitudes.
There are different aspects of body image;

The way we see our own body (Perceptual):Our body image is not always an accurate
reflection of what our body actually looks like. For example; many people in our society perceive
their body to be larger or fatter than it really is. Perceptual body image is the difference between
what you perceive your body to look like and what your body actually looks like
The way we feel about our bodys appearance (affective):We all feel a certain way about the
way we look and aspects of our appearance. Affective body image refers to the amount of
satisfaction or dissatisfaction we feel about our general appearance, our weight or shape and even
about specific body parts
The thoughts and beliefs we have about our own body (Cognitive): The feelings that we have
about our body and its appearance are often associated with certain thoughts or beliefs. When we
feel dissatisfied with some aspect of our body it is usually we believe that it is not the right shape,
size or color. For instance, the many boys in our society who are dissatisfied with their body
shape think that they should be larger or thinner
The things we do because we are dissatisfied with our body (Behavioral):Often, feelings of
dissatisfaction with the body can lead a person to avoid doing certain things that might evoke
those concerns. For instance, many people who have body dissatisfaction avoid doing physical
exercise with their peers. (Body Image (information sheet), 2012)

11

Self Esteem:
There are two concepts about self-esteem as under:

The term self-esteem comes from a Greek word meaning "reverence for self." The "self"
part of self-esteem pertains to the values, beliefs and attitudes that we hold about
ourselves. The "esteem" part of self-esteem describes the value and worth that one gives
oneself. Simplistically self-esteem is the acceptance of us for whom and what we are at
any given time in our lives. (Dr Andrew Page and Cindy Page 1995).
The "esteem" part of self-esteem comes from the Latin verb aestimare, meaning to value.
The "self" part is self-explanatory, referring to you, yourself.

Definition:
Self-esteem is how we value ourselves; it is how we perceive our value to the world and
how valuable we think we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our
relationships,
and
our
work
nearly
every
part
of
our
lives.

Self-esteem is usually broadly defined as a persons overall evaluation of, or attitude


toward, her or himself (James, 1890; Leary & MacDonald, 2003; Pyszczynski,
Greenberg,
Solomon,
Arndt,
&
Schimel,
2004).

Self-esteem has been generally defined as the evaluation of the self; it is an effective
response to ones self-description. The evaluation refers to a judgment of ones worth and
what is being judged is ones perception of who one is, or ones self- concept. In every
day terms, self-esteem can be expressed in I like who I am, I dont like who I am, or
someplace in between these two end points. In this sense, related words such as selfconfidence. (Baumeister, 1998)

There are two levels of self-esteem:


1. Positive self esteem
2. Negative self esteem
Positive Self-esteem:
Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow
from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.
Following are some outward signs of positive self-esteem:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Confidence
Self-direction
Non-blaming behaviour
An awareness of personal strengths
An ability to make mistakes and learn from them
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6. An ability to accept mistakes from others


7. Optimism
8. An ability to solve problems
9. An independent and cooperative attitude
10. Feeling comfortable with a wide range of emotions
11. An ability to trust others
12. A good sense of personal limitations
13. Good self-care
14. The ability to say no
Negative/low Self-esteem:
Low self-esteem is a debilitating condition that keeps individuals from realizing their full
potential.
A person with low self-esteem feel unworthy, incapable, and incompetent. In fact, because the
person with low self-esteem feels so poorly about him or herself, these feelings may actually
cause the persons continued low self-esteem.
Here are some signs of low self-esteem:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Negative view of life


Perfectionist attitude
Mistrusting others even those who show signs of affection
Blaming behaviour
Fear of taking risks
Feelings of being unloved and unlovable
Dependence letting others make decisions
Fear of being ridiculed

Relationship between Body image and Self-esteem:


The age of physical development during adolescence plays a role in the emotional and social
development of an adolescent and has an effect on their body image satisfaction. Girls are
usually encouraged to look pretty at a very early age to enhance their self-worth and boys on
the other hand are encouraged to be strong.
Petersen and Crockett (1985) believe that adjustment during the adolescent years is affected by
the timing of pubertal changes. Girls who mature early, have more academic and behavioural
problems than their peers who mature later but they are more popular among the boys during
early adolescence (Spencer, Dupree, Swanson,& Cunningham, 2007). On the other hand, boys
benefit socially from the increased growth spurt and muscle development at the onset of puberty
(Coyl, 2009). During late adolescence, the early-maturing girls have lower self-esteem than those
who mature later and weigh more and are shorter when their pubertal growth is complete
13

(Spencer et al.). Drewnowski & Yee (1987) write that men's desire to gain weight and increase
muscle size is a direct result of the pressures society places on males to be physically fit and
athletically successful. According to the Deviance hypothesis, early or late maturation places the
adolescent in a socially "deviant" category, because of their status to the rest of the peer group,
and confers either social advantages or disadvantages (Petersen & Crockett, 1985).
Body image has a great influence on self-esteem. Satisfaction towards body image will definitely
lead to positive self-esteem while on other hand dissatisfaction will cause low self-esteem. At
this stage of life girls appear to be more conscious about their looks and how are they seen by
others. While the ratio among boys is low then girls they are more satisfied with their looks or
physical appearance. This is due to the reason that girls at this level are more concerned towards
thinness, they want themselves to look slim as they think it would make them more attractive. At
adolescent many physical changes occur in body. Major sex difference starts at this level, girls
start accumulating fat on lower body while boys are towards muscle gain.
Our environment more or less plays a great role in regard to lowering or enhancing self-esteem
with reference to ones body image. How others look and conclude your looks is a thing that is
sometimes quite offensive for anyone. Everyone is created in their own perfect circle but if one
is de-graded for how he/she looks it will cause low self-esteem in personality of that person
which will lead to many other problems, while encouragement will raise self-confidence and the
person will be able to withstand with every situation he/she faces.
Parents are the role model of a child they are the one who can make their child grow up as such
that he/she have the ability to be confident and to make his way go along with the environment
he/she is living. They are the one who can build the personality of their child to be stronger,
social, confident, happier and healthier by making their child satisfied with how he/she looks.
And if they are struggling hard in raise the personality of their child it will cause positivity in the
personality of the child and the child will have satisfaction along with positive self-esteem. But if
parents are more concerned toward the reason that their child is not up to mark or not having
perfect body or physical appearance it will be very disturbing for the child as he/she is not
having support from the one who are there with him/her all the time. And he/she will feel
degraded and will be discouraged, it will cause low self-esteem and will not be able to survive in
the environment with confidence as he/she wont value himself/herself. There are other reasons
that are also influencing the body image and self-esteem it may be social circle, media, peers and
family.
There are certain causes that lead to body image dis-satisfaction and finally to lowering of selfesteem. Clearly, adolescent females who subjectively distort their body image, or those for
whom there is a mismatch between their image and the environment, are at risk for several
serious psychiatric disorders. Chief among these are the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and
bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM IV) is an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat,
14

even though underweight. Bulimia nervosa, felt to be a related disorder, is characterized by


recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour
(such as purging) in order to prevent weight gain. The pathophysiology of these disorders,
including a myriad of possible causes, is a separate area of inquiry beyond the scope of the
present discussion. Most researchers and clinicians agree upon the fact that both of these
disorders involve disturbances of perception, attitudes and behaviour.
Catherine Steiner-Adair sums up some of the research into the causes of eating disorders, against
a backdrop of female adolescent development and societal values, as follows: "Girls who are
able to identify contemporary cultural values and ideal images of women that are unsupportive of
core female adolescent developmental needs and who are also able to reject these values in
choosing their own female ideal image are not prone to eating disorders. Girls who are unable to
identify the social values that are detriment to their developmental needs, and who identify with
the ideal image that is projected by these values, are at risk for developing eating disorders."
Research into the biologic and genetic causes of eating disorders is presently being conducted,
and it appears that certain individuals have a biologic predisposition to develop these illnesses.
Both anorexia and bulimia can have serious medical, as well as psychiatric consequences. A teen
with anorexia that is severely underweight may require hospitalization for malnutrition.
Although a teen with bulimia nervosa might appear healthier than one with anorexia, there are
serious potential medical complications of bulimia including electrolyte imbalance as a result of
frequent vomiting, gastrointestinal as well as dental problems, irregular heartbeat and even
cardiac arrest. (Huebscher, 2010) (Olivardia Roberto, 2004)
Factors affecting Body image and Self-esteem and results:
There are some factors that are the reason to cause positivity or lowering the satisfaction of body
image and self-esteem.
Some children are more likely than others to feel unhappy about their bodies. Children might be
more at risk of developing an unhealthy body image if they:
1. Feel pressure from family, peers or media to conform to a narrow social ideal of beauty
and attractiveness
2. Get teased about their appearance by family members or peers
3. Take more notice of external standards of beauty and body image for example, images
in music videos and magazines than other children
4. Are perfectionists
5. look at themselves from the outside and worry about how others see them
6. have low self-esteem
7. experience symptoms of depression
8. compare themselves with others
9. have a different body shape or weight from many of their peers, or a body shape thats
obviously different from the ideal shapes seen in the media
15

10. are adolescents this age group is more likely to be affected by unhealthy body image
issues than younger children
11. are female adolescent girls are more likely to develop body image issues than boys, and
are more likely to feel pressure to conform to ideal body images (but many boys also
feel this way)
12. are overweight young people who are overweight are more unhappy with their bodies
than peers of healthy weight
13. belong to a subculture, such as a friendship, sport or dance group that emphasises a
certain body type
14. have a physical disability
Parents and peers:
In a study that explored the interaction between parental and peer relationships with body
satisfaction Holsen et al. (2012) found that good quality relationships with parents and peers
were associated with higher body satisfaction whereas poor quality relationships with parents
and peers were associated with lower body satisfaction. The quality of these relationships also
predicted body satisfaction over time, with individuals who had good quality relationships in
childhood also experiencing higher body satisfaction in adulthood.
Many authors highlight the importance of the role of parents when considering any attempts to
improve body image amongst young people. Mothers and fathers are able to influence body
image in positive directions through words of encouragement and negative directions through
criticism (Rodgers et al., 2009). This is especially the case for girls (Crespo et al., 2010; van den
Berg et al., 2010). In a study focusing on the impact of mothers attitudes towards their own
bodies van den Berg et al. (2010) found that mothers who are concerned about their weight are
more likely to have daughters who are dissatisfied with their bodies and more likely to have both
daughters and sons who try to control their weight.
Societal pressure:
A general sense that society will only accept you if you have an ideal body shape is also related
to low body satisfaction. Individuals who feel pressurized by society to achieve an ideal body are
more likely to have lower body satisfaction than individuals who do not feel pressurized (Cafri et
al., 2005). Girls appear to be more likely to feel pressurized to have an ideal body than boys
(Esnaola et al., 2010) and will often internalize this pressure so that they are placing pressure
on themselves rather than simply responding to perceived pressure from others.
Teasing:
Individuals who have low body satisfaction are likely to say that they have been teased about
their bodies. Children are more likely to say they have been teased than adults, and females are
more likely to say they have been teased than males. However, it is not clear whether children
and females experience more teasing than others, or whether they are more affected by the
teasing they experience (Lunde et al., 2007; Menzel et al., 2010).
16

Mass Media and Culture:


One of the areas that have received a great deal of research attention is the impact of the media
on body image. This area typically explores the impact of images of thin and attractive women,
or men with well-defined muscles, on those viewing them.
The majority of research indicates that exposure to idealized body images can result in a small to
moderate reduction in body satisfaction and body perception (e.g. Grabe, Ward, & Hyde 2008).
This is a finding that has been reproduced in many studies using both male and female
participants (e.g. Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008). However, this finding is not universal. Some
studies have failed to replicate the finding and have instead found that exposure to idealized
body images has the same impact as being exposed to images of inanimate objects (e.g. pictures
of homes and gardens, Holmstrom, 2004).
For women who are only slightly bigger than the models used in the media, exposure to media
images improved their body satisfaction (Holstrom, 2004). It is suggested that for these women
exposure to thin images may act as a motivational factor to help maintain lower weight.
Another important factor is the extremity of the images used. Barlett et al. (2008) only found a
relationship between idealised body images and low body satisfaction when extreme images
were used (e.g. very muscular men).
In addition, any pre-existing low body satisfaction in the participants appears to have an impact
on the results. Individuals who already have low body satisfaction are likely to be negatively
affected by images of idealised body shapes whereas individuals who have high body
satisfaction are unlikely to be affected by images of idealised body shapes (Blond, 2008; Want,
2009).
Individual psychological factors:
Many of the studies that found a link between negative body image (both body satisfaction and
body perception) and depression were conducted with adolescents. The relationship between
depression and body image was found for both girls (Pesa et al., 2000) and boys (Cohane et al.,
2001), although girls are more likely to experience depression along with negative body image
than boys (e.g. Sujoldzi, et al., 2007).
Adolescents who are overweight are more likely to experience low body satisfaction and
depression (Chaiton et al., 2009). Research indicates that low body satisfaction may be the link
that explains this association between weight and depression. Pesa et al. (2000) found that there
was no statistical relationship between weight and depression when the influence of body
satisfaction scores was controlled, implying that body image is important in understanding the
relationship between weight and depression.
In terms of other psychological factors that are related to body image, Izgi, Akyz, Dogcaron,
and Kugcaron (2004) found that individuals who had previously suffered from a social phobia
17

were at increased risk of suffering from lower body image. Cafri, Yamamiya, Brannick, and
Thompson (2005) found that internalising the thin idea (taking on board societal thin ideals as
standards for yourself) were key components of negative body image. Increased levels of social
comparison (an increased tendency to evaluate yourself by comparing yourself to others) is
linked to an increased risk of low body satisfaction (Myers and Crowther, 2009).
Socio-economic status:
Children with lower socio-economic status are more likely to be overweight than children from
middle to higher socio-economic status groups but are also more likely to perceive themselves as
weighing less than they actually do (ODea et al., 2001). This suggests that children of lower
socio-economic status groups may be more likely to misperceive their body image in a way that
encourages them to remain over-weight. ODea et al. found that the group with the lowest body
satisfaction overall were girls from middle to upper socio-economic status groups.
Genetic links:
Twin studies compare data from monozygotic twins (identical twins with approximate 99% gene
match) and dizygotic twins (non-identical twins with approximately 50% genetic match) to
identify the impact of genetic match over environmental factors such as parenting styles. These
studies can indicate whether a trait is associated with nature (genes assessed using
monozygotic twins) or nurture (the environment assessed using dizygotic twins).
Studies using twins to explore the link between genes and body image found that females appear
to have a stronger genetic link to body image than males. Specifically the ability to accurately
estimate your own body size appears to be associated with a genetic link to body image.
However, when asked to identify an ideal body shape participants were more influenced by
environmental factors (such as the media or pressure from other people) than genes. This implies
that body perception is perhaps more linked to genetic factors than overall body image.
Given the small number of studies that have explored the genetic link with body image and the
mixed findings of these studies, overall it is unclear whether there is a genetic component to
body image.
Cosmetic surgery:
People are more likely to be interested in having cosmetic surgery if they have low body
satisfaction (Javo & Srlie, 2010; Menzel et al., 2011). The relationship between body
satisfaction and interest in cosmetic surgery appears to vary depending on the nature of the
cosmetic surgery. Individuals who are interested in cosmetic procedures to reduce body size (e.g.
liposuction) tend to be of higher weight and report lower body satisfaction than those who favour
other types of cosmetic surgery (e.g. rhinoplasty) (Frederick, Lever, & Peplau, 2007).
There appears to be a relationship between reality TV cosmetic surgery shows and body image
with viewers of these programmes more likely to have low body satisfaction and more
favourable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery (Sperry, Thompson, Sarwer, & Cash, 2009). The
18

correlation nature of this study means that it is not possible to determine whether viewing these
programmes changed body image and attitudes to cosmetic surgery, or whether people choose to
watch these types of programmes because they already have negative body image and a positive
attitude to cosmetic surgery.
Certain religious practices may limit the desire for cosmetic surgery. In a study exploring the
relationship between veil wearing and body image Islamic women who regularly wear a veil
have improved body image and lower interest in cosmetic surgery than Islamic women who
wear veils less often (Tastmanesh, Gluck, & Shadman, 2009).
Suicide:
There is a mixture of findings relating body image to suicide. Some studies have found no
relationship between body satisfaction and suicide (e.g. Crow, Eisenberg, Story, & NeumarkSztainer, 20081). Other studies have found a link between reduced body satisfaction and reported
suicide attempts (Crow, Eisenberg, Story, & Neumark-Sztainer, 20082; Rodrguez-Cano, BeatoFernndez, & Llario, 2006).
An important factor in the relationship between body satisfaction and suicide may be the
presence of extreme weight control behaviours (such as vomiting). Both of the studies that
explored the relationship between extreme weight control behaviours and suicide found that an
increase in extreme weight control behaviours was associated with an increase in reported
suicide attempts. One study (Crow et al. 20082) found a similar relationship between body
satisfaction and reported suicide attempts.
Body dissatisfaction and suicidal thoughts have been shown to progressively increase during
adolescence, peaking at mid-adolescence and slightly decreasing thereafter (Kim & Kim, 2009).
Body dissatisfaction has also been found to predict the risk of suicidal thoughts in earlyadolescent girls and mid-adolescent boys, but not in early-adolescent boys or mid-adolescent
girls. This finding suggests that any relationship between body satisfaction and suicide may vary
depending on gender and stage of adolescence.
Health behaviors:
Girls who mis-perceive their actual body shape or size, and estimate that they are heavier than
their actual weight, are more likely to use extreme weight control behaviors such as vomiting
(Liechty, 2010). Lower body satisfaction appears to increase the chances of adolescents using
unhealthy weight control behaviors (such as crash dieting) that are likely to result in weight gain
and poorer overall health (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006). These papers all indicate that body
image may have a key role in predicting risk of eating disorder behavior.
Smokers are more pre-occupied with their weight than non-smokers. Fear of weight gain may
prevent people from trying to quit smoking therefore body image (both body perception and
body satisfaction) may play a role in supporting continued smoking (Clark et al., 2005). (Body
Image and Self Esteem)
19

Eating Disorder:
Dissatisfaction with ones body image is often seen as a correlate of eating disorders. This has
been demonstrated by the high prevalence of eating disorders in groups in which there is an
increased emphasis on maintaining a thin, ideal body (e.g., ballet dancers and models; Garner
& Garfinkel, 1980) as well as athletes (Sundgot-Borgen, 1993). The link between body image
dissatisfaction and eating disorders is not clearly apparent in men. However, there is tentative
evidence to suggest that the incidence of eating disorders in men may be increasing and that
current prevalence rates for men may be underestimated (Carlot & Camargo, 1991). The
considerable amount of research and popular writing focusing on women and eating disorders
may discourage men from admitting to what they classify as a female disorder. There have also
been gender differences noted in the labelling of behaviour; for example, men do not label the
ingestion of a large quantity of food as bingeing (Franco, Tamburrino, Carroll, & Bernal, 1988).
Men appear to be more interested in shape than weight, although the two are clearly related
(Anderson& Di Domenico, 1992). This difference between the desires for a shape change in
men, as opposed to weight loss through dieting in women, may be a function of the different
male and female ideals. The male ideal is a V-shaped figure with an emphasis placed on large
biceps, chest, and shoulders; whereas the female ideal is to be extremely thin, with the emphasis
placed on slim hips, bottom, and thighs. Mens desire for weight gain would fit with the desire to
achieve the male ideal V-shaped figure and to gain additional muscle. Women are more likely
than men to describe themselves as fat, to weight themselves often, and to diet frequently. They
are also generally more dissatisfied with their physical appearance than are men (Cooper &
Fairburn, 1983; Furnham & Calnan, 1998). The most marked difference in body-image
perceptions between the sexes is dissatisfaction with weight and, to a lesser extent, with shape,
particularly the hips (Berscheid, Walster, & Bohrnstedt, 1973). Franco et al. (1988), and Miller,
Coffman, and Linke (1980) have shown that many men are dissatisfied with their weight and
shape, although somewhat less so than women; yet some researchers have indicated that men are
as dissatisfied as women with their body shape and weight (Drewnowski & Yee, 1987;
Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, Timko, & Rodin, 1988). The nature of body weight dissatisfaction
is, however, slightly different in men and women. Women are more likely to judge they
overweight when by objective standards they are not, whereas men are more likely to perceive
themselves as underweight with respect to objective standards (Furnham & Calnan, 1998). These
perceptions suggest that both genders misperceive their weighin comparison with others of their
gender, or they make judgments about their weight using an unhealthy standard. Underweight
appears to have a different meaning for men and women. Men see being underweight as bad;
women see it as good (Cash, Winstead, & Janda, 1986).
Researchers comparing mens and womens dissatisfaction with their weight need to take into
account the direction of the dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction with body image in women is
normally shown by their desire to lose weight, whereas as many men want to gain weight as lose
it. Silberstein et al. (1988) found that only 4.4% of the women they studied wanted to become
bigger compared with 46.8% of the men. In fact, men seemed to be approximately equally
20

divided between those desiring weight gain and those desiring weight loss. Drewnowski and Yee
(1987) agreed with these findings; they showed that 18-year-old boys were more or less evenly
split between those who wished to lose and those who wished to gain body weight. The greater
body dissatisfaction (discrepancy between current and ideal figures) displayed by adult females
has since been replicated in adolescents (Tigger man & Pennington, 1990) and in women who
displayed particular eating abnormalities (Zellner, Harner, & Adler, 1989) such as bulimia
(Williamson, Davis, Goreczny, & Blouin, 1989). These measures of weight dissatisfaction
including desired versus perceived body size (Fallon & Rozin, 1985) and desired versus actual
weight (Silberstein et al., 1988)showed no difference between men and women on the absolute
values of their weight dissatisfaction scores but revealed gender differences in the direction of
weight dissatisfaction. Twice as many women as men desired to be thinner, whereas only two
women, as opposed to half of the men, wanted to be heavier. In the present study, we examined
the relationships among these different measures of weight dissatisfaction and self-esteem in
young adolescent boys and girls. Research on the relationship between body satisfaction and
self-esteem in both genders has produced conflicting results, although a relationship between
body satisfaction and self-esteem has been documented for both (Lerner, Karabenick, & Stuart,
1973; Lerner, Orlos, & Knapp, 1976). Research on the relationship between self-esteem and the
weight concern factor of the Body Esteem Scale ((BES) in women has produced inconsistent
results (Franzoi & Herzog, 1986; Franzoi & Shields, 1984). Silberstein et al. (1988) found that
mens self-esteem was also affected by the degree of body dissatisfaction, regardless of the
direction of the dissatisfaction (i.e., under- or overweight)
In the present study we investigated the following hypotheses: (a) Women wish to be thinner, but
men are equally divided between those who wish to be thinner and those who wish to be heavier;
(b) those who are dissatisfied with their bodies have lower self-esteem, regardless of the
direction of body image dissatisfaction; (c) negative reasons for exercise (weight control,
attractiveness, and tone) are associated with disordered eating and low self-esteem, whereas
other reasons for exercise (mood, health, enjoyment, and fitness) are not related to disordered
eating and are, in fact, related to high self-esteem.
Cultural aspect of the relationship between self esteem and body image
According to cultural point of view relationship between body image and self esteem has two
aims. First aim describes the existing literature of the dissatisfaction of body image in different
cultures. This aspect is describe in terms of their lifestyles i.e. the way individual live their life
this includes their eating habit, physical activity etc. The second aim highlights the problem due
to body dissatisfaction and how individual can improve his body image and build self esteem.
Different suggestion were given to improve body dissatisfaction in different cultures, these
culture also help satisfy their body image. Traditions and cultures have great influence on body
image and self esteem of an individual. Cultural aspect shows that women are more affected then
men in terms of their body image. They are more noticed then men in the society and for this
21

they have to take care of themselves more due to this they suffer with a lot of health problems.
They avoid eating and skip their meals so that they look thinner and smarter than others this will
create a different disease among themselves for example Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder
problem. Data from Playboy Centerfolds and Miss American pageant contestants indicated a
significant trend towards thinner standard. Over the same period there was a significant increase
in diet articles in six popular magazines.
Another theory and research suggests that cultural norms for appearance present unrealistic
standards of beauty which may contribute to women's body dissatisfaction. In Study 1, women
described their appearance more negatively than men and made more upward social comparisons
about their bodies, but not about other domains. Women also compared more than men with
unrealistic targets (e.g., models). In Study 2, we explored the role of cultural norms for
appearance in social comparisons with relevant (peer) or irrelevant (model) superior targets.
When cultural norms were not salient, participants judged a peer to be more relevant, compared
more with the peer, and were more negatively affected by the peer. However, when cultural
norms were salient, participants judged a professional model to be equally relevant, compared
more with the model and felt worse after exposure to the model. We discuss the powerful role of
cultural norms in determining social comparison processes and self-appraisals. (Anne E Wilson,
2006)
Rationale:
Worldwide researches and statistics reveal a growing preoccupation with body image in
adolescent girls and boys. Body image has an influence on self esteem. Satisfaction towards
body image will definitely lead to positive self-esteem while on other hand dissatisfaction will
cause low self-esteem. At this stage of life girls appear to be more conscious about their looks
and how are they seen by others. While the ratio among boys is low then girls they are more
satisfied with their looks or physical appearance. We have selected this stage of life because girls
as well as boys undergo major bodily changes during this stage and hence they are more
conscious of their bodies.
Our environment more or less plays a great role in regard to lowering or enhancing self-esteem
with reference to ones body image. How others look and conclude our looks is a thing that is
sometimes quite offensive for anyone. Everyone is created in their own perfect circle but if one
is de-graded for how he/she looks it will cause low self-esteem in personality of that person
which will lead to many other problems, while encouragement will raise self-confidence and the
person will be able to withstand with every situation he/she faces.
Some researchers sum up this research into the causes of eating disorders, bulimia, anorexia,
depression etc. There have also been many researches that explore the causes for this
dissatisfaction with body and the low self esteem. Pressure from family and peers is one of them.
In a study that explored the interaction between parental and peer relationships with body
22

satisfaction Holsen et al. (2012) found that good quality relationships with parents and peers
were associated with higher body satisfaction whereas poor quality relationships with parents
and peers were associated with lower body satisfaction. One of the areas that have received a
great deal of research attention is the impact of the media on body image. This area typically
explores the impact of images of thin and attractive women, or men with well-defined muscles,
on those viewing them. The majority of research indicates that exposure to idealised body
images can result in a small to moderate reduction in body satisfaction and body perception (e.g.
Grabe, Ward, & Hyde 2008).
Hence, there is a definite need to explore and determine the reasons for the ever-growing
problem of low self esteem due to dissatisfaction with body image. The purpose of this report is,
thus, to investigate whether a relationship exists between body image and self esteem among
adolescents.

23

CHAPTER II
Objective. Hypothesis, Operational Definitions and Research design.
Objective:
1. To determine the relationship between body image and self esteem among adolescent males and
females.
2. To investigate the effect of body dissatisfaction on self esteem.

Hypothesis:
1. Adolescents with positive body image have higher self esteem.
2. Adolescent males have more positive body image as compared to adolescent females.
3. Adolescent males have higher self esteem as compared to adolescent females.

Operational Definitions:
Self esteem:
Self-esteem is a widely used concept both in popular language and in psychology. It refers to an
individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves
of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself. The most broad and frequently cited definition of
self-esteem within psychology is Rosenberg's (1965), who described it as a favorable or
unfavorable attitude toward the self. (Stewart, 2004)
Dr. Morris Rosenberg defines self-esteem as the attitude one holds toward themselves as an
object. In short Dr. Morris believed that self esteem was measurable via assessing a subjects
attitude about themselves as a thing. (Schwec, 2012)
Body image:
Body image is your attitude towards your body - how you see yourself, how you think and feel
about the way you look and how you think others perceive you. Your body image can be
influenced by your own beliefs and attitudes as well as those of society, the media and peer
groups. (what is body image?, 2014)
Instruments:
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale:
This scale, developed by Dr. Morris Rosenberg (1965), is designed to provide a unidimensional
measure of global self esteem. It is a self-report instrument consisting of 10 statements, which
the respondent is required to rate on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree
to 4 = strongly agree. The scale has been designed specifically for brevity and ease of
administration and has been reported to have high reliability.
Figure Rating Scale:
The figure rating scale was developed by Stunkard, Sorenson and Schlusonger in 1983. It
consists of a series of nine figure drawings, ordered from extremely thin to very obese in
24

appearance. For this study participants are provided with a set of three scales depicting either the
male or female for. On the first scale, participants are required to rate what they perceive their
current figure to be. On the second, participants are required to rate their ideal figure and on the
third figure participants are required to rate how people perceive their figure to be. The
discrepancy between cognitive and ideal figure (current figure rating minus ideal figure rating)
and affective and ideal figures (peoples rated figure minus ideal figure rating) represents two
different expressions of body dissatisfaction. (Gullone, 1998)
Research design:
Sample:
The age group selected for this survey was 12 to 18. A total of 23 boys and 29 girls took the
survey, i.e. 44.2 % were male and 55.8 % were female. These students were randomly selected
from different private schools and colleges.
Procedure:
Different students between ages of 12 and 18 were approached. They belonged to different
schools and colleges. Army Public School, Roots School System, Rise and Shine School, Lahore
Grammar School, P.O.F. Model High School, Sir Syed College, Islamabad Model College for
Girls F-7/2 and Pak Turk International School and College. The selection of students was simply
based on their consent. The questionnaires were handed out and the consent forms were filled
first. The students were explained what the questionnaires were about and what they demanded.
It was a convenient sampling and students were selected were selected on basis of consent.

25

Results
Table 1:
Mean difference between males and females on concept of self esteem. (N=52)
Variables

Self
Esteem

Male
(n=23)
M
SD
27.70
3.267

Females
(n=29)
M
SD
28.62
2.884

df

95% CI

-1.083

50

0.284

LL
-2.640

UL
0.790

Cohens
d
0.306

Table 1 indicates the mean difference between males and females with respect to self esteem.
The result shows little to no significant difference.
Table 2:
Mean difference between among males and females on concept of Discrepancy between ideal
self esteem and peoples self esteem with ones self esteem. (N=52)
Variables

Ideal self
esteem
Peoples
self esteem

Female
(n=29)
M
SD
0.0690 1.06674

df

0.047

37.242

0.963

LL
-0.75

UL
0.791

0.0154

-0.087

0.2759

-0.85

50

0.401

-1.22

0.497

0.2395

2.0206

0.9963

95% CI

Cohens
d

Male
(n=23)
M
SD
0.0870 1.56417

Table 2 indicates the mean difference between males and females with regards to Discrepancy 1
and Discrepancy 2. The tale shows that the different hardly significant for both discrepancy 1
and Discrepancy 2.
Table 3:
Mean difference between Age group 1 (12 years 15 years) and Age group 2 (16 years 19
years) on concept of Self esteem. (N=52).
Variables

Self
Esteem

Age group 1
(n=11)
M
SD
0.909 1.136
1.30035
0.090
28.64
2.58

df

0.44
-0.50

18.338
5

0.965
0.619

LL
-0.82
-1.31

UL
0.861
0.789

0.205
0.1414

28.10

0.514

50

0.609

-1.56

2.643

0.145

3.200

95% CI

Cohens
d

Age group 2
(n=41)
M
SD
0.732
1.348
0.1707 1.5953

26

Table 3 indicates the mean difference between Age group 1 (i.e. from 12 years to 15 years) and
Age group 2 (i.e. from 16 years to 19 years) with regard to discrepancy 1 (difference between
peoples current self concept and their ideal self concept) , discrepancy 2 (difference between
peoples self concept and others concept of them) and self esteem.
The table shows considerably no difference between age group 1 and age group2 with regard to
discrepancy 1 and discrepancy 2. The difference between age groups 1 and 2 in terms of self
esteem is also relatively unnoticeable (i.e. 28.64).

27

CHAPTER III
Discussion:
The topic for the report was Relationship between Body Image and Self esteem. As these two
seemed significant matters to be tackled in everyday life. Every child at some age deals with low
self esteem and complexity. He may be dissatisfied with his body, particularly during the stage
of puberty. This is the reason why many children at during their teens develop low self esteem
and are not confident in their own self. So this report discusses the factors influencing ones
body image and self esteem, and their result. For this purpose survey analysis was used.
For the report first an age group was decided on which the survey was to be conducted. Teen
agers from the age of 12 to 19 were selected. This age is perfect phase of life when children are
more concerned with their self image, particularly physical. They are observing the changings
happening in their body.
Then the questionnaires for the survey were selected. One was the Rosenberg self esteem scale
and the other was the figure rating scale by Sorensen and Stunkard. These questioners were
based on their relation to body image and self esteem.
Then girls and boys from different schools and some colleges were selected on the basis of
consent and given the questionnaires to fill.
Once the survey was complete the result was analyzed and it showed no relationship between
body image and self esteem. This result shows that children are quite satisfied with their body
image and their self esteem is also not affected due to their body.
Conclusion:
On the basis of total 52 samples from which two groups were made i.e. age group 1 (12 years -15
years) and age group 2 (16 years- 19 years) the mean difference from the variables on concept of
self esteem is 28.64 of age group 1 and 28.10 of age group 2. On the concept of discrepancy 1
and discrepancy 2; 0.909, 0.0909 of age group 1 and 0.732, 0.1707 of age group 2. This shows
that the result of the research is neutral, body image and self esteem do not affect each other.
From this study no relation was found between self esteem and body image. It suggests that an
adolescents concept of their body image has little to no effect on their self esteem.
Limitations:
Time was a prominent limitation. Short period of time for the research was a hindrance
that possibly had an effect on the study and its result.
The size of the samples was also a limitation. The samples were quite short. Larger
samples could have provided a bigger result and some of the non significant results may
have reached significance if the samples were larger.
28

The number of samples used for the survey was also a limitation faced by the research. If
more number of samples was used there could have been a considerable difference in the
result.

Suggestion:
Following are the ways or suggestions by which improvements could have made to the report.
The limitations addressed in this research could be taken into consideration for a better study and
an improved result in the future.

A larger sample to study could be beneficial for future research. It would bring a wider
range to the study and might bring out a more noticeable result.

A variety in the questionnaires could also b helpful. More number of questionnaires


would tackle more aspects of the topic and present a more detailed and informative
conclusion.

A difference in the types of surveys used could also bring about a difference to the study.
Rather than just using a written questionnaire, verbal interviews, observational methods
etc could also be used.

Increase in the interval of time would also be useful. More time taken to conduct the
survey and study the topics importance and history would help collect a more concrete
result.

Beauty is a state of mind not a state of your body. For a healthy body image one should
be comfortable with the body they have. It does not necessarily mean that they consider
their body to be perfect, rather they accept it and commit to loving it.

Self love and self respect are important for a positive body image. To achieve this one
can surround him/her self with supportive people.

Self esteem can be boosted by positive thinking and putting it into action. It enables a
person to change who he is one action at a time.

Recognize and embracing ones positive qualities helps to really boost the confidence and
self esteem.

29

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31

Appendix A
Consent Form
The purpose of this research is to find out the Relationship between body image and self esteem
among adolescents for this, we have arranged different questionnaires. Kindly answer these
questions in a sequence and think carefully before answering the questions. Do not leave any
question unanswered.
We assure you that the information you write will be kept a secret and will be used for research
purpose only. We appreciate your co-operation.

Consent:
I agree to participate in this research.
Participants name:
Participants signature:
Date:

32

Appendix B
Rosenbergs Self esteem scale

STATEMENT
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Agree

Disagree

Strongly
Disagree

I feel that I am a person of worth, at


least on an equal plane with others.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I feel that I have a number of good
qualities.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
All in all, I am inclined to feel that I
am a failure.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I am able to do things as well as most
other people.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I feel I do not have much to be proud
of.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I take a positive attitude toward
myself.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
On the whole, I am satisfied with
myself

33

8.

9.

10.

Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I wish I could have more respect for
myself.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
I certainly feel useless at times.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
At times I think I am no good at all.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree

34

Appendix C
Figure Rating Scale

35

Appendix C
Demographic Form
Name
Age
Gender
Number of Brothers
Number of Sisters
Birth Order
Mothers Age
Mothers Education
Mother Occupation-Title:
Full Time

Part Time

Fathers Age
Fathers Education
Fathers Occupation-Title:
Full Time

Part Time

Number of Family Members


Family Type

Nuclear

Joint

Living with

Both parents

Single parent

Family Income
Mothers Income

Fathers Income

36

37

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